1
Prezado colega, grato por ter assistido o curso. Estou enviando textos extraídos de minhas publicações e que poderão contribuir para que tenha sucesso no cultivo de plantas medicinais e condimentares. Furlan CULTIVO DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS CONHECENDO CORRETAMENTE AS PLANTAS MEDICINAIS
Uma planta planta é class classifi ifica cada da como como medic medicin inal al por possui possuirr subst substânc ância iass que tem tem ação ação farmacológica. Estas substâncias são denominadas de princípios ativos e na maioria das vezes não se sabe quais destes que realmente estão atuando. O produtor de plantas medicinais diferencia-se de outros por necessitar de conhecer a utilização de sua planta, como estão as pesquisas sobre esta planta e principalmente saber a sua identificação. Alguns anos atrás, produtores de confrei tiveram grandes prejuízos, depois que foram divulgados os efeitos cancerígenos do uso excessivo, que mesmo sendo uma informação polêmica, causou proibição do comércio de folhas da planta. O contrário aconteceu com a fáfia, que acabou sendo comparada com o ginseng e melhorou a vida das pessoas que a produziam. De qualquer maneira é mais comum notícias que realçam o valor medicinal das plantas. Além das informações sobre as pesquisas na área da saúde, é importante que se tenha certeza da identificação da planta que se pretende investir, pois não são raras as confusões que acontecem como as que ocorrem quando se menciona os nomes boldo, arnica, melissa, ervacidreira, erva-doce e atualmente atualmente com as ervas-de-são-joão. Muitos compradores de plantas medicinais para iniciar o contato, levam em consideração o conhecimento do produtor. Por isso é importante que se saiba o máximo possível da planta que tenha interesse em produzir. Nome popular x nome científico Embora as comunidades tenham os nomes para identificar as plantas, e que devem ser respeitados, respeitados, estes variam muito e dificultam dificultam quando ocorrem trocas de informações. informações. São raras as plantas medicinais que possuem poucos sinônimos como por exemplo arruda, picão preto, alecrim, alfazema, citronela e eucalipto.
1
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2
As variações podem ocorrer até mesmo entre vizinhos e muitos não aceitam o nome que o outro dá a sua planta. Como exemplo, são dados os nomes populares ou vulgares de duas espécies que possuem nomes que variam conforme a região (boldo-baiano) (boldo-baiano) ou que variam dentro da mesma (capim-limão). (capim-limão).
Boldo-baiano Esta espécie, de origem africana, tem variações principalmente em função das regiões como por exemplo: ⇒
figatil
⇒
fel-da-terra
⇒
boldo-indígena
⇒
boldo-do-chile
⇒
estomalina
⇒
cuaça
⇒
aluman
⇒
loma
⇒
árvore-do-pinguço
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
boldo-de-goiás alcachofra boldo caferana As denominações deste boldo, como pode-se observar, variam muito entre si, apesar de
muitos nomes já indicarem a sua utilização como hepático. Curioso também é o uso dos nomes alcachofra alcachofra e boldo-do-chile, boldo-do-chile, pois nos aspectos visuais não há semelhança semelhança com os verdadeiros. A ampla variação de nomes se dá principalmente pela importância que a medicina popular dá a esta planta, cujos efeitos já são comprovados.
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3
Apesar de ser uma planta de origem asiática, no Brasil adaptou-se facilmente e hoje é uma espécie que mesmo dentro de uma comunidade pode ter vários nomes como por exemplo: ⇒
capim-santo
⇒
erva-cidreira
⇒
chá-de-estrada
⇒
cidrão
⇒
capim-cidrão
⇒
cidreira
⇒
chá-brochante
⇒
erva-cidreira-de-folha-estreita
⇒
erva-cidreira-de-homem
⇒
cidró
⇒
capim-cidreira No mercado mundial como é uma planta importante para as grandes indústrias de
destilação, é conhecida por muitos comerciantes no Brasil como lemongrass , que é considerado um nome comercial. As confusões com relação a identificação de plantas podem trazer problemas tais como: •
uso de forma errada;
•
intoxicação com a planta errada;
•
compra ou venda da planta errada;
•
•
plantio de espécie não adequada ao local; e perda de credibilidade principalmente principalmente para o futuro produtor. As confusões aparecem em função de fatores tais como: desinformação desinformação (que muitas vezes
é caus causad adaa até até por por órgã órgãos os de im impr pren ensa sa,, quan quando do noti notici ciam am as virt virtud udes es de um umaa plan planta ta), ), da transmissão oral e da diversidade de raças e do tamanho do país. As plantas nativas de uso na medicina popular com vários nomes são geralmente geralmente plantas que ocorrem praticamente em todo o
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4
Para tentar resolver o problema destas variações, os pesquisadores colocaram para cada ser vivo um nome oficial ou chamado de nome científico. Este nome possui regras e as principais são demonstradas nos nomes científicos do capim limão e do boldo-baiano. Nome popular
Nome científico
Capim-limão Boldo-baiano
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Vernonia condensata Baker
Observe que o nome científico vem grafado em itálico (ou pode ser em negrito) e o primeiro nome (gênero) inicia em maiúscula e o segundo (espécie) em minúscula. O nome do autor no final do nome científico serve para indicar quem originou o nome. Há outras regras como se indicam híbrido (como exemplo Mentha X villosa ) ou variedade ( Mentha aquatica var. crispa
por exemplo), mas estas são as principais. Plantas que possuem o mesmo gênero são bem parecidas como por exemplo as mentas:
hortelã-pimenta hortelã-pimenta ( Mentha piperita ), poejo (Mentha Mentha pulegium pulegium) e a hortelã comum ( Mentha crispa ).
Infel Infeliz izmen mente te há algun algunss nomes nomes ofici oficiai aiss que estão estão sendo sendo discut discutido idoss e que sofre sofreram ram mudanças ao longo do tempo. Como exemplo, o boldo de folha peluda que era chamado de Coleus barbatus
e os livros mais atuais passaram a chamá-lo de Plectranthus barbatus ou a
camomila que recebe nomes científicos diferentes quando se observa as publicações. Pela legislação é obrigatório em rótulo de medicamento, colocar o nome científico de todas as espécies vegetais que ele contenha.
Portanto o produtor comercializa
Cymbopogon citratus e não capim-limão.
Principais confusões na identificação Felizmente não são muitas as confusões e para colocar-se um passo a frente de muitos, aprenda aprenda a reconhec reconhecer er os verdadeir verdadeiros os boldo, boldo, arnica, arnica, melissa, melissa, erva-doce erva-doce,, erva-de-s erva-de-são-j ão-joão oão e algumas outras, como veremos a seguir. Algumas confusões acontecem mesmo com vendedores,
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5
Boldos A maioria da população acredita que possui no quintal o boldo-do-chile, no entanto o verdadeiro é raríssimo no Brasil. No país ocorrem algumas plantas que são chamadas de boldos e os principais são: o boldo-da-terra (boldo de folha peluda) e o boldo-baiano, que pode ser considerado o mais alto. As folhas do boldo-do-chile possui odor muito próximo da erva-desanta-maria devido a presença de mesma substância. A denominação boldo no início do século só era referência ao boldo-do-chile e na Primeira Farmacopéia Brasileira de 1929, há somente citação deste com nome científico Boldus boldus - que atualmente não é mais utilizado, exceto em algumas farmácias.
A identificação correta dos boldos é importante porque o boldo-do-chile e o boldo-daterra possuem efeitos colaterais e portanto devem ser usados com muito critério e também porqu porquee possu possuem em difere diferenç nças as nas indica indicaçõe ções. s. De qualq qualquer uer manei maneira ra o que encontr encontramo amoss nas nas farmácias é o verdadeiro, pois o Brasil gasta muito dinheiro com importação desta espécie, apesar de possuir plantas com eficácia semelhante. Além destes dois, há ainda o boldo de folhas miúdas (boldo-português ou boldo-miúdo entre outros nomes), que é do mesmo gênero do boldo-da-terra e o boldo-chinês. De qualquer maneira todos os boldos são usados pela população para problemas hepáticos.
Apesar de praticamente não encontrar boldo-do-chile plantado no Brasil, é fácil de encontrá-lo em supermercado e farmácias, o que conclui-se que o Brasil importa grande quantidade desta planta. Diferenças Diferenças entre os principais boldos Boldos
Nome científico
Boldo-do-chile Peumus boldus Boldo-baiano
Vernonia condensata
Origem
Características principais
Chile
altura de 12 a 15 m
África
importado 2 a 4 m de altura
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6
Como é comum em plantas não domesticadas pelo homem, estes boldos podem ter grandes variações na altura e no tamanho das folhas, principalmente como as que ocorrem com o boldo-baiano. Só tome cuidado para não confundir com algumas espécies ornamentais muito parecidas com o boldo-da-terra Além das diferenças citadas no quadro 01, observe no próximo quadro as diferenças nos usos e componentes químicos dos principais boldos. Usos e componentes químicos dos boldos Boldos
Usos ou propriedades
Componentes químicos
Toxicidade ou efeitos colaterais
Boldo-do-
estomáquica, coletérica,
ascaridol, boldina,
chile Bold Boldoo-ba baia iano no
diurética anal analgé gési sica ca,, anti anti-ú -úlc lcer era, a,
flavonóides e glicosídios causa hemorragia interna sesquiterpenos, ainda não verificado
antimicrobiana, antimicrobiana, carminativa saponinas Bold Boldoo-da da-t -ter erra ra azia azia,, anal analgé gési sica ca,, óleo esssencial, estimulante da digestão,
flavonóides e saponinas
abortivo,
pose causar irritação gást gástri rica ca quan quando do usad usadoo por por lon período
Ervas-cidreiras As palavras cidreira ou melissa nas plantas medicinais estão relacionadas ao uso como calmante e por isso, várias plantas possuem essas denominações. No entanto, quando se trata da verdadeira melissa, melissa, o correto seria a de origem européia e na qual derivou o nome latino Melissa officinalis .
Em quase todo o Brasil, a planta que recebe o nome de melissa é uma planta com flores liláses e que cresce com muita facilidade. No sul é comum chamá-la de erva-cidreira-brasileira. O seu nome científico é Lippia alba e é de origem brasileira. No nordeste há outras espécies de Lippia
mas que recebem nomes como alecrim-pimenta ou alecrim-de-vaqueiro. alecrim-de-vaqueiro. Outr Outraa plan planta ta cham chamad adaa de erva erva-c -cid idre reir iraa é um capi capim m e poss possui ui inúm inúmer eras as outr outras as
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7
Ervas cidreiras
Nome científico
Origem
Características principais
Capim-limão
Cymbopogon citratus
Ásia
capim
Erva-cidreira- brasileira Lippia alba
cheiro suave de limão Amér Améric icaa do do Sul Sul cerc cercaa de de 1,0 1,0 m flores liláses
Erva-cidreira
Melissa officinalis
Europa
cresce muito fácil menos de 60 cm raro dar flor no Brasil semelhante ao hortelã odor de desinfetante
Arnicas São inúmeras as plantas que recebem o nome de arnica no Brasil, apesar de que a verdadeira é de rara ocorrência no país, pois seu hahitat natural são as montanhas da Europa. No Brasil são comuns em quintais ou pastos duas arnicas, e que antigamente uma era também chamada de sapé macho, erva-lanceta ou rabo-de-foguete e a outra de cravorana ou cravo-deurubu, além de outros nomes. As pessoas que conhecem bem as plantas medicinais ainda usam estes nomes. No No caso caso das das arni arnica cas, s, tant tantoo a euro europé péia ia quan quanto to a naci nacion onal al (sap (sapéé-ma mach cho) o) já eram eram relacionadas relacionadas na Primeira Farmacopéia Brasileira e atualmente são comercializadas. comercializadas. No entanto, a européia recebe preços bem maiores mas é incerto a sua produção em termos de princípios ativos
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8
Sapé-macho
ou
Amér Améric icaa do do Sul Sul cerc cercaa de de 1,0 1,0 m
Solidago microglossa
flores amarelas
Solidago chilensis
espontâneas Arnica-de-cerrado Lichnophora pinaster Améric Américaa do Sul Sul mais mais alta alta das das arni arnicas cas comum em cerrados Cravorana
folhas iguais a de pinheiro Améric icaa do do Sul Sul meno menoss de 1,0 1,0 m Porophyllum ruderale Amér folhas com odor de caju ou pitanga comum em quintais
Ervas-de-são-joão Não são muitas as plantas com o nome de erva-de-são-joão, mas as duas principais possuem diferentes usos e locais de ocorrência. A nossa erva-de-são-joão, também chamada de catinga-de-bode, mentrasto ou picão roxo, é comum nos quintais, possui flores com tons azulados a roxos e tem o uso como analgésico para reumatismo e artrose já atestado pela ciência. A erva-de-são-joão de origem européia é de rara ocorrência no Brasil e possui fama como antidepressiva, o que tem sido a causa de ampla propaganda de algumas empresas. Há ainda o cipó-de-são-joão, trepadeira e de flores alaranjadas, que é tóxico e na medicina popular é usado no tratamento do vitiligo. Através do quadro 05 percebe-se que são grandes as diferenças entre estas plantas.
Diferenças Diferenças entre as ervas-de-são-joão ervas-de-são-joão Ervas-de-são-joão
Nome científico
Origem
Características principais
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9
Funcho x erva-doce Na maioria das vezes o funcho é chamado de erva-doce e esta é de rara ocorrência nos quintais e hortas brasileiras. De qualquer maneira o uso e odor são semelhantes, apesar da verdadeira erva-doce ter maior teor de óleos essenciais. Erva-doce pode ser sinônimo de anis, como consta no próprio nome científico científico Pimpinella anisum .
No entanto, como anis há ainda a árvore anis-esrelado que produz semente com odor
muito semelhante e uma espécie de manjericão com folhas que lembram o cheiro de anis. Diferenças Diferenças entre erva-doce e funcho Espécie
Nome científico
Origem Características principais
Funcho
Foeniculum vulgare
Euro Europa pa
mais mais de 1,0 1,0 m de altu altura ra flores amarelas folhas finas possui variedades com bulbo comestível
Erva-doce Pimpinella anisum Egito
semente mais alongada menos de 1,0 m
e
flores brancas
Oriente
folha larga
Médio * semente mais arredondada e menor que a do funcho * alguns autores citam outras regiões
UM POUCO SOBRE PRINCÍPIOS ATIVOS
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10
No metabolismo secundário são produzidas substâncias que não são essenciais a vida, mas com atividades tais como proteção contra pragas e doenças e atração de polinizadores. A erva-bale erva-baleeira eira (Cordia umaa plan planta ta medi medici cina nall que que além além de ter ter seus seus usos usos Cordia curassav curassavica ica) é um comprovad comprovados os na medicina medicina (cicatri (cicatrizant zantee e antiinfl antiinflamat amatória ória), ), também também tem sido util utiliza izada da na agricultura como atraente de broca que ataca frutíferas, devido a produzir substância que lembram o feromônio do macho. O capim-limão é muito utilizado na apicultura para atrair abelhas e a citronela produz substância que repele pernilongos. Na Europa é comum o uso caseiro de sachê de tomilho em armários para afugentar as traças. Muita Muita plant plantaa é consid considera erada da daninh daninhaa por li liber berar ar substâ substânci ncias as no solo solo que inibe inibem m o desenvolvimento desenvolvimento de outras plantas. Recentemente Recentemente foram divulgadas divulgadas pesquisas sobre o plantio de capim-limão para inibir no solo o desenvolvimento de vermes. Para as plantas medicinais em termos de qualidade, o objetivo maior é o estudo do metab metaboli olismo smo secund secundári ário, o, poi poiss atrav através és deste deste é que são produz produzid idos os os princí princípi pios os ativos ativos.. É importante citar que são poucas as plantas que possuem os estudos sobre seus componentes químicos e principalmente como atuam no organismo ou seja, sua ação farmacológica. A dificuldade destes estudos é principalmente pelas milhares de substância que ocorrem na planta No entanto há plantas amplamente estudadas como a maria-sem-vergonha ou vinca (Catharanthus roseus ) que já possui dezenas de alcalóides determinados ou a quebra-pedra. Resum Resumida idamen mente te,, algun algunss dos dos princ principa ipais is grupos grupos de princí princípi pios os ativo ativos, s, suas suas funçõe funçõess e algumas plantas ricas nestas substâncias estão relacionados no quadro 08: Quadro 08: grupos de princípios ativos
GRUPO DE
AÇÕES
ESPÉCIERS
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11
6.
glicosídios
cardiotônicos
cardiotônica,
dedaleira, espirradeira
tratamento de doenças do coração
Por exemplo, para as plantas medicinais medicinais aromáticas (umbelíferas e labiadas por exemplo), os componentes em maior evidência são os óleos essenciais essenciais e flavonóides. flavonóides. Plantas com flores de coloração amarela possuem flavonóides. Entre as substâncias que constituem o óleo essencial destas plantas pode-se destacar : citral; mentol; estragol; eugenol; linalol e lineol, que conferem nos aspectos farmacológicos ações antiespasmódica, carminativa, estimulante, anti-séptica e digestiva entre outras. Há out outras ras substâ substânci ncias as class classif ific icada adass como como princí princípi pioo ativo ativo,, mas o obj objet etivo ivo é apenas apenas exemplificar alguns.
Fatores que afetam os teores de princípios ativos Tantos os fatores internos como os externos podem afetar os teores de princípios ativos. Como exemplos de fatores internos podem ser citados o número cromossômico, o estágio de desenvolvimento ou as diferenças que ocorrem até mesmo em raças químicas. Em algumas espécies os estudos estão mais avançados com relação a influência destes fatores como por exemplo, uma espécie de hortelã ( Mentha spicata ) que tem maior produção de óleo essencial na forma cromossômica 2n do que na 4n e a espécie hortelã-pimenta ( Mentha piperita ) produz maior teor de mentona quando na fase adulta. Quanto aos fatores externos, já se encontram várias pesquisas que atestam a influência nos teores das substâncias. Altitude, fotoperíodo, temperatura e incidência de luz solar e os
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12
Para a produção de plantas medicinais a não observação das exigências relacionadas ao clima e solo (edáficas) pode resultar na produção de plantas bem desenvolvidas mas sem o teor de princípio ativo desejado. Com isto, caso tenha interesse em produções maiores, certifique com especialistas especialistas de que sua planta estará no local adequado. Grandes volumes de plantas medicinais são comprados somente após análise do material. Muita Muitass plant plantas as como como por exempl exemploo horte hortelãlã-pi pimen menta, ta, camom camomila ila,, alec alecrim rim e sálvi sálvia, a, dificilmente produzirão tão boa qualidade no Brasil quanto na sua região de origem.
Clima Os principais fatores relacionados ao clima e que devem ser levados em consideração são: temperatura, altitude, longitude e latitude. Os fatores climáticos dificilmente podem ser alterados como ocorre com a produção de ornamentais, que utiliza de luz noturna para provocar o florescimento em crisântemo. O que pode ocorrer é produzir variedades mais adaptadas ao local, como ocorreu com a soja que quando introduzida no Brasil, só produzia no Rio Grande do Sul e atualmente produz em várias regiões. No caso de plantas medicinais são poucos os pesquisadores envolvidos no melhoramento de plantas medicinais e portanto, não é previsto a curto prazo um número
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13 •
enquanto que a maioria das espécies produtoras de raízes e flores, como por exemplo
camomila e calêndula (flores) e bardana (raiz); preferem clima ameno; •
em locais de clima mais ameno, plante as espécies exigentes em clima mais quente
apenas nos meses de setembro ou outubro, e em locais de clima quente plante em abril ou maio as de clima mais ameno; e •
na face sul de sua propriedade plante espécies resistentes ou adaptadas ao frio.
Plantas de clima mais ameno ◊
camomila
◊
macela
◊
marcelinha
◊
calêndula
◊
celidônia
◊
guaco
◊
bardana
◊
capuchinha ou chagas
◊
espinheira-santa
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14
Altitude A altitude refletirá diretamente na temperatura, pois locais de altitudes menores são mais quente do que locais mais altos. Para um produtor que possui propriedade em locais mais altos e com a face do terreno voltada para o sul, a escolha deverá ser bem criteriosa devido a menor temperatura, menor incidência dos raios solares e mais umidade. A sua opção será reduzida para aquelas que preferem clima mais ameno e resistem a geadas e ventos frios. Com alguns estudos concluídos, pode-se afirmar que as plantas produtoras de alcalóides obtém melhor teor destas substâncias em baixas altitudes.
Latitude A influência da latitude, que irá refletir na quantidade de horas de luz, pode ser resumida para algumas espécies da seguinte forma: 1.
a maior maioria ia das das plant plantas as aromá aromáti tica cass (alec (alecri rim, m, tomi tomilh lho, o, capim capim limã limão, o, manj manjer eron ona, a, meli meliss ssa, a,
camomila e sálvia por exemplo) de interesse econômico são originadas de latitudes entre 40 e
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15
Umidade Ainda com muitas dúvidas, alguns resultados demonstraram que os efeitos negativos nos teores de princípios ativo são mais devidos ao excesso de água do que da falta, pois algumas espécies, sofrendo do stress hídrico em determinadas fases da cultura, tiveram reação no sentido de produzir mais substâncias do metabolismo secundário, pois estas substâncias teriam ação de defesa da planta. Na natureza observa-se que em períodos mais secos, algumas espécies produzem maior quant quantida idade de de frutos frutos para para poder poder garan garanti tirr a perpet perpetuaç uação ão da espéc espécie ie,, mesmo mesmo em condi condiçõe çõess adversas.
Solo O tipo de solo pode influenciar a produção da biomassa e das substâncias medicinais. Geralmente a origem da planta medicinal pode servir como indício de qual solo ela está mais adaptada, de modo que possa servir de subsídios para indicação de locais mais propícios. Indicações da qualidade de solo para algumas plantas medicinais (extraído de SILVA JÚNIOR
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16
Endro Erva-cidreira Espinheira-santa Fumária Funcho Gengibre Guaco Hortelã-pimenta Losna Malva-crespa Orégano Poejo-miúdo Sabugueiro
Anethum graveolens Melissa officinalis
férteis e sem umidade excessiva drenado, rico em matéria orgânica,
Maytenus ilicifolia Fumaria officinalis Foeniculum vulgare
férteis (citando Cerri,1991) Cerri,1991) e com pH > 5,5 humosos rico em matéria orgânica drenado, leve e
Zinziber officinale Mikania glomerata
com baixa acidez (citando Cerri,1991) bem drenados com bom teor de argila
Mentha piperita Artemisia absinthium Malva parviflora Origanum vulgare Cunila microcephala
e bem drenado ( citando Cerri,1991) aerado e úmido argilo-arenosos e férteis textura média e bem drenados natureza calcária e férteis recomenda-se cuidado com
Sambucus australis
carência de nitrogênio adapta-se a qualquer tipo de solo
Algumas dicas que servem para a maioria: •
espécies que tem como objetivo a extração de raízes (bardana, gengibre, açafrão curcuma,
zedoária e yacon por exemplo) devem ser plantadas em solos mais soltos (mais arenoso e menos
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17
Este capítulo servirá principalmente para aqueles que querem ter uma pequena produção casei caseira, ra, e como como um trein treiname amento nto para para produt produtore oress sem nenhu nenhuma ma exper experiên iênci cia. a. Muita Muitass das informações informações também servirão para produções em áreas maiores. Para produção em pequenas áreas, quando se deseja o uso caseiro, é possível produzir quase todas as plantas medicinais, pois as variações que ocorrerão no valor medicinal não trarão grandes prejuízos ao usuário. De qualquer maneira, para uso caseiro, deve escolher plantas que já ocorrem na sua região, pois estas, com certeza, já estão aclimatadas no seu local.
Exigências para pequenas áreas. Qualquer local em que incida pelo menos 5 horas de sol, bem drenado e protegido de ventos frios e fortes, para que as plantas cresçam com vigor, pode ser utilizado para a instalação de uma horta horta medic medicina inall ou até até coloc colocar ar algum algum recipi recipien ente te com com espéc espécies ies que podem podem servir servir
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18 •
com solo não muito argiloso (compactado), devido a dificuldade em trabalhar. Mesmo em locais onde a iluminação é deficiente (3 a 4 horas de sol), pode-se plantar em
vasos, espécies tais como hortelã, poejo, melissa ou menta. De preferência, a produção deve estar localizada num terreno voltado para a face norte, já que oferece mais luz e mais calor. A face sul não é recomendada, exceto para espécies adaptadas a clima mais amenos como camomila, calêndula, guaco e dedaleira, já que favorece aos ventos frios. Os ventos devem ser evitados a qualquer custo, pois provocam a derrubada das flores, impedindo a polinização. Além disso, afugentam as abelhas e outros insetos. Em todo caso, se não houver outro lugar para se implantar o cultivo, improvise quebra-ventos, que resolvem bem o problema. Em alguns estudos com cultivo de culturas tradicionais, a proteção contra o vento
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19
6.
se for for pla planta ntarr em cante canteiro iros, s, dema demarcá rcá-lo -loss com com est estaca acass de madei madeira ra e barban barbante te bem bem esti estica cado. do.
Cada canteiro deve ter no máximo 1,20 metros de largura e o comprimento pode variar. Se o terreno for meio inclinado, o comprimento deve acompanhar o nível; e 7.
deixa deixarr corre corredor dores es de 40 a 50 50 cm cm entr entree os os cant cantei eiros ros e um um metro metro distan distante te do muro muro ou ou cerc cerca. a. Sementeira: Para maior segurança no pegamento pegamento da maioria das plantas medicinais há necessidade de
serem plantadas em sementeira. A cobertura da sementeira deverá ser realizada quando o local sofrer incidência direta de radiação solar e ataque de pássaros. A cobertura com sombrite poderá solucionar esses problemas. Os passos para fazer uma sementeira são:
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20
A propagação por sementes é a mais viável economicamente para aquele que tem interesse em produções maiores. No entanto, as plantas reproduzidas por sementes possuem as seguintes desvantagens: •
muita variação entre as plantas originadas o que prejudicará principalmente na colheita
devido a desuniformidade das plantas; •
muitas espécies de alto valor econômico não produzem sementes viáveis no Brasil como
por exemplo alfazema; •
muitas semente possuem dormência que é difícil de ser quebrada ou há espécies que não
se tem nenhuma informação sobre como obter ótimo nível de germinação (no Quadro 10 constam algumas medidas para aumentar germinação); e •
quase todas sementes de espécies de interesse comercial são importadas.
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21
É o método que consiste em reproduzir plantas através de partes da planta mãe ou matriz. Possui as seguintes vantagens: • •
o ciclo até a colheita é mais rápido; e produz indivíduos semelhantes a planta mãe As melhores condições para retirar mudas da maioria das espécies por este tipo de
propagação são: •
retirar mudas no final do inverno ou início da primavera;
•
escolher um dia nublado para retirar as mudas;
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22
raízes. Normalmente quanto mais alta a planta, as estacas de galho devem ser mais lenhosas e maiores . No entanto, há plantas que enraizam melhor de estacas mais novas. Estacas de raiz ou rizoma são colhidos de raízes centrais e deverão conter uma ou mais gemas (olhos). As esta estaca cass são são cort cortad adas as com com teso tesour uraa de poda poda,, na part partee basa basall em form formaa de bise bisell (inclinado), junto a gema e reto no ápice. São deixadas apenas um par ou 1 /3 das folhas e quando houver, pode-se retirar os espinhos
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23
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15
Capim-limão Capuchinha x Carqueja x Cavalinha Citronela Curcuma Espinheira-santax Fortuna Funcho x H lã
x x x x
x x x x x x
x
x
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24
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28
Funcho Guaco Jurubeba Losna Melissa Mil-folhas Pfáffia Quebra-pedra Sabugueiro Sál i
2,00 trepadeira 2,00 0,70 0,50 0,50 2,00 0,50 3,00 0 80
0,80 1,00 1,00 0,30 0,40 0,30 0,50 0,30 2,00 0 40
1,20 2,00 2,00 0,30 0,50 0,50 1,00 0,30 3,00 0 40
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25
A colheita é a etapa final no campo e para ser coroada com êxitos deve ser feita com bastante rigor, portanto algumas dicas são: •
não recomenda-se antes da secagem e após a colheita, a lavagem das partes colhidas a
não ser que a sua região esteja na época quente e seca. Para limpar as plantas que estiverem muito sujas, lave com um jato de água suave um dia antes da colheita;
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26 • •
folhas são colhidas sem o pecíolo, no início da formação de flores; para aumentar a massa foliar em manjericões e boldo-da-terra por exemplo, deve-se
retirar as flores • •
gemas são colhidas logo depois de surgirem; e plantas herbáceas na altura das primeiras folhas.
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27
Através de pesquisas o Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e
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29
A secagem dura de 2 a 15 dias dependendo do tipo de material, secador e do local. As
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30 •
inicie com uma ou duas espécies no máximo;
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