AP Biology Exam Review-Key

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AP Biology: 2013 Exam Review

AP BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW GUIDE “The price of success is har wor!" eica#io$ #o #he %o& a# ha$" a$ #he e#ermi$a#io$ #ha# whe#her we wi$ or lose" we have applie #he &es# of ourselves #o #he #as! a# ha$'(

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CONCEPT 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY

1' )*+,P-. )*+,P-. mos# commo$ commo$ eleme eleme$#s $#s i$ all livi$g livi$g ma##er ma##er 2' Bo$s. io$ic /#ra$sfer elec#ro$s" elec#ro$s" covale$# /shari$g. polaru$eual polaru$eual shari$g a$ $o$. polareual shari$g" hyroge$ /wea! &o$s &e#wee$ hyroge$ a$ $ega#ively charge i#ems" hyropho&ic i$#erac#io$s /how $o$.polar compou$s co$grega#e #oge#her. lipis 3' p* aci aci.& .&as ase e 0.1 0.1"" 4 of * io$ io$s s e# e#er ermi mi$e $es s sca scale le55 log logar ari# i#hm hmic ic.. p* p* 3 6 10 10.3 6 11000 &' &loo &loo. . 7'" 7'" s#om s#omac ach. h. 2" smal smalll i$# i$#es es#i #i$e $e.. 85 85 e$9 e$9ym ymes es are are spe speci cic c #o p*

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' ;a#er proper#ies. proper#ies. polari#y" polari#y" cohesio$/a##rac#io$ cohesio$/a##rac#io$ #o o#her wa#er molecules" molecules" ahesio$ /a##rac#io$ #o o#her charge compou$s low e$si#y whe$ fro9e$" versa#ile solve$#" high hea# of fusio$vapori9a#io$5 surface #e$sio$ <' ,rga$ic molecules molecules . mo$omers mo$omers are simples# form form of all5 mo$omers mo$omers %oi$ #oge#her #oge#her via ehyra#io$ sy$#hesis /loss of wa#er #o ma!e polymers5 polymers are &ro!e$ &ro!e$ ow$ via hyrolysis /i$pu# of wa#er a' )ar& )ar&oh ohy yra ra#e #es. s. )*, )*, 1:2: 1:2:1 1 ra#i ra#io" o" mo$o mo$ome mer6 r6 mo$o mo$osa sacc ccha hari rie es" s" 26isaccharies" 3 or more6 polysaccharies =se for e$ergy /cell respira#io$ Examples /1glucose. /1 glucose. immeia#e e$ergy #o ma!e ATP ATP /2s#arch. /2 s#arch. s#ore e$ergy e$ergy i$ pla$#s /3glycoge$. /3 glycoge$. s#ore e$ergy i$ a$imals /s#ore i$ liver /cellulose. pla$# cell wall • •

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>ipis ? )" *" , /$o# a 1:2:1 ra#io @P o$ly i$ phosph spholipis /1 /1 fa#s fa#s"" wax waxe es" oil oils a$ a$ s#e s#erols ols /2 -a#ura# -a#ura#e e fa#s fa#s have have si$gle si$gle &o$s &o$s &e#w &e#wee$ ee$ car&o$ car&o$s" s" u$sa u$sa#ur #ura#e a#e  fa#s fa#s have a# leas# o$e ou&le &o$ &e#wee$ car&o$s /!i$!y5 pla$#s ma!e polyu$sa#ura#e5 a$imals ma!e mo$ou$sa#ura#e /3 Phosph Phospholi olipi pis s ma! ma!e e up cell cell mem& mem&ra$ ra$es es /ou /ou&le &le layer layer a$ are are amphipa#hic. hyrophilic a$ hyropho&ic / =ses. =ses. i$ all all mem&r mem&ra$e a$es5 s5 s#or s#ore e e$er e$ergy" gy" pro pro#ec #ec#io #io$" $" i$sul i$sula#i a#io$" o$" mye myeli$ li$ shea#h of $erves

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Pro#ei$s. )" *" ," + /may have ave o#her eleme$#s i$ R group /1 o$ome o$omerr. ami$o ami$o acis acis /20 /20 #o#al #o#al #ype #ypes" s" 26i 26ipep pep#i #ie" e" 3 or mor more6 e6 polypep#ie /2 Par#s ar#s of ami$ ami$o o aci6 aci6 car&o car&oxyl xyl group group /),, /),,* * o$ o$e o$e e$" e$" ami$ ami$o o group group o$ #he o#her e$ /+*2" ce$#ral car&o$ a$ varia&le R group /ca$ &e hyropho&ic or hyrophilic which e#ermi$es chemical proper#ies' /3 Pro#e Pro#ei$ i$ oli oli$g. $g. shape shape e#er e#ermi mi$es $es fu$c#i fu$c#io$5 o$5 primar primary6 y6 a'a' a'a' chai chai$5 $5 seco$ary6 &e#a plea#e shee# or alpha helix/ hyroge$ &o$s5 #er#iary6glo&ular5 #er#iary6glo&ular5 fols i$ o$ i#self /isule &riges" hyroge$ &o$s"

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hyropho&ic i$#erac#io$s5 io$ic &o$i$g5 uar#e$ary6 more #ha$ o$e polypep#ie' / =ses. =ses. pro#e pro#ei$ i$ car carrie riers rs i$ i$ cell cell mem mem&ra &ra$e" $e" a$#i&o a$#i&oie ies" s" hemo hemoglo glo&i$ &i$"" e$9ymes" mos# hormo$es +ucleic acis ? )" *" ," + /1 o$ome o$omer6 r6 $ucl $ucleo# eo#ie ie"" 2 6 i$ucl i$ucleo# eo#ie ie"" 2 or or more more poly$u poly$ucle cleo#i o#ie e /2 /2 +ucl +ucleo eo#i #ie e mae mae up of sugar sugar"" pho phosp spha# ha#e e a$ a$ &ase &ase /3 /3 =se =se #o s#or s#ore e ge$ ge$e# e#ic ic i$fo i$forrma#i ma#io$ o$ / / C+A C+A is ou& ou&le le s#r s#ra$ a$e e" " has has eo eoxy xyri ri&o &ose se"" A" D" )" )" T /< /< R+A R+ A is is si$ si$gl gle e s#r s#ra$ a$e e"" has has ri&o ri&ose se"" A" A" D" D" )" )" = / mR+A. mR+A. copie copies s ge$e# ge$e#ic ic mess message age55 rR+A rR+A.. a##ac a##aches hes mR+A mR+A a$ a$ ma! ma!es up up ri&osomes /mos# commo$5#R+A. carries ami$o acis5 C+A. carries ge$e#ic coe

' E$9ymes a' Biolo iologi gic cal ca#al a#aly ys#s s#s /m /mae ae of of pr pro#ei o#ei$ $ #ha# #ha# spe spee up up ra# ra#e e of of che chem mical ical reac#io$s &y loweri$g ac#iva#io$ e$ergy reuire for reac#io$ #o occur &' E$9 E$9yme has has ac#i ac#iv ve si#e si#e /expose pose  R grou groups ps wher here reac# eac#io io$ $ occu occurs rs c' E$9 E$9ymes ca$ ca$ &rea &rea! ! ow ow$ su& su&s#a$ s#a$ce ce /ca#a& a#a&o olic lic reac# eac#io io$ $ or &uil &uil  up up su&s#a$ces /a$a&olic ' E$9ymesu&s#ra#e complex is forme e' -u&s#ra#e is wha# e$9yme ac#s o$ f' Ra#e is is e e#ermi$e &y &y collisio$s &e &e#wee$ su su&s#ra#e a#e a$ a$ e$ e$9yme g' E$s i$ ?ase" $ame af#er su&s#ra#e of#e$ h' E$9 E$9yme is is spe speci ci c #o #o su& su&s# s#rra#e a#e5 #he #he su& su&s#r s#ra#e a#e mus mus## &e &e com compl plem eme e$#ar $#ary y #o #o #he surface proper#ies /shape a$ charge of #he ac#ive si#e /which is mae up of R groups wi#h specic chemis#ry" i'e' hyropho&ic' i' E$9yme ra#e is aFec#e &y: pH /op#imal for each e$9yme" temperature /op#imal for each e$9yme &u# i$ ge$eral i$crease #emp mea$s i$crease collisio$s so ra#e goes up i$i#ially5 #oo much hea# ca$ e$a#ure e$9yme" e$9yme co$ce$#ra#io$ /more e$9yme fas#er ra#e or vice versa u!trate "#$"e$trat%#$ /more su&s#ra#e fas#er ra#e5 vmax is fas#es# e$9yme ca$ wor! whe$ sa#ura#e %' G$hi&i#io$.compe#i#ive G$hi&i#io$.compe#i#iv e i$hi&i#io$ /some#hi$g compe#es compe#es for ac#ive si#e5 ca$ ca$ &e overcome wi#h more su&s#ra#e !' +o$.c o$.co ompe mpe#i#i #i#iv ve i$h i$hi& i&ii#io$ #io$.. a## a##ac ache hes s a# all allos#e os#erric si# si#e a$ a$ cha$ cha$ge ges s shap shape e of e$9yme so i# is $o# fu$c#io$al5 ca$ $o# &e overcome wi#h more more su&s#ra#e l' )oe$ )oe$9 9ymes mes /or /orga$i ga$ic5 c5 +AC a$ a$ vi#am #ami$ B e#c' e#c' a$ a$ cofac ofac#o #orrs /i$ /i$or orga ga$i $ic5 c5 9i$c" mag$esium e#c' i$#erac# wi#h e$9ymes #o pu# #hem i$#o #he righ# s#ruc#ure #o o wor!' • •

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Vocabulary ac#ive si#e allos#eric si#e ami$o aci amphipa#hic a$a&olic

car&ohyra#e car&o$ ca#a&olic ca#alys# coe$9yme

e$a#ura#io$ isaccharie hyroge$ &o$ hyrophilic hyropho&ic

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io$ lipi macromolecule mo$omer mo$osaccharie


$o$.polar molecule $ucleic aci $ucleo#ie orga$ic molecule pep#ie &o$

polar molecule polymer pro#ei$ su&s#ra#e wa#er

Thinking Practice 1' Gf #he followi$g molecules were #o u$ergo a ehyra#io$ sy$#hesis reac#io$" wha# molecules woul resul#H C%r"&e #he par#s of each ami$o aci #ha# will i$#erac# a$ 'ra( #he resul#i$g molecule'

The ,* from ami$o aci 1 a$ #he * from ami$o aci #wo com&i$e #o form wa#er i$ ehyra#io$ sy$#hesis'

2' )o$s#ruc# a &ar graph #ha# isplays #he rela#ive amou$#s of hyroge$" car&o$" oxyge$" a$ $i#roge$ i$ each of #he four #ypes of macromolecules /car&ohyra#es" lipis" pro#ei$s" $ucleic acis' car&ohyra#es: hyroge$625 oxyge$615 car&o$615 $i#roge$60 lipis: hyroge$615 oxyge$615 car&o$615 $i#roge$60 pro#ei$s: hyroge$625 oxyge$615 car&o$615 $i#roge$61 $ucleic acis: hyroge$615 oxyge$615 car&o$615 $i#roge$61

3' Cescri&e #he rela#io$ship &e#wee$ su&s#ra#e co$ce$#ra#io$ a$ reac#io$ ra#e show$ i$ #he graph &elow a$ propose a$ expla$a#io$ for i#': I curveexpo$e$#ial grow#h u$#il i# reaches #he maximum" #he$ i# levels oF' The e$9yme co$ce$#ra#io$ is co$s#a$# a$ as #he su&s#ra#e co$ce$#ra#io$ ecreases" #he reac#io$ ra#e levels oF'

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' C+A polymerase from T. aquaticus (Taq) is use i$ P)R /polymerase chai$ reac#io$' P)R is a #ech$iue where millio$s of copies of C+A ca$ &e mae from o$e origi$al copy' G$ #his lipme#ho" #he #arge# C+A molecule is su&%ec#e #o #empera#ures over J< K) #o ma!e #he ou&le.s#ra$e C+A separa#e' The #empera#ure is #he$ lowere sligh#ly #o allow primers #o a$$eal &efore #he Taq polymerase ca#aly9es #he reac#io$s #o i$corpora#e $ew $ucleo#ies i$#o #he compleme$#ary s#ra$s' The cycle is #he$ repea#e over a$ over u$#il #here are millio$s of copies of #he #arge# C+A' a' Preic# why #his &ac#erial polymerase is use i$s#ea of a huma$ polymerase' &ac#erial polymerase pro&a&ly wor!s a# a fas#er ra#e #ha$ huma$ polymerase' &' ;ha# woul happe$ if you use a huma$ polymerase i$ a series of P)R reac#io$sH The reac#io$s woul pro&a&ly #a!e place a# a slower ra#e'

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aspargi$e

cys#ei$e

phe$ylala$i$e

B%#")em%tr* + S)#rt ,ree Rep#$e . p#%$t/ ;a#er is impor#a$ # for all livi$g orga$isms' The fu$c#io$s of wa#er are irec#ly rela#e #o i#s physical proper#ies' Cescri&e how #he proper#ies of wa#er co$#ri&u#e #o T;, of #he followi$g: • • •

Transpiration thermoregulation in endotherms plasma membrane structure

Tra$spira#io$ is #he cohesio$ of wa#er molecules #ha# pulls #hem ou# of #he s#oma#a" resul#i$g i$ pulli$g wa#er up from #he roo#s #hrough #he res# of #he pla$#'

Thermoregula#io$ relies o$ #he high specic hea# of wa#er #ha# allows orga$isms #o mai$#ai$ a s#a&le #empera#ure'

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Plasma mem&ra$e relies o$ #he hyropho&ic a$ hyrophilic i$#erac#io$s #ha# ma!e #he lipi &ilayer form' These are &ase o$ wa#erLs polari#y'

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CONCEPT 0 - CELLS 1.

Prokaryotic (Bacteria)

Eukaryotic (all other living things)

$o mem&ra$e.&ou$ orga$elles

m'&'o" ex' )hloroplas#s a$ $ucleus

$o $ucleus/si$gle5 circular C+A

mul#iple li$ear C+A

free ri&osomes a$ cell wall

his#o$es o$ C+A

2' )ell orga$elles a' +ucleus. hols C+A a$ $ucleolus/where ri&osomal su&u$i#s are mae &' i#ocho$ria. ou&le mem&ra$e5 ou#er is smoo#h a$ i$sie is fole wi#h e$9ymes #o ma!e ATP /si#e of cellular respira#io$ /glucose &rea!ow$ c' Ri&osome. si#e of #ra$sla#io$. pro#ei$ sy$#hesis5 mae of rR+A a$ pro#ei$ ' E'R'. co$$ec#e #o $ucleus5 allows for reac#io$s" mem&ra$ous5 smoo#h6 lipis5 rough6pro#ei$s e' Dolgi complex. pac!agi$g i$ mem&ra$e a$ sig$als for expor# f' )y#os!ele#o$: icrolame$#s. co$#rac#ile pro#ei$" gives shape" moveme$# wi#hi$ cell5 icro#u&ules. ce$#rioles" cilia" Magella" spi$le &ers g' vacuolesvesicles. wa#er a$ solu#es5 large a$ ce$#ral i$ pla$#s h' A+GA> >ysosomes. co$#ai$ e$9ymes5 use for i$#racellular iges#io$ a$ apop#osis )e$#rioles. use i$ cell ivisio$ i' P>A+T )hloroplas#. ou&le mem&ra$e5 si#e of pho#osy$#hesis /glucose sy$#hesis )ell wall. mile lamella. pec#i$5 primary cell wall. cellulose5 seco$ary cell wall. lig$i$ %' E$osym&io$# #heory. all eu!aryo#ic cells came from &ac#erial cells #ha# live #oge#her5 proof6 all chloroplas#s a$ mi#ocho$ria have ow$ C+A a$ are au#o$omous •

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3' )ell mem&ra$e /separa#es #he i$#er$al e$viro$me$# of cell from ex#er$al e$viro$me$#' a' Phospholipi &ilayer /selec#ively permea&le5 amphipa#hic &' lui mosaic moel /i$ mo#io$5 pro#ei$s" choles#erol" glycopro#ei$s a$ glycolipis amo$g phospholipis' em&ra$e is hyrophilic o$ i$sie a$ ou#sie" hyropho&ic wi#hi$ mem&ra$e c' -imple iFusio$. from high #o low co$ce$#ra#io$. small a$ u$charge move freely #hrough phospholipis ex' ),2" ,2 /passive5 $o e$ergy5 $o pro#ei$ carrier ' acili#a#e iFusio$. large or charge from high #o low" passive5 wi#h pro#ei$ carrier: ex' glucose" NO e' Ac#ive #ra$spor#. from low #o high co$ce$#ra#io$5 uses ATP5 uses a pro#ei$ f' E$ocy#osis. phagocy#osis /soli a$ pi$ocy#osis /liui5 mem&ra$e surrou$s a$ forms vesicles5 recep#or meia#e e$ocy#osis has recep#ors o$ surface g' Exocy#osis. release of ma#erial usi$g vesicles fusi$g wi#h mem&ra$e h' ,smosis. iFusio$ of wa#er usi$g a selec#ively permea&le mem&ra$e5 passive5 $o pro#ei$s i' ;a#er po#e$#ial6 pressure po#e$#ial plus pressure po#e$#ial5 wa#er moves from high wa#er po#e$#ial #o low wa#er po#e$#ial5 solu#es always lower wa#er

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po#e$#ial5 pressure ca$ i$crease or ecrease epe$i$g o$ if i# is $ega#ive or posi#ive' %' Pla$# cells have pressure rela#e #o cell wall a$ vacuole5 #urgor pressure !' *yper#o$ic /high solu#e" hypo#o$ic /low solu#e" a$ iso#o$ic solu#io$s/eual co$ce$#ra#io$ l' *igh surface area : volume ra#io i$creases ra#e a# which foo ca$ &e #a!e$ i$ a was#e expelle ' +ervous -ys#em a' fu$c#io$: se$sory i$pu#" mo#or fu$c#io$" regula#io$ &' s#ruc#ure: $euro$" axo$" e$ri#es" sy$apse c' Polari9e $euro$: +aO ou#sie" N O a$ )l. i$sie ' Cepolari9a#io$ moves +a i$#o $euro$" ge$era#i$g a$ ac#io$ po#e$#ial e' Repolari9a#io$ excha$ges +aO a$ N O #hrough #he soium.po#assium pump f' A# sy$apse" calcium cha$$els ope$ #o allow calcium #o rush i$" s#imula#i$g release of $euro#ra$smi##ers g' +euro#ra$smi##ers release i$#o sy$apse #o ge$era#e ac#io$ po#e$#ial for mo#or $euro$ or muscle cell Vocabulary ac#ive #ra$spor# amphipa#hic apop#osis auapori$ axo$ carrier pro#ei$ cell wall ce$#rioles cha$$el pro#ei$ chloroplas# co$ce$#ra#io$ graie$# cy#oplasm cy#os!ele#o$ e$ri#es epolari9a#io$ iFusio$ e$ocy#osis e$oplasmic re#iculum Thinking Practice

Dolgi appara#us hyper#o$ic hypo#o$ic iso#o$ic liga$ lysosome mem&ra$e mi#ocho$rio$ $euro$ $euro#ra$smi##er $uclear e$velope phospholipi plasma mem&ra$e plasmolysis polari9a#io$ pro!aryo#ic cell repolari9a#io$ ri&osome

rough ER selec#ively permea&le smoo#h ER sy$apse exocy#osis eu!aryo#ic cell facili#a#e iFusio$ Magella Mui mosaic moel $ucleus orga$elles osmosis passive #ra$spor# phagocy#osis surface area:volume ra#io #ra$smem&ra$e pro#ei$ vacuole

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1' or each molecule show$ #o #he righ#" a$swer #he followi$g" provii$g %us#ica#io$s for each: a' Gs i# polar or $o$polarH &' Gs i# hyropho&ic or hyrophilicH c' G$ orer #o &e #ra$sferre i$#o a cell" woul #he molecule reuire a pro#ei$ cha$$elH lac#ic aci6polar fa##y aci6polar vali$e6polar glucose6$o$polar lac#ose6$o$polar choles#erol6$o$polar vi#ami$ A6$o$polar #es#os#ero$e6polar opami$e6$o$polar ae$i$e6$o$polar all polar are hyrophilic all $o$polar are hyropho&ic i$ orer #o &e #ra$sfererre i$#o a cell" #he hyrophilic o$es will reuire a pro#ei$ cha$$el' The hyropho&ic o$es will $o#'

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2' Biological sys#ems rely heavily o$ #he proper#ies of wa#er moveme$#' Excre#io$" iges#io$" a$ &loo pressure are %us# a few examples of si#ua#io$s where wa#er &ala$ce is impor#a$#' -uppose you have a semi.permea&le mem&ra$e #ha# ,+> wa#er ca$ pass' ,$ o$e sie of #he mem&ra$e you have 0'1  )a)l2' ,$ #he o#her sie of #he mem&ra$e" you have 0'1  Dlucose' )a)l2 io$i9es i$ wa#er #o prouce 3 io$s' Dlucose oes $o# io$i9e i$ wa#er' 0'1  )a)l2

0'1  Dlucose

a' )alcula#e #he wa#er po#e$#ial for each sie of #he mem&ra$e' calcium chlorie: .7'2J &ars glucose6.2'7 &ars

3'

&' Cescri&e which way wa#er will move a$ explai$ your a$swer' ;a#er will move from #he glucose #o #he calcium chlorie &ecause wa#er moves from high #o low wa#er po#e$#ial' c'

hyropho&ic will &e i$ #he ce$#er of #he cha$$el &ecause #hey will $o# have a$ aQ$i#y for wa#er'

hyrophilic R groups will &e o$ #he ou#sie of #he cha$$el &ecause #hey have a$ aQ$i#y for wa#er'

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' The followi$g iagram shows a$ ac#io$ po#e$#ial of a $euro$' or each ues#io$" you ca$ a$swer wi#h o$e le##er or mul#iple le##ers' a' A# which le##ers woul you $ +aO vol#age ga#e cha$$el ,PE+H B" )" C &' A# which le##er/s woul you $ #he +aONO pump ;,RNG+DH  c' A# which le##er/s woul you $ NO vol#age ga#e cha$$els ,PE+H E"  ' A# poi$# " woul #here &e a more posi#ive charge o$ #he G+-GCE or ,=T-GCE of #he $euro$H ou#sie e' A# poi$# B" woul you $ more +aO o$ #he G+-GCE or ,=T-GCE of #he $euro$H ou#sie f' Te#roo#oxi$ is a $euro#oxi$ #ha# &loc!s +aO vol#age ga#e cha$$els' *ow woul #he fu$c#io$ of #he $euro$ &e al#ere &y #he prese$ce of #his #oxi$H i# woul $o# &e a&le #o re &ecause #he ac#io$ po#e$#ial woul &e &loc!e' <' Tay.-achs isease is a huma$ ge$e#ic a&$ormali#y #ha# resul#s i$ cells accumula#i$g a$ &ecomi$g clogge wi#h very large a$ complex lipis' ;hich cellular orga$elle mus# &e i$volve i$ #his co$i#io$H smoo#h ER' Ce&& + L#$ ,ree Rep#$e 12 p#%$t/

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a) Graph


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b) the 10 percent solution ould have tice as much !a"l outside the bag and the #$ at each time interval. The 1 percent solution ould have 1%# as much !a"l outside the bag than the #$ at each interval. The 0 percent solution ould have 0 mg%& !a"l outside at all intervals.

c) 'eaater ould decrease crop production because it ould cause plant cells to lose ater because the ater potential inside the cells ould be greater than that outside the cells so the ater ould move rom high to lo ater potential.

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Page 1


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CONCEPT 3 + ENERGY AND METABOLISM

1' E$ergy a' ,rga$isms use free e$ergy for orga$i9a#io$" grow#h a$ reprouc#io$' >oss of orer or free e$ergy Mow resul#s i$ ea#h' &' ore free e$ergy /ex' oo #ha$ $eee will &e s#ore for grow#h /roo#s" glycoge$" fa#" e#c'' c' a##er a$ e$ergy are $o# crea#e &u# cha$ge form /1s# law of #hermo5 ex' -u$ e$ergy #o &o$ e$ergy i$ glucose a$ e$#ropy is i$creasi$g i$ isorga$i9a#io$ of e$ergy /i'e' hea# release &y cell respira#io$' ore orga$i9e or &uil# up compou$s have more free e$ergy a$ less e$#ropy /i'e' glucose a$ less orga$i9e have less free e$ergy a$ more e$#ropy /i'e' car&o$ ioxie' ' Reac#io$s ca$ &e couple #o mai$#ai$ a sys#em" ex' Pho#osy$#hesis a$ cell respira#io$ 2' )ellular respira#io$ )*12, O ,2 ),2 O *2, a' a!es ATP for cell use5 uses glucose a$ oxyge$ ma!es was#e prouc#s of car&o$ ioxie a$ wa#er5 occurs i$ mi#ocho$ria5 +AC* is elec#ro$ carrier use &' Dlycolysis /1occurs i$ cy#oplasm5 a$aero&ic /2rearra$ges #he &o$s i$ glucose molecules" releasi$g free e$ergy #o form ATP from ACP #hrough su&s#ra#e.level phosphoryla#io$ resul#i$g i$ #he prouc#io$ of pyruva#e' c' Nre&Ls cycle /1occurs i$ mi#ocho$rial ma#rix /2also calle #he ci#ric aci cycle /3occurs #wice per molecule of glucose /Pyruva#e is oxii9e fur#her a$ car&o$ ioxie is release 5 ATP is sy$#hesi9e from ACP a$ i$orga$ic phospha#e via su&s#ra#e level phosphoryla#io$ a$ elec#ro$s are cap#ure &y coe$9ymes /+ACO a$ AC' /<+AC* a$ AC*2 carry elec#ro$s #o #he elec#ro$ #ra$spor# chai$' ' Elec#ro$ Tra$spor# )hai$ a$ )hemiosmosis /1The elec#ro$ #ra$spor# chai$ cap#ures elec#ro$s" pumpi$g *O io$s i$#o #he i$#er.mem&ra$e space of #he mi#ocho$ria' /2Elec#ro$s are accep#e &y ,2 molecule formi$g *2, /3)o$ce$#ra#io$ of *O &uils up wi#hi$ i$#er.mem&ra$e space loweri$g #he p* a$ io$s rush #hrough ATP sy$#hase i$#o #he mi#ocho$ria ma#rix' Rush of io$s “spi$s( ATP sy$#hase pro#ei$" causi$g ACP a$ Pi #o %oi$ formi$g ATP &y oxia#ive phosphoryla#io$ 

3' Pho#osy$#hesis ),2 O *2, )*12, O ,2 a' Pho#osy$#he#ic orga$isms cap#ure free e$ergy prese$# i$ su$ligh# a$ use wa#er a$ car&o$ ioxie #o ma!e car&o$ prouc#s a$ free oxyge$' &' >igh#.epe$e$# reac#io$s. pho#ophosphoryla#io$ 

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/1

Pho#osys#ems G a$ GG /chlorophyll a$ pro#ei$s are em&ee i$ #he i$#er$al mem&ra$es of chloroplas#s /#hyla!ois of #he gra$a' They pass elec#ro$s #hrough a$ elec#ro$ #ra$spor# chai$ /ET)' ;he$ elec#ro$s are passe #hey allow hyroge$ io$s /pro#o$s across #he #hy!aloi mem&ra$e' The forma#io$ of #he pro#o$ graie$# powers #he process of ATP sy$#hesis #o a a phospha#e ACP #o ATP /chemiosmosis' /2 Elec#ro$s are passe #o +ACPO #o ma!e +ACP* /elec#ro$ carrier /3 *2, is use a$ ,2 release as &y.prouc# / Re a$ &lue ligh# wor!s &es# /gree$ is reMec#e #ypically /< E$ergy co$ver#e from su$ i$#o chemical e$ergy of ATP a$ +ACP* #o &e use i$ &uili$g of sugar /)alvi$ )ycle c' >igh#.i$epe$e$# reac#io$s. )alvi$ )ycle /1 car&o$ xa#io$ occurs /car&o$s of ),2 use #o ma!e sugar /2 occurs i$ s#roma of chloroplas#s /3 ATP a$ +ACP* ge$era#e &y ligh#.epe$e$# reac#io$s are use #o assem&le glucose ' A$aero&ic erme$#a#io$ a' +o oxyge$5 cell o$ly goes #hrough glycolysis followe &y ferme$#a#io$ &' erme$#a#io$ recycles +AC $eee #o res#ar# glycolysis c' alcohol ferme$#a#io$ ex' yeas# cells. glucose e#hyl alcohol O ),2O +ACO ' lac#ic aci ferme$#a#io$ ex' muscle cells. glucose lac#ic aci O +ACO e' erme$#a#io$ oes $o# ma!e ATP &u# glycolysis oes. 2ATP5 very i$eQcie$#5 suQcie$# for microorga$isms 



Vocabulary a&sorp#io$ spec#rum ace#yl coA a$a&olism a$aero&ic me#a&olism ATP ATP sy$#hase au#o#roph )alvi$ cycle cellular respira#io$ chemiosmosis chlorophyll chloroplas#

ci#ric aciNre&s cycle elec#ro$ #ra$spor# chai$ ACAC* 2 fee&ac! i$hi&i#io$ ferme$#a#io$ glycolysis ligh# epe$e$# reac#io$s ligh# i$epe$e$# reac#io$s me#a&olic pa#hway mi#ocho$rio$ +AC+AC*

+ACP+AC* oxia#ive phosphoryla#io$ pho#olysis pho#osy$#hesis pho#osys#em G pho#osys#em GG pyruva#e s#roma su&s#ra#e.level phosphoryla#io$ #hyla!oi mem&ra$e

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Thinking Questions 1. The gure &elow ou#li$es #he process of cellular respira#io$' Dlucose a$ oxyge$ are &o#h reac#a$#s i$ #his process' a. Cescri&e #he %our$ey of a si$gle car&o$ a#om from glucose i$ cellular respira#io$

Dlucose is mae of  car&o$ a#oms' G$ glycolysis" o$e of #he car&o$ a#oms is i$ #he 3 car&o$ pyruva#e' The$ i# is #ur$e i$#o #he 2 car&o$ ace#yl )oA uri$g glycolysis' G# com&i$es wi#h oxaloace#a#e #o ma!e a  car&o$ molecule a$ #he$ is release as ),2 i$ #he Nre&s )ycle'

b. Cescri&e #he %our$ey of a si$gle hyroge$ a#om from glucose i$ cellular

respira#io$ Dlucose is mae of 12 hyroge$s' They s#ay &o$e #o #he car&o$ molecules u$#il #hey are com&i$e wi#h ei#her +ACO or AC* i$ #he Nre&s cycle' The$ #hey form a pro#o$ graie$# i$ oxia#ive phosphoryla#io$ a$ $ally com&i$e wi#h oxyge$ #o form wa#er whe$ #hey pass #hrough #he ATPase'

c. Cescri&e #he fu$c#io$ of #he oxyge$ molecules i$ cellular respira#io$

,xyge$ ac#s as #he $al elec#ro$ accep#or" formi$g wa#er whe$ ATP is mae'

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. The gure &elow ou#li$es #he process of pho#osy$#hesis' )ar&o$ ioxie a$ wa#er

are &o#h reac#a$#s i$ #his process' a. Cescri&e #he %our$ey of a si$gle hyroge$ a#om from wa#er i$ pho#osy$#hesis' There are 2 * a#oms for each wa#er' ;a#er is spli# whe$ #he high e$ergy from ligh# &rea!s #he &o$s' The hyroge$ io$s are cap#ure &y +ACP a$ are carrie #o #he s#roma ' ,xyge$ is release whe$ wa#er is spli# &y #he ligh# e$ergy' i# is #he$ release as oxyge$'

b. Cescri&e #he %our$ey of a si$gle oxyge$ a#om from wa#er i$ pho#osy$#hesis'

c. Cescri&e #he %our$ey of a car&o$ ioxie molecule i$ pho#osy$#hesis' "arbon dio*ide enters through the stomata and diuses into chloroplasts+ stroma. ,t combines through a series o reactions in the "alvin "ycle to make G-P hich then makes a si* carbon sugar such as glucose or sucrose.

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3' G# is es#ima#e #ha# more #ha$ 2  102 molecules of ATP are hyroly9e i$ #he huma$ &oy aily' Gf each molecule was use o$ly o$ce you woul $ee approxima#ely 10 !g /3<0 l&s of ATP aily' The repea#e use of ATP molecules #hrough #he ATP cycle saves #he &oy a huge amou$# of resources a$ e$ergy' ATP is sy$#hesi9e i$ #wo ways: Su!trate-&e4e& p)#p)#r*&at%#$SE$ergy release uri$g a reac#io$" such as #he &rea!ow$ of sugar molecules" is use irec#ly #o sy$#hesi9e ATP' A small amou$# of e$ergy is ge$era#e #hrough #his process' E&e"tr#$ tra$5er #6%'at%4e p)#p)#r*&at%#$/SE$ergy from #he moveme$# of elec#ro$s from o$e molecule #o a$o#her" via elec#ro$ carriers" is use #o sy$#hesi9e ATP' os# cellular ATP is sy$#hesi9e &y elec#ro$ #ra$sfer i$ #he mi#ocho$ria' •

•

Ci$i#rophe$ol /C+P is a$ “u$coupler"( which mea$s i# i$#erferes wi#h #he Mow of elec#ro$s uri$g elec#ro$ #ra$sfer' if#y years ago" C+P was give$ as a rug #o help pa#ie$#s lose weigh#' a' ;hy woul #a!i$g C+P ma!e someo$e lose weigh#H Because of #he elec#ro$ #ra$sfer was u$a&le #o occur" #he$ more e$ergy woul &e los# &ecause i# woul remai$ i$ ace#yl )oA' &' ;hy woul #a!i$g C+P &e a$gerousH ou are $o# usi$g e$ergy from foo'

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' A$ experime$# #o measure #he ra#e of respira#io$ i$ cric!e#s a$ mice a# 10o) a$ 2 of ,2 co$sume per gram of orga$ism over several ve.mi$u#e #rials a$ #he followi$g a#a were o&#ai$e'

a' ;hich orga$ism a# which #empera#ure ha #he fas#es# me#a&olic ra#e /prouce #he mos# ATP uri$g i#s #rialsH Explai$ how you !$ow' ouse a# 10 egrees )" #he average respira#io$ ra#e was #he highes#'

&' Accori$g #o #he a#a" #he mice a# 10o) emo$s#ra#e grea#er oxyge$ co$sump#io$ per gram of #issue #ha$ i #he mice a# 2
of mi#ocho$ria a$ cy#oplasm i$ a$ a##emp# #o lear$ more a&ou# cellular respira#io$' Each frac#io$ was i$cu&a#e wi#h glucose or pyruva#e' Tes#s were carrie ou# uri$g i$cu&a#io$ for #he prese$ce of ei#her car&o$ ioxie or lac#ic aci' The resul#s are show$ &elow:

a' ;ha# oes #he prese$ce of lac#ic aci i$ a sample i$ica#e a&ou# wha# process is occurri$g i$ each cell frac#io$H ferme$#a#io$a$aero&ic respira#io$' &' Explai$ why lac#ic aci was prouce &y #he cy#oplasm frac#io$ i$cu&a#e wi#h glucose" &u# $o# #he mi#ocho$rial frac#io$' #he mi#ocho$ria have #he #he a&ili#y #o u$ergo aero&ic respira#io$'

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c' ;hy was $o car&o$ ioxie prouce &y ei#her frac#io$ i$cu&a#e wi#h glucoseH Because glucose mus# &e &ro!e$ ow$ #o release car&o$ ioxie i$ #he Nre&s cycle' ' ;hy i #he cy#oplasm frac#io$ prouce lac#ic aci i$ #he prese$ce of &o#h glucose a$ pyruva#eH &ecause #he respira#io$ was a$aero&ic.$o elec#ro$ #ra$spor# chai$' e' ;hy i #he mi#ocho$ria prouce car&o$ ioxie i$ #he prese$ce of pyruva#e &u# $o# i$ #he prese$ce of glucoseH glucose mus# &e &ro!e$ ow$ i$#o pyruva#e #o go i$#o #he Nre&s cycle" which prouces car&o$ ioxie'

. The gures #o #he righ# isplay #he a&sorp#io$ ra$ge

for several iFere$# pigme$#s fou$ i$ pla$#s /#op a$ #he ra#e of pho#osy$#hesis a# varyi$g co$i#io$s of wavele$g#h i$ o$e pla$# species /&o##om: a. ;ha# color a$ wavele$g#h of ligh# is reMec#e &y #he pla$# species #es#eH *ow o you !$owH <2<.2<" gree$ b. ;ha# wavele$g#h/s i$crease #he ra#e of

pho#osy$#hesis i$ #he pla$# species #es#eH ;ha# pigme$# oes #his correspo$ #oH *ow o you !$owH 00.<005 00.7005 caro#e$ois" chlorophyll" i# says so i$ #he graph a&ove' E$er* a$' Meta!#&%m S)#rt ,ree Rep#$e . p#%$t/

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G$ a seco$ experime$#" arie#y A seeli$gs a# 17 o) were #rea#e wi#h a chemical #ha# preve$#s +AC* from &ei$g oxii9e #o +ACO' Pre'%"t #he mos# li!ely eFec# of #he chemical o$ me#a&olism a$ oxyge$ co$sump#io$ of #he #rea#e seeli$gs' E6p&a%$ your preic#io$' i# will i$#erfere wi#h #he elec#ro$ #ra$spor# a$ #he Nre&s cycle &ecause +ACO has #o rop oF i#s hyroge$s'

CONCEPT . + THE CELL CYCLE AND HEREDITY

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1' )ell cycle a' Reaso$ for ivisio$. as cells i$crease i$ volume" #he surface area ecreases a$ ema$ for ma#erial resources i$creases which limi#s cell si9e &' -maller cells have a more favora&le surface area.#o.volume ra#io for excha$ge of ma#erials wi#h #he e$viro$me$# /iFusio$" e#c'' *igh -A: ra#io is favora&le' Ex' :1 is &e##er #ha$ :< c' )ell cycle swi#ches &e#wee$ i$#erphase a$ cell ivisio$' ' G$#erphase has #hree phases: grow#h /D1" sy$#hesis of C+A /- a$ prepara#io$ for mi#osis /D2' e' Curi$g mi#osis uplica#e chromosomes li$e up i$ ce$#er wi#h spi$le &ers a##ache #o help pull #hem apar#' Cuplica#e chromosomes are pulle apar# &y spi$le &ers' f' )y#o!i$esis.ivisio$ of cy#oplasm a$ reforma#io$ of cell mem&ra$e' A$imal cell. pi$ches i$ /cleavage usi$g microlame$#s5 pla$# cell. form cell pla#e reforms cell wall' g' The cell cycle is irec#e &y i$#er$al co$#rols or chec!poi$#s' G$#er$al /e$9ymes a$ promo#i$g fac#ors a$ ex#er$al sig$als /grow#h fac#ors provie s#op a$. go sig$s a# #he chec!poi$#s' Ex' i#osis.promo#i$g fac#or /P h' )a$cer resul#s from isrup#io$s i$ cell cycle co$#rol /#oo much ivisio$" efec#ive #umor suppressor ge$es" overac#ive ge$es which are a resul# of C+A amage #o pro#o.o$coge$es /regula#ory ge$es which ma!e prouc#s li!e cycli$s a$ cycli$.epe$e$# !i$ases' i' )ells spe$ iFere$# amou$#s of #ime i$ i$#erphase or ivisio$' +o$ivii$g cells may exi# #he cell cycle5 or hol a# a par#icular s#age i$ #he cell cycle' %' i#osis is use for grow#h a$ repair i$ a$imals5 pla$#s use mi#osis #o ma!e game#es a$ for grow#h or repair' !' i#osis usually &egi$s wi#h 1 cell" ma!es 2 ie$#ical cells or clo$es5 mai$#ai$s chromosome $um&er5 1$ 1$ or 2$ 2$' l' eiosis /occurs af#er i$#erphase #a!es iploi cells a$ reuces #he chromosome $um&er #o haploi' 2$ 1$' m' Curi$g meiosis" homologous chromosomes are paire /o$e from mom a$ o$e from a a$ li$e up i$ #he ce$#er of #he cell ra$omly' The homologues are pulle apar# a$ separa#e i$ meiosis G' A seco$ ivisio$ occurs i$ which #he uplica#e chromosomes are pulle apar#' $' aria#io$ occurs i$ game#es uri$g “crossi$g over"( a$ fer#ili9a#io$ &ecause of all possi&le com&i$a#io$s of homologous chromosomes alig$i$g uri$g me#aphase G' 

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2' e$elLs >aws /remem&er he lai grou$wor! for ge$e#ics &u# #hese rules ca$ all &e &ro!e$ loo!i$g a# chromosome #heory a$ molecular ge$e#ics a' >aw of Comi$a$ce. o$e allele will &e expresse over a$o#her /ex' Aa ? if &ig A is purple i# will &e see$ over li##le a which is whi#e &' >aw of -egrega#io$. alleles pairs separa#e from each o#her uri$g meiosis

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c' >aw of G$epe$e$# Assor#me$#. alleles assor# i$epe$e$#ly uri$g meiosis G #hey are o$ separa#e chromosomes /i'e' AaB& ca$ ma!e game#es AB" A&" aB or a&

3' Pro&a&ili#y" Pa##er$s a$ Excep#io$s #o e$elLs Rules a' prouc# rule. mul#iply cha$ce of o$e eve$# happe$i$g &y #he cha$ce of a$o#her eve$# happe$i$g #o ge# #he cha$ce of &o#h eve$#s occurri$g #oge#her &' au#osomal vs' sex.li$!e /o$ #he U or  chromosome c' mo$ohy&ri cross5 o$e #rai#5 3:1 /Aa x Aa5 1:1 /Aa x aa or :1 /AA xV" /aa x aa ' ihy&ri cross5 J:3:3:1 ge$o#ype /AaB& x AaB& or #es# cross 1:1:1:1/AaB& x aa&& e' Thomas *u$# orga$. frui# Mies" U. li$!e #rai#s /1male. he#ero9ygous U5  chromosome is very small i$ mammals a$ frui# Mies wi#h few ge$es /2female. homo9ygous UU /3si$gle ge$e mu#a#io$s o$ U chromosome cause isease such as hemophilia or color&li$$ess /sex limi#e #rai#s are epe$e$# o$ sex of i$iviual li!e mil! prouc#io$ or male pa##er$e &al$ess f' i$comple#e omi$a$ce. re U whi#e pi$!5 &o#h pro#ei$ prouc# are expresse a$ &le$e g' coomi$a$ce. re x whi#e re a$ whi#e5 &o#h pro#ei$ prouc#s are eually expresse ex'AB &loo #ypes h' epis#asis. o$e ge$e aFec#s expressio$ of a$o#her i' li$!e ge$es. ge$es o$ same chromosome #ha# are i$heri#e #oge#her /ca$ &e u$li$!e &y crossi$g over5 recom&i$a#io$ freue$cy calcula#e &y recom&i$a$#s#o#al5 use for chromosome mappi$g5 ge$es fur#her apar# cross over more of#e$ %' ge$ee$viro$me$#. phe$o#ypes aFec# &y e$viro$me$#" -iamese ca#" Mower color wi#h soil p*" seaso$al color i$ arc#ic a$imals" huma$ heigh# a$ weigh# !' polyge$ic. co$#i$uous varia#io$" ma$y ge$es aFec# o$e #rai#. heigh#" color 

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' *uma$ De$e#ics a' !aryo#ype. 22 pair au#osomes W 1 pair sex chromosomes O  #o#al chromosomes &' )hromosomal u#a#io$s /occur uri$g game#e forma#io$ /1ele#io$" i$versio$" ai#io$ of ge$es as a resul# of crossi$g over mis#a!es /2chromosomal $um&er a&$ormali#ies $o$is%u$c#io$ is failure of chromosomes #o separa#e a# a$aphase of meiosis 

Vocabulary a$aphase au#osomal ca$cer cell cycle cell ivisio$

ce$#rioles chromosome coomi$a$ce crossi$g over crossover freue$cy

cycli$.epe$e$# !i$ase cy#o!i$esis iploi /2+ omi$a$# 12 De$era#io$

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fer#ili9a#io$ game#e ge$o#ype haploi /1+ he#ero9ygous homo9ygous i$comple#e omi$a$ce i$epe$e$# assor#me$# homologous chromosomes Thinking Practice

i$epe$e$# assor#me$# i$#erphase meiosis me#aphase mi#osis $uclear ivisio$ phe$o#ype prophase recessive recom&i$a#io$

1. Refer #o #he gure #o #he righ#'

a' ;ha# process is &ei$g show$ i$ #his pic#ureH #he cell cycle' &' ;ha# #ype of orga$ism are #hese cells fromH *ow o you !$owH eu!aryo#ic" pla$#" o$io$' They have cell walls a$ $uclei c' Ge$#ify a $um&ere cell for each of #he four ma%or s#ages of mi#osis' 16prophase 2.me#aphase 3.#elophase /or i$#erphase .a$aphase <.a$aphase or #elophase .me#aphase 7.prophase 8.a$aphase J.a$aphase or #elophase


segrega#io$ sex chromosome sex.li$!e soma#ic cell sy$apsis sy$#hesis #elophase

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' G$ wha# s#age are mos# of #he cells i$ #his imageH ;ha# oes #his i$ica#e a&ou# #he amou$# of #ime spe$# i$ each phase of #he cell cycleH i$#erphase5 #he cells spe$ mos# of #heir #ime i$ i$#erphase'

2' Pacli#axel is a chemo#herapy rug use #o #rea# a varie#y of ca$cers' Pacli#axel i$hi&i#s &o#h assem&ly a$ isassem&ly of micro#u&ules' a' ;hich phase i$ #he cell cycle is aFec#e &y Pacli#axelH *ow oes #his rug i$hi&i# #he grow#h of ca$cerH me#aphase a$ a$aphase &ecause micro#u&ules are spi$le &ers a$ #hey preve$# #he cells from ivii$g'

&' Pacli#axel aFec#s $o# o$ly ca$cer cells" &u# $ormal cells as well' ;oul #he eFec#s of Pacli#axel &e see$ rs# i$ orga$s #ha# have uic!ly ivii$g cells /li!e #he i$#es#i$e a$ hair follicles or i$ orga$s #ha# have slow or $o$ivii$g cells /li!e muscles a$ #he $ervous sys#em' Ius#ify your reaso$i$g' uic!ly ivii$g cells &ecause i# aFec#s #hem whe$ #hey are ivii$g'

-. Two s#ue$#s e&a#e a&ou#

pro#ei$s #ha# regula#e #he cell cycle' ,$e argues #ha# P #riggers #he prouc#io$ of cycli$" while #he o#her argues #ha# cycli$ #riggers #he prouc#io$ of P' a. Base o$ #he gure #o #he righ#" which s#a#eme$# is correc# a$ whyH cycli$ #riggers P

b. Propose a possi&le fu$c#io$ of P" &ase o$ whe$ i# is prouce i$ #he cell

cycle' i$i#ia#io$ of mi#osis

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' ou have performe a ihy&ri cross of pla$#s a$ go# #he followi$g a#a: 20 purple #all" < whi#e #all" 83 purple shor#" 30 whi#e shor#' Perform a chi.suare a$alysis #o #es# #he $ull hypo#hesis #ha# purple colori$g is omi$a$# #o whi#e a$ #all heigh# is omi$a$# #o shor# heigh#' '32 X 7'82 /cri#ical value

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<' A space pro&e iscovers a pla$e# i$ha&i#e &y crea#ures #ha# reprouce wi#h #he same herei#ary pa##er$s see$ i$ huma$s' Three of #he phe$o#ypic charac#eris#ics of #hese crea#ures are: heigh#" a$#e$$ae" a$ $ose morphology' Ear#h scie$#is#s were a&le #o o some co$#rolle &reei$g experime$#s wi#h #hese orga$isms' 100 males a$ 100 females were use i$ #he experime$#s a$ #he resul#s of a $um&er of crosses are show$ &elow' Review #his i$forma#io$ a$ use i# a$swer #he ues#io$s #ha# follow' Cr# I: True.&reei$g /homo9ygous #all crea#ures were crosse wi#h #rue &reei$g shor# crea#ures' A>> of #he 1 were #all' The 1 crea#ures were crosse a$ #he followi$g a#a was o&#ai$e' 2 Phe$o#ype ale emale Tall 2<7< 22< -hor# 12< 137< Cr# II: True &reei$g crea#ures ;GT* a$#e$$ae are crosse wi#h #rue.&reei$g crea#ures ;GT*,=T a$#e$$ae' A>> of #he 1 ha a$#e$$ae' The 1 crea#ures were crosse a$ #he followi$g a#a was o&#ai$e' 2 Phe$o#ype ale emale ;GT* a$#e$$ae 312< 3100 ;GT*,=T a$#e$$ae 87< J00 Cr# III: )rea#ures #ha# are #rue &reei$g for up#ur$e s$ou# are crosse wi#h crea#ures wi#h ow$ #ur$e s$ou#s' A>> of #he 1 oFspri$g ha up#ur$e s$ou#s' The 1 crea#ures were crosse a$ #he followi$g a#a was o&#ai$e' 2 Phe$o#ype ale emale =p#ur$e -$ou# 17<0 37< Cow$ Tur$e s$ou# 17<0 0 Cr# IV: True &reei$g #all" wi#h a$#e$$ae crea#ures were crosse wi#h #rue &reei$g shor#" wi#hou# a$#e$$ae crea#ures' A>> of #he 1 oFspri$g were #all" wi#h a$#e$$ae' These 1 oFspri$g were crosse wi#h #rue &reei$g shor#" wi#hou# a$#e$$ae crea#ures' The 2 a#a is i$ #he #a&le &elow' 2 Phe$o#ype ale emale Tall" ;GT* a$#e$$ae 230 2220 Tall" ;GT*,=T 220 300 a$#e$$ae -hor#" ;GT* a$#e$$ae 20 220 -hor#" ;GT*,=T 220 2180 a$#e$$ae a. ;ha# co$clusio$s ca$ &e raw$ from cross G a$ GGH Explai$ how #he a#a

suppor#s your co$clusio$s /*i$#Y ou migh# $ee #o o a chi suare a$alysis #o suppor# co$clusio$sY , tall is dominant to short ,,2 antennae is dominant to no antennae. The 3 generation roughly matches a -21 ratio hich corresponds ith au tosomal conditions.

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b. ;ha# co$clusio$s ca$ &e raw$ from cross GGGH Explai$ how #he a#a suppor#s

your co$clusio$s /*i$#Y ou migh# $ee #o o a chi suare a$alysis #o suppor# co$clusio$sY upturned snout is dominant to donturned snout and it is a se*4linked trait because the irst generation all had upturned snouts and the 3 generation only the males had donturned snouts. c. ;ha# co$clusio$s ca$ &e raw$ from cross GH Explai$ how #he a#a suppor#s

your co$clusio$s /*i$#Y ou migh# $ee #o o a chi suare a$alysis #o suppor# co$clusio$sY Ce&& C*"&e a$' Here'%t* S)#rt ,ree Rep#$e 7 p#%$t/

eiosis reuces chromosome $um&er a$ rearra$ges ge$e#ic i$forma#io$' E6p&a%$ how #he reuc#io$ a$ rearra$geme$# are accomplishe i$ meiosis' Rearra$gee$#6crossi$g over i$ prophase G' REuces chromosome $um&er6#wo rou$s of cell ivisio$' *omologous chromosomes separa#e i$ meiosis G" sis#er chroma#is separa#e i$ meiosis GG'

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CONCEPT 7 + MOLECULAR GENETICS

1' C+A -#ruc#ure a' Ciscovery /1Avery.ac>eo. ar#y. 1J isola#e C+A from DriQ#hLs #ra$sforma#io$ experime$# /2*ershey.)hase. 1J<2 elega$# experime$# wi#h virus a$ &ac#eria showi$g C+A was i$%ec#e $o# pro#ei$ /3;a#so$" )ric!" ;il!i$s" a$ ra$!li$. 1J<3 ; a$ ) pu&lishe wor! showi$g s#ruc#ure of C+A /use ;il!i$s a$ ra$!li$s wor! #o o so &' -#ruc#ure of C+A /1Ceoxyri&ose $ucleic aci /2Cou&le helix /#wo #wis#e s#sra$s mae of $ucleo#ies /mo$omers /3+ucleo#ie 6 phospha#e O <) eoxyri&ose sugar O $i#roge$ &ase /A$#iparallel s#ra$s. o$e ru$s 3L #o oca#io$ /1G$ eu!aryo#es C+A is fou$ i$ $ucleus o$ mul#iple li$ear chromosomes /a chromosome G- a s#ra$ of C+A wi#h pro#ei$s e#c' associa#e' /2G$ pro!aryo#es C+A is $o# i$ a $ucleus a$ is usually a si$gle circular chromosome /3Pro!aryo#es" viruses" a$ eu!aryo#es /yeas# ca$ co$#ai$ plasmis /small ex#ra.chromosomal C+A #ha# is ou&le s#ra$e C+A 2' C+A replica#io$ a' Process of ma!i$g exac# copies of C+A /i'e' for mi#osis or meiosis &' Process is semi co$serva#ive /origi$al s#ra$ is copie c' -#eps /1E$9yme /helicase u$9ip s#ra$s &y &rea!i$g hyroge$ &o$s /2“-pare( $ucleo#ies are ae &iirec#io$ally #o &o$ compleme$#arily wi#h use of C+A polymerases /C+A pol /3C+A pol o$ly ca$ a #o #he 3L #o
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/Replica#io$ &u&&les ope$ up a$ a replica#io$ for! is crea#e &ecause &u&&le is i$ half a$ i# has o$e sie 3< a$ o$e <3 /<R+A primers mus# &e lai ow$ #o s#ar# process /R+A primase ma!es primers />eai$g s#ra$ ma!es C+A co$#i$uously /3< /7>aggi$g s#ra$ ma!es C+A isco$#i$uously /<3" ,!a9a!i fragme$#s /8>aggi$g s#ra$ reuires e$9yme /ligase #o fuse fragme$#s 3' R+A a' Ri&o$ucleic aci &' -i$gle s#ra$e" iFere$# sugar calle ri&ose" iFere$# &ase calle uracil G+-TEAC of #hymi$e c' Base pair rules i$ R+A" A.= a$ ).D ' messe$ger R+A or mR+A carries i$forma#io$ from C+A #o #he ri&osome e' #ra$sfer R+A or #R+A &i$ ami$o acis a$ are use i$ #ra$sla#io$ a# ri&osome f' ri&osomal R+A or rR+A are par# of ri&osomes #ha# have ca#aly#ic fu$c#io$ g' R+Ai are molucules #ha# are use for regula#io$ of ge$e expressio$ /#ur$ o$ or oF ' Tra$scrip#io$ a' ma!i$g mR+A i$ $ucleus &' e$9yme R+A pol reas #he C+A i$ 3L #o
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'

Elo$ga#io$: $ew #R+A e$#ers A si#e5 pep#ie &o$ forms whe$ a'a' is #ra$sferre from #R+A i$ P si#e #o A si#e5 #ra$sloca#io$ occurs a$ #R+A i$ A si#e moves #o P e' Termi$a#io$: Ri&osome e$cou$#ers s#op coo$ /=AA" =AD" =DA f' Gf i$ ER #he$: polypep#ie is release i$#o ER" #he$ #o Dolgi complex" vesicle #o cell mem&ra$e" #he$ exocy#osis /may &e give$ sig$als for exi#es#i$a#io$ g' ree ri&osomes #ypically ma!e prouc#s for #he cell a$ are $o# expor#e 7' u#a#io$s a' a$y cha$ge of C+A seue$ce" ca$ &e i$heri#a&le if i# is i$ egg or sperm &' poi$# mu#a#io$s. o$e $ucleo#ie error5 su&s#i#u#io$s /i'e' A i$s#ea of D c' frame shif# mu#a#io$s. o$e or more &ases ele#e or i$ser#e ' sile$# mu#a#io$s ca$ occur" i'e' su&s#i#u#io$ coes for same a'a' or ele#io$i$ser#io$ is of #hree $ucleo#ies

Vocabulary ami$o acis a$#icoo$ &ase.pairi$g rules cell iFere$#ia#io$ coi$g s#ra$ coo$ C+A C+A ligase C+A polymerase C+A replica#io$ exo$s

ge$e#ic coe helicase hyroge$ &o$i$g i$uci&le ge$es i$#ro$s laggi$g s#ra$ leai$g s#ra$ micro R+A /miR+A mu#a#io$ $ucleic acis $ucleo#ies

,!a9a!i fragme$#s pro#ei$ replica#io$ for! repressor R+A /mR+A" rR+A" #R+A s#ar# coo$s#op coo$ #empla#e s#ra$ #ra$scrip#io$ #ra$scrip#io$ fac#ors #ra$sla#io$

Thinking Questions

1' )ompare #he #wo C+A seue$ces show$ &elow' Tra$scri&e #hem i$#o mR+A a$ #ra$sla#e #hem i$#o a$ ami$o aci seue$ce' DTD )A) )T) A)T ))A DAD DAD /+ormal *emoglo&i$ )ADD=DDAD=DADD=)=))=) mR+A



ami$o acis



his.val.glu.s#op.gly.leu.leu DTD )A) )T) A)T ))A DTD DAD /-ic!le )ell *emoglo&i$ )A)D=DDAD=DADD=)A))=)

mR+A



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ami$o acis

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his.val.glu.s#op.gly.his.leu

a' )ircle a$y iFere$ces #here are i$ #he C+A" R+A a$ ami$o aci seue$ces #ha# migh# exis# &e#wee$ #hese #wo seue$ces' u$erli$e a&ove /ami$o aci seue$ce o$ly &' Ge$#ify #he #ype of mu#a#io$ #ha# is represe$#e A+C EUP>AG+" G+ CETAG>" wha# eFec# #his woul have o$ #he pro#ei$pigme$# /&e sure #o me$#io$ #he #ypes of fu$c#io$al groups o$ #he ami$o acis a$ how #his woul aFec# shape of #he molecule' su&s#i#u#io$6iFere$# ami$o acis" iFere$# pro#ei$'

2' G$ pro!aryo#ic cells" #ra$sla#io$ &egi$s &efore #ra$scrip#io$ is $ishe' Dive #wo reaso$s why #his woul $o# &e possi&le i$ eu!aryo#ic cells' #ra$scrip#io$ a$ #ra$sla#io$ &o#h occur i$ pro!aryo#esL cy#oplasm' G$ eu!aryo#es" #ra$scrip#io$ occurs i$ #he $ucleus" while #ra$sla#io$ occurs i$ #he cy#oplasm' 3' The res#ric#io$ e$9yme EcoRG cleaves ou&le.s#ra$e C+A a# #he seue$ce
a!e a iagram of #he circular molecule a$ i$ica#e #he rela#ive posi#io$s of #he EcoRG a$ *i$GGG res#ric#io$ si#es' /*i$#: place o$e EcoRG si#e a# Z12 oZcloc!Z a$ posi#io$ #he remai$er rela#ive #o #his si#e' ;e i #his i$ class' -#ar#i$g a# 12:00" Eco RG /2 !& *i$GGi / !& EcoRG /J !& *i$GGG /< !& &ac! #o 12:00

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M#&e"u&ar Ge$et%" S)#rt ,ree Rep#$e . p#%$t/ ;he$ C+A replica#es" each s#ra$ of #he origi$al C+A molecule is use as a #empla#e for #he sy$#hesis of a seco$" compleme$#ary s#ra$' )ompare a$ co$#ras# #he replica#io$ of #he #wo $ew s#ra$s" &%t%$ a$ e6p&a%$%$ a# leas# o$e similari#y a$ o$e iFere$ce i$ #he me#hos of sy$#hesis' ou may raw a iagram #o help a$swer #he ues#io$" &u# &e sure #o explai$ your iagram i$ your a$swer'

/-ee #he las# page

CONCEPT 8 + REGULATION

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1' ee&ac! a' +ega#ive fee&ac! mecha$isms mai$#ai$ y$amic homeos#asis for a par#icular co$i#io$ /varia&le &y regula#i$g physiological processes" re#ur$i$g #he cha$gi$g co$i#io$ &ac! #o i#s #arge# se# poi$#' &' Posi#ive fee&ac! mecha$isms amplify respo$ses a$ processes i$ &iological orga$isms' The co$i#io$ i$i#ia#i$g #he respo$se is move far#her away from #he i$i#ial se#.poi$#' Amplica#io$ occurs whe$ #he s#imulus is fur#her ac#iva#e which" i$ #ur$" i$i#ia#es a$ ai#io$al respo$se #ha# prouces sys#em cha$ge' 2' )ell.#o.cell commu$ica#io$ a' )ells receive or se$ i$hi&i#ory or s#imula#ory sig$als from o#her cells" orga$isms or #he e$viro$me$#' &' G$ si$gle.celle orga$isms i# is respo$se #o i#s e$viro$me$#' c' G$ mul#icellular orga$isms" sig$al #ra$suc#io$ pa#hways coori$a#e #he ac#ivi#ies wi#hi$ i$iviual cells' Ex' Epi$ephri$e s#imula#io$ of glycoge$ &rea!ow$ i$ mammals ' )ells commu$ica#e &y cell.#o.cell co$#ac#' Ex Gmmu$e cells i$#erac# &y cell.cell co$#ac#" a$#ige$. prese$#i$g cells /AP)s" helper T.cells a$ !iller T cells or plasmoesma#a &e#wee$ pla$# cells #ha# allow ma#erial #o &e #ra$spor#e from cell #o cell' e' )ells commu$ica#e over shor# is#a$ces &y usi$g local regula#ors #ha# #arge# cells i$ #he vici$i#y of #he emi##i$g cell' Ex' +euro#ra$smi##ers" pla$# immu$e respo$se f' -ig$als release &y o$e cell #ype ca$ #ravel lo$g is#a$ces #o #arge# cells of a$o#her cell #ype' Ex' *ormo$es g' A recep#or pro#ei$ recog$i9es sig$al molecules" causi$g #he recep#or pro#ei$Ls shape #o cha$ge" which i$i#ia#es #ra$suc#io$ of #he sig$al' Ex' D.pro#ei$ li$!e recep#ors" liga$.ga#e io$ cha$$els" #yrosi$e !i$ase recep#ors' h' -ig$al #ra$suc#io$ is #he process &y which a sig$al is co$ver#e #o a cellular respo$se' -ig$ali$g cascaes relay sig$als from recep#ors #o cell #arge#s" of#e$ amplifyi$g #he i$comi$g sig$als" wi#h #he resul# of appropria#e respo$ses &y #he cell' i' -eco$ messe$gers i$sie of cells are of#e$ esse$#ial #o #he fu$c#io$ of #he cascae' %' a$y sig$al #ra$suc#io$ pa#hways i$clue: Pro#ei$ moica#io$s or phosphoryla#io$ cascaes i$ which a series of pro#ei$ !i$ases a a phospha#e group #o #he $ex# pro#ei$ i$ #he cascae seue$ce' 3' De$e Regula#io$ a' Pro!aryo#es /1G$ucers /#ur$ ge$es o$ a$ repressors /#ur$ ge$es oF are small molecules #ha# i$#erac# wi#h regula#ory pro#ei$s a$or regula#ory seue$ces' /2Regula#ory pro#ei$s i$hi&i# ge$e expressio$ &y &i$i$g #o C+A a$ &loc!i$g #ra$scrip#io$ /$ega#ive co$#rol' /3Regula#ory pro#ei$s s#imula#e ge$e expressio$ &y &i$i$g #o C+A a$ s#imula#i$g #ra$scrip#io$ /posi#ive co$#rol or &i$i$g #o repressors #o i$ac#iva#e repressor fu$c#io$' &' Eu!aryo#es /1Tra$scrip#io$ fac#ors &i$ #o C+A seue$ces a$ o#her regula#ory pro#ei$s

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/2-ome of #hese #ra$scrip#io$ fac#ors are ac#iva#ors /i$crease expressio$" while o#hers are repressors /ecrease expressio$' /3The com&i$a#io$ of #ra$scrip#io$ fac#ors &i$i$g #o #he regula#ory regio$s a# a$y o$e #ime e#ermi$es how much" if a$y" of #he ge$e prouc# will &e prouce' ' Gmmu$i#y a' Pla$#s" i$ver#e&ra#es a$ ver#e&ra#es have mul#iple" $o$specic immu$e respo$ses" ex: phagocy#es e$gulf a$ iges# pa#hoge$s wi#h #he help of lysosomes &' ammals use specic immu$e respo$ses #riggere &y $a#ural or ar#icial age$#s #ha# isrup# y$amic homeos#asis' /1The mammalia$ immu$e sys#em i$clues #wo #ypes of specic respo$ses: cell meia#e a$ humoral' /2G$ #he cell.meia#e respo$se" cy#o#oxic T cells" a #ype of lymphocy#ic whi#e &loo cell" #arge#[i$#racellular pa#hoge$s whe$ a$#ige$s are isplaye o$ #he ou#sie of #he cells' /3G$ #he humoral respo$se" B cells" a #ype of lymphocy#ic whi#e &loo cell" prouce a$#i&oies agai$s# specic a$#ige$s' /A$#ige$s are recog$i9e &y a$#i&oies #o #he a$#ige$' /<A$#i&oies are pro#ei$s prouce &y B cells" a$ each a$#i&oy is specic #o a par#icular a$#ige$' /A seco$ exposure #o a$ a$#ige$ resul#s i$ a more rapi a$ e$ha$ce immu$e respo$se' <' iruses a' Replica#io$ /1iruses i$%ec# C+A or R+A i$#o hos# cell /2iruses have highly eQcie$# replica#ive capa&ili#ies #ha# allow for rapi evolu#io$ /3iruses replica#e via #he ly#ic cycle" allowi$g o$e virus #o prouce ma$y proge$y simul#a$eously /irus replica#io$ allows for mu#a#io$s #o occur #hrough usual hos# pa#hways' /<R+A viruses lac! replica#io$ error.chec!i$g mecha$isms" a$ #hus have higher ra#es of mu#a#io$' /Rela#e viruses ca$ com&i$erecom&i$e i$forma#io$ if #hey i$fec# #he same hos# cell' /7-ome viruses are a&le #o i$#egra#e i$#o #he hos# C+A a$ es#a&lish a la#e$# /lysoge$ic i$fec#io$ /8*G is a well.s#uie sys#em where #he rapi evolu#io$ of a virus wi#hi$ #he hos# co$#ri&u#es #o #he pa#hoge$ici#y of viral i$fec#io$' /JDe$e#ic i$forma#io$ i$ re#roviruses is a special case a$ has a$ al#er$a#e Mow of i$forma#io$: from R+A #o C+A" mae possi&le &y reverse #ra$scrip#ase" a$ e$9yme #ha# copies #he viral R+A ge$ome i$#o C+A' This C+A i$#egra#es i$#o #he hos# ge$ome a$ &ecomes #ra$scri&e a$ #ra$sla#e for #he assem&ly of $ew viral proge$y' Vocabulary

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A$#i&oy A$#ige$ B.cell )ell.meia#e immu$i#y commu$ica#io$ cyclic AP /cAP cy#o#oxic T.cell D.pro#ei$ li$!e recep#or *elper T.cell *ormo$e *umoral immu$i#y G$ucer

>y#ic cycle >ysoge$ic cycle +ega#ive fee&ac! ,pero$ ,pera#or Phagocy#e phagocy#osis phosphoryla#io$ cascae posi#ive fee&ac! pro#ei$ !i$ase recep#or repressor


re#rovirus reverse #ra$scrip#ase seco$ messe$ger sig$al cascae sig$al #ra$suc#io$ sig$al #ra$suc#io$ pa#hway #ra$scrip#io$ fac#or virus whi#e &loo cell

Thinking Practice 1' Refer #o #he iagram a# #he righ# #o respo$ #o #he followi$g ues#io$s' a' Gs #he hormo$e hyropho&ic or hyrophilicH *ow o you !$owH hyrophilic.i# ca$L# move #hrough #he mem&ra$e'

&' Explai$ how #he ac#io$ of #he hormo$e migh# &e iFere$# if i# coul move #hrough #he cell mem&ra$e' i# i# coul move #hrough #he mem&ra$e" #he$ i# woul$L# &i$ #o #he recep#or'

c' Explai$ wha# is happe$i$g i$ #his pic#ure a$ ma!e a preic#io$ a&ou# wha# will &e #he e$ resul# i$ #he cell #o which #his hormo$e has &ou$' #he hormo$e #riggers a sig$al #ra$suc#io$ pa#hway" which will #rigger a cellular respo$se'

2' >ac#ose iges#io$ i$ E. coli &egi$s wi#h i#s hyrolysis &y #he e$9yme b.galac#osiase' The ge$e e$coi$g b.galac#osiase" lacZ " is par# of a coori$a#ely regula#e opero$ co$#ai$i$g o#her ge$es reuire for lac#ose u#ili9a#io$' =se #he lege$ &elow #o raw

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#he ge$e a$ i#s i$#erac#io$ wi#h R+A polymerase" #he repressor pro#ei$" a$ lac#ose whe$ lac#ose is &ei$g iges#e'

the lactose binds to the repressor protein hich removes it rom the 5!/ and 6!/ polymerase can bind the the promoter.

-.

Base o$ #he i$forma#io$ provie" propose a possi&le mecha$ism for a rug #o resis# *G i$fec#io$' ma!e a rug #ha# i$hi&i#s #he ))R< recep#or'

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' Cescri&e #he processes occurri$g a# each of #he $um&ere posi#io$s /G" GG" GGG" a$ G i$ #he iagram #o #he righ#'

<' Refer #o #he images a# #he righ# #o a$swer #he followi$g: a' ;hich immu$e respo$se i$ show$: cell meia#e or humoralH Explai$ how you !$ow' humoral.$o cells are phagocy#i9i$g'

&' ;ha# are #he “( shape molecules calleH ;ha# is #heir role i$ #he immu$e respo$seH a$#ige$ recep#ors /o$ #he cell a$ a$#i&oies /freely Moa#i$g


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c' Cescri&e how #he “( shape molecules rela#e #o #he graph isplaye' #he rs# #ime #he a$#i&oy co$ce$#ra#io$ is low" #he seco$ #ime i# is higher" ue #o memory cells'

' ,$e s#ue$# escri&e a$ ac#io$ po#e$#ial i$ a $euro$ &y sayi$g “As more ga#es ope$ #he co$ce$#ra#io$ of soium i$sie #he cell i$creases a$ #his causes eve$ more ga#es #o ope$'( Gs #his a$ example of a posi#ive or $ega#ive fee&ac! loopH Ius#ify your reaso$i$g' posi#ive.i# !eeps goi$g i$ #he same irec#io$'

7' The gure #o #he righ# shows #he fee&ac! mecha$ism for regula#i$g &loo glucose' a' Gs #his a posi#ive or $ega#ive fee&ac! loopH Explai$ your a$swer' $ega#ive.i# cha$ges irec#io$' &' G$iviuals #ha# suFer from Type G ia&e#es o $o# have fu$c#io$al i$suli$.prouci$g cells' Cescri&e how #heir &loo will iFer from #ha# of a heal#hy i$iviual af#er a glucose.rich meal' #hey o$L# have #he molecule #ha# re#ur$s #he glucose level #o homeos#asis" #herefore" #heir glucose levels will simply i$crease'

8' G$ a molecular &iology la&ora#ory" a s#ue$# o&#ai$e compe#e$# E. coli cells a$ use a commo$ #ra$sforma#io$ proceure #o i$uce #he up#a!e of plasmi C+A wi#h a ge$e for resis#a$ce #o #he a$#i&io#ic !a$amyci$' The resul#s &elow were o&#ai$e'

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a' ;ha# is #he purpose of Pla#e GH co$#rol.#o e$sure #ha# #he cells are via&le' &' Explai$ #he grow#h you see a$ #he #ype of &ac#eria /#ra$sforme vs' $o$. #ra$sforme or &o#h #ha# woul &e o$ Pla#e 1' &o#h &ecause #here is $o a$#i&io#ic'

c' Explai$ #he grow#h you see a$ #he #ype of &ac#eria /#ra$sforme vs' $o$. #ra$sforme or &o#h #ha# woul &e o$ Pla#e GG' #ra$sforme o$ly" &ecause #he $o$.#ra$sforme cells woul &e !ille &y #he a$#i&io#ic'

' Gf #he s#ue$# repea#e #he experime$#" &u# #he hea# shoc! was u$successful a$ #he plasmi was u$a&le #o &e #ra$sforme" for which pla#es woul grow#h &e expec#eH Explai$ your a$swer' 1 a$ 3 &ecause o$ly #he $o$.#ra$sforme woul grow so #hey coul grow i$ #he a&se$ce of a$#i&io#ic'

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CONCEPT 9 + EVOLUTION 1' +a#ural -elec#io$ a' a%or mecha$ism of cha$ge over #ime ? Carwi$Ls #heory of evolu#io$ &' There is varia#io$ amo$g phe$o#ypes ? ge$e#ic mu#a#io$s play a role i$ i$creasi$g varia#io$ c' )ompe#i#io$ for resources resul#s i$ iFere$#ial survival" wi#h i$iviuals wi#h #he mos# favora&le #rai#s survivi$g #o reprouce oFspri$g ' A$ aap#a#io$ is a ge$e#ic varia#io$ #ha# is favore &y selec#io$ a$ is ma$ifes#e as a #rai# #ha# provies a$ ava$#age #o a$ orga$ism i$ a par#icular e$viro$me$#' e' i#$ess is #he a&ili#y #o survive a$ reprouce

2' *ary.;ei$&erg Euili&rium a' A ma#hema#ical moel use #o calcula#e cha$ges i$ allele freue$cy" provii$g evie$ce for #he occurre$ce of evolu#io$ i$ a popula#io$' &' < co$i#io$s mus# &e me# for a popula#io$ #o &e i$ *; euili&rium ? co$i#io$s are selom me# /1>arge popula#io$ /2+o migra#io$ /3+o mu#a#io$s /Ra$om ma#i$g /<+o $a#ural selec#io$ c' Eua#io$s /1p 6 #he freue$cy of omi$a$# alleles i$ a popula#io$ /2 6 #he freue$cy of recessive alleles i$ a popula#io$ /3p2 6 #he freue$cy of homo9ygous omi$a$# i$iviuals i$ a popula#io$ /2 6 #he freue$cy of homo9ygous recessive i$iviuals i$ a popula#io$ /<2p6#he freue$cy of he#ero9ygous i$iviuals i$ a popula#io$ /p O  6 1 /7p2 O 2p O 2 6 1 3' -pecia#io$ a' A$ evolu#io$ary process &y which 2 or more species arise from 1 species a$ 2 $ew species ca$ $o lo$ger &ree a$ reprouce successfully &' a$y mecha$isms &y which i# ca$ occur /1Deographic isola#io$ -pecies separa#e &y physical &arrier /2Reprouc#ive isola#io$ CiFere$# &ehaviors limi# ma#i$g CiFere$# ha&i#a#s limi# ma#i$g CiFere$# ma#i$g seaso$s limi# ma#i$g CiFere$# a$a#omical s#ruc#ures limi# ma#i$g c' )a$ #a!e place over millio$s of years or rapily /af#er ex#i$c#io$ eve$#s" for example •

• • • •

' Evie$ce for Evolu#io$ a' ossils ca$ &e a#e &y a varie#y of me#hos #ha# provie evie$ce for evolu#io$' These i$clue #he age of #he roc!s where a fossil is fou$" #he ra#e of ecay of iso#opes i$clui$g car&o$.1" #he rela#io$ships wi#hi$ phyloge$e#ic

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#rees" a$ #he ma#hema#ical calcula#io$s #ha# #a!e i$#o accou$# i$forma#io$ from chemical proper#ies a$or geographical a#a' &' orphological homologies represe$# fea#ures share &y commo$ a$ces#ry' es#igial s#ruc#ures are rem$a$#s of fu$c#io$al s#ruc#ures" which ca$ &e compare #o fossils a$ provie evie$ce for evolu#io$' c' Biochemical a$ ge$e#ic similari#ies" i$ par#icular C+A $ucleo#ie a$ pro#ei$ seue$ces" provie evie$ce for evolu#io$ a$ a$ces#ry' <' ,rigi$ of >ife a' Primi#ive Ear#h provie i$orga$ic precursors from which orga$ic molecules coul have &ee$ sy$#hesi9e ue #o #he prese$ce of availa&le free e$ergy a$ #he a&se$ce of a sig$ica$# ua$#i#y of oxyge$' &' )hemical experime$#s have show$ #ha# i# is possi&le #o form complex orga$ic molecules from i$orga$ic molecules i$ #he a&se$ce of life' c' These complex reac#io$ se#s coul have occurre i$ solu#io$ /orga$ic soup moel or as reac#io$s o$ soli reac#ive surfaces' ' The R+A ;orl hypo#hesis proposes #ha# R+A coul have &ee$ #he earlies# ge$e#ic ma#erial' ' Phyloge$e#ic Trees a' Phyloge$e#ic #rees a$ claograms ca$ represe$# #rai#s #ha# are ei#her erive or los# ue #o evolu#io$' &' Phyloge$e#ic #rees a$ claograms illus#ra#e specia#io$ #ha# has occurre" i$ #ha# rela#e$ess of a$y #wo groups o$ #he #ree is show$ &y how rece$#ly #wo groups ha a commo$ a$ces#or' c' Phyloge$e#ic #rees a$ claograms ca$ &e co$s#ruc#e from morphological similari#ies of livi$g or fossil species" a$ from C+A a$ pro#ei$ seue$ce similari#ies' ' Phyloge$e#ic #rees a$ claograms are y$amic" co$s#a$#ly cha$gi$g ue #o curre$# a$ emergi$g !$owlege' Vocabulary

Aap#a#io$ Bo##le$ec! EFec# )ommo$ A$ces#or )laogram Evolu#io$ De$e low

De$e Pool De$e#ic Crif# Deographic Gsola#io$ i#$ess *ary.;ei$&erg Euili&rium

+a#ural -elec#io$ orphology Phyloge$e#ic Tree Reprouc#ive Gsola#io$ -pecia#io$ aria#io$

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Thinking Questions 1' As a el researcher you are se$# #o #he Ari9o$a eser# #o s#uy #he prairie og species )' luivi$cia$us #o e#ermi$e if #he popula#io$ is i$ *ary.;ei$&erg euili&rium' -pecically" you are s#uyi$g #his popula#io$ wi#h respec# #o #he ge$e #ha# e#ermi$es #he coa# color i$ )' luivi$cia$us' This #rai# is coe for &y a si$gle ge$e /#he +C ge$e wi#h #wo alleles /+" $ a$ is passe ow$ from o$e ge$era#io$ #o #he $ex#' Af#er sampli$g 170 of #hese prairie ogs" you $ #ha# 3\ of #he )' luivi$cia$us popula#io$ is homo9ygous recessive for coa# color' Assumi$g #ha# #he popula#io$ is i$ *ary.;ei$&erg euili&rium] a' ;ha# is #he allele freue$cy of #he + alleleH p60'

&' ;ha# is #he freue$cy of homo9ygous omi$a$# prairie ogsH 0'1

c' ;ha# is #he freue$cy of he#ero9ygous prairie ogsH 0'8

' ;ha# co$i#io$s mus# &e &ei$g sa#iseH large popula#io$" ra$om ma#i$g" $o migra#io$" $o $a#ural selec#io$" $o mu#a#io$

2' -ix#y Moweri$g pla$#s are pla$#e i$ a Mower&e' or#y of #he pla$#s are re.Moweri$g homo9ygous omi$a$#' Twe$#y of #he pla$#s are whi#e.Moweri$g homo9ygous recessive' The pla$#s $a#urally polli$a#e a$ resee #hemselves for several years' G$ a su&seue$# year" 178 re.Mowere pla$#s" 1J0 pi$!.Mowere pla$#s" a$ <2 whi#e. Mowere pla$#s are fou$ i$ #he Mower&e' =se a chi.suare a$alysis #o e#ermi$e if #he popula#io$ is i$ *ary.;ei$&erg euili&rium' 78'5 re%ec#

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3' or #he pas# 10 #o 2< years" farmers have pla$#e crop sees #ha# have &ee$ ge$e#ically moie #o wi#hs#a$ #rea#me$# wi#h a commo$ wee !iller calle Rou$up^' This allows #he farmers #o spray #heir els #o ge# ri of wees wi#hou# harmi$g #heir crops' Rece$#ly" more a$ more farmers have iscovere #ha# #heir els have Rou$up.resis#a$# pigwee growi$g alo$g wi#h #heir crop' Cescri&e wha# has mos# li!ely happe$e over #ime #o lea #o #his' evolu#io$.#hose pla$#s wha# are resis#a$# #o Rou$up will survive" reprouce" a$ pass o$ #heir ge$es'

' Peppere mo#hs have wi$gs #ha# vary i$ color" ra$gi$g from whi#e #o ar! gray' Curi$g #he G$us#rial Revolu#io$ #hrough #he mi.20#h ce$#ury" fac#ories a$ power pla$#s" which &ur$e coal" prouce large ua$#i#ies of soo# a$ smog' +ear i$us#riali9e areas" &lac! power covere surfaces" i$clui$g #he mo#h ha&i#a#' a' =se #his i$forma#io$ #o explai$ #he cha$ges see$ i$ ligh# a$ ar! peppere mo#hs from 1800.1J<0" as show$ i$ #he graph &elow'

#he ar! mo#hs are favore u$er high pollu#io$ #imes &ecause #hey are &e##er camoMague o$ ar! colore #rees #ha$ #he ligh# colore mo#hs' &' Propose a$ expla$a#io$ for #he re#ur$ of #he peppere mo#h popula#io$ #o more ligh# #ha$ ar! mo#hs &y #he year 2000' &y 2000" #he pollu#io$ levels ecrease" so #he #rees were whi#e agai$ a$ #hus #he ligh# colore mo#hs were more li!ely #o survive a$ reprouce'

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#. 3ive ne species o bacteria ere discovered in /ntarctic ice core samples. The nucleotide (base) se7uences o r6!/ subunits ere determined or the ne species. The table belo shos the number o  nucleotide dierences beteen the species. 5ra a phylogenetic tree indicating the relatedness o these # species. 'pecies 1  8 #

1 4

  4

8 4

8 19 19 4

# 1: 1; 1 4

- 8 #  1

.

a. 5iscuss the dierences in diversity among the plants shon in the graph.

as #ime i$creases" iversi#y i$creases'

b. , a scientist anted to determine i to understory trees in the ield ere the same species hat pieces o evidence ould she gather and ho ould these inorm her conclusion<

C+A

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E4#&ut%#$ L#$ ,ree Rep#$e 12 p#%$t/

omi$a$# phe$o#ype60' AA60'3 Aa60'8 aa60'1

& Gf *.; s#ays #he same" #he$ #he popula#io$ is $o# evolvi$g' c cha$ge i$ foo source" #empera#ure'


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CONCEPT : + ECOLOGY

1' Popula#io$s a' group group of i$iviuals i$iviuals of same species species livi$g livi$g i$ same area area /si9e" /si9e" e$si#y" e$si#y" is#ri&u#io$ispersio$ &' ha&i#a# /#ype of area orga$ism lives vs' $iche /role /role i$ ecosys#em ecosys#em c' compe# compe#i#i i#io$ o$ for resour resources ces ' age s#ruc#ur s#ruc#ure e /rapi grow#h grow#h vs' ecli$i ecli$i$g $g vs' s#a&le popula#i popula#io$s o$s e' popul popula# a#io io$ $ grow# grow#h h /1e$si#y /1 e$si#y epe$e$# limi#i$g fac#ors /compe#i#io$ for resources" resources" parasi#es W iseases" was#e prouc#s" s#ress" prea#io$ /2e$si#y /2 e$si#y i$epe$e$# limi#i$g fac#ors /clima#e 6 #empera#ure #empera#ure W rai$fall" $a#ural isas#er /3expo$e$#ial /3 expo$e$#ial grow#h /I.shape" u$limi#e u$limi#e vs' logis#ic grow#h curve /-.shape" limi#e /carryi$g / carryi$g capaci#y 6 maximum maximum popula#io$ suppor#e &y ha&i#a# /<popula#io$s ca$ cycle f' Popula#i Popula#io$ o$ a&ili#y a&ili#y #o respo$ respo$ #o #o cha$ges cha$ges i$ #he e$vir e$viro$me o$me$# $# is aFec#e aFec#e &y ge$e#ic iversi#y' iversi#y' -pecies a$ popula#io$s wi#h li##le ge$e#ic iversi#y are a# ris! for ex#i$c#io$' 2' )omm )ommu$ u$i# i#ie ies s a' measure a$ escri&e i$ #erms #erms of species composi#io$ composi#io$ a$ species iversi#y &' sym&iosis sym&iosis 6 specie species s i$#era i$#erac#io$ c#io$ /1mu#ualism /1 mu#ualism OO /acacia #ree W a$#s5 liche$s" +.xi$g &ac#eria W legume pla$#s /2comme$salism /2 comme$salism O0 /egre#s /egre#s W ca##le /3parasi#ism /3 parasi#ism O? /#apeworm" cow&ir /prea#io$ / prea#io$ O? /car$ivores /car$ivores W her&ivores her&ivores /<compe#i#io$ 3' Ecos Ecosys ys#e #ems ms a' ree E$er E$ergy gy /1Repr /1 Reprouc#io$ ouc#io$ a$ reari$g of oFspri$g reuire reuire free e$ergy &eyo$ #ha# use for mai$#e$a$ce a$ grow#h' CiFere$# orga$isms orga$isms use various reprouc#ive reprouc#ive s#ra#egies i$ respo$se #o e$ergy availa&ili#y' /2There /2 There is a rela#io$ship &e#wee$ &e#wee$ me#a&olic ra#e per u$i# &oy mass a$ #he si9e of mul#icellular orga$isms S ge$erally" #he smaller #he orga$ism" #he higher #he me#a&olic ra#e' /3Excess acuire free e$ergy versus reuire free e$ergy expe$i#ure resul#s i$ e$ergy s#orage or grow#h' /G$suQcie$# / G$suQcie$# acuire free e$ergy versus reuire free e$ergy expe$i#ure resul#s i$ loss of mass a$" a $" ul#ima#ely" #he ea#h of a$ a $ orga$ism' &' E$ergy Mowprouc#io$ Mowprouc#io$ 6 e$ergy e$ergy Mows #hrough5 #hrough5 J0\ los# a# each level level W 10\ #ra$sferre #o $ex# level /1#rophic /1 #rophic levels 6 primary proucers" primary co$sumers" seco$ary co$sumers" #er#iary co$sumers" e#ri#ivores W ecomposer

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/2ecological pyramis /pyramis of e$ergy" &iomass" $um&ers /3foo chai$s W foo we&s /Bio#ic a$ A&io#ic fac#ors ca$ &o#h cause isrup#io$ a$ collapse of ecosys#ems Vocabulary

Apex prea#or Biomag$ica#io$ Biomass )arryi$g capaci#y )ar$ivore )omme$salism )ompe#i#io$ )o$sumer Ce$si#y.epe$e$#

Ce$si#y.i$epe$e$# Cecomposer Ce#rivore E$ergy pyrami Expo$e$#ial grow#h oo chai$ oo we& *er&ivore *e#ero#roph

>ogis#ic grow#h u#ualism Trophic level Parasi#ism Popula#io$ Prea#io$ Primary prouc#ivi#y Proucer

Thinking Questions

1' G$vasive species are species #ha# are i$#rouce i$#o a$ e$viro$me$# &u# are $o# $a#urally fou$ i$ #ha# e$viro$me$#' ,$e example of a$ i$vasive species is #he America$ gray suirrel" i$#rouce i$#o Bri#ai$ a# #he e$ of #he 18#h ce$#ury' =$#il 187 #he o$ly $a#ive suirrel i$ Bri#ai$ was #he Europea$ re suirrel" which was fou$ i$ eciuous a$ co$iferous fores#s' By 1J0 #he gray suirrel ha isplace #he re suirrel across mos# of #he Bri#ish Gsles" a$ &y 1J8 #he re suirrel was o$ly fou$ i$ isola#e co$iferous woola$ areas' Af#er i#s i$i#ial i$#rouc#io$" #he gray suirrel popula#io$ i$crease rapily5 however" i$ rece$# years popula#io$ si9es wi#hi$ specic e$viro$me$#s have &ecome s#a&le' a' Explai$ why #he $ewly.i$#rouce gray suirrel i$i#ially showe rapi popula#io$ grow#h a$ why #he $a#ive re suirrel showe a popula#io$ ecli$e' gray suirrell ou#compe#es #he re suirrell for foo' The gray suirrel ha $o $a#ural prea#ors'

&' ;hy has #he popula#io$ si9e of #he gray suirrel &ecome s#a&le i$ rece$# yearsH &ecause i# reache i#s carryi$g capaci#y' 2' The rs# age s#ruc#ure graph &elow for cou$#ry U shows #he perce$# of #he popula#io$ i$ each age group for #he year 2000' The remai$i$g #hree graphs are pro%ec#io$s of how #he age s#ruc#ure of cou$#ry U will cha$ge' rom #hese age s#ruc#ure iagrams co$s#ruc# a graph of popula#io$ si9e vs' #ime for 2000.2080 a$ %us#ify your preic#io$'

3' The graphs &elow isplay #he grow#h ra#e for #wo species of &ac#eria whe$ grow$ separa#ely a$ #oge#her'

a' The popula#io$ grow#h of which &ac#eria is more aFec#e &y growi$g co$i#io$sH Explai$ how you !$ow' P' cauamum &ecause i#s popula#io$ ecrease" which P' Aurelia s#aye #he same' &' =si$g #he i$forma#io$ provie i$ #he graphs" ma!e a preic#io$ as #o why #he &ac#eria ie$#ie i$ par# a is more aFec#e &y growi$g co$i#io$s #ha$ #he o#her &ac#eria' P' Aurelia ou#compe#e P' cauamum'

' G$#erepe$e$ce i$ $a#ure is illus#ra#e &y #he #ra$sfer of e$ergy #hrough #rophic levels' The iagram &elow epic#s #he #ra$sfer of e$ergy i$ a foo we& of a$ Arc#ic la!e loca#e i$ Alas!a'

a' Ge$#ify a$ orga$ism from each of #he < #rophic levels /proucer" primary co$sumer" seco$ary co$sumer" #eri#iary co$sumer a$ ecomposer a$ explai$ how e$ergy is o&#ai$e a# each level' proucer6phy#opla$!#o$5 primary co$sumer69oopla$!#o$5 seco$ary co$sumer6grayli$g5 #er#iary co$sumer6la!e #rou#5 ecomposer.s$ail'

&' Cescri&e #he eQcie$cy of e$ergy #ra$sfer &e#wee$ #rophic levels of #his foo we&' c. =nly 10$ o energy is passed rom one trophic level to the ne*t most energy is lost.

' Explai$ how #he amou$# of e$ergy availa&le a# each #rophic level aFec#s #he si9e of each popula#io$' The higher #rophic levels have less e$ergy a$ #hus" smaller popula#io$ si9es'

e'

Gf #he cells i$ #he ea #erres#rial pla$# ma#erial #ha# washe i$#o #he la!e co$#ai$e a commercially prouce #oxi$" wha# woul &e #he li!ely eFec#s of #his #oxi$ o$ #his foo we&H Explai$'

#he #oxi$ woul sprea #hroughou# #he foo we& a$ woul &ecome #he mos# co$ce$#ra#e a# #he #er#iary co$sumer level'

f'

Gf all of #he -culpi$ i$ #his ecosys#em were remove" preic# how i# woul impac# #he followi$g a$ explai$ each preic#io$: The popula#io$ of la!e #rou# •

ecrease •

The popula#io$ of s$ails

i$crease •

The popula#io$ of algae

i$crease •

The amou$# of oxyge$ prouce i$ #he ecosys#em

i$crease

The amou$# of ligh# e$ergy a&sor&e &y #he ecosys#em i$crease •

E"#&#* L#$ ,ree Rep#$e 12 p#%$t/

-pecies ) ha $o $a#ural prea#ors a$ was a&le #o ou#compe#e #he o#her 2 species' Thus" i#s popula#io$ i$crease rama#ically'

& -pecies BLs popula#io$ e$si#y ecrease &ecause species ) pro&a&ly irec#ly compe#e wi#h i#'

-pecies ALs popula#io$ was less aFec#e &ecause i# pro&a&ly exis#e i$ a iFere$# $iche #ha$ species )'

c i$ 201" G preic# #ha# #he popula#io$ wil &e a&ou# 0 &e##lessuare me#er &ecause #he species will mee# i#s carryi$g capaci#y'

 i$vasive species are of#e$ successful i$ $ew ha&i#a#s &ecause #hey ou#compe#e wi#h exis#i$g species for foo a$ #hey have $o $a#ural prea#ors'

,REE RESPONSE GRADING RUBRICS Biochemistry Short Free Response – Page 

!ell "ong Free Response – Pages #$%#&

Part A

1 poi$# correc# orie$#a#io$ wi#h epe$e$# varia&le /co$ce$#ra#io$ o$ y /ver#ical axis a$ i$epe$e$# varia&le /#ime o$ x /hori9o$#al axis 1 poi$#

correc# axes la&els wi#h u$i#s a$' scali$g for <\ li$e o$ axes provie

1 poi$# correc# plo##i$g of all a#a poi$#s i$clui$g 9ero /0"05 li$e is $o# $ecessary &u# if raw$ mus# $o# ex#e$ &eyo$ las# a#a poi$#5 ashi$g li$e &eyo$ las# a#a poi$# is o!ay5 arrow a# e$ of li$e is o!ay' Part B

1 poi$# correc# preic#io$ a$ lege$ /or la&el for 0\" 1\" a$ 10\ li$es /0\ li$e Ma#" 1\ li$e &elow <\ li$e" 10\ li$e a&ove <\ li$e 1 poi$# correc# expla$a#io$ for 0\ li$e /e'g'" si$ce #here is $o +a)l i$ #he &ag $o +aO)l. ca$ iFuse i$#o #he wa#er i$ #he &ea!er 1 poi$# correc# expla$a#io$ for 1\ li$e S mus# i$clue a iscussio$ of ra#e5 co$$ec#s co$ce$#ra#io$ of +a)l wi#h iFusio$ ra#e 1 poi$# correc# expla$a#io$ for 10\ li$e S mus# i$clue a iscussio$ of ra#e5 co$$ec#s co$ce$#ra#io$ of +a)l wi#h iFusio$ ra#e Part C

1 poi$# s#a#eme$# #ha# wa#er will leave #he pla$# a$ escrip#io$ of eFec# #his has o$ pla$# cell /e'g'" loss of #urgor" plasmolysis" ecrease i$ cell volume" ecrease i$ ce$#ral vacuole volume

1 poi$# co$cep# of osmosis /e'g'" moveme$# of wa#er across a selec#ively permea&le mem&ra$e /cell or cell mem&ra$e from solu#io$ wi#h lower solu#e co$ce$#ra#io$ /hypo#o$ic #o solu#io$ wi#h higher solu#e co$ce$#ra#io$ /hyper#o$ic 1 poi$# expla$a#io$ #ha# wa#er moves from solu#io$ wi#h higher /more posi#iveless $ega#ive wa#er po#e$#ial /_ #o solu#io$ wi#h lower /more $ega#ive wa#er po#e$#ial /_ 1 poi$# expla$a#io$ of how wa#er loss ca$ cause ecrease crop prouc#io$ /e'g'" s#oma#es close" #ra$spira#io$ s#ops" pho#osy$#hesis s#ops" ecrease me#a&olism

Energy an' etabolism Short Free Response – Page #

!ell !ycle an' *ere'ity Short Free Response – Page &

olecular +enetics Short Free Response – Page ,$

SIMILARITIES 2 P,G+TAUG=

1 poi$# for similari#y" 1 poi$# for ela&ora#io$ /i$ pare$#heses DI,,ERENCES 2 P,G+TAUG=

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2 poi$#s for iFere$ce i$clui$g escrip#io$ of &o#h s#ra$s

-y$#hesi9e C+A i$ aggi$g s#ra$ mus# use ligase #o co$$ec# segme$#s of C+A" while leai$g s#ra$ oes $o# reuire use of #his e$9yme'

E-olution "ong Free Response – Pages &%

Ecology "ong Free Response – Pages %#

AP Biology Exam Review-Key

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