AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
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Discussion Questions: 4.1. Assume you have a highly magnified view of a solution of HCl that allows allows you to see! the HCl. "raw this magnified view. view. #f you dropped in a pie$e of magnesium% the magnesium would disappear and hydrogen gas would &e released. released. Represent this $hange using sym&ols sym&ols for the elements% and write out the &alan$ed e'uation. 4.(. )ou )ou have a solution of ta&le salt in water. *hat happens to the salt $on$entration $on$entration +in$reases% de$reases% or stays the same as the solution &oils, "raw pi$tures to e-plain your your answer. 4.. /rder the following mole$ules from lowest to highest o-idation state of the nitrogen atom: HN/% NH4Cl% N(/% N/(% NaN/(.
Questions: 4.4. "istinguish &etween &etween the terms slightly terms slightly soluble soluble and and weak electrolyte electrolyte..
Exercises:
Aqueous Solutions: Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 4.1.
0how how ea$h of the following strong ele$trolytes ele$trolytes &reas up! into $omponent ions upon dissolving in water &y drawing mole$ular2level pi$tures. Na 3r 2 a. Na3r → b. 5gCl( → Mg2+ + 2Clc. Al+N/6 → Al3+ + 3NO3(NH4 0/4(2 d. +NH46(0/4 → e. Na/H → Na+ + OHf. 7e0/4 → Fe2+ + SO42+ g. 85n/4 → K + MnO4h. HCl/4 → H+ + ClO4i. NH4C(H/( +ammonium a$etate6 → NH4+ + C2H3O4-
Solution Concentration: Molarity 4.(.
4..
4.4.
4.9.
A solution of ethanol +C (H9/H6 in water is prepared &y dissolving 9.; m< of ethanol +density= +density= ;.> g?$m6 in enough water to mae (9;.; m< of solution. solution. *hat is the molarity of the ethanol in this solution, 9.( 5 Cal$ulate the $on$entration of all ions present in ea$h of the following solutions of strong ele$trolytes. ;.19 M CaCl CaCl( ;.195 Ca( ;.;5 Cl2 a. ;.19 M ;.(@ M Al+N/ Al+N/6 ;.(@5 Al ;.5 N/2 &. ;.(@ M ;.(9 M 8 8 (Cr (/ ;.9;5 ;.(95Cr (/(2 $. ;.(9 M Al(+0/46 4.;-1;25 Al Al @.;-1;25 0/4(2 d. (.; - 1;2 M Al *hat volume of a ;.1;; M ;.1;; M solution solution of NaHC/ $ontains ;.9; g of NaHC/ , 41. m< "es$ri&e how you would prepare (.;; < of ea$h of the following solutions, ;.(9; M Na Na/H from solid Na/H (;.; g Na/H a. ;.(9; M ;.(9; M Na/H Na/H from 1.;; M 1.;; M Na Na/H sto$ solution 9;; m< Na/H &. ;.(9; M ;.1;; M 8 8 (Cr/4 from solid 8 (Cr/4 . g 8 (Cr/4 $. ;.1;; M
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
Name: Period:
d. ;.1;; M 8 (Cr/4 from 1.9 M 8 (Cr/4 sto$ solution
4.@.
4..
4..
4.>.
4.1;.
4.11.
4.1(.
4.1.
114 m< 8 ( Cr/4 A standard solution is prepared for the analysis of fluo-ymesterone +C (;H(>7/6% an ana&oli$ steroid. A sto$ solution is first prepared &y dissolving 1;.; mg of fluo-ymesterone in enough water to give a total volume of 9;;.; m<. A 1;;.; B< ali'uot +portion6 of this solution is diluted to a final volume of 1;;.; m<. Cal$ulate the $on$entration of the final solution in terms of molarity. 9.>4-1; 25 *rite the &alan$ed mole$ular e'uation% $omplete ioni$ e'uation and net ioni$ e'uation for the following rea$tions. #f no pre$ipitate forms% write No rea$tion.! Na(0/4+aq6 3a( 0/4(2 → 3a0/4+s6 a. 3aCl(+aq6 ( 2 8Cl+aq6 P& (Cl P&Cl( +s6 &. P&+N/6(+aq6 → 2 NaP/4+aq6 Ag P/4 AgP/4+s6 $. AgN/ +aq6 → 2 7e+N/6+aq6 7e /H → 7e+/H6+s6 d. Na/H+aq6 *rite the &alan$ed mole$ular e'uation% $omplete ioni$ e'uation and net ioni$ e'uation for the following rea$tions. #f no pre$ipitate forms% write No rea$tion.! a. 7e0/4+aq6 8Cl+aq6 no rea$tion 3a+/H6(+aq6 Al /H2 → Al+/H6+s6 &. Al+N/6+aq6 ( (2 Na(0/4+aq6 Ca 0/4 Ca0/4+s6 $. CaCl(+aq6 → ( (2 Ni+N/6(+aq6 Ni 0 Ni0+s6 d. 8 (0+aq 6 → ive an e-ample how ea$h of the following insolu&le ioni$ $ompounds $ould &e produ$ed using a pre$ipitation rea$tion. *rite the &alan$ed mole$ular e'uation for ea$h rea$tion. 7e+N/6 Na/H a. 7e+/H6+ s6 Hg(+N/6( NaCl &. Hg(Cl(+ s6 P&+N/6( Na(0/4 $. P&0/4+ s6 3a+N/6( Na(Cr/4 d. 3aCr/4+ s6 *rite net ioni$ e'uations for the rea$tion% if any% that o$$urs when a'ueous solutions of the following are mi-ed. /H2 → Cr+/H6+s6 a. $hromium+###6 $hloride and sodium hydro-ide Cr C/ (2 → Ag(C/+s6 &. silver nitrate and ammonium $ar&onate (Ag ( (2 0/4 Hg(0/4+s6 $. $opper+##6 sulfate and mer$ury+#6 nitrate Hg ( → d. strontium nitrate and potassium iodide no rea$tion *hat volume of Na (Cr/4 is re'uired to pre$ipitate all of the silver ions from 9.; m< of a ;.1;;5 solution of AgN/ , (9; m< *hat mass of solid aluminum hydro-ide $an &e produ$ed when 9;.; m< of ;.(;; 5 Al+N/6 is added to (;;.; m< of ;.1;; 5 8/H, ;.9(; g How many grams of silver $hloride $an &e prepared &y the rea$tion of 1;; m< of ;.(; 5 silver nitrate with 1;;.; m< of ;.19 5 $al$ium $hloride, Cal$ulate the $on$entrations of ea$h ion remaining in solution after pre$ipitation is $omplete. (.>g AgClD ;.;9 5 Cl 2D ;.1;5 N/ 21D ;.;95 Ca(
Acid-Base Reactions 4.14.
*rite the &alan$ed mole$ular% $omplete ioni$% and net ioni$ e'uations for ea$h of the following a$id2&ase rea$tions. 5g+/H6(+ s6 E H(/ 5g+Cl/46( a. HCl/4+aq6
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
&. HCN+aq6 $. HCl+aq6
Name: Period:
Na/H+aq6 Na/H+aq6
E E
H(/ H(/
NaCN NaCl
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions 4.19.
4.1@.
4.1.
4.1.
4.1>.
Name: Period:
*rite the &alan$ed mole$ular% $omplete ioni$% and net ioni$ e'uations for the rea$tions that o$$ur when the following are mi-ed. Ag3r H(/ a. 0olid silver hydro-ide and hydro&romi$ a$id → (H(/ &. A'ueous strontium hydro-ide and hydroiodi$ a$id → 0r#( (Cr+N/6 @H(/ $. 0olid $hromium+###6 hydro-ide and nitri$ a$id → *hat volume of ea$h of the following a$ids will rea$t $ompletely with 9;.;; m< of ;.(;; 5 Na/H, ;.1;;< a. ;.1;; 5 HCl &. ;.19; 5 HN/ @@. m< $. ;.(;; 5 HC(H/( +1 a$idi$ hydrogen6 9;.; m< *hat volume of ea$h of the following &ases will rea$t $ompletely with (9.;; m< of ;.(;; 5 HCl, 9;.; m< a. ;.1;; 5 HCl 9;.; m< &. ;.;9;; 5 3a+/H6 ( (; m< $. ;.(9; 5 8/H A student titrates an unnown amount of potassium h ydrogen phthalate +8HC H4/4% often a&&reviated 8HP6 with (;.4@ m< of ;.1;;; 5 Na/H solution. 8HP +molar mass = (;4.(( g?mol6 has one a$idi$ hydrogen. How many grams of 8HP were titrated +rea$ted $ompletely6 &y the sodium hydro-ide solution, ;.41 g Fhe $on$entration of a $ertain sodium hydro-ide solution was determined &y using the solution to titrate a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate +a&&reviated as 8HP6. 8HP is an a$id with one a$idi$ hydrogen and a molar mass of (;4.(( g?mol. #n the titration% 4.@ m< of the sodium hydro-ide solution was re'uired to rea$t with ;.1;( g 8HP. Cal$ulate the molarity of the sodium hydro-ide. 1.9(-1; 2(5
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 4.(;.
4.(1.
4.((.
Assign o-idation states for all atoms in ea$h of the following $ompounds. 7e/4 ?D (2 a. 85n/4 1D D (2 f. Ge/7 4 @D (2% 12 &. Ni/( 4D (2 g. 074 4D 12 $. 8 47e+CN6@ +7e only6 ( h. C/ (% (2 d. +NH46(HP/4 2D 1D 9D (2 i. Na(C(/4 e. P4/@ D(2 . 1% % (2 Assign the o-idation state for &romine in ea$h of the following $ompounds. 12 a. H3r &. H/3r 1 ; $. 3r ( d. H3r/4 e. 3r7 Assign the o-idation state for nitrogen in ea$h of the following a.
( 1 4
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
g. h.
N/(12 N/12
9
Name: Period:
i.
N(
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AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
Name: Period:
0pe$ify whi$h of the following are o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions and identify the o-idiIing agent% the redu$ing agent% the su&stan$e &eing o-idiIed% and the su&stan$e &eing redu$ed. (/(+ g 6 E C/(+ g 6 (H(/+ g 6 +)6 . CH4+ g 6 (HCl+aq6 E JnCl(+aq6 H(+ g 6 +)6 . Jn+ s6 (2 12 (2 (/H +aq6 E (Cr/4 +a'6 (H(/+l 6 +No6 l. Cr (/ +aq6 N/+ g 6 E /(+ g 6 N/(+ g 6 +)6 m. /+ g 6 n. (H(/(+l 6 E (H(/+l 6 /(+ g 6 +)6 E CuCl(+aq6 Cu+ s6 +)6 o. (CuCl+aq6 4.(.
4.(4.
4.(9.
4.(@.
4.(.
4.(.
0pe$ify whi$h of the following are o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions and identify the o-idiIing agent% the redu$ing agent% the su&stan$e &eing o-idiIed% and the su&stan$e &eing redu$ed. (Ag1+aq6 E (Ag+ s6 Cu(+aq6 +)6 a. Cu+ s6 NH+g ) E NH4Cl+ s6 +N6 &. HCl+ g 6 (H(/+l 6 E 4HCl+aq6 0i/(+ s6 +N6 $. 0iCl4+l 6 (5g+ s6 E (5gCl(+ s6 0i+ s6 +)6 d. 0iCl4+l 6 12 12 Al/( +aq6 (H(/+l 6 +N6 e. Al+/H64 +aq6 E 3alan$e the following o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions that o$$ur in a$idi$ solutions. (HCl+aq6 E Jn(+aq6 H(+ g 6 (Cl12+aq6 a. Jn+ s6 &. #12+aq6 (Cl/12+aq6 E #12+aq6 Cl12+aq6 H(/ E @HAs/4+aq6 4N/+ g 6 $. H(/ 4H/ As(/+ s6 4N/12+aq6 12 12 ( (5n/4 +aq6 E 93r(+l 6 5n +aq6 (4H(/ d. 1@H/ 1;3r +aq6 (2 Cr(/ +aq6 E (CH(/+aq6 Cr+aq6 e. CH/H+aq6 3alan$e the following o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions that o$$ur in a$idi$ solution using the half2 rea$tion method. N/12+aq6 E Cu(+aq6 N/+ g 6 a. Cu+ s6 (2 12 @Cl +aq6 E (Cr Cl(+ g 6 &. Cr (/ +aq6 P&/(+ s6 (H(0/4+aq6 E (P&0/4+ s6 $. P&+ s6 ( 9Na3i/+ s6 E 93i +aq6 (5n/412+aq6 d. (5n +aq6 4Jn+ s6 E AsH+ g 6 4Jn(+aq6 e. HAs/4+aq6 3alan$e the following o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions that o$$ur in &asi$ solutions. a. Al+ s6 5n/412+aq6 E 5n/(+ s6 Al+/H6412+aq6 E Cl12+aq6 /Cl12+aq6 &. Cl(+g6 (Al+ s6 E NH+ g 6 (Al/(12+aq6 $. N/(12+aq6 3alan$e the following o-idation2redu$tion rea$tions that o$$ur in &asi$ solution. Cr/4(2+aq6 E (Cr+/H6+s6 a. Cr+ s6 12 (2 0 +aq6 E (5n0+ s6 90+ s6 &. (5n/4 +aq6 12 12 12 (5n/4 +aq6 E CN/ +aq6 (5nN/ (+ s6 $. CN +aq6 old metal will not dissolve in either $on$entrated nitri$ a$id or $on$entrated hydro$hlori$ a$id. #t will dissolve% however% in a'ua regia% a mi-ture of the two $on$entrated a$ids. Fhe produ$ts of the rea$tion are the AuCl 412 ion and gaseous N/. *rite a &alan$ed e'uation for the dissolution of gold in a'ua regia. Au 4Cl2 4H N/2 → AuCl4 N/ (H (/
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
Name: Period:
Additional Probles 4.(>.
4.;.
4.1.
4.(.
4..
4.4.
A (;.2m< sample of a ;.(9 M CaCl( solution is left on a hot plate overnightD the following morning% the solution is 1.1; M . *hat volume of water evaporated from the ;.(9 M CaCl( solution, 1 m< Ksing the general solu&ility rules given in Fa&le 4.1% name three reagents that would form pre$ipitates with ea$h of the following ions in a'ueous solution. *rite the net ioni$ e'uation for ea$h of your suggestions. a. $hloride ion d. sulfate ion &. $al$ium ion e. mer$ury+#6 ion% Hg (( $. iron+###6 ion f. silver ion "uring the developing pro$ess of &la$2and2white film% silver &romide is removed from photographi$ film &y the fi-er. Fhe maor $omponent of the fi-er is sodium thiosulfate. Fhe net ioni$ e'uation for this rea$tion is: Ag3r+ s6 (0(/(2+aq6 E Ag+0(/6(2+aq6 3r12+aq6 *hat mass of Ag3r $an &e dissolved &y 1.;; < of ;.(;; 5 Na (0(/, 1. g
A mi-ture $ontains only NaCl and 7e+N/ 6. A ;.49@2g sample of the mi-ture is dissolved in water% and an e-$ess of Na/H is added% produ$ing a pre$ipitate of 7e+/H6 . Fhe pre$ipitate is filtered% dried% and weighed. #ts mass is ;.1; g. Cal$ulate the following. ;.;99> g a. Fhe mass of iron in the sample ;.(4( g &. Fhe mass of 7e+N/ 6 in the sample 9.1L $. Fhe mass per$ent of 7e+N/ 6 in the sample A 1;.;;2m< sample of vinegar% an a'ueous solution of a$eti$ a$id +HC (H/(6% is titrated with ;.9;@( 5 Na/H% and
[email protected] m< is re'uired to rea$h the e'uivalen$e point. a. *hat is the molarity of the a$eti$ a$id, ;.> 5 &. #f the density of the vinegar is 1.;;@ g?$m % what is the mass per$ent of a$eti$ a$id in the vinegar, 9.;1;L A (.(;2g sample of an unnown a$id +empiri$al formula = C H4/6 is dissolved in 1.; < of water. A titration re'uired (9.; m< of ;.9;; 5 Na/H to rea$t $ompletely with all the a$id present. Assuming the unnown a$id has one a$idi$ proton per mole$ule% what is the mole$ular formula of the unnown a$id, C @H/@
C!allenge Probles 4.9.
4.@.
Complete and &alan$e ea$h a$id2&ase rea$tion. Na/H+aq6 E NaP/4 H(/ a. HP/4+aq6 Al+/H6+aq6 E Al(+0/46 @H(/ &. H(0/4+aq6 $. H(0e+aq6 3a+/H6(+aq6 E 3a0e (H(/ Na/H+aq6 E NaC(/4 (H(/ d. H(C(/4+aq6 *hat volume of ;.;9(1 5 3a+/H6 ( is re'uired to neutraliIe e-a$tly 14.(; m< of ;.141 5 HP/4, Phosphori$ a$id $ontains three a$idi$ hydrogens. 9.@ m<
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Review Questions
Name: Period:
Marat!on Proble 4..
Fhree students were ased to find the identity of the metal in a parti$ular sulfate salt. Fhey dissolved a ;.14(2g sample of the salt in water and treated it with e-$ess &arium $hloride% resulting in the pre$ipitation of &arium sulfate. After the pre$ipitate had &een filtered and dried% it weighed ;.(( g. Ma$h student analyIed the data independently and $ame to different $on$lusions. Pat de$ided that the metal was titanium. Chris thought it was sodium. Randy reported that it was gallium. *hat formula did ea$h student assign to the sulfate salt,
