Mj;k "hdk;
Atma Gnanam by Tavayogi Thangarasan Adigal
Published by Sri Agathiar Gnana Peedam Thooripalam, Kallar 641305 Methupalaiyam Coimbatore 98420 27383 98425 50987
e-mail
[email protected] website:
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An Agathiyan Production Publication First Edition 2010 Revised Edition 2012
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4
,e;j cyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk; xd;nw nw xd;iwj;jhd; jhd; ikakhf
bfhz;L
Mdhy;
mJ
v';nf
,Uf;fpwJ
vd;W
bjupahky; njoj; njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk;; ,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk;
,d;gkhd thH;f;if.
nkYk; nkYk;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd; bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; fk; me;j ,d;gk; epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;. ,J cz;ikapy; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ mij vg;go miltJ bgWtJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,e;j fl;Liuapd; nehf;fk; fk;.
,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd ilahd njit bghd; bghU b ghUs; s; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y. mwpt[ xd;W jhd;. mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w
xd;nw
xd;W
nghJk;
,e;j
cz;ikahd
,d;gj;ij
mila/ ,d;g[w;W thH. ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; k; ek; ek;kplk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,e;j cyfpy; cyfpy; ntW v';Fk; ,y; ,y;iy vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nw nghJk;.
ehk; ahh; vd;gij ij bjhpe;Jbfhz; bfhz;lhny nghJk ,e;j
cz;ikahd kahd ,d;gj;ij mila.
ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy; ehk; ahh;/ Md;kh vd;why; vd;d/ mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/
Mj;k
"hdk; vd;why; vd;d/ kdk;/ bjspe;j kdk; / kdj;jpd; ,af;fk; fk;/ ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;/
mq
gukhq/ g";rg{jKk; g{jK k;
jj;JtKk; ,af;fKk;/ cly;/ caph;/ cyfk; kw;Wk;
mjd;
gpug";rk;
nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go ,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/ cly; cWg;g[fs; Fwpj;j mwpt[ mwpt[ / cly; ,af;fk/; cly; eyk;
5
gw;wpa mwpt[/
cly;/ kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs; gw;wpa bjspt[/
,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk; my;yJ Mj;k "hdk;
vdg;gLk;.
,e;j
Mj;k"hdj;jhy;
fpilg;gnj
cz;ikahd ,d;g thH;f;if.
vz;zpyh
nfho
njhd;Wtjw;F
\y
mz;l';fs;
nguz;l';fs;
fhuzkhf
tps';FtJ
,g;gpug";rk; mog;gilahf
,Ug;gJ xU mqrf;jp. mijna rpj;jh; jh;fs; fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd;
,af;f';fSf;Fk;
fhuzkhf
tps';Ftjhy;
$Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.
Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ cUtkhw;wJ. mjd; rf;jpia jpia Mw;wiy czh;e;jth;fs; fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs; fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;.
Mdhy;
ehk;ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J
bfhs;shky; hky ; ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;w iy vg;go
btspf;bfhzh; f hzh;tJ
vg;go ,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F
Mshfpnwhk;.
,g;gog;gl;l
6
my;yy;fspypUe;J
tpLjiy
bgw
Kad;W
btw;wp
fz;lth;fs;jhd;
"hdpfSk;
rpj;jh; jh;fSk;.
vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk; fk; nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs; mqf;fspd; bjhFg;ghd $Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;S;k; tps';Fk;
g[wKk;
nkYk;
nguhw;wny
btspa[k;
,iwtd;.
mJtjpy;
,ij
caph;rf;jpahf
ts;sy;yhh;
bgUkhd;
brhy;Yk;nghJ/
Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk; epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk; tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; Jk; nkyplj;Jk; Jk; bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk; mUl; bghU";nrhjp rhjp vd; munr
,e;j
khbgUk;
,af;f
rf;jpahd
vd;W brhyfpwhh;.
,iwtd;
kdk;
vd;Dk;
khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;.
,e;j ,af;f rf;jp jp ekJ clypy;
vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J
me;j
rf;jpia jpia
ek;Kila
cliya[k
capiua[k;
ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J bfhs;tnj tnj Mj;k "hdk;.
Mj;k
"hdk;
bgw;why;
7
ek;Kila
thH;f;ifapy;
Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L btw;wp fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Kjypy; Mj;kh vd;why; vd;d/ gpd; "hdk;/
Kotpy;; Mj;k
"hdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W ghh;g;nghk;.
Mj;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy capiu ,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk; yyhk;. caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy itj;Jj; Jj;jhd; jhd; caph; cz;lh ,y;iyah
vd;gij
mwpa
Koa[k;.
,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd; fpd;w
Mfnt
xg;gw;w
caph;
fUtpna
cly; Mj;kh
vdg;gLtJ.
mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; fspd; ,izg;g[ ,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp
gpug";rkhfp
cyfhfp
caph;fs;
gyt[khfp/
vj;jidnahnfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[ bgWtnj
"hdkhFk; "hdkhFk;.
bjhlf;fj; fj;ij mwpayhk;.
Koitg;
gpoj;Jf;
bfhz;Lnghdhy;
bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; jhy; Koita[k;
mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj; fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj "hdk;;. ,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/
kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk; fk; ,z';fpanjhh; me;ju';f khd Nl;rk Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha; - brst[[kpa rhfuk] 113.
8
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;. "hdk; vd;whny mwpjy]/ mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk/ "hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk; yyhk;. clypd; cs;ns caph; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd; mqf;TWfSf; TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; pfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk].
Md;kh
vd;gJ
gukhj;khtpd;
Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[.
Mw;wy;.
mwpt[
vd;gJ
$Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J
$k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L/ g[yd;fspd; fspd; fth;r; r;rpapy; rpf;fp fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ/ jd; jd ;Dila jttypikahy; g[yd;fth; fth;r; r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L/ khiaia tpl;L tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J mnjhL gpize;J
yakhfpd;w
epiyapy;
xd;whfp hfp
,Uf;fpd; fpd;wnghJjhd;/
me;j
epiya[k; gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k;/
cly;
Md;khtpw;F
fUtpahft[k;
,Uf;fpd;w
epiya[k;
czug;gLk;. Md;k mwptpd; mwptpd; bjspnt bjspnt "hdk; "hdk;. mJ mwk; mwk;/ jtk; vd;fpw
Kaw;rpa[s; s;sth;fl;nf nf
fpilf;Fk;.
jtg;gapw;rp
jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f; f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl; fhl;oa[k;/ tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.
9
mfu
Kjy
vGj;bjy;yhk;
Mjpgftd;
Kjw;nw
cyF
vd;w
ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpd;go cyfj;J caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; ‘
’
njhd;Wtjw;F \yfh;jjhthd j ; hthd gfthd; tiu m vd;w xypahy; ‘
njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd gpuhzpfs;
Kjy;
bjhl';Ffpd;w
kdpjd; ‘
xyp
ts;Stg;bgUkhd;
,ae;jpuk; ’
m
nkw;fz;l
tiu
’
m
vd;gjhFk;.
thiaj;jpwf;fpd; fpd;w
vd;gjhFk;. Fwspd;
\yk;
Mfntjhd; ‘
’
m
fuj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j cyfj;jpy; jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk mwpt[ rPtd;fshf fshf cs;sd.
Mdhy; kdpjd; vd;w rPtDf;F
kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L.
,e;j
rpwg;gwptpd;
"hdpfs;
\yk;
bjspe;j
epiybgw;w
bjspe;njhnu
vd miHf;fg; fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd
,aw;ifapd;
ey;y
rf;jpfis
epidj;J
czh;e;J
bjspt[
milahtpl;lhy; lhy; xUtd; vj;jid jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;w cz;L vd;why; mJnt "hdf; fy;tp.
"hdnk flt[s] s]. Mj;k "hdk; mile;njhnu
flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna iyna ,iwtd; vd
miHf;fpwhh; fpwhh;fs;.
ghj';fis
Mfnt
tz';Ftnj tnj
,aw;ifna
rpwg;gwpt[
,iwtd;.
MFk;.
mtd; mJnt
"hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;.
Mj;k
"hdk;
vd;whny
kdpjid
mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk;
rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;. rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj; fj;ijg; bgWtnj
"hdk;
MFk;.
"hdpahf
10
ntzL;k;/
"hdk;
bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia/ thH;f; f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk; bra;aj;njitapy;iy. ,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/ kpFe;J
,d;iwa
cyfk;
,ae;jpurhjd';fs;
tp";"hd
El;gkhd
cyfk;/
fUtpfs;/
njitfs;
thH;f;iff;F
njitahd bghUl;fspd; fspd; mjpfhpg;g[/ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nl nghfpd;wd.
,g;gog;gl;l ,f;fhyj;jpy; jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw
Koa[kh vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp/ kiyg;g[j; j';fs;/
njit
,y;iy.
j';fspd; fspd;
kfpH;nthL
vy;nyhUk; nyhUk;
flikfis
,y;ywj;ija[k;
bgw;W
xGf;fj;jpYk;/
mjd;
\yk;
brk;ikahf
Ch;/
bgwKoa[k;.
flika[zh;nthL nthL
mwj;jpYk;/
FLk;gk;/
"hdk;
elj;jp
rpwe;jth;fshf
ehL/
cyfk;
bra;J/
ed;kf;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;J
vd;w
mstpy;
mikjpahft[[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;.
bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd; fpd;w fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy
btspr;rj;jpny
tpahghhpahdtDf;F tpiyeph;zak;
bra;tJ
bghUs;fisf; fisf; jd;Dila Dila vspJ.
fhz;gJ
nghy
bghUis
fhuzk;
xU
tpw;gid
bfhs;Kjy;
tpiy
bjhpe;jtd; tpw]gid tpiyia vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;. mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk; vz;z';fshy] clYk] mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk; jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k; fhf;ft[k; cjt[fpd; fpd;wd.
Mfnt
ek;Kila
,lk;bgWfpwnjh
me;j
thH;f;ifapy; msnt
ve;j
ekf;Fr;
mst[
"hdk;
rpwg;ghd
thH;t[/
,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy/ MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdk;
vd;gJ
Rlh;tpl;L
gpufhrpf;Fk;
tpsf;F/
,Uz;l
thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk;
11
bgw Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f
ntz;Lk;.
J}a
kdj;jhy;
jhd;
milaKoa[k; vd;W typa[Wj;jpdh; jpdh;.
Mj;k
ehk;
"hdk;
"hdk; bgw;whh;
tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Kiwaht[k;/ rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;. vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k;/ ,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;.
Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz; bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk]. mjpy; ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy. ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk; yhk;/
1.
jplkhd kdk;
2.
MH;e;j ek;gpf;if
3.
mfj;jPrd; jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruziljy;
4.
ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf thHntz;Lk; k;
vd;w vz;zk;;.
ehk; vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
ghpRj;j
kdk;
ntz;Lkhdhy;
ek;
kdjpd;
bray;ghLfis xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
clypd; cs;ns caph]; rf;jpahdJ Mw;wy;fis fis cs;ns
gpuhztha[tpd;
,Gj;J
\yk;
nfhof;fzf;fhd fhd
Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy mqj;jpus;fshshd fshshd
btl;l btspapny cs;s \r;Rf;
ekJ
fhw;why;
cly;
clypd;
mqf;fSf;F
,af;f itf;fpwJ. pwJ. ,g;gog; og;gl;l
,g;gpug";rj;jpy;
12
,Ue;J
kdpj
$Ptd;
cw;gj;jp MfpwJ. Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ ,uz;L rf;jpjhd; jpjhd;. gukhqthFk;.
mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp jp vd;fpnwhk;.
,Jnt
mnj nghy kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L
\y mqf;fs; fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw fpw bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf khf caph] caph]; rf;jp
my;yJ $Ptd;; vd;fpnwhk;.
,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ clYk] capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w xU bghUisj;jhd; $PPtd]; vd;fpnwhk;.
cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd; rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy;; ey;yJk;
cyfpy;
,y;iy/
vy;yhk;
,d;gk;jhd;.
ez;gd;
giftd;
,t;t[yfpy;
fpilahJ/
vJt[k]
xt;bthU
Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;gkak; kak; MFk;. ,d;wpikahjJ. eilbgWk;
$Ptdpd;
mJnt Mj;k "hdk;; bgWtJ/ gpwg;gpw;Fk;
bjhlh;gaznk
thH:gth;fshd
"hdpfis
,wg;gpw;Fk;
thH;f;ifahFk;. ek;gp
thHj;bjhpe;J
mth;fisg;
gpd;gw;wpa[k;
thH;tnj "hd thH;t[ my;yJ "hd thH; f; f;ifahFk;. ,d;g thH;f;ifahFk;/
thH;f;if vd;gJ \d;W mikg;gpny bray;gLfpwJ. 1.
,aw;if/
2.
rKjhak;/
3.
,d;g Jd;g';fs;.
13
,ilna
mJnt
,k;\d;Wk;
kdpjd;
thH;f;ifia
eph;zapf;fpd; fpd;wd.
Mfnt
,k;\d;W gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[/ ,J jhd; ,d;g thH;t[. kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy; kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ.
kdJ
+
jd; vd;gJ jhd; kdpjd;.
ehd; vd;w Mztk; nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu
+
mnjnghy;
mfk;/ eumfk;
bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W.
,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W vd;why;/ ehd;/ vdJ
vd;
kf;fs;/
vd;bghUs;/
vd;
M!;jp/
vd;W
FWfpa
tl;lj;jpw; jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk;/ Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/ khr;rh;ak;/ lk;gk;/
mfj;jhy; Mfnt
vGk;
Kjypy;
+
mfk;/ jPik
bjhy;iyfisna J}a;ikahd
+
eufk;
kdj;ij/ ij/
mfk;/ vd;W
mfj;ijg]
bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwahFk;.
thH;f;ifapy;
jpdrhp
ehk;
ekJ
kdj;ij
xU
Kf;fpakhd
fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ yJ bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp
tUfpnwhk;.
kdk;
,a';fhky;
vija[k; k;
bray;gLj;j
KoahJ. gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; jpy; gutpf;fplf; fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk;/ mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; jpy; Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs; jpfs; kpfgykhf
,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;. ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk; nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp wp bgWk;.
14
ekJ
thH;tpy;
btw;wp
njhy;tpfs;
,e;j
ey;y
bfl;l
rf;jpfspd;
Mf;fpukpg; fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk; rf;jpfspd;
Mjpf;fj; fj;jhYk; jhYk;
eilbgWk;.
ekf;F
mg;ghw;gl;l
rf;jpapy; rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j
jPa
rf;jpapypUe;J
KGikahf
tpLgl
Md;k
mwpt[
bgwntz;Lk;.
1.
ehk;
vg;nghJk;
vy;nyhiua[k;
md;g[ld;
nerpj;J
re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp tuntz;Lk;. 2.
kdjhy; Tl xUtUf; xUtUf;Fk; jP';F bra;af; TlhJ.
3.
ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf; TlhJ. ey;yijna bra; vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj; zj;ijf; bfhL
vdt[k;
,iwtid
ehk;
ntz;of;bfhs; bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. 4.
ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk;/ fhzte;jhYk;;
ve;j
ehk;
rkaj;jpYk;
mtiu
ahh;
ek;ik
md;g[ld;
tuntw;W
cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk; Lk;/ 5.
ve;jf;
fhuzj;ijf;
bfhz;Lk;
ahh;
kPJk;
nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj thh;j; j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ. 6.
ntiyf;fhuh;fs;/ cz;lhf;Fk;go
bghpath;fs;/ ngRgth;fs;
md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. vz;zj;ijf;
ekf;F ahuhf
nfhgk; ,Ue;jhYk;
kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y
bfhLf;Fk;go
,iwtid
gpuhh;j;jpf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp jFjp MFk;. ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk; kdk; mwk; mwk;/
15
jtk;/ $gk;/ jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;. Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id
mog;gilapy;
jpUj;jp
mthplk;
ey;yhrp
bgw;W
nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz; sntz;Lk;.
kdk;
,uz;L
tifg;gLtJ.
xd;W
btspkdk;.
,d;bdhd;W
cs;kdk;.
btspkdkhdJ
gytpj
Mrhghr';fSf;F
cl;gl;lJ.
mjDila Jizth;fshd fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ fhJ/ \f;F/ Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;.
,jd; \yk; \yk; gy
,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/ jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. nghfr;bra; bra;a[k;.
njfk;
kdpjidj;
jtwhd
ghijapy;
,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. tha;
ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk; cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk;
rhg;gpLtjw;Fk]
kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. ghh;g;gJ
J}z;LtJ.
fz;/
kdpjDf;F kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. fpakhdJ.
vy;yhk;
mDgtpf;f
ntz;Lk]
vd;w
,J
,e;j fz; Miriaj;
J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk; tJk; ,f;fz;fns. MH;kdija[k;
ghh;itapy;
ghh;j; j;J
kdjpy;
gjpaitf;Fk;
kpfKf;fpakhd mitafkhFk;. fhJ
,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ
kw;Wk; ngRtJ/ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ lJ
nghd;w tptfhu';f is
nfl;f
cjt[tJ.
\f;F
thridfis
16
mDgtpg;gJld;
kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk;. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j
btspkdk;
ml';fpdhy;jhd; jhd;
cs;kdk;
jpwf;Fk;.
Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk; btspkdi b tspkdij j mlf; mlf ;Ftjw;Fjhd \r;Rgapw;rp/
jpahdk;/
bra;antz;Lk;. ntz;Lk;.
ke;jpu';fs;/
Kjypy; ,jpy;
ghuhaz';fs;
btspkdij
btw;wp
Kjypad
xUepiyg;
bgw;why;
cs;kdjpy;
gLj;j ekJ
ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ kpfr;Rygk;.
kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj]jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ \r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;.
btspkdij
mlf;fr; fr;
rhd;nwhh;fs;
,uz;L
cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j vz;zk;; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd
rpe;jidapy;
xt;bthU
jPa
vz;zjija[k;
xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.
,d;bdhd;W
\r;Rf;fhw; fhw;W
hPjpahf
ml';fhj fhj
fhisia
mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f \r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk]/
\r;rl';fpdhy; fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w
gpizg;gpy;
mfg;gl;Lf;
bfhz;Ls;shd;.
mtd;
md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp
thGfpwhd;.
Mfnt
17
mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J
kdij
mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; fhhpakpy;iy. Mfnt
brYj;jp
kdkl';fr; fr;
bra;tJ
vspjhd
fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy.
jw;fhy
NH;epiyapy;
\r;Rg;
gapw;rpapd;
\yk;jhd;
kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;.
cs;kdkhdJ
vija[k;
bfl;lit lit bjhpahJ.
bra;af;ToaJ.
mjw;F
ey;yit
btspkdk; vd;d brhy;fpwnjh mij
mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp jp ,jw;F cz;L. cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. mghukhdJ.
,jd; rf;jpfis pfis vGj;jhy;
mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.
gytpjkhd
Mghr/
jPa
vz;z';fis
mfw;wp
ekf;F
vJ
njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy;
cs;kdk;
mij
mg;gona
epiwntw;wp
tpLk;
Mw;wy;gilj;jJ. jJ. kdjpd; bray; totk; Kd;ng ghu;j;njhk;. kdk; jj;Jtf; Tw;wpy; bray;gLtij ,g;nghJ ghu;g;nghk;.
1.
kdk;/
2.
g[j;jp/
3.
rpj;jk; jk;/
4.
mf';fhuk; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
xU bghUis mwpa g[yd; yd;fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp/ vd;git
g[wj;nj
tpra';fisg; gLfpd;wd.
gjpt[
,Ue;J bra;J
bray;gLfpd;wd. mfk;;
cs;ns
mit ,Ue;J
jUk; bray;
mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk; fUtp mff;fUtpfs; fUtpfs;
18
my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; fuzk; MFk;. kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk; bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ epWj;jp jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; fyhk; vd epidj;J re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;. g[j;jp - mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk.; ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j
epr;ra
czh;t[
bray;totk;
bgw
fUtp
fuzhjpfs;
Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;.
Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf; bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[/ 1.
gw;Wjy;/
2.
epr;rapj;jy; jy;/
3.
xUg;gl;L vGjy;/
4.
rpe;;jpj;jy;/
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F
gifahfnth/
bghJthfnth bghJthfn th
czUk;.
,g;go
czh;jyhy;; ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/ kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;.
,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia/
Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/ ,J ,d;gk;/ ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J
gpd;
,d;g[w;nwd;/ ,t;t[zh;t[fs;;
mf;Fzk;
njhd;Wfpd;w
Jd;g[w;wnd;/ fhl;rpfs;
ka';fpndd;/ MFk;.
fhuzj;jhy; jhy; vd
g[wj;nja[ nja[s;s;
ehd;
czUk]. fz;qf;
fpdpabjhU bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J njhd;whfhl;rpa[k;
,d;dbjd
czUk;
19
khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/
,J
,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[ rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd; khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;.
,g;goahf oahf Md;kjj;Jtk; Jtk; 24k; Md;kht[f;Fj;
J}atotpy; neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd.
rpj;jh; jh;fs;
kdij
ghpgf;Ftk;
bra;tjd;
\yk;
"hdj;ijg;
bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;. xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why; ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp
j';fj;ij/
Mguzk;
jfLfshf;fp/ fp/
bra;fpd;whnd/
fk;gpfshf;fp/ fp/
mJnghy
gf;Ftkhf;fp fp
kdija[k;/
cliya[k;/
nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;.
kf;fSf; fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs;
\yk; vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;.
Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; \yk; g[yd;fis fis btsp tptfhu'; tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp
Kiwfis
jhdhff;
fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;.
fl;Lg;gLk;.
fl;Lg;gLk;.
kdk;
Rthrk;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy;
mjd;
fl;Lg;gLk;
\yk;
Rthrk;
nghJ
kdRk;
,Uf;fpd;wth;fns
nahfpfs;.
mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/ kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz; fntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk; kdkJ brk; b rk;ikahdhy; kahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk kahnk
20
rpwe;j
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk; bfhz;lth; th;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k;
njitapy;iy
vd;W
TWtjpypUe;J
kdij
brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
vJt[k;
gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf fkhf khWfpwJ.
Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf fkhf
ey;yth;fshf fshf thH KaYnthk;.
,iwtd;
cyfpy;
$Ptuhrpfs;
vd;W
gy
$Ptuhrpfisg;
TWth;
rhd;nwhh; nwhh;.
gilj;jhh;. Mdhy;
84
ehk;
yl;rk;;
mwpe;jJ jJ
vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; kdpjdpd; gilg;g[ kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile; KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;. 7 tifgpwg;g[ 4 tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk; $Ptuhrpfs;
midj;Jnk Jnk
Md;khf;fs;
Tl;lk;jhd;.
,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. L.
Mdhy;
mijj;jhd;
MwhtJ mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.
kdpjdhy;
kl;Lnk
jhd;
ahh;
vd;W
mwpa[k;
rpwg;ghw;wy;
,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg; bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd; kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;.
fhuzfhhpa';fisf; isf; fz;lwpa[ lwpa[k;
kdpj mwpt[f;F kl; kl;Lnk cz; cz;L.
Mw;wy;
mjdhny mjdhny jhd; cly; ,af; ,af;fk;
vd;w fhhpaj;jpw; jpw;F g[yd; yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F
fhuzk;
vz;zk;.
,g;go
xt;bthd;iwa[k;
fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f; f;F cz;L. g[yd;fs;
Ie;ija[k;
fle;J
mjw;F
nky;
epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/ njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L/
21
mjdhy;jhd;
brd;W
xt;bthU
fhhpak; vJ vd;W
g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs/ ,d;g';fis/ mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fis fzpj;J ,w';fp cjt[k;
fUiza[s; s;sk;
bgwKofpwJ.
kdpjdpd;
cly;
fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf gytpjkhd Ma[j'; j';fs;/ ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;.
jd;
,dk;
njhd;wp
tHptHpahf
gl;l
mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L.
gynfho caphpd';fs; fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna cyfk;. cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah jidnah mz;l nguz;l';fs; fs;
,e;j
cyfk; vj;jidnah idnah nfhs:fs;
bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ.
,e;jg;
gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq nghd;wtd; jhd;. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj Md;khjhd; ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
nghpaf;f
kz;lyj;jpd;
xg;gw;w
nghpaf;f
kz;lyj;jpd;
mirt[fisf;Tl
rf;jpfis
fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. fzf;fpl; fpl;Lf;
Tw
KofpwJ.
nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[ fisa[k;/ mjd; r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf; Tl;l';fisa[k; bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl fpl KofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;ly
,af;fj; fj;jpd; jpd;
fzf;fpLk;
Mw;wy;fis
Mw;wiyg;
bgw;Ws;sJ
vy;yhk;
kdpj
vd;why;
Md;kh
,e;j
kdpj
Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ vd;gij ij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy; ,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd
rf;jp
nfhs;fspy;
bgw;wJ.
eilbgWk;
rpwg;g[g;
bgw;wJ.
,af;f';fisa[k;/
mjdhy; mjpy;
jhd;
fhqk;
njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[ fisa[k;/ fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh
22
thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk Lnk czh;fpwJ. fpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. fpwJ.
kdpjd;
xUtnd
,e;j
,aw;ifapd;
nguhw;wy; wy;
cz;ikia
czh;e;jtd;. mwptpd; tsh;r; r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt Kothd
cr;rkhd
Koitj;jUfpwJ. jUfpwJ.
nghpaf;f
kz;ly
epfH;r;rpfis
kz;lyj;jpd;
kdpj
mwptpnyjhd;
mwpaKofpwJ. mwpaKofpwJ.
nghpaf;f
Kot[fs; fs; Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ.
mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW bgw;wtnd kdpjd;.
mtd; jd;
Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;.
Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis fis ePf;fpg; fpg; guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk;
gpwthj
bfhz;lJ.
tHp
czh;e;J
fiunawnt
cliy
fl;of;
mijf;fhj; fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J
fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw fpw tpy';fpd; thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[
mw;w
jd;Dila
epiyapy;
gl;lwpthy;
brayhw;Wk; bjspe;j
mnj
mwpt[
rkak;
mJnt
bgw;W
bjspe;j
bghpJk;
gPoj;Jf;
epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ.
kdpj
cliy
bfhz;Ls;sJ. sJ.
czh;r;rp
vd;w
bray;ghL
kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W mjdjd; mjdjd;
ghijfspy; rPuhf bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs; fs; Tl;lj;jpw; jpw;F
mJnt
Mnuhf;fpaj; fpaj;ijf;
bfhLf;fpwJ.
,it
rPuhf/ Kiwahf/ bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh/ fhw;nwh/ nwh/ btg;gnkh/ khWgl;L
bray;gLkhdhy;
ve;j
23
,lj;jpy; jpy;
khWghlhfr;
bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy; jpy; cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk.; mg;nghJ
$Ptrf;jpahd
czh;itj;jUk; jUk;.
capUf;Fj;
Jd;gk;
vd;fpw
,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl VjhtJ
xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ bjhlh;gaznk Kaw;rpahft[k;/
,Uf;fyhk;.
gpd;g[
,e;j
brayhf;fk;
Jd;g
njlny
bgWfpwJ.
czh;thft[ thft[k;/
brayhft[k;/
ehl;lkhfpwJ/ ,e;j
njlypd;
njita[zh;thft[k;/
,d;gJd;g
tpist[fshft[k;/
bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ. wJ.
,t;thwhf
clnyhL bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp bray;gL:fpwJ.
kdjpy;
cjak;
TWfpnwhk;.
MFk; vz;zk;
xU
bray;ghl;il
vd;gJ
kdjpd;
vz;zk;
xU
rf;jp
vd;W MFk;.
btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk;
vjphpilahf
tpyf;fpj;js;Sk;
tpfh;#z
rf;jp
,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[ssd. s ; d. ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk;
jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf; fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. fpwJ.
gpwF me;jr;
rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna brYj;JfpwJ. JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; \yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk; tUfpwJ. cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; \yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L gz;zg;gLfpd;wd.
24
,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy; btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s; s;sjy;y vd;gij mwpfpnwhk;.
Mdhy;
mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy;
njhd;WfpwJ.
mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[ss ; Mj;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ.
kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj; yfj;ij Mj;kh kh gw;Wtjw;Fg;
gad;gLk;
fUtpahf
kl;Lnk
,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf; Jf;bfhs; bfhs;nthk;. totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
cjhuzkhf
g[wj;jpy; g[jjfk; j ; fk; vd;w
,e;jg;bghUis ghUis cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J
bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W
jhf;fp
xU
cz;L gz;qfpd;wd.
J}z;Ljiy/
mjhtJ
miyfis
,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy;
kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ. JfpwJ.
,t;tpjkhf
jz;zPhpy;
miyfs;
cz;lhtijg;nghy
kdjpy;
vz;z miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w cyfk; kdjpy;
miyfs;
njhd;Wtjw;F
fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. fpwJ.
g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh cUtnkh ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp
cyfj;jpy;
btspapypUe;J
,y;iy.
tUk;
mjhtJ
J}z;LjYf;Fg;
mtw;iwg;gw;wp
gjpyhf
ekJ
kdjpy;
Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; jpfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;
,Ug;gJ
fhuzkhf
kdjpy;
kl;Lnk
tpsf;Ftjw;F
xU
,r;rj;jpia
mike;jpUf;fpwJ. Kj;Jr; Jr;
rpg;gpia
bfhs;nthk;.
25
cz;L ,e;j
gz;qtjw;F cz;ikia
cjhuzkhf
vLj;Jf;
Kj;J
vg;go
cz;lhfpwJ
vd;gJ
vy;nyhUf;Fk;
bjhpe;jnj.
g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp Kj;Jr; Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs;
g[Fe;J
mij
,Uf;Fk;
g{r;rpia
cWj;JfpwJ.
mJ
epdt[f;F
mjhtJ
rpg;gpf;Fs;
cl;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j
bjhe;jutpypUe; jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jputj;ij mjhtJ vdhky; giria ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rp fpUkpia \o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J cz;lhfpwJ.
ekJ
mDgtj;jpy; jpy;
fhuzkhf
Kj;J
,Ug;gJnghy
mog;gilf; ilf;
cz;lhtjw;F btsp
cyfk;
xl;Lz;zp ekJ
fhuzkhf mike;jpUf; pUf;fpwJ.
fpUkp
mDgtj;jpw;F
rpg;gpf;Fs;
fpUkp
g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy
gpug";r
braiy
ehk;
mwpfpnwhk;.
,t;tpjk;
kdjpy;
eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjdhy; xUnghJk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KoahJ.
Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s
Kaw;rp bra;a[k; mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;.
gpwF
jd;Dila
me;j
vdhky;
g{r;irna
ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s ,aYtjpy; ,aYtjpy;iy.
cz;ikahd ifapy;
Md;kh
cs;s
kdpjdhfpa
kdjpw;F
fUtpahf eP
gpd;dhy;
kdk;
(Mj;kh)
,Uf;fpwJ.
,Uf;fpwJ. fpwJ.
mjd;
cz;ikahd
epw;Fk;nghJjhd;
kdk;
mwpt[ilajhfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ
26
J}s;Jshfr; rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik mile;J tpLfpwJ. ,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk; jk;/ kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU ,Ug;gplkhFk;. miyfSf;Fk;/ tpUj;jpapd;
RHpfSf;Fnk/
\ynk
tpUj;jp jp
ek;khy;
mjpy; vGfpd;w
vd;w
mwpag;gLk;
bgah;. cyfk;
,e;j ekf;F
gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/ kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp jp vd;w miyfshYk;/ RHpfshYk;/ ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir/ rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/ t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk; bgWfpwJ.
Md;kh
,g;gog;gl;l
fhuzkhf
kPz;Lk;/
Fz';fspd;
kPz;Lk;
vGfpd;w
gHpr;bray;fs;
vGr;rpapd;
bra;J
jdf;Fk;
gpwh;f;Fk; Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r khiaapy; Md;kh
cHd;W
jtpg;gij
jtph;j;J
khia
kaf;fj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl rpj;jh;fs; cz;lhf;fpa fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk; vd;gjhFk;.
nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna kdkhFk;. kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk;
khR/
J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspthf ,Uf;Fk; Fk;. mokl;lj;ijf;
fhz;gJnghy/
bjspe;j
kdj;jhy;
,e;j
kUtw;w
ePhpy;
ePhpd;
cz;ikg;
bghUisf; fhz Koa[ Koa[k;. me;j khR goe;j Jha;ikaw; ikaw;w kdijg; gz;gLj;Jk;
bewpna
nahfk;.
kdkhdJ
27
mwpthfp/
Md;k
czh;itg;
bgw;W
tpHpg;gpy;
jd;
\yk;
eho
xL';Fk;nghJ
jd;id bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;j bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;; vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;.
btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;.
mg;bghUspny
ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[ jida[k; vd; cld; gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf; fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ/ Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj; gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW MFk;.
,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;
Md;khthFk;.
btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;.
tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis is thd;
thdth; vd;W TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;.
jhd;
+
mth;/
+
mth/;
jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;.
jdJ
bka;bghUSld;
gue;j
mwpthy;
,izj;J
vg;bghGJk;
rjhfhyk;
btl;l
epyt[k;
btsp
braYkhf
,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf; fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f; f;fk/ Rth; +
mfk;.
Rth;
vd;why;
nghpd;gk;.
fLe;jtj; jtj;jpd;
\yk;
Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; jhd;
"hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;.
,e;j
KGik ngw;iwna rhd;nwhh;fs; fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL
vd;why;
,lk;
my;yJ
Mjhuk;
,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg;;gjpy;iy.
28
vd;W
bgah;.
fhuzk;
Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; yhky; Mnjak;
gpwg;gjpy;iy.
ve;j
,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;.
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk;
xU
Mjhuk;
mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; Mjhuk;
mjw;F Mjhuk; vJ ,lk; Mf cs; cs;sJ vd
Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw; yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ
czug;bgWk;.
,Uf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf
nfhapy;nky;
fyrk;
fyrj;jpw; jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/ sJ/
nfhg[uj; uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
g{kpf;F btl;lbtsp
,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf; lbtspf;F Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/ ,y;iy. mjd;
moKoiaf;
fhzKoahJ
vd;gij
tpsf;fnt
mfj;jpaUk; jpaUk;/
ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra; b ra;jp ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp - brst[[kpa rhfuk] 118
btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd; ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k;/ gpuk;kh md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz nkny brd;whh; vdt[k fij \yk; brhd;dhh;fs;. mjw;bfd;W
Mjhuk;
,y;iy.
Mfnt
btl;lbtsp vd;why; mJ
KjyhfpwJ.
mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs; njhd;wpapUf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. mehjpahdJ.
btl;lbtsp vd;fpw tPl;od;
,af;f
rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp mfj;jhy; jhy; ,d;gk; njhd;wp gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.
29
btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; ghUs; vd;gjw;F / bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F fw;g';fs; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f; f;F Kj;jpiu VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> fo>
Fjk;gha;
Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka "hdpf;F rj;j';fs; fs; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh; nghh;f;F ,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f; f;F nkhfhe;jk; VJf;fo> fo>
Fjk;gha;
rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f; f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
Mde;jk; bgh';fp fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f; f;F J}de;jhd; jhd; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
rpj;jpuf; jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f; f;F gj;jpuk; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; jiytidr; nrh; n rh;e;njhh;f;Fg; g; gpd;dhir VJf;fo> fo>
Fjk;gha;
brj;jhiug; jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo>
Fjk;gha;
- Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;
30
gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j "hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;
\yk;
tpsf;fp
TWtijf;
fhzyhk;.
cz;ikahd
bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. tpyFfp wJ.
mg;nghJjhd;
bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk; bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ bka;g;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ. sJ.
v';nfnah
btl;lbtspapy;
njhd;wpaJjhd;;
$Pthj;kh/
njhd;wpa
guhkhj;khtpy;
gukhj;khtpw;F
Mjhuk;
,y;iy.
mijna ts;syhh; jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;jtu;f;F bjz;ldpl; ldpl;nld;
vd;W
vd;w
brhy;yo
ghly;
\yk;
bjhl;Lfhl;loaij mwpayhk;. $Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F
vd;d
$Pthj;khtpYk;
cz;L.
gukhj;jhtpy;
njhd;wpa
Mw;wy; gukhj;kh
cz;nlh Xh;
$Pthj;kht[k;
mnj
,aw;if.
$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L.
mnjnghy
,aw;ifapd;
gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Mw;wy;
TW.
mnjnghy
,e;j $Pthj;khtpd; htpd; mg{h;t rf;jpia
gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk; MFk;.
,ij mwpahky; ,f
thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy Jd;gj;jpw;F
Mshf;Ffpnwhk;.
mjdhy;
jhd
Md;khit
Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;khittijf;ff;TlhJ. Mdhy; Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go vd;why;>
31
1.
flt[isj;njo njo
mila
Kad;Wk;
mtdhy;
flt[isf;fhz fhz Koahj epiy/ 2.
thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw/
3.
bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg; fisg; gw;wp mwpahik. mwpe;Jk;
myl;rpak;
bra;fpd;w
epiy/
mtkjpj;J
mjdhy; Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy. 4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky; hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; yYWk; epiy.
nkw;fz;l gytpj
Fiwfs;
xd;nwhblhd;W
rpf;fy; fy;fSf; fSf;F
Koahky;
jtpj;J
thH;fpwhd;.
Mshfp
jhd;
,g;gog;gl;l
tUfpwnghJ
kdpjd;
,f;fl;oypUe;J
mtw;iw
Jd;g[w;W/
thH;f;ifapy;
yFthfj;
gpwiuj;
rpf;fyhd bjhpe;njh/
tpLjiy
,ize;J
Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k;
,f;fl;lhd lhd
NH;epiy
bjhpahknyh
bgwntz;Lk;
jPh;f;f
vd
,e;j
Kay;fpwhd;.
xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk; jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. fpwJ. mjd; tpist[ rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ.
rpe;jpf;fpwhd;. Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;. Kaw;rpapd;
tpist[ bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;.
mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd; fpwhd;. Mj;k "hdk; ,g;nghJ
mtDf;F
g[yg;gl
Muk;gpf;fpwJ. fpwJ.
kdpjdpd;
beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gyrpe;jid thjpfs;/ rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;/ ty;Ydh;fs;/ vGjpa[k;/
rpj;jh; jh;
bgUkf;fs;
nghjidfs;
nghd;nwhh; nwhh;fs; fs;
Twpa[k;
kdpjd;
gyE}y;fs; fs;
FiwghLfis
KGikahf KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy. fhuzk; kdpjd; rKjhak; rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg;
gpizg;gpy;
thH;e;J
bfhz]L
,Ug;gjhy;
jhd].
FiwghLfs; vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd; njit/
32
gHf;fk;/ mwptpd; tsh;r;rp/ re;jh;g;g NH;epiyfs; ,tid Fiw cs;stdhf Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;
fhuz/
fhhpa';fis
gFj;J
czUfpwhh;fs;.
mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf; bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy; Fiwiag;nghf;fpf; bfhz;lth;fs; fs; rpyh;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg; jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf; fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy.
xt;bthU kdpjDk; kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;. xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy;
gjpg;gpf;fgg;LfpwJ.
Mfnt
ehk;
gHpr;brhy;/
,Hpthd bray;/ nghd;w gjpt[fis fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp jp J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,z;lwf; fyf;fnt fnt ek cly; xU fUtpahfr; bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W bfhz;L ,Uf;fnwhk;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J rpe;jidapy;; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ jhd; bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl] fhl]o czh;j;Jk; nghJ jhd; mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh] grpj;jpU/ jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU vd;W TWfpwhh;.
1.
grpj;jpU vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;.
2.
jdpj;jpU vd;gJ khiaapy; g[yd; yd;fis
brYj;jhky;
jdpj;jpUvd;gjhFk;. 3.
tpHpj;jpU
vd;gJ
Md;kh
khRglhky;
tpHpg;nghL
,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j mwptpd; tpHpg;g[ epiy jhd; Md;kPf thH;thFk; thFk;.
33
kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy; ,a';FfpwJ 1.
,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy.
2.
,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy.
3.
rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp ePjp mwbewp.
4.
murh';fk; fk;.
nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it ca;tpf;fty;yJ. J.
Jd;g';fis fise;J
,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. yJ. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy] btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;. gftj;fPij fPij
mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff; TWfpd;w E}y;fs; fs;
nghd;wJ.
fw;gidahff;TWk;
fijfs;
rpy
,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa jifa E}y;fis fis gog;gjpd; \yKk; thH;f;if mDgt';fspd; fspd; \yKk; gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ
rj;jpak;/
jh;kk;/
ePjp/
vd;fpd; fpd;w
xG';F
Kiwapy;
cWjpahd gHf;fj; fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k;/ mikjpahft[ mikjpahft[k; mika[k.;
,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw; jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd; epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH; thH;thFk;.
,g;go
mwbewp
bgw;W
nghw;wp
xGfp
thH;tjhy;
Md;kh
J}a;ik
KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W Twyhk;.
jd;Dila
nkw;bfhs;tjhy;
mwptpd;
,tw;iw
bjspthy;
xUtif
34
,g;go
Md;k
thH;f;if
"hdk;
vd;W
bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd; Md;k "hdj; "hdj;ij ij jUk;. ,jw;F jdpkdpj xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak; fpak;. jdpkdpj xGf;fk Md;k "hdj;jhy; jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw
KoahJ.
jdpkdpj
xGf;fnk
xg;gw;w
rKjhakhf khw cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
xGf;fkhd
mwtHp gpwHhJ
thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd; \ynk jdpkdpj j dpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk.] cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;. Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl; fl;nf tpsf;f';fis fis
fpilf;Fk;.
mwpe;jth;fSf;nf
bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw mJ mwk;/ jtk; vd;fpw jtg;gapw;rp/ mJ
jj;Jt';fspd;
rhj;jpak; jpak;.
mth;fs;
kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl; fhl;oa[k;/ tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;. "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.
mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To bray;gLfpwJ.
epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk;/ Fzk;/ epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh; sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ. sJ.
35
g{jk; kz;
ePh;
tot[ ehw nfhzk; gpiw Kf;
jP
nfhzk;
epwk;
vGj;J
Fzk;
bjhHpy;
Fwp
bja;tk;
fiy
bghd;ik
y
fodk;
jh';fy;
tr;rpfuk;
mad;
epth;j;jp
btz;ik
t
jd;ik
jhkiu
jpUkhy;
gpujp#;il
brk;ik
u
btk;ik
ghjk; bra;jy; xd;W
fhw;W
mWnfhzk;
fUg;g[
a
gue;J
Mfhak;
tl;lk;
g[ifik ifik
Q
btspahjy;
Ie;J
g{j';fs;
Rthjpfk;
tpjpj;jy; rhpj;jy;
mWg[ s; s;sp
,lk;
mKj
bfhLj;jy;
gpe;J
xt;bthd;Wf;Fk;
vl;L
tpj;ij knfrd;
rhe;jp
rjhrptk;
rhe;jpa fPij
tpjkhd
Fz';fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd; jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk;/ !;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk.; ,ijna Xir/
CW/
xsp/
Rit/
kzk;
vd;Wk;
TWthu;fs;.
,e;j
Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jpapd; jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy;
mz;l
nguz;l';fs;
cUthapd
vd;gJ
bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs; fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. y.
,J
vd;nwh nwh
"hdpfshy;
myrp
Muhag;gl;lit.
mqf;fs; fs; gw;wp itnrrpf rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f
KGf;f TWfpwJ.
me;j VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J
tpl;ld.
mq
vd;gJ
cz;ikiaf; kiaf;
jj;Jt TWtJ.
"hdj;jpy; ,e;j
Kot[f; f;F
gpug";rk;
Kothd
my;yJ
xU
cyfj;jpd; jpd;
bjhlf;fj; fj;jpid jpid mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Muk;gkhFk;.
Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd; bjhlf;fKk;
v';nfh nfh
btl;l
btspapypUe;J
xU
E}y;
bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd; Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;
36
bjhlf;fj; fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k;
mwpa
\d;W
epiyahd
mst[
nfhiyf;
fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f; f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F
nky;
gphpf;f
bfhz;nlnghdhy;
Koahj
Kotpy;
epiytiu
mqf;fspy;
,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk; fk;.
brd;W
mHpj;Jf; Jf; Koa[k;.
,tw;wpypUe; pypUe;Jjhd; cyfk;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;
mqj;jpwid
Ma;e;jth;fs;
mwpe;jth;fs;.
fjputd;
xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F vd;d fhuzk;/ thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp rp jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk;/ Muha;e;jdh;.
vd;W
mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf
ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;.
xU bghUis Jz;oj; oj;Jf; bfhz;nl
brd;why; filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh; jh;fs; Ma;e;jdh;. mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f; f;F mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk
”
- jpU\yh; mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o -xsitahh;
nkw;fz;l
ghly;
\yk;
rpj;jh;fs;
mqitg;
gw;wp
vd;nwh
Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;. mqbfhs;iffis ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j
mE
g{jpkhd;fs;/
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s; s;sdh;.
37
rhd;nwhh;fs;
fp.K.500
,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ
Mfk
E}y;fspy; fspy;
Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ jpwdhdJ myrp
fhzyhk;.
jkpHwp"h;fs; fs;
gpug";rj;jpd; jpd;
Ma;tf; f [ ;fskhf;fp fp
\iy
mjida[k;
rpj;jh; jh;fspd;
KLf;Ffisbay; Ffisbay;yhk;
RUl;o
jdJ
ff;fj;jpy;
itj;Js;sdu;. rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; isg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy.
fz;qf;F
vl;lhj
Jfs;fs;
cU
,y;yhjd.
,j;Jfs; Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs;
vd;Dk; Jfs;fshf fshf khWfpd;wd. d. xU
gukhqthfj;
tpiutha;j;
gz;g[
,ay;g[fs;
gy jd;khj;jpiufs; jpiufs; xd;WTo
jpus;fpd;wd.
Jog;gjhy;
Kjypa
xspa[k;/
,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; piufs;
btg;gKk;
njhd;Wfpd;wd.
bghUs;fspy; tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[ fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[ fpa[s;sdh; sdh;. ,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho ,Uf;fpd;w \yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk; mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd hnd - jpUke;jpuk; 21 nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd mqf;fspy; mjd; \yj;Js;ns ns
,Uf;fpd;w
xspa[k;/
btg;gKk;/
tPRfpd;wd vd;W TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
mHy;fis
xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;
mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. vd;whny Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;.
mz;lk;
vg;go g{kpahdJ g{kpahd J
jd;dpiy RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/ mnjnghy g{kpapy;
gpwf;Fk;
cz;lhfpwJ/
tpij
midj;Jk;
tl;l
Kisf;Fk;nghJ
totKld; tl;l
totk;/
njhw;wk; gwit
Kl;il tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk;/
38
nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs; mj;jida[k;
tl;l
totkhfnt
tps';Ffpd;wd.
,tw;wpd;
,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j
bfhz;Ls;sJ.
fye;J/ J/
bghUshft[k; fyitfs;
,itfs;
jk;nkhL
mqf;fshft[k;/
Mfpd;wd.
mqj;jpushft[k;/
,g;gog;gl;l
bfhz;lJjhd;
$Ptuhrpfs;/
jhKk;/
mqj;jpus;fspd; fspd;
mz;lk;/
gpug";rk;
midj:Jk; MFk;.
rpj;jh; jh;fs;
j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy; yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk;/
fhj;jYf;Fk]/
mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fis fz;L
bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;.
mqf;fs; fs;
cyf';fspSk; fspSk;/
vy;yh yh
vy;yh
cyfpaw;
caph;fspSk;/ bghUs;fspYk;
vy;yh epiwe;j
,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd; epiwe;J cs;sd sd vd;W fz;ldu;.
gukhqtpdhy; $Ptuhrpfs;
g";rg{jk;
cz;lhapw; lhapw;W.
cz;lhdJ.
mjd;
fyg;ghy;
$Ptuhrpfns
g";rg{j rg{j
fyg;gpd;
Mw;wiyf; bfhz;ljhFk;. me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy; jpy;
bray;gLfpwJ
$Ptdplk;
mDgtKk;
vd;gijg; rpe;jida[k;
ghh;g;nghk;. To
mwpt[g;
kdpjdhd bgUf;fk; fk;
Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk; fk;
39
Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;tyfnk y [ fnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU mqtpY[k; k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd.
,e;j
96
jj;Jt';fns
bray;gLfpd;wd.
Kjy;
jj;Jtk; Jtk;
30/
kdpj
,uz;lhk;
rhPuj;jpy;
jj;Jtk; Jtk;
30/
\d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36. Mf 96.
1.
Kjy; jj;Jtk; Jtk;
g{jk; 5/ bghwp 5/ g[yd] 5/ fd;nke;jphpak] 5/ fd;ktprak; 5/ fuzk] 4/ mwpt[ 1/
g{jk;
Mf 30.
gpUjptp - kz;/ mg;g[ - ePh;/ nja[ -mf;dp/ dp/ tha[ - fhw;W/ Mfhak; - btsp.
bghwp
brtp/ njhy;/ fz;/ ehf;F/ \f;F
g[yd;
rj;jk; nfl;fg; fg;gLtJ (brtpf;F caph;f; f;TW)
40
!;ghprk; bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F capu;f; TW)
cUtk; fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW)
,urk; mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F caph;f; f;TW)
fe;jk; thrid mwpt[ (\f;Ff;F caphf;;TW)
fd;nke;jphpak; tha;/ if/ fhy;/ mghdk;/ Fwp
fd;k tprak; ngRjy; - thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW
elj;jy; - fhYf;F caph;f;TW
bfhLj;jy; th';fy] iff;F caph;f; f;TW
tpLjy; - vUtha; caph;f;TW
41
kfpH;jy; - Fwpf;F caph;f;TW
fuzk; kdk; - xd;iw ,izg;gJ
g[j;jp - mjid tprhhpg;gJ
mf';fhuk] - mjidf; bfhz;L nky; vGk;g[tJ
rpj;jk; jk; - mjidr; bra;J Kog;gJ
mwpt[ jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;
2.
,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; Jtk; - eho 10/
tha[ 10/ ra';fs; 5/ nfhrk; 5/
Mf 30.
tha[ 10 - gpuhzd;/ mghdd;/ tpahdd;/ cjhdd;/ rkhdd;/ ehfd;/ Th;kd;/ fphpfud;/ njtjj;jd;/ jd";brad;.
1. gpuhzd; - g[Ut kj;jpapy; jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;jpu jpu ehoapy; g[Fe;J \yhjhuj;ij mile;J/ J/ bjhg;g[s;/ gpd; \f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy/ gpd;fiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp/ \f;F Jthuj;jpy; jpy; btsptUk;. Rthrk; 12 m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J 4 m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor; bray;gLk; Rthrk; ehHpif (24 epkprk;) xd;Wf;F
42
360 Rthrk; ,ut[ gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21/600 Rthrk; kdpj clypy; bray;gLfpwJ.
(24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ - 1 ehHpif)
,e;j Rthrk; 21/600-f;F tpguk; 1.
\yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 600
2.
Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
3.
kzpg{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
4.
mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
5.
tpRj;jpapy; jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000
6.
Mf;fpidapy; fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000
7.
rf!;;uhfhuj;jpy; jpy;; Rthrk; - 1000
ehs; xd;Wf;F 21/600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy; 7/200 Rthrk; fHd;W
14/400
Rthrk;
cs;ns
brd;W
kdpj
cliy
brayhf;fg; gLj;JfpwJ.
2. mghdd; Fjj;ija[k;/
Fa;aj;ija[k;
gw;wp
epd;W
kyryhjpfis
fHpg;gJ.
3. tpahdd; njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ.
4. cjhdd; grpia
cz;lhf;fp fp
cz;l
czit
cztpd;
rf;jpia
mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72/000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij tsh;g;gJ.
43
5. rkhdd; vy;yh tha[ita[k; VWjy;/ ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky;
rkdhff;
bfhz;L ,a';FtJ.
6. ehfd; tpf;fYk; fYk;/ ff;fYk; fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ.
7. Th;kd; fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ.
8. fphpfud; g[Utkj;jpiag; piag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky;/ mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ.
9. njtjj;jd; tpHpj;jpUf;Fk;
nghJ
XLtpj;jYk;
cyht[jYk; jYk;/
a[j;jk;
gz;qtpj;jy; jy; bra;tJ.
10. jd";brad; gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd; gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig
,a';fr;
bra;J
tphptpj;jYk;
bra;J
\d;W
ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ.
ra';fs;; mkh;thrak;/
gfph;thrak;/
rythrak;/
kythrak;/
Rf;fpy thrak;.
1.
mkh;thrak; - cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk;
2.
gfph;thrak; - md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk;
44
3.
rythrak; - ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk;
4.
kythrak; - kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk;
5.
Rf;fpy thrak; - Rf;fpyk;; gphpa[k; ,lk;
nfhrk; md;dka nfhrk;/ gpuhzka nfhrk;/ kndhka nfhrk;/ tp";"hdka nfhrk;/ Mde;jka nfhrk;.
1.
md;dka nfhrk; Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[
2.
gpuhzka nfhrk; gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
3.
kndhka nfhrk; kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
4.
tp";"hdka nfhrk; g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
5.
Mde;jka nfhrk; gpuhztha[k; RGj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ
3.
\d;whk; jj;Jtk; Mjhuk; 6/ kz;lyk; 3/ kyk; 3/ njhrk; 3/ Vlid 3/ Fzk; 3/ ,uf;fk; 8/ 8/ tpid 2/ mt!;ij 5. Mf Mf 36.
45
Mjhuk; \yhjhuk;/ Rthjpl;lhdk; kzpg{ufk;/ mdhfjk;/ tpRj;jp/ jp/ Mf;i".
1.
\yhjhuk; ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha.; ehw;rJuj;Jf; Jf;Fs;ns ns ehspjH; Kf;nfhz totkhf ,Uf;Fk;. vGj;J X';fhuk]. epwk; khzpf;f epwk;. njtij n jtij fzgjp.
2.
Rthjpl;lhdk; ,Uf;Fkplk; tpuw;fil fil
vUtha;f;Fk; mst[k;
nkny
bjhg;g[Sf;Ff;
,uz;L fPnHa[k] k].
ehw;nfhzk;. MW ,jH; vGj;J. e fhuk;. brk;bghd; epwk;. njtij gpuk;kh.
3.
kzpg{ufk; ,Uf;Fkplk;
bjhg;g[H;
gpiwnfhzkhdJ.
,jd;
eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;. gj;J ,jH;. kufj epwk;. njtij tp#;q.
4.
mdhfjk; ,Uf;Fkplk; ,Ujak;. Kf;nfhzkhdJ. fhzkhdJ.
,jd;
eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp fhuk;. gd;dpuz;L ,jH;. !;gof epwk;. njtij cUj;jpud; jpud;.
46
5.
tpRj;jp jp ,Uf;Fkplk;;
fz;lk;
(fGj;J).
mWnfhzk;.
16
,jH;. nfhnkjf epwk;. vGj;J t fhuk;. njtij knfRtud;.
6.
Mf;i" ,Uf;Fkplk; g[Ut kj;jp. tl; tl;lkhapUg;gJ. 3 ,jH;. !;gof epwk;. vGj;J a fhuk;.
nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; jpd; \yk; Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha/ MW Mjhuk; MWtPlhft[k;/ ,jH;fisf;
Tl;odhy;
51
ml;ruk;
vd;gJk;
fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
kz;lyk; - mf;dp kz;lyk;/ Mjpj;j kz;lyk;/ re;jpu kz;lyk]. ; 1.
mf;dp kz;lyk; ,J \yhjhuk; MFk;
2.
Mjpj;j kz;lyk; ,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;
3.re;jpu kz;lyk; rf!;uhfhu jskhFk;.
kyk; Mztk;/ fhkpak;/ khia
47
1.
Mztk; clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ.
2.
fhkpak; fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLtJ.
3.
khia jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.
njhrk; thjk;/ gpj;jk; jk;/ rpnyhj;jkk;
1.
thjk; tha[tpd; bray; tpist[
2.
gpj;jk; mf;fpdpapd; tpist[
3.
rpnyhj;jkk; fgj;jpd; tpist[
Vlid mh;j;j Vlid/ Vlid/ 1.
g[j;jpu Vlid/ cyf Vlid
mh;j;j Vlid jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly;
2.
g[j;jpu Vlid g[j;jpu njo Mirg;gly;
48
3.
cyf Vlid cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly;
Fzk; ,uhl;rrk;/ jhkrk;/
1.
rhj;tPfk;
,uhl;rrk; mf';fhukha;
btl;lt[k;/
Fj;jt[k;/
mof;ft[khapUg;gJ
2.
jhkrk; ke;j g[j;jp/ cd;kj;jkha;/ kj;jpakha; pakha; ,Ug;gJ.
3.
rhj;tPfk; mlf;fk;/ md;g[/ tpntfk;/ Ik;bghwp Mf;fy; fy; mUs;/
"hdk;/
tha;ik
jtk;/
bghiw/
nkd;ik/
Kjypa tw;iwa[ilajha; l ajha; ehl;l';
bfhz;oUg;gJ.
,uhfk; fhkk;/
Fnuhjk;/
cnyhgk;/
nkhfk;/
khr;rhpak;/ ,Lk;ig/ mf';fhuk; 1.
fhkk; Mir
2.
Fnuhjk; gpzf;F
49
kjk;/
3.
cnyhgk; gpoghL
4.
nkhfk; gphpak;
5.
kjk; fh;tk;
6.
khr;rhpak; cjl;oy;
cwt[k;/
itg;gJ
7.
,Lk;ig cjhrPdk;
8.
mf';fhuk; nfhgpj;jy;
tpid ey;tpid/ jPtpid
1.
ey;tpid g[z;zpak; bra;jy;
2.
jPtpid ghtk; bra;jy;
50
cs;sj;jpy;
gifa[k;
mtj;ij rhf;fpuk; fpuk;/
brhg;gdk;/
RGj;jp/
Jhpak;/
JhpahjPjk;
1.
rhf;fpuk; fpuk; yyhlj;jhdk; (g[Utkj;jp) jp)
2.
brhg;gdk; fz;l!;jhdk;
3.
RGj;jp ,Uja !;jhdk;
4.
Jhpak; ehgp (bjhg;g[H;)
5.
JhpahjPjk; Fwpaplk;
Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jWtU"; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd; byhg;gpytd; tUnkhl;blLj;jhnu.
96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;. ,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitaht M itahtd d
51
g{j';fs; - 5/ jd;khj;jpiufs; - 5/ "hnde;jphpa';fs; - 5/ fd;nke;jphpak] - 5/ me;jf;fhuzk; - 4/
Mfpa ,e;j 24k; Md;kht[f;F J}a J} a tothf ,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy; Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ.
nkw;fz;l
Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd;
tpsf;fj; fj;ij
vth;
mwpthnuh
mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtu; jtu;; Mthu;. Rit/ xsp/ CW/ Xir/ ehw;wk; vDk; ,t;ite;jpd;;
tif bjhpthd; fl;nl nl cyF
vd;w ts;Sth; Sth; tha;ik bghHpapd; \yk; fhzyhk; fhzyhk;.
gukhqf;fspd; kz;lyk; Kjy;
,af;f
epfH;r;rpfns
nghpaf;f
mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz; vdg;gLk;.
bfhj;J
bfhs;tjhy; ePuftha[/
gy;ntWgl;l
epfH;r;rpna
Vw;gLk;
gpuhztha[/
fhw;W
btg;g vDk;
vdg;gLk;
epfH;r;rpna
,t;ite;J
epiyfSk;
Mdgoahy;
Ie;J
mtw;iw
mit
beUg;g[
,Utifahd
mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ.
mtw;wpd; nkhjpf;
vdg;gLk;.
fhw;W
Fwpg;gpl;l
ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/ bgsjPfk;/
Ie;J
g";rg{j';fs;
gphpt[fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf;FHk;g[
rhk;gy;
g{rp
cnyhfj;ij
cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs; fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw
52
czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf; jf;f gphpt[fshfg; fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j ,af;ff;fl; fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk; ,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij ePh;; vd;Wk; Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd kz;zpd;
elements
fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd.
,Wf;fj;jhy;
gyntW
cnyhf';fs;
tpisfpd;wd
vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk; yhk; g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk; fpnwhk;.
g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk;
ve;j
tpfpjj;jpy; jpy;
fye;Js;sdnth/
mjw;nfw;g
,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy; tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh; btg;gk; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. jd;dstpy;
,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. jdpj;jdpna jdpna
,a';Fk;nghJ
xt;bthU g{jKk; xU
jd;iknahLk;
kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g
btt;ntwhd
rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk;
,a';Fk;.
,jdhy;
xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd; zpd; jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ. rf;jpahfpd;wJ.
mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk;
mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk; rf;jpahfpwJ. jpahfpwJ.
ePhpy;
mJnt Ritahfp Ritahfp kz; kz;zpy; thridahfpwJ. thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ xsp/
53
Rit/ kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd; jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; jpy; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd RHy;fs; fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd; ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l
mGj;jk;
Kjyhd
Itif
,af;f';fspYk;
g';FbgWfpd;wd.
,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs; Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; ,ize;J
mjd;
me;j
cUthfpd;wd.
tpisthf
kz;lyj;jpy; jpy;
mg;nghJ
tpj;Jf;TWfs;
czh;r;rp
me;j
tpise;J
vd;w
kz;lyk;
,af;fk;
mwpt[
vd;w
rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; Jf; nfhs';fs; fs;jhd;
vy;yhtifahd yhtifahd
caphpd';fSf;Fk;
mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj]Jf; nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy;
bgUfpf;To
bfhj;jhf
mike;J
,a';fp
bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg; bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd; vdg;gLk; Lk;.
,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; fr; rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k;
$Ptfhe;jkhft[k;
kpsh;fpd;wd. wd.
,j;jifa
Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph;; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq.
,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd
vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W gphpt[fspy; fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
54
nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd; fpd;wJ.
,e;epiyapy;
,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh
+
btg;gk;/
Mfpa
ePh;/
epyk;
,J
gpug";r
caph;;.
Mfhrk;) tpz;. jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ ehd;F
g{j';fspYk;
cs;
epiw
Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk; vd]w tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f
epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk;
(g{jk;+ Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk].
tpj:J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j
clypy;
,nj
kpsph;fpd;wJ.
,e;j
(rpj;jk; jk;+Mfhrk;)
MFk;.
epiynahL/
tpz;
epiyapy; ,Jjhd;
g{jhfhrKk;/
bfhz;oUj;jyhy; jyhy;
czh;r;rp
vd;w
mnj
tpz;
$Ptd;.
rpjhfhrk;
kfhfhrKk;/
xt;bthU
rpwg;ghw;wyhf
$PtDk;
rpjhfhrk; rpjhfhrk;
neh;
gpu";rk;
vd;w
bjhlh;g[ KGika[k;
jd;ndhL ,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ.
nkw;fz;l
g{j';fspd;
jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.
Ie;jpd;
Nl;Rk
jd;khj;jpiufs;
Fz';fns
vd;gJ gJ
cUgz;g[
,y;yhjit. mqf;fs; fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd; khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. ,nj
g";rg{j'; g{j';fs; gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;.
jd;khj;jpiufs; jpiufs;jhd;
,e;jphpa';fis
g";rg{j';fspd; fspd;
Efh;r;rpapy;
bra;tdtha[ d tha[k; cs;sd.
bjhlh;ghy;
bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;
Jiz
jd;khj;jpiu p iu vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk;
vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw. ,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf;
bfhLj;J
bray;glitf;Fk
55
jpwd;
bfhz;lit. lit.
"hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd;
bjhlhghy;
mjdjd;
czh;r;rpfis
czuitg;gJk; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/ if/ fhy;/ ,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd; ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[ k; k;
,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk; jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w
MWtifahd
epfH;r;rpfSk;
eilbgWfpd;wd
vd;gJ
bjhpa[k;.
bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k; mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw; jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/ vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To ,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w MWtifahd MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU ,af;fj;jpYk; jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/ gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs; mqthfp/ mqf;fs; fs; To fhw;whfp/ whfp/ btg;gkhfp/ ePuhfp
mz;lbtspapny
bfhz;L
,Uf;fpd;wd.
jd;idj;jhnd jhnd mjd;
RHd;W
kj;jpapy;;
Rw;wp
tpiut[
kpje;J Fiwe;j
mqf;fs; beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf; nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy;
Vw;gLk;
mqf;fs;
56
mGj;jj;jhy;
btg;gk;
mjpfkhfp
mjd;
tpisthf
cnyhf';fs;/
,uj;jpd';fs;
,urhad';fshft[ shft[k; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd; fpd;wd. Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; jpy; fhe;jk; jk;/ kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr; tifr; RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; sy; vd;w ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j
,t;thW gunk
mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/ xspahfp/ Ritahfp kzkhfp/ czUk; jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ.
,j;jifa ghpzhkj; ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk;
,ize;j xU nghpaf;f kz;lyk; lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; k;
g";rg{jk;
vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.
gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd kdpjdhfpwJ. kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ. g";rg{j braw;ifahd vd;Dk;
tpz;/
njhw;wkhff; gy
fhqk;
fl;l';fspYk; fspYk;
epfHr;rpfspy; CLUtp
xo
gupzhkk; ,a';Fk;
jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs; vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;
57
cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd kjpf;fg; fg;gLfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad kjpf;fg; fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk; jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf; fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis fis
bfhz;l
,Uf;fpdwd.
,af;f'fshft[k;
fhl;rpfshft[k;
,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd.
vdnt ehk;
fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy; guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd; jhd; VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk]/ mjd; epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk; xd;whfnt
,Uf;Fk;
ngUz;ik
mf;fhl;rpahFk;.
gunk
mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh; tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf;
fhl;rpfshfp/
tps';Ffpd;wd
vd
gyg;gy Kd;dnk dnk
ntWghLfisg; mwpe;njhk;.
bgw;W
mJnt
J}y
mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk;
vd;w
Jd;gkhft[k;/
vy;iyfspy; fzpjj;jpw;F
msitfisf;
fle;j
fl;Lg;gl;l
cl;gl;l
nghJ
czh;tpy/
gythft[k;
vy;yhk;
,e;j
xd;Wgl;l
,d;g ehd;F
gukhft[k;
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd; vd;gJ jdpna jdpna ,y;iy. guj;ijj; jtph;j;J
ntW
xd;Wnk
,y;iy.
,af;f
epfH;r;rpfs; pfs;
midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ
guk;bghUs;
xd;nw.
Mjpepiyapy; Mjpepiyapy;
gukhft[k;/
mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/
58
,Uf;fpd;w
me;j
cz;ikf;fUj;J
xU
bghUs
vd;gJ
jhd;
bjspthf
ehd;
mGj;jkhf
epfH;r;rpna
J}a
,ize;J
,a';Fk;
xU
mjD}nl
mGj;jk;
Fiwe;J
Mdhy;
Nf;Fkhfr;
RHd;W
J}yj;jpD}nl jpD}nl
caph;rf;jp jp
mqj;
RHd;W
brhy;ypd; ypd;
tps';Fk;.
mqf;fs;
,a';Fk;
vd;w
tpiut[
mjpfkhfp
bjhlhpaf;fnk
tUk;nghJ
cly;.
Vw;gLk;
caph;. nkhjy;
epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/ czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd.
clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ capUk;
mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy; mqf;fspd; fspd; \ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd].
ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk; k; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk; vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j; j;J jdpna xU epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy mtnd ehd; ehnd mtd; vd;W bjspthf
czh;e;J
bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
jd;idg;
g[yd;
czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy; mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ t[ MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk; MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd;
tpj;Jf; Jf;fspy; fspy;
Rita[zh;t[
To
,Ue;njh
caphpaf;f
mjw;Fhpa
tpiut[
fUtpahd
bgWk;nghJ mJ
59
tha;
mjpfkhfp/ mikag;
,e;j
caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[ bgw;W
thrida[zh;thd thd
fUtpahd
\f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk; $PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/
nghd;wit
\d;wwpt[
$Ptd;fs;/
fUtpahd
fz;njhd;w
ehywpt[
njhd;wpd.
xypa[zh;t[
fUtpahd
Ie;jwpt[
nkYk;
capuhd fhJ
xspa[zht[
ghk;g[
vd;W
Kjypad
fUtp
njhd;w
capuhd kpUf';fs; gwitfs; Kjypad njhd;wpd.
,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.
bts;sj; sj;jhy; jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj FLk;gk;
rpjwof;fg;gl;L
me;je;j
ehl;L
g{kpapy;
jl;btl;g
gy;ntW
,l';fspy;
mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g
gutp
fUg;gh;fs;/
bts;isah;fs; fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/ gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f tHf;fk; fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa ntz;Lk;.
Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf;FHk;g[
rhk;gy;
g{rp
cnyhfj;ij
cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs; fs;). cnyhfk; ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.
60
mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq
epiyapy;
CLUtp
Xor;RHd;W
bfhz;nl
,Ug;gJ
caph;r;rf;jp. caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; z; lhdhy; mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. pahfpwJ.
me;j czh;r;rp xU $Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk;
mstpw;F nkyhf X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp nehahf tUfpwJ. kpd;rhuk;/
,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd; tpisthf clypy;
fhw;W/
,uj;jk; jk;
Mfpa
\d;W
RHy;fSk;
jilgLnkahdhy; clYf;F \ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; fisj; jfh;j; j;J btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa caph;rf;jp jp bjhlh;e; e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W
,a';fKoahky;
cyfj;jpYs;s xt;bthd;Wk;
cliy
bghUl;fs; fs; xt;bthU
tpl;L
aht[k;
btspnawptpLk;.
kdpj
\yg;bghUshy;
,dk;
cl;gl
Mdit.
mit
mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU jdpg;bghUspy; ghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;.
,J
,aw;ifapd; tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy; fy;y. y.
,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j jdpg;bghUl;fs; fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. sd. fhw;W kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk; cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[ btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz; bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/
,Jnt ,aw;ifapy; mike;j rkepiyj;
jj;JtkhFk; tkh Fk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W kp";Rk;n ghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.
,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk;
,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs; fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd. jdpg;bghUl;fshy;
Md
,t;tlk; l [ k;g[
61
g";rg{jkhfpa g{jkhfpa Ie;J
Kotpy;
kz;nzhL nzhL
neuoahfnth
kw;w
ehd;F
jdpg;bghUl;fshy;
ce;jg;gl;nlh
gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ tJ jpz;zk; zk;. njhy;-kz;/ tha;ePh;/
fz;-beUg;g[
jdpg;bghUl;fSk;
tapW-btsp xd;iw
\f;F-fhw;W
xd;W
,e;j
fl:Lg;gLj;jp
itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;.
Ie;J
rkkkhf ,e;j Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy; thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.
caph;r;rf;jp
clypy;
xG';fhf
Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj
,d;g
czh;thFk;. cly; eykhFk; eykhFk;. mijg; mijg; ghJfhf; ghJfhf;f czt[/ ciHg;g[/ cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J
ftdk;
nrYj;j
ntz;Lk;.
,it
mstpw;F
mjpfkhdhYk; Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk; caph; rf;jp Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ neha;fs; cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy; czt[ cl;bfhs; bfhs;shky; ,nyrhf gHtif cz;nlh my;yJ yJ rpwpJ ghy; mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;.
cly; $Puzpf;fj; jf; jf;f mst[ czt[
cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[ cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk;/ bra;if/ nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; fhuz';fshy;
mika[k; clypy;
epiy/ ,urhad
re;jh;g;g
nkhjy;/
ntWghLfs;
Mfpa
cz;lhfpd;wd.
,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s mq \yf';fs; fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd; gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs;
Tlnth/
Fiwanth
,lKz;L.
,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf; oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w
62
jhH;t[fisg; fisg;
bgWk;.
tpiuthf
xt;bthU
mta';f~nla[k;
CLUtpr;bry; bry;Yk; mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ.
ve;j mtatj;jpy; jpy; ve;j mstpd;
rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy; jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/ bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg; fg; bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs; bfhs;Sk; rf;jp ,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j gj;jpak;
fhj;J
Xa;t[
vLj;Jf;
tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. tiffis jpwd;gl
bfhz;lhy;
neha;fs;
kpft[k;
neha; fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J
cgnahfpf;fyhk;.
ntiybra;a[k;.
nehaw;w ,aw;if
clypy;jhd;
,d;g';fis
mwpt[k;
mDgtpf;f
Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk; nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH ntz;Lk;. ciHg;g[
,tw;Wld;
kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/ msthd Toa
thH;f;if
neha;fs;
,y;yh
cly;
eyj;njhL ,Uf;f cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk vz;z';fs;/
,it
cly;
fhe;j
rf;jpapid
mst[ f; f ;F
kPwp
mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk; Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp tplyhk;.
czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp bra;a[';fs; btw;wp
epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld; ld; mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;fspy; fspy;
clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j; j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ.
xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ
bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf; Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk; m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. fpakhdJ.
cly;
63
caph;rf;jp/ jp/ tpe;J ehjk;
$Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj
totkhFk;.
nfhof;fzf;fhd fhd
rpw;wiufs;
nrh;e;J
mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk;
fhe;jf;
fth;r;rp
ntz;Lkhdhy;
mjpy;
cz;L.
cly;
epiyj;jpUf; jpUf;f
mike;Js;s
rpw;wiufspd;
vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/ gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit. $Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp jp ,a';Ftjhy; vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk; JfSk; jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J
bfhz;nl
,Uf;Fk;
miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F
epiybgWk;.
nghjpa
Vw;g
$Ptfhe;jk;
$Ptfhe;j ,Uf;Fk;
mGj;jk; jk;
tiuapy;jhd;
clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo
capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy
epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. mst[ njit/
vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa
$Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F
ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s caph;jJfs; J ; fs;fs; njit.
caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd; jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ. ,Ue;jhy; cw;gj;jp
nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) jhd;
cliy
bra;a[k;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
elj;jg;nghJkhd
mst[f; f;F
clypy;
$Ptfhe;j
caph;
rf;jpj;
rf;jpia Jfs;fs;
$Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; gU
clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly; rpw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[ fkhft[k; kw;bwhU gFjp \isapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf;
64
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. ,af;fk;
cly;/ tpe;J/ J/ caph;rf;jp/ jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd
vd;w
ntz;Lk;.
bjhlhpid
ed;whf
kdjpy;
gjpj;Jf;
bfhs;s
,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F
Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ kw; kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W
Vw;gLk;
,af;fk;
Kuz;ghl;ow;F
Vw;g
typ/
tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;. jdJ bray;fs; fs; \ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w
nkhJjynyh/
\ykhfnth
xUtUila
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,e;j
nfhs;fspd;
Ie;J
fhe;j
$Ptfhe;jk; jk;
cly;
miytPr;R ,af;fk;
czt[/ cwf;fk; fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk;
tifapy;
myl;rpak; rpak;
kpjkp";rpa
cgnahfk;/
Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why; cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila Dila bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w jhH:t[
kw;Wk;
jw;bray;
tpgj;Jf;fshy; fshy;
Vw;gLk;
FHg;g';fs;
nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; jpy; xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs; fs; xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.
ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/ jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp jp
cliy
eykhf;fpf;
bfhs;fpd;w
,aw;if
tpjp
clypnyna xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ. ,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk; bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;/ clw;gapw;rp/ kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk; cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk; syhk;.
65
,g;gog;gl;l J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk; bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; \yk; Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa
Mh;tk; tk;
bfhz;L
mh;gzpj;Jf; Jf;bfhz;L
jd;id
,y;ywj;ij
kdpj
tpl;L/
Fyed;ikf;nf
bghUs;
njLjy;/
fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw fpw mwpit cjhpj;js;sp sp mwpit/ jdJ cliy mwtHpapy; bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp
jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh;
bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[ thH;f;ifahFk; ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy;
jd;Dila Dila
tha;g;g[k;/
Mw;wiy
njita[k;
gad;gLj;jp
,Uf;Fkhdhy;
nrit
me;jj;
bra;a
Jwtwnk
kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moikahfhky; Md;kht[f; f;F cliy
fUtpahff;bfhs;Sk; Sk;
bjspe;j
mwpt[
epiyna
cz;ikahd Jwt[ MFk. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[ epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf; flikfs; kwe;J/ mwk; gpwH;e;J/ nrhk;gy; nguhir ,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L vd fUJfpd;wdh;. jtwhff;
Twp
;thH;tJ Jwtwk;
,j;jifa ,Hp;e;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W
ek;gp
jhk;
VkhWtnjhL
gpwiua[k;
Vkhw;wp;
cyt[fpd; fpd;w fhl; f hl;rpiaa[ piaa[k; fhqfpnwhk;.
,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; tutpy;iy.
vd;fpw fpw
,yf;fzk;
mwpahik/
bjhpe;jJ;
VH;ik/
Jwt[
thH;f;iff;F
ntiyapd;ik/
neha;/
nrhk;ngwpj;jdk;/ nguhir/ btWg;g[ FLk;gr; rz;il/ ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk;
66
cz;L.
,th;fspy;
fpilf;fg;bgw;W thH;t[
ghHhfp
Vnjh
xU
rpynu
ey;y
FUehjd;
"hd ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; Jd;g[w;W
koe;jhh;fs;
koe;J
bfhz;Lk;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
gd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. sJ.
Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho Nhpad;fSk;/
gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F thGk; kdpjh;fisg; fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf; fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;.
g";r g{jj;jpy; gpug";rj;jpy;
g{kp kl;Lnk; caph;fs; njhd;w njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl; gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay; g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh; ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg; fisg; ghh;j;jjhft[k;/ mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[ jhft[k;/ Twpdh;.
gwf;Fk;
jl;L bgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l cz;ikapy; nfhs;fs;/
fhd;ild;
g{r;rpfs;/
thdpiyg;
FG
el;rj;jpu jpu gY}d;fs;
,e;jg;
gwf;Fk;
jl;Lf;fs; fs;
gpujpgypg;g[f;fs;/
braw;if
Mfpatw;iwna
jtWjyhfg;
gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf mwptpj;jJ. jJ.
mwptpaypd; fpuf';fspy;
tsh;rrp r ; p
,e;ek;gpf;iffSf;F
mwpt[ila
$Ptd;fs; fs;
mg;ghy;
cs;sdth
vdj;
ntw;W njl
Muk;gpj;Js;sJ fhh;y;rhfd;/ g[nuf; nghd;w thdtpayhsh;fs] vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdh; fpdh;. g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy/ bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf
67
thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe; fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf fhf njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf fhf mit
nrfhpf;Fk;
Muhag;
jfty;fs;
gLfpd;wd.
cybf';FKs;s
ntw;Wy
fzpdpfshy;
thH;fiff; i ; ff;fhf
ehk;
tpjpf;fgl; fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;.
1930y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf
Ez;zpait
,aw;gpayhsh;.
vdt[k;
fz;Lgpoj;jhh;
btw;wplk;
vd
ehk;
f!;kph;;
vd;Dk;
gpug";rj;jpd;
ve;jg;
g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk; vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs;
,Uf;fpd;wd.
nuh$h;
bgd;nuhy;
vd;Dk;
mwp"h;
jd;Dzh;it Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; \yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;. rpy caphpapyhsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j; j;Js;sdh; sdh;.
,e;epiy gpuf;i"
Fthz;lk; jdpik bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU Kf;fpa g';F ,Uf;fyhk;.
Ez;zpa f!;kph; tpiria tpiria mstpl
jw;nghJ fUtpfs; cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd; tpiria mstpLjy; \yk; kh;k';fis gpug";rk;
ehk; tphpjy;/
gpug";rtpaypd; rpy kpft[k; MH;e;j
mwpat[k/
f!;kph;tpir
gpug";rj;njhw;wk;/
gad;glf;TLk;.
Mfpatw;iw
mwptpay;
,d;dKk; KGikahf mwpe;J tpltpy;iy.
Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy mwptpayh sh;fs; fs; fUJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph; tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fiyf; fHf ,aw;gpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd;/ btw;wplj;jpd; jpd;
gpug";rk; tpirfs;
gpuf;i"
Mfpatw;iw
,aw;gpaypd;
cgepljKk;/ Twpa Ndpakh ,J>
68
bkhHpapy;
,izf;fpwJ. bgsj;jKk;/
gpugykhfpa[s;s btsptplhj
mz;lbtsp
mst[
fLk;
fUe;Jfs;fs; fs;
tYf;bfhz;l
xspiaa[k;
gyKila
gpunjr';fs; mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j; j;jpa[k; bfhz;l tpz;kPd;fs; fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy; fUe;Jfs;fshf fshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. 1916y; Iad;!;od; bghJr;rhh;gpaypd;
fUe;;Jfs;
fUj;jpid jpid
Kd;
itj;jth;
b$h;khdpa thdtpayhsuhd fhh;y; !thh;l;!; iry;l; Mthh;. fUe;Jfs;
bjhlh;ghd
re;jpunrfu
Kf;fpa fpa
Rg;ukzpak;.
fz;L
gpog;g[f;fis cz;ik
vija[k;
btsptplhJ vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy;
1914y; !;ogd;
fUe;Jfs;fs; fs;
bra;jth;
Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jfs;fs/ Jfs;fis xU rPustpy;
ckpGk; vdf; fz;L gpoj;jhh;. xspia btsptplhj tYthd
Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; \yk; ,J cz;ik vd ep+gpj;jhh; jhh;
Qhf;fp'.;
,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy; ,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W rhd;nwhh;fs; fs; "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij ij mwpayhk; mwp ayhk;.
gpug";r \yf;TWfspd; bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd; kdpj ,dKk kw;w $PtuhrpfSk;
cUthdJ. cUthdJ.
itj;Jj;jhd; ek; cly; mj;jp;aha';fspy;
\yg;bghUl;fs;
epiy
fz;nlhk;.
,Uf;fpwJ. (bg';-Rap)
Ie;ij
Kd;
,ij ehk; Kd; Ie;J
bghUl;fis
itj;Jj;jhd; jd; cly; Mnuhf;fpak;/ ,lk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPLngW/ mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. g{kp/ ePh;/ beUg;g[ cnyhfk;/ kw;Wk;
kuk;
,Uf;fpwJ.
Mfpatw;iw
cnyhfKk;/
\yg;bghUshff;
kuKk;/
fUjp
bg';-Rap
\yg;bghUl;fshf fshf
KoahJ.
bg';-Rap vd;gJ ,J irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rh!;jpuk;/ bg'; vd;w rPdthh;j;ij fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk.; irdhtpy;
xU
gHbkhHp gHbkhHp
cz;L.
69
ePiu
vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy;
itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh fpwhnuh nkijfs;
\d;whdJ
ePUf;fhfj; hfj ;jhd; ntz;lhk;
mtnu
cyif
cyfa[j; j;jk;
,Uf;Fk;
vd
MH;thh;. xd;W
bghUshjhu te;jhy;
Iag;gLfpd; Lfp d;wdh;.
ePuhy;jhd; a[fk; Koa[k;.
mJ
re;njfk;
mijj;jhd; jhd;
rpj;jhh;fs;
$yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy; zhy;(rPij) ,uz;lhk; a[j;jk; kz;zhy; (Jupnahjdd;). \d;whk; a[j; j;jk; ePuhy; jhd; Koa[k;. ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk; miyahfj;njhd;wp ,g;bghGJ
gy
nrj';f is
cUthf;fp
tpl;ld.
nguiyia cyf kf;fs; fdtpYk; kwf;f KoahJ.
Rdhkp mnjnghy
mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miyiaa[k; kwf;f ,ayhJ. ,e;j mtru a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa vijj; jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy; vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy.
,';F
mwpt[
J}';FfpwJ.
czh;rrp r ; p
nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ.
,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd. sd. kw;bwhd;W jPa rf;jp.
xd;W ey;y rf;jp/
ey;y rf;jpia jpia Vw;W tuntw;f ntz;Lk;.
fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jParf;jpia jpia cs;ns tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghJjhd;
re;njhrkhd
thH;f;ifia
Md;kh
,t;tyfpy; y [ fpy;
thHKoa[k;.
vg;nghJk;
gpug";rj;jpy;
cs;s
fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if Kiwia elj;jpr; bry;tjpy; bgUk;
g';F
tfpf;fpd; fpd;wd.
,e;j
fjph;fspy;
ey;YJKz;L
bfl;lJKz; lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y mjph;#lk;/ kj;jpk mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd; fyitnahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf; fSf;nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk; ey;byz;z cwt[ eyKs;s Rw;Wr;RHy; nghd;witfis filgpog;gjd; \yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l
mjph;#;lj;ij
jPtpidia
ey;tpidah;ft[ ft[k;
mjph;#;lkhft[k; mjw;F mjpfkhft[ mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;.
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