Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology A Training Report On/In
“AUTOCAD” Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Award of the Degree of
BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Submitted By MANDEEP (University Roll No. 5609251) Submitted To Er. Somvir Arya
Er. Deepak Gaur
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor & Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indus Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kinana(Jind) Affiliated To
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Er. Somvir Arya (Assistant Professor), Indus Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kinana (Jind), for his invaluable guidance, help, encouragement, & criticism along with his valuable experiences which he gained by various projects, industrial work. This work could not have been completed without his constant guidance and advice. I express
my gratitude
to Er. Deepak Gaur, HOD, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Indus Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kinana (Jind) , for his invaluable guidance, help, encouragement and valuable
experiences.
criticism
along
with
his
I heartily graceful for his co-operation and magnanimous
help without which it would not have been possible to accomplish this training work. I would like to thank Mr. (Names of the Persons who helped you during your training) who gives their support during my training work.
MANDEEP
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter-1
Introduction
Chapter-2
Overview of software
Chapter-3
Product of commands & Drawings
Chapter-4
Training Work/project undertaken
Chapter-5
Conclusion or Result of the Work
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Chapter-1 Introduction of AUTOCAD 1. What is CAD? Computer
aided
Design
And
Draughting (sometimes known as cadd). Generally, it is the use of computers in design and drawing process. Traditionally, technical drawing are made using manual drafting. It is often require a lot of effort and time consuming particularly for large complex drawing. CAD is being used widely in modern practice. The ability of computer that enable engineers to produce, revise, store and transmit original drawings has made it very important.
2. Why use AUTOCAD ? Modern Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools have significantly changed the way we design mechanical products or machines. CAD techniques offers benefits such as rapid prototyping, less revisions in design, automatic update of drawings, rapid turnaround time and low operating cost. One of the most popular tools used in manufacturing industry is AutoCAD by Autodesk Inc. With AutoCAD you get the best 2D and 3D design modules in one package which renders a central 3D model to clearly visualize the final product. AutoCAD software facilitates faster digital prototyping by allowing direct read and write of native DWG files. This results in accurate format translations and greatly improves overall efficiency of mechanical design. AutoCAD comes with variety of comprehensive and customized set of 3D modeling modules for generating/documenting/visualizing different 3D digital prototypes. The 3D model allows manufacturer or product designer to check design, possible interference and relevant data across all design stages. This feature eliminates the need of physical prototypes and helps avoid costly revisions usually discovered after the design has been sent to the fabricator or manufacturer. With AutoCAD you
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology can create and visualize mechanical parts and assemblies in an insightful 3D CAD environment. The designer can optimize and corroborate design prototypes to forecast performance of the design under real-life conditions well before the product or part is manufactured. Once the 3D design prototype id validated, you can produce manufacturing documents with simple clicks of mouse. The user can obtain manufacture-ready drawings directly from the 3D model thus reducing errors and related engineering change orders before the product is ever built. AutoCAD allows easy and hassle-free collaboration with other Data Management applications, enabling the error-free and rapid exchange of project information across different design and manufacturing workgroups. All the team members can now work on same shared platform to track, review and contribute to the design -allowing for efficient reuse of critical project data, management of bills of materials and communication with other project trades.
3. History of cad AutoCAD is a CAD software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It is developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. First released in December 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers. The various CAD technologies represent the gamut of promises, possibilities, and problems. Over the years, a few authors, mainly academicians or former company executives, have attempted to document segments of CAD history, either by a range of years or a specific company's contributions. However, as far as I know there was never a comprehensive history of the mechanical CAD industry, including its academic roots. That is, until now. A new book titled The Engineering Design Revolution: The People, Companies, and Computer Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering, by Dave Weisberg, was recently released. Most of you who have followed the CAD industry to any degree are probably familiar with Dave. He is first and foremost an engineer (he has BS and MS degrees in civil engineering from MIT), and that adds significant credibility to a book of this nature. I've personally known Dave for almost 20 years, and I know that by the time he received his graduate degree, he had a much greater desire to work in the emerging computer industry than to practice civil engineering. Over the years he did stints at a number of
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology CAD companies in different roles that included planning, marketing, sales, implementation, and software development management positions. His career took a significant change in direction in the early 1990s when he formed Technology Automation Services and began publishing Engineering Automation Report. For the next several years he covered the CAD industry, interviewing many of the people mentioned in his book. In 1994, he acquired the Anderson Report on Computer Graphics, started by Ken Anderson in 1978, and in 1997 he acquired the A-E-C Automation Newsletter, introduced by Ed Forrest in 1977. It was during the early stages of his publishing heyday that I met and worked with Dave as a contributing and lead editor.
4. CAD software future 3D CAD software is today dominated by 3 vendors, Dassault, PTC and UGS. Their 3D CAD software products are very similar - in fact so functionally similar that they now almost always avoid competing on 3D CAD functionality but instead focus almost exclusively on their PLM capabilities and "business process innovation". Technical innovation in 3D CAD software seems to have flown out of the window as PLM stomped in through the door. What is PLM? What is "business process innovation"? Do they really help ordinary CAD software users (designers and engineers) get their job done? Or do they more likely help large CAD software companies make their quarterly revenue targets? Clayton M. Christensen, author of "The Innovator's Dilemma" shows that sustained innovation, even funded by billion dollar research budgets, only enables leading companies to survive so long as no disruptive technology suddenly appears to upset the corporate apple-cart. In the 1980s Digital and Computer vision were leading companies in their markets; today neither exists. Both were the victims of disruptive technologies. Just as propeller powered aircraft could not compete with jets; neither will today's CAD software be able to compete with new products on the imminent horizon.
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5. How AutoCAD is used? Electronic Paper with Drawings and Editing Tools - Analogous to Manual Drafting Valuable and More Efficient in Modifying Drawings. Object can be moved, copied, rotated, erased, redrawn, etc. Editing in AutoCAD is faster than in manual drawing. Drawing Layers to Enhance Drawing and Visibility. AutoCAD provides a set of drawing layer which is equivalent to the engineering layers on working drawings. Storage/database of Commonly used Object. Complex objects that are frequently used can be stored as symbol in the library. This would increase the productivity in the drafting work.
6. Advantages of CAD •
No need for scaling. All drawing is done full size.
•
The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a butto.n
•
All of the tools needed are supplied by the program.
•
Absolute accuracy can be maintained.
•
Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.
•
Eliminates the need for full size set outs.
•
The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a button.
•
All of the tools needed are supplied by the program.
•
Absolute accuracy can be maintained.
•
Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.
•
Eliminates the need for full size set outs.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology •
Everything you learn about manual drawing technique applies to CAD/CAM drawing development.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Chapter-2
Overview of Software
Basic AutoCAD Functions •
2-D Drafting (Mechanical) Lines, circles, arcs, polylines, rectangles, polygons, splines, points, texts, and area hatching
•
3-D Modeling Wireframe modeling, surface modeling, and solid modeling
•
3-D primitives including boxes, wedges, cones, cylinders, spheres, and toruses; extruded and revolved solids from 2-D objects, and
•
Boolean operations to the 3-D objects including union, subtraction, and intersection).
•
Operations to 2-D and 3-D Objects Moving, rotating, copying, mirroring, and erasing.
•
Viewing Zooming and panning, multiple viewport generation, user coordinate system (UCS) definition, and viewing direction selection.
•
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Linear dimensions, angular dimensions, radius dimensions,
diameter
dimensions,
baseline
dimensions,
continuous
dimensions, leaders, and size and geometric tolerances. •
3-D Images Wireframe images, hidden line images, shading images, and rendering images.
•
Organization of Objects Layers, colors, line types, groups, blocks, attributes, and references.
•
Plotting Generation of PostScript files.
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SOFTWARE VERSION’S
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology AutoCAD Interface Environment:The user's interface of AutoCAD consists of a graphics window and a text window. Graphics Window When you start with a drawing the AutoCAD graphics window will show up. The five primary areas of the AutoCAD graphics window are as follows: •
Menu Bar -- AutoCAD's pull-down menus are accessed through the menu bar.
•
Status Bar -- The status bar provides status information including color, layer, coordinate display, and so on.
•
Drawing Area -- The center area is the area in which you draw.
•
Screen Menu -- The screen menu was AutoCAD's original menu interface but is now primarily used for option selection.
•
Command Line -- The command line is the area where you enter commands and options from the keyboard. The command line prompts you for input and provides status on the results of AutoCAD commands, even when those commands are issued by the menus.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Interacting with STATUS BAR:-
AutoCAD has hundreds of commands, most of which feature numerous options. Almost all these commands relate to specific functions, such as drawing, editing, or dimensioning. Because it is difficult to remember the hundreds of AutoCAD commands with all their options and modifiers, the menu system offers an efficient alternative. AutoCAD's menu is organized for simple navigation through the software. All menu items are organized in a hierarchical data structure.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Chapter-03 Commands & Drawings Co-Ordinate Systems :Each line, circle, arc, or other object you add to a drawing is located by certain points. A line is defined by its two endpoints. A circle is defined by its center point and a point along the circumference. A square is located by its four corner points. To precisely locate points for objects, all CAD programs use standard point location systems called coordinate systems. The most common type of coordinate system in a CAD program is the Cartesian coordinate system. Points are located in this system using three coordinate axes—the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis. The X and Y axes are used in two-dimensional drafting
The units of measurement for coordinates may refer to inches, feet, or metric units, such as millimeters. Coordinates specified for absolute point locations can be positive or negative (depending on their location in relation to the origin) and are known as absolute coordinates. When used for basic 2D drafting applications, the Cartesian coordinate system is divided into four quadrants and points are measured in relation to the origin (0, 0). A point located in the upper-right quadrant has a
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology positive X coordinate value and a positive Y coordinate value. A point located in the lower right quadrant has a positive X coordinate value and a negative Y coordinate value. Points
COMMANDS USED IN AUTOCAD:•There are many commands which are used in AutoCAD drawing. •The commands are follows:--
LINE COMMANDS:- This commands is used to draw line by mouse. The syntax is “L” and then press “Enter”.
CONSTRUCTION LINE:- It is also called “ X-line ” . It is used to draw a hidden lines.
MULTI LINE:- It is used to draw many lines. It is also called “ M-line”. The syntax is “ Ml” and press “Enter”.
POLY LINE:- It is also called “P-line”. The syntax is “ PL” and press “Enter”.
POLYGON LINE:- It is used to draw hexagonal shapes.
RECTANGLE :- It is used to draw “Rectangles”. The syntax is “ REC”.
ARC:- It is used to draw “Arcs”. Syntax = “ARC”.
CIRCLE:- It is used draw circle for desired radius Syntax = “C”.
SP LINE :- It is used to draw smoother and more controllable curves Syntax = “ S ”.
ELLIPSE: - It is used to draw ellipse in horizontal or vertical Syntax = “E ”.
HATCH :- It is used for Hatching after drawing. The hatching can be done through many types.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology The given commands are used for drawing only. Now the below commands are used for modifying the respected drawing:
ERASE
COPY
MIRROR
OFF SET
ARRAY
MOVE
ROTATE
STRETCH
LENGTHEN
TRIM
EXTEND
FILLET
EXPLODE
3-D ORBIT
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Line The Line command is the most frequently used command in a CAD program because lines are the basic elements of most drawings. Each straight line requires information as to the placement of the first point (one end) and the second point (other end). Generally, you can enter specific coordinates for the endpoints or pick the endpoints on screen, AutoCAD Example: Command: line↵ Specify first point: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Undo]:
Figure. A line consists of two endpoints and a segment.
Double Line Some CAD packages provide a Double Line command, although it may not have this name. This command is useful in creating grooves on parts and in similar applications
Where parallel lines are required. The Double Line command is especially useful in architectural drafting for drawing walls on a floor plan. Most CAD programs allow you to set the distance between the double lines. In addition, some programs allow you to control how the corners and intersections are formed. AutoCAD Example: Command: line↵
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 1.00↵, Style = STANDARD↵ Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style]: 0,0↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point: 6,0↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,5↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: close↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Point Points define exact coordinate locations. In addition to serving as coordinates for lines and other entities, points can also be created as objects in most CAD programs. Points are helpful as a reference for making constructions and placing other objects. They can typically be created with the Point command. After entering the command, you can enter coordinates or pick a location on screen. Most CAD programs provide different visibility modes for displaying points on screen. For example, you can display points as small crosses or boxes. AutoCAD Example: Command: point↵ Current point modes: PDMODE = 0↵ PDSIZE = 0.0000↵ Specify a point: 3,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Circle The Circle command automates the creation of a circle object. Instead of drawing several small straight-line segments to approximate a circle, this command draws an object based on the mathematical definition of a circle. Most CAD software allows you to select from several common methods of defining a circle. These methods include: • Center and radius. • Center and diameter. • Three points on the circle. • Two points on the circle. • Radius and two lines or two circles to which the circle should be tangent.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology AutoCAD Example: Command: circle↵
Figure. There are several ways to define a circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0↵ (or pick a center point on screen) Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: diameter↵ Specify diameter of circle: 4↵ (or pick a point on the circle on screen) .
Arc An arc is a portion of a circle. Just as the Circle command automates the creation of a circle, the Arc command automates the creation of an arc. Most CAD software allows you to select from several methods of defining an arc. Examples include: • Three points on the arc. • Starting point, center, and endpoint. • Starting point, center, and included angle. • Starting point, center, and length of chord. • Starting point, endpoint, and radius. • Starting point, endpoint, and included angle. • Starting point, endpoint, and a starting direction.
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Figure. There are several ways to define an arc. AutoCAD Example: Command: arc↵ Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 0,–2 ↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 0,2↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify end point of arc: –2,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)
Spline A spline is a smooth curve that passes through a series of points. Usually, the points can be edited to change the “fit” of the curve after creating the spline. This provides greater accuracy for approximating irregular curves and other shapes that are difficult to draw as arcs. Splines are drawn with the Spline command. There are two common ways to create splines. One way is to pick or enter points to establish control points along a curve. Another method is to convert a series of existing lines into a spline. AutoCAD Example: Command: spline↵ Specify first point or [Object]: 2,3↵ Specify next point: 5,4↵ Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] : 8,3↵ Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] : ↵ Specify start tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the beginning direction of the curve) Specify end tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the ending direction of the curve)
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Figure. Creating splines. A—Picking points to establish control points for the fit of the curve. B—Creating a spline from connected lines.
Ellipse An ellipse is a closed circular object with an oval shape. The arcs making up the shape are defined by the intersection of a major axis and minor axis. The axes intersect at the center point of the object and divide the ellipse into four quadrants. The Ellipse command draws the shape automatically based on points specified for the major and minor axis endpoints. Ellipses can be drawn by several methods. One method is to locate the two axes by selecting two endpoints of one axis and one endpoint of the other axis. Another method is to locate the ellipse’s center, and then specify one endpoint of each axis. A third method is to pick the ellipse’s major axis endpoints and then enter a rotation angle. AutoCAD Example: Command: ellipse↵ Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 4,4↵ Specify other endpoint of axis: 8,4↵ Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 6,5↵ Command:
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Figure. There are several ways to create ellipses. In this example, points are picked to identify the major and minor axes.
Rectangle A square or rectangle can be drawn using the Line command. However, the Rectangle command automates the process of creating a square or rectangle. Most CAD software provides at least two methods for constructing a rectangle. These are specifying the width and height of the rectangle or specifying opposite corners of the rectangle. AutoCAD Example: Command: rectangle↵ Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/ Thickness/Width]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on screen) Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 6,3↵(or pick a point on screen) Command:
Figure. You can draw a rectangle by specifying opposite corners.
Polygon The Polygon command automates the construction of a regular polygon. A regular polygon is an object with sides of equal length and included angles. The Polygon command can create an object with three or more sides. A common approach used by many CAD programs is to either inscribe the polygon within a circle or circumscribe it about a circle. The information required in these instances includes the radius of the circle, method desired, and number of sides for the polygon. Another
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology method available in some CAD programs is to define the end points of one side of the polygon. The software generates the remaining sides to create a regular polygon. AutoCAD Example: Command: polygon↵ Enter number of sides <4>: 5↵ Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on screen) Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] : c↵ Specify radius of circle: 2↵ Command: ↵ POLYGON Enter number of sides <5>: 5↵ Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 6,5↵(or pick a point on screen) Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] : i↵ Specify radius of circle: 2↵ Command:
Figure. A polygon can be circumscribed (left) or inscribed (right).
Text You can add text to a drawing using the Text command. This is important for placing notes, specifications, and other information on a drawing. Most CAD packages provide several standard text fonts to choose from. Text generally can be stretched, compressed, oblique, or mirrored. Placement can be justified left, right, or centered. Text can also be placed at angles. AutoCAD Example: Command: mtext↵ Current text style: “Standard” Text height: 0.2500 Specify first corner: 2,3↵(or pick a point on screen) Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: 9,5↵(or pick a point on screen) (enter the text in the text boundary that appears and then pick the OK button)
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Hatch Hatching is a fundamental part of drafting. In both mechanical and architectural drafting, hatching is used in section views to show cutaway parts and to represent specific materials. Hatching is also used on pictorial drawings to represent surface texture or other features. The Hatch command is used to hatch an area of a drawing. Areas to be hatched are selected with the pointing device and elements within the boundary can be excluded, if desired. Most CAD software includes several standard hatch patterns for use with the command. Some programs also provide other types of fill patterns, such as color gradients. In addition, most CAD software allows you to add more patterns and define your own. AutoCAD Example: Command: hatch (In the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, select a pattern. Then, select the Add: Pick points or Add: Select objects button. When the dialog box is temporarily hidden, select internal points or pick objects to hatch. Then, press [Enter] to redisplay the dialog box. Pick the OK button to apply the hatch.) Command:
Figure. Hatch patterns can be used to represent different materials in a section view.
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology Editing and Inquiry Commands Editing commands allow you to modify drawings. Inquiry commands are designed to list the database records for selected objects and calculate distances, areas, and perimeters. Common editing and inquiry commands described in this section include: Erase, Undo, Move, Copy, Mirror, Rotate, Fillet, Chamfer, Trim, Extend, Array, Scale, List, Distance, and Area.
Erase The Erase command permanently removes selected objects from the drawing. Many CAD programs provide a “select” option in the command that allows you to select the objects to erase. Also, some programs provide a “last” option that erases the last object drawn. AutoCAD Example: Command: erase↵ Select objects: last↵ 1 found Select objects: ↵(or pick other objects on screen) Command
Undo The Undo command reverses the last command. If the last command was Erase, the objects that were deleted are restored. You can sequentially step back through previous commands, but you cannot “jump” a command in the sequence. Certain limits are usually applied to this command. AutoCAD Example: Command: erase↵ Select objects: last↵ 1 found Select objects: ↵ (the last object drawn is erased) Command: undo↵ Current settings: Auto = On, Control = All, Combine = Yes Enter the number of operations to undo or [Auto/ Control/BEgin/End/Mark/Back] <1>: ↵
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Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology ERASE (the erased object is restored) Command:
Move The Move command allows one or more objects to be moved from the present location to a new one without changing their orientation or size. Generally, you must pick a starting point and a destination point. Relative displacement is often used for this operation. With relative displacement, you pick any starting point. Then, you specify a displacement from that point in terms of units, or units and an angle. AutoCAD Example: Command: move↵ Select objects: (pick any number of objects using the cursor) Select objects: ↵ Specify base point or [Displacement] : (pick any point on screen) Specify second point or
