Agnaldo A. Vieira
Automação Industrial
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APRESENTAÇÃO É com satisfação que a Unisa Digital oferece a você, aluno(a), esta apostila de Automaç Automação ão Industrial Industrial , parte integrante de um conjunto de materiais de pesquisa voltado ao aprendizado dinâmico e autônomo que a educação a distância exige. O principal objetivo desta apostila é propiciar aos(às) alunos(as) uma apresentação do conteúdo básico da disciplina. A Unisa Digital oferece outras formas de solidificar seu aprendizado, por meio de recursos multidisciplinares, como chats, fóruns, aulas web, material de apoio e e-mail . Para enriquecer o seu aprendizado, você ainda pode contar com a Biblioteca Virtual: www.unisa.br, a Biblioteca Central da Unisa, juntamente às bibliotecas setoriais, que fornecem acervo digital e impresso, bem como acesso a redes de informação e documentação. Nesse contexto, os recursos disponíveis e necessários para apoiá-lo(a) no seu estudo são o suplemento que a Unisa Digital oferece, tornando seu aprendizado eficiente e prazeroso, concorrendo para uma formação completa, na qual o conteúdo aprendido influencia sua vida profissional e pessoal. A Unisa Digital é assim para você: Universidade a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar!
Unisa Digital
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SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO
...................... ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ........... 5
1 ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS E EVOLUÇÃO ........... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ................ ..... 7 1.1 Introdução ..........................................................................................................................................................................7 1.2 Automação .........................................................................................................................................................................8 1.3 Partes que Compõem Uma Automação .................................................................................................................9 1.4 Níveis .................................................................................................................................................................................13 1.5 Arquitetura da Automação Industrial ...................................................................................................................14 1.6 Áreas da Automação ...................................................................................................................................................15 1.7 Conceito de Automação ............................................................................................................................................16 1.8 Funções ............................................................................................................................................................................18 1.9 O Mercado Atual da Automação no Brasil ..........................................................................................................18 1.10 Atividades Propostas ................................................................................................................................................19
2 MANUFATURA
................................ ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .............. ... 21 2.1 Introdução .......................................................................................................................................................................21 2.2 Classificação ...................................................................................................................................................................23 2.3 Sistema de Manufatura Celular ...............................................................................................................................23 2.4 Sistema Flexível de Manufatura ..............................................................................................................................24 2.5 Programa de Qualidade ............................................................................................................................................24 2.6 Atividades Propostas ...................................................................................................................................................25
3 SISTEMAS DE CONTROLE
................................. ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...........27 27 3.1 Introdução .......................................................................................................................................................................27 3.2 Histórico ...........................................................................................................................................................................28 3.3 Definição de Sistemas de Controle ........................................................................................................................29 3.4 Vantagens dos Sistemas de Controle ....................................................................................................................29 3.5 Configurações dos Sistemas.....................................................................................................................................30 3.6 Principal Elemento de um Sistema de Controle Industrial ...........................................................................32 3.7 Atividades Propostas ...................................................................................................................................................33
4 CLPs 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
................................. ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................ ..... 35 Introdução .......................................................................................................................................................................35 Histórico ...........................................................................................................................................................................35 Principais Características ...........................................................................................................................................37 Arquitetura ......................................................................................................................................................................37 Especificações ................................................................................................................................................................38
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5.4 Sistema de Controle de Robôs ................................................................................................................................43 5.5 Atividades Propostas ...................................................................................................................................................44
6 PROGRAMAÇÃO
................................. ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... .........45 45 6.1 Introdução .......................................................................................................................................................................45 6.2 Análise das Linguagens de Programação ...........................................................................................................45 6.3 Dispositivo de Programação ....................................................................................................................................46 6.4 Atividades Propostas ...................................................................................................................................................47
RESPOSTAS COMENTADAS DAS ATIVIDADES PROPOSTAS ............ ....................... ...................... .............. ... 49 REFERÊNCIAS
...................... ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... .........55 55
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INTRODUÇÃO Caro(a) aluno(a), O processo de automação em diversos setores da atividade humana trouxe uma série de benefícios à sociedade. A automação geralmente reduz custos, aumenta a produtividade no trabalho e pode livrar os trabalhadores de atividades monótonas, repetitivas ou mesmo perigosas. Esta apostila tem o objetivo de proporcionar aos estudantes de Engenharia um conhecimento inicial e básico sobre a automação industrial – inicial porque o universo da automação se expande em alta velocidade, devido principalmente aos avanços da microeletrônica, eletrônica de potência e informática; e básico porque essa área do conhecimento é ampla, existindo muitas facetas, campos de atuação e formas de intervenção. Dessa maneira, não se pretende com esta apostila esgotar o assunto; na verdade, pretende-se desenvolver a curiosidade dos estudantes de buscar o aprofundamento no tema e, finalmente, convidar os futuros engenheiros a atuar com competência e determinação nas questões de automação industrial nas organizações em que possam vir a exercer o seu ofício. Espera-se que esta apostila seja um importante instrumento de apoio ao estudo e à aprendizagem dos fatores e elementos constituintes da automação industrial e que assim você possa ampliar seus conhecimentos. Bom trabalho!
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1 ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS E EVOLUÇÃO Caro(a) aluno(a), Neste capítulo, estudaremos a história da automação industrial e seus principais componentes. Vamos acompanhar?
1.1 Introdução As primeiras formas de automação deram-se nas indústrias de processo, por meio das mediações elétrica e pneumática, com o desenvolvimento de equipamentos de controle. Com o surgimento da máquina de comando numérico, em 1949/1950, a palavra ‘automação’ ganhou mais relevância. Essa máquina foi criada com capacidade para realizar certas operações previamente programadas sem a intervenção direta de um operador, abrindo perspectivas para profundas mudanças na produção industrial. As primeiras máquinas automáticas foram construídas por sistemas de comando ligados por fios elétricos e formados por circuitos com válvulas eletrônicas a vácuo, entre outros componentes. Com a evolução tecnológica dos materiais e componentes, consequentemente houve um avanço nas máquinas de controle numérico, sendo os componentes e válvulas substituídos por transistores e os fios, por placas de circuitos integrados. No entanto, a ligação do sistema de comando ainda era feita de forma rígida, por meio da fiação
comandar o caminho da ferramenta cortante de uma máquina operatriz, fazendo isso com alta precisão no produto final e alta repetibilidade com um mesmo programa, tudo isso associado diretamente com o projeto assistido por computador (Computer-Aided Design – CAD), permitindo realizar o produto diretamente a partir do projeto. A princípio, essas máquinas tinham alto custo e exigiam manutenções permanentes, além de custosas, o que fez com que não fossem bem recebidas. Essa concepção mudou com a evolução das máquinas de CNC, que assumiram características próprias, com seu desempenho incluindo a possibilidade de mudanças de operações conforme o programa, a troca automática de ferramentas e outros acessórios, a capacidade de executar tarefas recebidas por meio de linhas de transmissão e de armazenar as informações, propiciando ganho de produtividade por conta da redução de tempo e da melhoria da qualidade, suprindo e/ou reduzindo trabalhos antes necessários para a preparação e o posicionamento da ferramenta e da peça,
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
1.2 Automação A palavra ‘automation ’ foi inventada pelo marketing da indústria de equipamentos, na década de 1960, que buscava enfatizar a participação do computador no controle automático industrial. Hoje, entende-se por automação qualquer sistema apoiado em computadores que substitua o trabalho humano em favor da segurança das pessoas, da qualidade dos produtos, da rapidez da produção ou da redução de custos, assim aperfeiçoando os complexos objetivos das indústrias e dos serviços.
A automação decorre de necessidades, tais como: maior nível de qualidade, maior flexibilidade de modelos para o mercado, redução do tempo e custo do trabalho, maior segurança pública e dos operários, melhoria do ambiente de trabalho, menores perdas de materiais e de energia, mais disponibilidade e qualidade das informações sobre o processo e melhor planejamento e controle da produção. Ela envolve a implantação de sistemas interligados e assistidos por redes de comunicação, compreendendo sistemas supervisórios e interfaces homem-máquina que possam auxiliar os operadores no exercício da supervisão e análise dos problemas que possam vir a ocorrer.
Figura 1 – Evolução da automação.
Fonte: www.ebah.com.br.
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Automação Industrial
1.3 Partes que Compõem Uma Automação A operação fundamental dos sistemas automáticos é transformar um sinal elétrico, hidráulico ou pneumático em outra grandeza física, que geralmente é um deslocamento mecânico. A operação que representa o último anel dessa sequência é executada por atuadores, que podem ser do tipo:
Figura 2 – Motor assíncrono.
elétrico; hidráulico; pneumático; mecânico. Fonte: www.ebah.com.br.
Do tipo elétrico, fazem parte:
eletroímã (solenoides); motores de corrente contínua; motores brushless; motores de passo (step motors); motores lineares (usados no campo da robótica); motores de indução.
Os atuadores do tipo hidráulico ou pneumático estão presentes na automação para levantar, mover, bloquear e posicionar vários elementos. A diferença entre os cilindros hidráulicos e pneumáticos é basicamente o tipo de fluido utilizado e a potência de acionamento: potência elevada e baixa velocidade nos cilindros hidráulicos e potência reduzida e velocidade elevada nos cilindros hidráulicos. Os cilindros podem ser classificados em duas categorias:
Saiba mais
Os motores assíncronos ou de indução encontraram amplo espaço na automação nos últimos
cilindros de simples efeito (entrada do fluido em uma só direção);
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Figura 3 – Cilindro hidráulico de simples efeito.
Há vários tipos de transdutor e sensor presentes no mercado, tais como:
chave de posição mecânica (fim de curso); sensores ópticos; sensores de proximidade; transdutores de força, pressão e temperatura; potenciômetro; indicador de nível de líquido.
Figura 4 – Chave de posição mecânica (fim de curso).
Fonte: www.ebah.com.br.
Dispositivos Detectores São componentes que detectam as informações necessárias no andamento do processo automatizado. Os dispositivos de detecção podem ser divididos em duas grandes categorias:
o tipo digital, cuja saída é on/off . Neste tipo, a interligação da saída de um estado para outro é verificada quando a grandeza física na entrada ultrapassa um determinado valor definido. Por exemplo, a fotocélula, baseada na pre-
www.siemens.com.br.. Fonte: www.siemens.com.br
Interface Homem-Máqui Homem-Máquina na O diálogo entre homem e máquina pode ser dividido em dois blocos principais: 1. órgão de comando e sinalização do tipo tradicional, em que há os seguin-
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Automação Industrial
(HMI), é um dispositivo de diferentes tamanhos e complexidade, geralmente possuindo tela de cristal líquido e um conjunto de teclas para navegação de tipos virtuais. É configurado por um programa e possui construção robusta bem protegida, de acordo com as tabelas internacionais de grau de proteção. Terminal de gestão com monitor: é um terminal de diálogo com computador dotado de programas supervisores específicos para controle de quantidades elevadas de variáveis de processo.
Figura 5 – Interface homem-máquina.
Elaboração e Transmissão de Dados É constituído de computadores, CLPs e microprocessadores com placas dedicadas. Sua tarefa é supervisionar o sistema por meio das informações que chegam aos sensores, com base em um programa previamente elaborado. Em instalações automatizadas de pequeno e médio porte, a utilização de computadores para supervisão está crescendo graças a soluções de hardware e software simples e a custo acessível. Atualmente, os programas supervisores são chamados Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). É preciso que o sistema de elaboração se comunique com os dispositivos de controle ou com computadores de vários níveis para ser capaz de supervisionar uma máquina na linha de produção ou um setor produtivo inteiro. As redes de comunicação interna na fábrica são denominadas Local Area Networks (LANs). Na indústria, a rede do tipo LAN permite a comunicação entre equipamentos independentes alocados internamente em uma mesma área delimitada.
Fonte: www.siemens.com.br .
Figura 6 – Rede de campo PROFIBUS-DP.
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Órgãos de Manobra de Proteção e Acionamento
Os órgãos de acionamento mais importantes podem ser classificados em:
Os dispositivos de manobra são indispensáveis em um sistema automatizado, pois fazem a ligação das informações do sistema de elaboração com o circuito de potência conectado aos atuadores ou, então, ao órgão de acionamento para a regulagem da velocidade ou do controle de alguns parâmetros dos atuadores. Exemplos de dispositivos de manobra:
variadores para controle de eixo; variadores de velocidade para motores assíncronos (inversores); variadores de velocidade para motores em corrente contínua. Figura 7 – Contador.
disjuntor termomagnético; fusíveis; chaves; secionadores; relé térmico; contadores. Fonte: www.thoms.com.br.
Figura 8 – Fluxograma das partes que compõem uma automação. Cilindros pneumáticos, cilindros hidráulicos, motores, solenoides GRUPO DE POTÊNCIA MANOBRA E ACIONAMENTO Válvulas hidráulicas e pneumáticas pneumáticas,, contadores, válvula
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Automação Industrial
1.4 Níveis Diferentes níveis de operações de fábrica podem ser aplicados dentro do conceito de automação, sendo comum a associação com as máquinas de produção individuais, porém a máquina em si é composta por subsistemas que também podem ser automatizados. Figura 9 – Níveis da automação. NÍVEL
DESCRIÇÃO/EXEMPLOS
Nível do empreendimento
Sistema de informações corporativas
4
Nível da fábrica
Sistema de produção
3
Nível da célula ou sistema
Sistema de manufatura Grupos de máquinas
5
Fluxo de Dados
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
3. nível da célula célula ou sistema: este nível opera conforme as instruções do nível da fábrica. Um sistema de produção ou uma célula é um grupo de máquinas ou estações de trabalho conectadas e apoiadas por um sistema de manuseio de materiais, um computador ou outro equipamento apropriado ao processo de produção. Suas funções incluem a expedição da peça, o carregamento da máquina, a coordenação das máquinas com os sistemas de manuseio e a coleta e avaliação dos dados de inspeção;
4. nível da da fábrica ou produção: produção: recebe recebe instruções do sistema de informações corporativas e as traduz em planos operacionais para a produção; 5. nível do empreendimento: formado pelo sistema de informações corporativas, este é o nível mais alto. Preocupa-se com todas as funções necessárias para o bom gerenciamento da empresa: projeto, pesquisa, marketing, vendas, contabilidade, planejamento agregado e plano mestre de produção.
1.5 Arquitetura da Automação Industrial A Figura 10 representa a pirâmide de automação, com os diferentes níveis encontrados em uma planta industrial, pois a automação industrial exige a realização de muitas funções. O controlador programável está na base, atuando via inversores, conversores ou sistemas de partida suave sobre máquinas, motores e outros
Figura 10 – Pirâmide de automação.
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Automação Industrial
Níveis da pirâmide:
nível 1: é o nível dos dispositivos, máquinas e componentes (chão de fábrica). Exemplos: linha de montagem ou manufatura, máquina de embalagem; nível 2: é o nível dos controladores digitais, lógicos e dinâmicos e de algum tipo de supervisão associado ao processo. Aqui se encontram concentradores de informações sobre o nível 1 e as interfaces homem-máquina; nível 3: normalmente, é constituído por bancos de dados com informações dos índices de qualidade da produção, rela-
tórios e estatísticas de processo, índices de produtividade e algoritmo de otimização da operação produtiva, permitindo o controle do processo produtivo da planta; nível 4: responsável pela programação e planejamento da produção, realiza o controle e a logística dos suprimentos; nível 5: é responsável pela administração dos recursos da empresa. Nele se encontram os softwares para gestão financeira e de vendas e se realizam a decisão e o gerenciamento de todo o sistema.
1.6 Áreas da Automação Constantemente, o conceito de automação é confundido com o de automatização. A automatização está ligada à realização de movimentos repetitivos, isto é, movimentos automáticos sem correção; já a automação consiste em um conjun-
fixa voltada apenas para um tipo de produto; automação flexível: voltada para um volume de produção médio e aliada à flexibilidade, permite que sejam fa-
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
As estratégias empresariais são definidas a partir da identificação de oportunidades em vantagens desenvolvidas em centros de pesquisas, em que a competição é fundamental e os custos do processo e a cadeia produtiva passam a ter um papel relevante. A evolução da tecnologia e a rápida globalização afetaram a vida de todas as pessoas, principalmente as envolvidas com negócios e indústrias, com base na capacidade de antecipar tendências e de acompanhar rapidamente a sua evolução, sendo indispensável interiorizar uma
lógica de inovação estratégica na empresa que permita ser capaz de conceber e adaptar criativamente novos produtos de forma continuada. Inovar é fazer coisas diferentes ou de maneiras diferentes, é usar a criatividade para satisfazer as necessidades. A modernização deve ser realizada pela aplicação da automação com redes de comunicação e tecnologias do mercado da automação industrial, podendo-se destacar a rede fieldbus, sistemas wireless e a identificação por radiofrequência (Radio-Frequency Identification – RFID).
1.7 Conceito de Automação A automação surgiu da necessidade de aumento de flexibilização, de maior rapidez e agilidade na produção e de redução de custos nas empresas de manufatura ou de processos contínuos, com o objetivo de se adaptarem o mais rapidamente possível às necessidades do consumidor, a fim de se manterem competitivas em um mercado cada vez mais exigente.
“A Automação é um conceito e um conjunto de técnicas por meio das quais se constroem sistemas ativos capazes de atuar com excelente eficiência pelo uso de informações recebidas do meio sobre o qual atuam”. O melhor e mais apropriado conceito de automação pode ser: a integração de conhecimentos, em que há a troca/substituição da ob-
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Automação Industrial
Outro conceito de automação está relacionado com seus diferentes níveis dentro de um processo automatizado, como vimos na pirâmide de automação. Figura 12 – Pentágono da automação. Modelagem de sistemas
Atuadores e sensores
Sinais e sistemas
Software e aquisição de
dados
Computadores, redes de comunicação e sistemas lógicos
Fonte: Adaptado de Rosário (2009).
Três grandes áreas da engenharia fazem parte da automação industrial: 1. a mecânica, por meio das máquinas que possibilitam transformar matérias-
Todos esses avanços na teoria e na prática da automação industrial só vieram a beneficiar, proporcionando meios para atingir um ótimo desempenho de sistemas dinâmicos, aumento de produtividade, diminuição de trabalho repetitivo
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Figura 13 – Elementos de um sistema automatizado. Nível do empreendimento Sistema de apoio à produção
Sistema de apoio à produção
Sistema de Nível da fábrica produção Sistemas de produção
Tecnologias de automação e controle
Sistemas de controle de qualidade
Tecnologias de manuseio de materiais
Processos de produção e operações de montagem Fonte: Adaptado de Groover (2011).
Instalações
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Automação Industrial
Tabela 1 – Faturamento da área de automação. Faturamento total por área (R$ milhões a preços correntes) Automação industrial Componentes elétricos e eletrônicos Equipamentos industriais GTD* Informática Material elétrico de instalação Telecomunicações Utilidades domésticas Total
2 0 11
2 01 2
2013
3.725 9.828 22.272 13.097 43.561 9.654 19.901 16.102 138.140
3.920 9.755 22.322 15.307 43.561 9.019 22.811 17.841 144.536
4.368 10.696 23.599 16.220 47.046 9.478 26.689 18.649 156.745
2013 x 2012 11% 10% 6% 6% 8% 5% 17% 5% 8%
Fonte: Abinee. Nota: * GTD: Geração, Transmissão e Distribuição de Energia Elétrica.
Tabela 2 – Exportações do setor de automação industrial. Exportações de produtos do setor (US$ milhões) Automação industrial
2 01 1 543
2 01 2 55 1
2013 535
2013 x 2012 -3 %
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2 MANUFATURA Caro(a) aluno(a), Neste capítulo, iremos estudar os tipos de sistema de manufatura e suas aplicações. Vamos acompanhar?
2.1 Introdução
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Exemplos de sistemas de manufatura:
célula com uma estação: quando um trabalhador cuida de uma máquina de produção que opera no ciclo semiautomático; agrupamento de máquina: quando apenas um trabalhador cuida de um grupo de máquinas semiautomáticas; linha de montagem manual: quando as operações de montagem são realizadas de modo a construir um produto, por meio de uma série de estações de trabalho; linha de transferência automatizada: uma série de estações de trabalho automatizadas realiza operações de processamento, além da transferência de
célula de máquina: série de máquinas de produção e estações de trabalho operadas manualmente, realizando uma sequência de operações em uma família de peças ou produtos semelhantes, mas não idênticos; sistema de manufatura flexível: célula de máquina altamente automatizada para a produção de família de peças ou produtos.
Vários componentes incluem-se num sistema de manufatura, quais sejam:
máquinas de produção, ferramentas, dispositivos de fixação e equipamentos; um sistema de manuseio de material;
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Automação Industrial
2.2 Classificação Esse tipo de sistema é dividido em três categorias: 1. célula com uma estação: as aplicações das estações de trabalho únicas são frequentes e um caso é a célula operador-máquina. Classifica-se em duas categorias: estações de trabalho com operadores e estações automatizadas. Este tipo é comum por ser mais fácil e ter menos custo na sua implementação, além de ser mais adaptável, ajustável e flexível; 2. sistema multiestação com roteamento
ção para outra e uma parte do conteúdo total do trabalho seja realizada em cada estação, geralmente por meio de um transportador. Essa linha de produção está geralmente associada à produção em massa ou lote; 3. sistema multiestação com roteamento variável: tem como objetivo atingir alguma finalidade especial, sendo geralmente projetado para quantidade de produção média. Em geral, é aplicável tanto nas operações de processamento quanto de montagem, envolvendo variedade de peças ou produtos e pos-
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
2.4 Sistema Flexível de Manufatura Do inglês Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), é um tipo de célula de manufatura usado para implementar a manufatura celular, sendo o mais automatizado e tecnologicamente sofisticado. Um FMS possui várias estações automatizadas e é capaz de roteamentos variáveis entre as
A razão pela qual o FMS é chamado flexível se deve ao fato de ele ser capaz de processar tipos de peça diferentes simultaneamente nas diversas estações de trabalho, podendo a mistura de tipos e as quantidades de produção ser ajustadas conforme as mudanças.
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Automação Industrial
2.6 Atividades Propostas 1. O que é um sistema de manufatura? 2. Quais são os principais exemplos de sistemas de manufatura? 3. Quais são os componentes de um sistema de manufatura? 4. O que é um sistema de manufatura celular?
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3 SISTEMAS DE CONTROLE Caro(a) aluno(a),
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
3.2 Histórico Os sistemas de controle são bem antigos, tendo sido diversos deles desenvolvidos pelos primeiros habitantes do nosso planeta.
Por volta de 300 a.C., os gregos começaram a engenharia de sistemas, com a
e formulação das atuais teorias e práticas da estabilidade do sistema de controle. Na segunda metade dos anos 1800, o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de controle se concentrou na manobrabilida-
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Automação Industrial
Saiba mais Os elevadores antigos eram controlados por cabos acionados manualmente ou por um ascensorista. Nesse caso, uma corda era cortada para demonstrar o freio de emergência, uma inovação nesses elevadores. Os elevadores modernos de transporte duplo fazem seus trajetos acionados por um único motor, com seus receptáculos contrabalançando-se mutuamente. mutuamente. Atualmente, os elevadores são totalmente automáticos e utilizam sistemas de controle para regular posições e velocidades velocidades..
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Figura 18 – Entrada e saída do elevador.
Um sistema automatizado é utilizado para operar alguns processos e a energia é necessária para conduzir esses processos e controles, sen-
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Automação Industrial
por sinais de baixa voltagem, são executados por dispositivos eletromecânicos denominados atuadores;
A característica distintiva de um sistema de malha aberta é que não pode gerar compensação a nenhuma perturbação que seja somada ao si-
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Agnaldo A. Vieira
Um sistema de controle de malha fechada é formado por seis elementos básicos:
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Automação Industrial
3.7 Atividades Propostas
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