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" -
~ -
4 .
_
*1 C * * * * * * * * * * *
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A"'ARDS SILVER SILVER STAR STAR M.Sgt. M.Sgt. Ambro Ambrose se
M-Sgl. M-Sgl. Ariel Ariel Hernandez Hernandez
Thomps Thompson on
BRON BRONZE ZE ST STAR AR Awards Copt Copt..
Will Willar ard d
01
ForI ForI Blis Blisss
Sic. Sic. James James
C. Hun Huntt
lor lor
Serv Servic icee
in Korea Korea Sic. Sic. Gerard Gerardo o
Avacol Avacolll
A. Verlin Verlinger ger
Sic. Sic. Clyde Clyde W. Willia Williams ms
Isl Isl Lt. Lt. James James D. Cowar Cowartt
Sic. Richard Richard
1st Lt. Russell Russell F. Gloss Gloss
Sic. Sic. James James A. Hen Henne ness ssee ee
1st Lt. Lt. Johnny Johnny W. Kelley Kelley
Sfc. Sfc. Burrel Burrelll Jen kins kins
Sgt. Sgt. Roy N. Collin Collinss
WOJG WOJG
Robe Robert rt H. Parh Parham am
Sic. Sic. Eugene Eugene
Sgt. Sgt. Robe Roberl rl Fran Franks ks,,
M-Sgt. M-Sgt.
George George
Sfc. Sfc. Ernest Ernest S. Snopak Snopak
Sg!. Sg!. Harol Harold d
M-Sgt. M-Sgt. Ernest Ernest W. Davids Davidson on
Sic. Yura Tomisato Tomisato
Sg!. Sg!. Harry Harry E. Mille Millerr
M-Sg M-Sgt. t. Wood Woodro row w
Sic. Sic. Thomas Thomas Turner Turner
Sg!. Sg!. Donald Donald
L. Bishop
W. Noel Noel
1 5t 5t h Major Major Willia William m Major Leonard Leonard Copt. Copt.
Copt Copt..
R. Qualls Qualls
AA A
Cordon on,, C. Cord
G. Mael Mael Petty Petty
AW B N. N. IS PI PI Sic. Sic. Carl Carl R. Mil Mille lerr (V) (V)
L. Miller
1st Lt. Davi David d H. Downey Downey
Sic. Sic. Morvin Morvin S. Holly Holly (V)
1st 1st Lt. Jose Joseph ph
Cpl. Cpl. John John A. Anthony Anthony
A. Cole Cole
N. Peck Peck
Cpl. Cpl. Charl Charles es
Webs Webste terr
R. Tucker Tucker
Pic. Pic. Georg Georgee
M. Delk Delk (V) (V)
M-Sg M-Sgt. t. Fron Fronk k J. Villa Villass (V) (V)
Pic. Pic. Josep Joseph h
hI Lt. Lt. Jame Jamess
T. Vic Vick k (1st (1st OLC) OLC)
M.Sgt. M.Sgt. Lynwoo Lynwood d
Fred Fred A. Sell Sellee D. Boyn Boyne, e, Jr. Jr.
Jr. Jr.
Jr. Jr.
1st Lt. Clilto Clilton n
D. McCa McCaule uley y
1st Lt. Edwa Edward rd
Sgt. Primitivo Primitivo
(1st (1st OLC) OLC)
P. Mother Motherss
Bruce Bruce E. Ester Esterly ly (1st (1st OLC)
Copt. Copt. James James
L. Grollom
(V) (V)
Wise Wise (V) (V)
Sfc. Sfc. Carl Carl J. Meyer Meyer (V) (V)
1st Lt. Roger Roger H. Belk
BRON BRONZE ZE ST STAR AR WITH WITH LE LETT TTER ER "V" "V" DEVIC DEVICE E 15 th th 1st Lt. Chester
AA A A W BN . I SP SPI Sgt. Sgt. Lee A. Willia Williams ms
L. McKinney
Sgt. Sgt. Harold Harold
E. Anders Anderson on
5gt. 5gt. Gero Gerold ld
R. Seil Seiler er
Pic. Pic. Harold Harold
H. Patche Patchett tt
AIR AIR MEDA MEDAL L 1st Lt. Wm. Wm. T. McAl McAlli list ster er
Fort Fort Bliss Bliss
(ht (ht
* *
OlC) OlC)
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PURP PURPLE LE HE HEAR ART T 15th 1st Lt. Chester 5gt. 5gt. Harold Harold
L . McKinney
E. Ande Anderso rson n
AAA
AW BN. IS PI PI
Cpl. Cpl. Willard Willard
Garlow Garlow
Cpl. Cpl. James James
D. Robide Robideau au
Pic. Pic. Harold Harold
H. Patchet Patchettt
Pic. Pic. Wolte Wolterr
Stal Staley ey,,
Sgt. Sgt. Morvin Morvin 5. Holly Holly
Pic. Pic. Jodie Brown Brown
Pvt. Pvt. Cecil Cecil D. Bostick Bostick
Sgt. Sgt. Gerold Gerold
Pic. Pic. Frankl Franklin in
Pvt. Pvt. Barry Barry F. Jackson Jackson
R. Seifer Seifer
P. Guilk Guilkey ey
Pvt. Robert Robert L. Kibler
Sgt. Sgt. Myles Myles V. Watkin Watkinss
Pic. Pic. James James
5gt. 5gt. Lee A. Williams Williams
Pic. Pic. Elmer Elmer J. Monk
Pvt. Pvt. Hubert Hubert M. O'Neol O'Neol
Sgt. Sgt. Kennet Kenneth h
Pic. Pic. Agusti Agustin n Montes Montes
Pvt. Rulus Robertson Robertson
E. Woods Woods
Cpl. Cpl. Eugene Eugene Akers Akers
H. Logon Logon
Jr. Jr.
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THE THE UNIT UNITED ED STAT STATES ES ANTIAIRCRAFT ASSOCIATION
FOUNDED in 1892 Publis Published hed from from 1892 1892 until until 1922 1922 as THE THE JOUR JOURNA NAL L OF THE THE UNIT UNITED ED STAT STATES ES ARTIL ARTILLE LERY RY Publis Published hed from from 1922 1922 until until 1948 1948 as the COAST COAST ARTILL ARTILLERY ERY JOURNA JOURNAL L
OFFICERS LT. LT. GEN. GEN. LERO LEROY Y LUTES LUTES HO:-:ORARY PRESIDE:-:T PRESIDE:-:T
LT. GEN. EN. JOHN JOHN T. LEWI LEWIS S PRESIDENT
VOL. LXXXXV
L T. GEN. GEN. LYMAN LYMAN L. LHINIT LHINITZER ZER
NOVE NOVEMB MBER ER-D -DEC ECEM EMBE BER, R,
VICE-PRESIDENT
COL. COL. CHAR CHARLE LES S
COVE COVER: R: Actio Action n in Exer Exercis cisee Hardroc Hardrocks ks in Japan. Japan. See See page page 29.
SECRETARY-TREASURER
ADDITI ADDITIONA ONAL L MEMBE MEMBERS RS OF THE EXECUTIV EXECUTIVE E COUNCIL COUNCIL JR.
BRIGADIE BRIGADIER R GENERAL GENERAL CHARLE CHARLES S G. SAGE SAGE COLONE COLONEL L
THOM THOMAS AS
F. MULL MULLANE ANEY, Y,
COLONE COLONEL L
NORMA NORMAN N
E. HARTM HARTMAN AN
JR. JR.
LIEUTE LIEUTENAN NANT T
COLONE COLONEL L
FRANCIS FRANCIS X. BRADL BRADLEY EY
LIEU LIEUTE TENA NANT NT
COLONE COLONEL L
H. GLE GLEN N WOOD WOOD
MAJOR MAJOR JAME JAMES S
E. CALK CALKIN INS S
The purpos purposee of the AJIo AJIoci ciat ation ion shall shall be to prom promQu Qu the effi effici cien ency cy of the Anti Antiair airuaf uaft t Artil Artil/er /eryy by maintaini maintaining ng in I1andar I1andards ds and tra. tra. ditions, by diJIeminating diJIeminating profeJIional profeJIional knowl. edge, edge, by inspirin inspiring g greate greaterr effort toward toward the impr improv ovem emen entt of mate materi riel el and and meth method odss of training and by fostering fostering mutual underI1and. underI1and. ing, resput and cooperati cooperation on among all arms, branch branches es and comp compone onent ntss of the the Regul Regular ar Army, Army, Nationa Nationall Guard, Guard, Organize Organized d Reserv Reserves, es, and Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
The JOURNAL prin print. t. artic article les s on subjec bjects ts of professiona professionall and Eener.] interest interest to person personnel nel of the the Antiai ntiaircr rcraft aft
Artiller rtillery y
No.6
CONTENTS
S. HARRI HARRIS S
BRIGADIE BRIGADIER R GENERAL GENERAL ROBERT ROBERT W. CRICHLO CRICHLOW, W,
19;2 19;2
in orde orderr to stim stimula ulate te
TO ALL ALL ~IHI ~IHIBE BERS RS OF THE THE U.S. U.S. ANTI ANTIAI AIRC RCRA RAFT FT ASSO ASSOCI CIAATION SUPP SUPPLY LY:: WORL WORLD D WAR WAR II. II. By Lieut. Gell Gell.. LeRo LeRoyy Lute Lutess
2 4
GENERAL
9
J. LAWTON
COLLINS
RADIOSONDE. By Major Major I-la I-laTT TTY Y R. Jackson SI~IPL SI~IPLIFI IFIED ED WIND WIND DETERM DETERMINA INATIO TION. N. By Major Major H. R. Jack Jackso son n alld alld PFC. PFC. J. G. Torian
17 18
Capt. Andr Andrew ew G. Favret 2 I TI-IE TI-IE FIRST FIRST GUIDED GUIDED MISSIL MISSILE E GROUP. GROUP. By Capt.
FORT BLISS NEWS
24
STAT STATUS US OF TRAI TRAINI NING NG LITE LITERA RATU TURE RE.. By Major Major B. G. Oberlin INDI INDIRE RECT CT FIRE FIRE WIT WITH H THE THE 40MM 40MM GUN. GUN. By By Capt. Capt. Will Willia iam m S. Haller
25
AAA SPECIALIST
27
TRAINI TRAINING NG HONOR
BN AT BLISS
EXERCI EXERCISE: SE: HARDRO HARDROCKS CKS..
By C o! o!. T ho homa s
M. Metz ..
ROLL
26 29
30
Lt. Co!. Co!. Leona Leonard rd S. Allen SIM ULATED ULATED FIRING FIRING PRACTI PRACTICE. CE. By Lt.
31
GUIDED GUIDED MISSIL MISSILE E GUIDAN GUIDANCE. CE.
32
By Capt Capt.. Robe Robert rt W. Fye
NEW 280MM GUN BUNK BUNKER ER BUST BUSTIN ING G IN THE THE SECO SECOND ND DIVI DIVISI SION ON.. By By Capt. Capt. Ball Ballar ard d B. Small NEW FLYING TRAILER HEAVY HEAVY DROPPI DROPPING NG AUTOMA AUTOMATIC TIC By By Capt. Capt.
36 37 40
WEAPON WEAPONS. S.
Charl Charles es E. Vandervort
41
READY TO FIRE ON D-DAY
42
opini opinion on.. expr expres essed sed and and conc conclus lusion ion. draw drawn n in artic articles les are are in no lIena lIenae e offi offici cial al.. The,. The,. do not not reoreo-
HOUSING:
43
flut flut the opini opinion ons s or conc conclus lusio ions ns of any any offic officia iall or bran branch ch of the the Depar epartm tment ent of the the Army.
BOOK REVIEWS NEWS AND COMMENT
thou thouC'h C'htt
and and
prov provok oke e
dilculllion.
However,
The The JOURNAL does does not carry carry paid paid advertlsln& ertlsln&,. The JOURNAL pays pays for for orhr orhrin inal al articl articles es upon upon publ publica icatio tion. n. lIIan lIIanus uscr cript ipt shou should be add addres ressed sed to the the Editor. itor. The JOURNAL Is not not respo responsibl nsible e for for manuscr uscrip ipt! t! unac unacco com mpani panied ed by retu return rn poatae-e.
PUBLICAT ICATION ION
DATE: TE:
December I. 1952 1952
A PROBLEM IN EUCOM
U.S. ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY ANNUAL
ASSOCIATION
44 45 BALLOT
ORDERS
INDEX
COLO COLONE NEL L CHAR CHARLE LES S S. HARR HARRIS IS,, Editor Editor LT COL COLON ONEL EL RICH RICHAR ARD D W. OWEN OWEN,, Associa Associate te Editor Editor M Sgt Sgt Fred Fred A. Baker, Baker, Busin Business ess Manager anager Sgt lei James s E. Moor Moore, e, Jr., Editor Editorial ial Assista ssistant nt lei Jame Sgt Paul aul M. Plum lum I)", I)",C Circ. irc. ~lgr ~lgr..
Publish blished bimonthly thly by the United nited State States s Antiai ntiairc rcraf raftt Assoc ssociat iatio ion. n. Editoria itoriall and and exee exeeuti utive ve offic offices es.. 631 631 Penn Pennsy sylv lvan ania ia Avenu venue, e, S.W.. Washi ashing ngto ton n 4, D. D. C. TerlD TerlDB: $3.0 $3.00 0 per per year year.. Foreign reign subs subscr cript iptio ion n .. $4.0 $4.00 0 per per year year.. Sing Single copies. pies. 75c. 75c. Enter Entered ed as secoud.cla .cla .. matter atter at Wash Washin ingt gto on, D. C.: additio ditional nal entr entry y at Richm ichmond. Va., a., under the the Act of Mar March ch 3, 1879 1879. Copyrigh right, 1952, by the the Unite nited d State tates s
Antiaircraft
Al8ociation.
45 46 47
T O A LL L L M E M B E RS R S O F T HE H E U . S . ANTI ANTIAI AIRCRAFT RCRAFT ASSOCIATI ASSOCIATION ON xecutive tive Counc ouncil il YOUR Execu
and and the Execu Executiv tive e Counc ouncil il of the Assoc ssociat iation ion of the U. S. Arm Army y have have been been disdiscussi cussing ng term terms for the merger erger of the two two asso associa ciatio tions ns..
The The purpos purposes es are to form form a stro strong ng asso associ ciat atio ion n repr repres esen enta tativ tive e of the the entir entire e Army rmy and and dedi dedica cate ted d to its esprit, effici efficien ency cy,, and and com combat bat effecti effective vene ness ss and and to publis publish h a combin combined ed journ journal al dedic dedicate ated d to the sam same ends ends.. For For som some time time there there has has been been a feelin feeling g withi within n the Army rmy that that there there shou should ld be one one Army rmy asso associa ciatio tion n and and a sin single gle journ journal, al, rathe ratherr than than a num numbe berr of branc branch h asso associa ciatio tions ns and and seve several ral com competin peting g jour journa nals. ls. The moveovement ent has has been been strong strongly ly favor favored ed by Gen Genera erals ls Bradley radley,, Collins ollins,, Devers evers,, Hull ull and and many any other other seni senior or Army rmy officers officers who have felt that such such a merg merger er would would encou encourag rage e unificati unification on and and promo promote te teamwo teamwork. rk. In 1950 1950 the the Infan Infantry try and and Field Field Artiller rtillery y Associa ssociatio tions ns merge erged d to form form the Ass Assoc ociat iation ion of the U. S. Army Forces Journal, Journal, which and and began began publishin publishing g the Combat Forces which has has beco becom me one one of the most ost popu popular lar and and inter interes estin ting g service service publica publication tions. s. Althoug lthough h we declin declined ed to merge merge at that time time because because of of a differenc difference e of opinion opinion on terms, terms, many any of our our Associa ssociatio tion n membe embers rs favor favored ed the merg merger er in princip principle le and and felt that that a harmon harmoniou ious s merger erger woul would d crea create te new new ties ties of coop coopera eratio tion n and and mutua utuall unde underst rstan andi ding ng betw betwee een n antia antiairc ircraf raftt artille artillerym rymen en and and other other memembers bers of the combat combat arms. arms. Battlefie Battlefield ld experie experience nce in Kore Korea a has re-em re-empha phasize sized d the importan importance ce of antiairc antiaircraft raft as an orga organic nic part of the groun ground d combat combat team and and has und underlin erlined ed the need need for close close coo coordin rdinatio ation n amon among g all elements elements of the Army. Army. The propo propose sed d merge ergerr of the journ journals als woul would d give give us incre increas ased ed conta contact ct with with the ideas ideas and deve develop lopm ments ents in Infan Infan-try, try, Artiller rtillery, y, Armor rmor,, and and othe otherr branc branche hes. s. At the same same time time we could could tell tell the story story of antiairc antiaircraf raftt and and guid guided ed mi~ilcs i~ilcs to a large largerr audie audienc nce, e, and and help help the mem membe bers rs of the other other branc branche hes s to unde understan rstand d better better our our problem problems s and and to realize more more fully our our capabili capabilities. ties. The integ integrat ration ion of the artille artillerie ries s is well well under under wa way y now, now, and and more ore rapid rapid prog progres ress s is exp expec ected ted in the near near future. future. Transitio ransition n courses courses are are being condu conducted cted at Fort Sill and and Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, and and the cross cross assignm assignment ent of officers officers has has alread already y begu begun. n. As time time passe passes, s, it will be mor more e and and more ore diffic difficult ult to tell tell who who wa was s Anti Antiair aircr craft aft and and who who was wa s Field, Field, and and it is not not only only logic logical al but but impo importa rtant nt that that all artille artillerym rymen en read read and and suP suPPOrt the same same journ journal al and and belon belong g to the sam same asso associa ciatio tion. n. The Propo ropose sed d Memor emoran andu dum m of Agree greem ment ent on the oppos opposite ite page page was car carefu efully lly work worked ed out out by the coun coun-cil cil membe embers rs of both both asso associ ciat atio ions ns.. Other ther seni senior or membe embers rs of our our Assoc ssocia iatio tion n stat statio ione ned d in \Xfa \Xfash shin ingt gton on,, includ including ing Nationa ationall Guard Guard and and ORC represe representat ntatives ives,, we were re consu consulted lted,, and they they express expressed ed complete complete support. support. The Pres Presid iden entt of our our Associa ssociatio tion, n, Lieu Lieuten tenan antt Ge Gene nera rall John John T. Lewi Lewis, s, now now sick in in the hospita hospital, l, also also fully endo endorses rses the propos proposed ed merger. erger. Your our Counc ouncil il feel feels s that that the the term terms s of agre agreem emen entt now now prop propos osed ed are are equi equita tabl ble e and and just just and and will will give give us prop propor ortio tiona nate te repr repres esen enta tatio tion n in a prog progre ress ssiv ive, e, grow growin ing g asso associ ciat atio ion. n. Of even even gre great ater er impo import rtan ance ce is the the obvio obvious us good good will will of the Coun Council cil membe embers rs of the Asso Associa ciatio tion n of the U. S. Arm Army. y. They hey are are anxi anxiou ous s for for us to corn corne e in as an an equal equal,, and and they they belie believe ve,, as we we do, do, that that a mer merge gerr will will be to our our mutua utuall bene benefit fit.. Of cour course se,, bene benefits fits will will not not accr accrue ue to us auto autom matica atically lly.. W'e must ust enter enter whole wholehe heart arted edly ly and and be prep prepar ared ed to do our our share share.. Your our Counc ouncil il stron strongly gly reco recom mmends ends that that you you vot vot e to appro approve ve the merge merger. r. Above bove all, all, we recom recomm mend end that that each each mem membe berr vote vote on this impo importa rtant nt matte atter. r. Use the the atta attach ched ed ballo ballott or send send any any other other notic notice e which hich clearly clearly indicate indicates s your your desire. desire. FOR FOR THE THE EXECU EXECUTIV TIVE E COUN COUNCIL: CIL:
1. 1. LEMNITZER Lieute Lieutenan nantt Ge Gene neral, ral, U. S. Arm Army y Acting President President
U . S . A N TI T I AI A I R CR C R A F T A S S O C IA IA T IO IO N BALLOT
For the the merg merger er with with o For o Agai Agains nstt the the merg merger er..
Asso Associ ciat atio ion n
of the the U. S. Army Army..
(DATEI
(SIGNATURE)
(RANK)
2
(UNITl
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCRA RCRAFT FT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
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.. .. M E M OR O R AN A N DU DU M
O F A GR G R EE E E M EN EN T
rated rated under under the laws of of the Distri District ct of Colum Columbia bia.. herei hereinaf nafter ter called called AUSA. AUSA. and United United States States Antia Antiair ircra craft ft Associ Associati ation. on. an associ associati ation. on.
herein hereinaf after ter
I. AUSA AUSA and and Anti Antiai airc rcra raft ft
gani ganiza zati tion on,,
called called Antiai Antiaircr rcraf aft. t.
agre agreee to mer merge ge into into a sin singl glee oror-
in accor accorda danc ncee with with the the term termss outl outlin ined ed belo below. w.
2. Antia Antiair ircr craf aftt agre agrees es to tran transf sfer er all all its its asse assets ts,, real real and and pers person onal al.. tang tangib ible le and and inta intang ngib ible le,, to AUS AUSA, A, and and AUSA AUSA agrees agrees to assum assumee all the liabil liabilit ities ies of Antiairc Antiaircraf raft. t. 3. Antiairc Antiaircraf raftt agrees agrees to dissoh dissoh-e -e upon upon merger merger of Antiai Antiairrcraft craft and AUSA. AUSA. 4. AUSA AUSA will will add add to its its eXls eXlstm tmg g 21-m 21-mem embe berr Coun Counci cill the the pres presen entt 9 membe members rs of Antia Antiair ircr craf aft' t'ss Counci Councill for a peri period od of one year. year. Therea Thereafte fterr repr repres esen enta tati tion on equi equita tabl blee
on the the Coun Counci cill
Exec Execut utiv ivee Exec Execut utiv ivee
the Antiair Antiaircra craft ft
shal shalll cont contin inue ue
on the the same same
basi basiss as chan change gess in the the Asso Associ ciat atio ion n may may deve develo lop p .
5. Anti Antiai airc rcra raft ft
memb member erss
will will beco become me full full memb member erss
of
AUSA AUSA effect effective ive upon upon the merg merger. er. Unexpi Unexpired red subscr subscript iption ionss to the the ANTI ANTIAI AIRC RCRA RAFT FTJO JOUR URNA NAL L will will be exte extend nded ed for for a like like Combat Forces Forces JOllmal JOllmal withou period period to the the Combat withoutt charge charge .
6. The merger merger is effect effected ed with with the firm firm unde underst rstand anding ing all all eleme element ntss will will partic particip ipat atee
equi equita tabl bly y
cont contro roll of AUS AUSA A acti activi viti ties es..
Anti Antiai airc rcra raft ft
that that
in the dire direct ctio ion n and and memb member erss shal shalll be
elig eligib ible le to hol hold d any any offi office ce or dut duty y in AUSA AUSA..
Upon Upon date date of
merg merger er,, the the Pres Presid iden entt of Ant Antia iair ircr craf aftt shal shalll beco become me a Vice Vice Presid President ent of AUSA AUSA to serv servee for one vear therea thereaft fter. er. 7. \Vhe \Vhen n
the the merg merger er is con consu summ mmat ated ed
the the
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JOURNA JOURNAL Lwill will cease cease to be publi publishe shed d and AUSA AUSA will will provid providee
•
a cover coverage age of profes professi siona onall and techni technical cal milita military ry inform informati ation on Combat at Forc Forces es on anti antiai airc rcra raft ft and and guid guided ed miss missil iles es in the the Comb
•
Journal whic which h will will be equa equall in any anyon onee
year year to at at least least the the
tota totall amou amount nt of suc such h info inform rmat atio ion n publ publis ishe hed d year of the ANTIAIRCRAFT ANTIAIRC RAFTJOURNAL.
in the closi closing ng
8. AUSA AUSA will will arrang arrangee to get a qualif qualified ied Antia Antiairc ircraf raftt editor editor appr approv oved ed by the Anti Antiai airc rcra raft ft Coun Counci cill to ser serve ve as Asso Associ ciat atee Combat Forces Forces JOllmal. JOllmal. Editor Editor of the the Combat 9. The The Exec Execut utiv ivee Coun Counci cill of AUS AUSA A will will take take the the nece necesssary sary steps steps to amen amend d its its bylaw bylawss as abo above ve may may requ requir ire, e, as soon soon as thos thosee steps steps can be effecte effected d under under the terms terms of those bylaws bylaws .
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~ N OV O V EM E M B ER ER -D -D EC E C EM E M B ER ER ,
1 95 95 2
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B."-LLOT UNIT UNITED ED
between between the Associati Association on
of the the United United States States Army. a non-p non-prof rofit it corpor corporati ation on incorp incorpoo-
uninco unincorpo rporat rated ed
*
STAT STATES ES ANTI ANTIAI AIRC RCRA RAFT FT ASSOCIATION
The Presi Preside dent nt and and three three membe embers rs of the the Execu xecu-tive tive Counc ouncil il are are to be ele electe cted on this this ball ballot ot,, to replac replace e officers officers whose whose terms terms of office office expire expire Decemecember ber 31, 31, 1952. 1952. Pleas lease e recor record d your your vote vote by mak making ing an "X" in the appro appropri priat ate e squa square re or indi indica cate te your your choi choice ce by writwriting ing the the nam name of your your cand candid idat ate. e. Ballo allots ts rece receiv ived ed with with sign signat atur ures es,, but but with with no ind indiv ivid idua uall vote votes s rerecorded corded.. will will be consid considere ered d proxies proxies for the Presi Presiden dentt of the Associa Association. tion. Each ach cand candid idat ate e was was cons consid ider ered ed in conn connec ecti tion on with with the geogr geograp aphic hic loca locatio tion n of his his reside residenc nce. e. The Const onstit itut utio ion n of the Asso Associ ciat atio ion n requ requir ires es that that at lea least five five mem members bers of the the Counci uncill resi reside de in the "'as 'ashin hington gton area, rea, and and that that at lea least thre three e of the them be on on acti active ve duty duty,, in ord order er to facil facilit itat ate e the the tran transsaction action of business business . Ballot Ballots s receiv received ed after after Decemb ecember er 31, 1952, 1952, cannot cannot be counted. Use the baIl baIlot ot belo below w or prep prepar are e one one to indi indica cate te clea clearly rly your your vote vote,, ;\lail ;\lail to the ANTIAIR IAIRC CRAFT JOURNAL, 631 631 Penns ennsyl ylva vani nia a Avenu venue, e, N.W.• Washing ashington ton 4, D. D. C.
FOR FOR PRES PRESID IDEN ENT T
Gener General al John John T. Lewis, Comman Commandin ding g Genera General, l, Armv Armv AA Comm Comman and d .
,.. ,..
,..
,..
,.. ,..
,..
,.. ,..
o From From Natio Nationa nall
,..
(195 (19533-19 1954 54))
Lieutenan nantt o Lieute
FOR FOR MEMB MEMBER ERS S COUNCIL
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OF THE THE EXEC EXECUT UTIV IVE E
Guar Guard d
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(One (One Memb Member er))
Brigad adie ierr o Brig
Gene Genera rall Char Charle less G. Sage Sage,, Adju Adjuta tant nt Gene Genera ral, l, New New i\le i\lexi xico co .
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From From Orga Organi nize zed d
Rese Reserv rvee (One (One Memb Member er))
Brigadier ier o Brigad
Genera Generall H. Russel Russelll Drowne Drowne,, Comm Comman andi ding ng.. 300t 300th h AAA AAA Brig Brigad ade, e, ORC, ORC, New New York York..
o From From Regu Regula larr
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Army Army (One (One Memb Member er))
Lieu Lieute tena nant nt Colo Colone nell Geor George ge \V. Best, Best, Jr. Com Commandi anding ng,, 36th 6th AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn.
o SignatUf'-p
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Rank & Organization '\ddress.
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IN
early early 1944, 1944, afte afterr I had had just just retur returned ned from from a suppl supply y sun' sun'ey ey in Indi India, a, Chin China, a, Egypt Egypt,, i\'or i\'orth th Afri Africa, ca, and Italy, Italy, General General Eise isenhow nhower er reque equessted ted tha that I come ome to SHAEF to make make a comp comple lete te sun' sun'ey ey of all all the the supp supply ly plan planss and and prep prepar arat atio ions ns to suppor supportt the the crosscross-<: <:han hanne nell assaul assaultt on and inva nvasio sion of Europe, ope, \Vhen hen Gener neral Somer omerve vell ll appr approv oved ed the the requ reques estt I organi ganize zed d a part party y to incl includ udee Col. ol. I. K, Evans Evans,, New New York York Port Port of Embarka Embarkatio tion, n, and and the the foll follow owin ing g from from Army Army Serv Servic icee Forc Forces es:: Col. Col. H. R. vVestph vVestphalin alinger, ger, Requiremen quirements; ts; Col. Col. F. A Bogan Bogan (now (now Brig Brig.. Gen. Gen.,, USAF USAF), ), Plan Plans; s; Lt. Lt. Col. Col. L. E. Bell and Capt. Capt. J. S. Frali Fralich, ch, Stock Stock Control Control..
wasn wasn't 't much much we coul could d do abou aboutt it wit withhout out acce access ss to our our secr secret et file filess and some some cleri clerical cal help. help. The The first first evenin evening g we lill lilled ed in by a long long walk walk in Hyde Hyde Park Park,, wher wheree soap soap-b -box ox orat orator orss were were goin going g full full blas blastt with ith ever everyt ythi hing ng from from athe atheis ism m to com communis munism. m. Aroun Around d each each orator orator was was a sma small ll crow crowd d of lift lifty y to a hun hundr dred ed peop people le,, and and on the the outs outski kirt rtss in the park park sold soldie iers rs and and their their girls girls were makin making g the best of their their time time togeth together er and not worryi worrying ng too much much about about priva privacy. cy. \Ve \Ve were were quite quite inter interest ested ed in a clus cluste terr of antia antiair ircr craf aftt bat: bat:er erie iess and and rocke rockett guns surro surround unded ed by barbe barbed d wire. wire. Late ater in the nigh ight I obs observe erved d the enentire gro group of guns uns and rocke ckets going ing full full blast blast agains againstt an air attack attack..
of his his forc forces es for for the the cros crosss-<: <:ha hann nnel el asassaul sault. t. He had know known n me for for a num numbe berr of year yearss and and we had had worke orked d toge togeth ther er clos closel ely y on the Thir Third d Army Army Staf Stafff on the the large large Louisia Louisiana na i\ lane laneuv uver ers, s, He stat stated ed that that he had comp comple lete te conf confid iden ence ce in mv judgment; that he had never heard of the key key offi office cers rs on Gen. Gen. Lee' Lee'ss staf staff, f, nor nor of any any expe experi rien ence ce they they had had in deal deal-ing ing with with larg largee forc forces es,, eith either er in comb combat at or on mane maneuv uver ers. s. I-Ie I-Ie als also o stat stated ed that that his his subord subordina inate te army army comma command nders ers were were cons consid ider erab ably ly worr worrie ied d abou aboutt Lee Lee and and his his staf staff, f, and and that that he felt felt some someth thin ing g must must be done done to alla allay y thei theirr unea uneasi sine ness ss and and his his own own on this this matte atter. r. So he he want wanted ed me to proceed proceed with a complet completee investig investigaa \Ve \Ve had a rugged rugged Righ Rightt o\'er o\'er via NewNewOn the 9th of Ap April ril I pro proceede eeded d to tion, tion, start start corre correcti ctive ve action action wher whereve everr infoun foundl dlan and, d, Irel Irelan and, d, Scot Scotla land nd,, \Val \Vales es,, Sl-IAE AEF, F, loca locate ted d near near the the Asco Ascott Race Race dicated, and to let him know if any reach aching ing Londo ondon n final nally the night ght of Sl-I Course se beyond beyond Kings Kingston ton,, slight slightly ly southsouth- impo importa rtant nt change changess were were necess necessary ary.. April 7th. Early the next morning I Cour west of London, It was about a 4 55At this this poin pointt Gener eneral al Bede Bedell ll Smit Smith h took the group to the the Headqu Headquar arter terss ETa ETa inutee ride ride from from Gros Grosve veno norr Squa Square re.. asked ked me how I int intende nded to proce oceed at 47 Grosv Grosveno enorr Squar Square, e, where where we made made minut The day day was cle clear and cold old. The trip with ith the the inve invest stig igat atio ion. n. I rep repli lied ed that that I an offic officia iall call call on Lt. Lt. Gen. Gen. John John C. H. was was through through the m(ll m(ll!\t !\tre recen cently tly bombe bombed d inten intended ded to inves investi tigat gatee first first the the logis logistic tic Lee, ee, who who was both both the the Comm Comman andi ding ng sectio ion n of Lond London on,, wher wheree the the Germ German anss funct function ionss of Ike' Ike'ss own headqu headquart arters ers and Gene Genera ral, l, SOS SOS in Euro Europe pe,, and and the the DepDep- sect had had atte attemp mpte ted d to knoc knock k out out an elec electr tric ic then to follow down through to the uty uty Theate Theaterr Comm Comman ander der under under Gener General al subord rdin inat atee head headqu quar arte ters rs,, chec checki king ng the the powerr plan plantt in sout southw hwes estt Lond London on and and subo Eisen Eisenhow hower. er. I-Ie I-Ie was was about about to depar departt on powe logis logistic tic plans plans in each each headqu headquar arter ters, s, to miss missed ed the the plan plant, t, but but badl badly y batt batter ered ed a trip trip,, but but in his usua usuall frie friend ndly ly mann manner er,, litted d into into the the genera generall conconfour or five five bloc blocks ks of apar apartm tmen entt hous houses es see how they litte offered offered every every possible possible assistance assistance and sug- four cept cept of the opera operatio tion; n; after after which which I woul would d buildings ngs in the vicin vicinit ity. y. geste sted an iti itiner nerary ary. Both oth he and his and buildi eventu tual ally ly get get down down to exa exam minin ining g the the Gener General al Eisen Eisenhow hower' er'ss Supre Supreme me Alli Allied ed even Chie hief of Staff, Brig. Gen. Roy Lord ord actual al load loadin ing g plan planss and and make make a fina finall Headqu quar arte ters rs were ere loca locate ted d in a larg largee actu were amazed amazed to lear learn n that that we pla plann nned ed to Head check k on shor shorta tage gess of crit critic ical al item itemss rerefield, d, each each buil buildi ding ng well well camo camouR uRag aged ed chec take take one or two month monthss to make make a comcom- fiel quired ed.. All All alon along g we woul would d assi assist st the the with huge huge gree green n camo camouR uRag agee nets nets.. All All quir plet pletee surv survey ey and and that that we did did not not want ant with planning ng staff staffs, s, correc correctin ting g any any defici deficienenthe buil buildi ding ngss were were oneone-st stor ory y bric brick, k, planni a pre prear arra rang nged ed itin itiner erar ary. y. Howe Howeve ver, r, they they of the cies in plan lans, as well as cont contaact the and the the enti entire re fiel field d was incl inclos osed ed with with a cie cheer cheerful fully ly accept accepted ed the sit situat uation ion and led and Unite United d State Statess to expedi expedite te any short shortage agess brick brick wall wall about about six six feet feet high. high. us imme immedia diate tely ly to the the \Var Room Room where where that might might develop develop.. This This gener general al schem schemee I was was soon soon ushe ushere red d in to Lieut Lieut.. Gen. Gen. that we were ere orie orient nted ed on the the stra strate tegi gicc conconwould requi require re me to visi visitt all of the the highhighBedell ll Smith mith,, Chie Chieff of Staf Staff, f, who who would cept cept of the crosscross-<:h <:hann annel el operati operation on and and W. Bede headqu quar arte ters rs of the Ameri America can n forc forces es accomp mpan anie ied d me to see see Gene Genera rall Eise Eisenn- er head the plans plans of the the subord subordina inate te servi service ce eleele- acco and most most of the the impo import rtan antt Amer Americ ican an hower. I found Ike in the corner of and ments ments.. \Ve \Ve spent spent the entir entiree day stu studyi dying ng installat lation ionss in southe southern rn and southw southwest est-one one of the low low bric brick k buil buildi ding ngss in a larg largee instal the the main main plan planss in deta detail il.. ern Engl ngland. and. I wou would have have to chec check k comforta comfortable ble office office with with an open fireplac fireplacee ern Then we found ound that hat the America ican the func functi tion onss of the gene genera rall staf staffs fs in and and Brit Britis ish h staf staffs fs weren weren't 't work workin ing g the the and and the the fire fire goin going. g. vVe vVe pul pulle led d up thre threee the theirr logi logist stic ic plan planss as wel welll as the the dedechairs rs to the the fire firepl plac ace, e, and and Ike Ike imme immedi di-- thei long long even evenin ing g hour hourss in Lond London on that that we chai tailed work work of the technica technicall servi services ces.. ate ately lau launche nched d into nto an out outlin line of his tailed were were used used to in \Vashi \Vashingt ngton on.. vVe vVe wan wanted ted Also, Also, I agreed agreed to rend render er a report report upon upon to con conti tinu nuee the the work work at nigh night, t, but but ther theree desire desire that that I check check over over the logist logistic ic plans plans
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r the the e£lic e£licien iency cy of the the en:ir en:iree supp supply ly opera opera-tion tion in Europ Europee prior prior to the cross-<:hannel cross-<:hannel opera operatio tion n in suff suffici icien entt detai detaill to est estim imat atee the the num number ber of days days that that the the oper operat atio ion n could could be suppo supporte rted d once once launc launche hed. d. Both Both Gene Genera rall Eisen Eisenho howe werr and and Gener General al Smit Smith h seem eemed satisf isfied with this pla plan. lke walk walked ed to the the door door with ith me and and said said.. lad you are here ere. 1 fe feel " 'I am very glad much much better. better."" 1 th then check ecked in with ith 1\la \laj. Gen. en. Bull Bull,, G3 of Supre Supreme me Headq Headqua uarte rters rs,, and and with with 1\la 1\laj. j. Gen. Gen. Rober Robertt Craw Crawfo ford rd,, G4, and outli outline ned d brieR brieR\' \' them m\' m\' conver conver-..to them sati sation onss with with Gene Genera rals ls Eise Eisenh nhow ower er and and Smit Smith h and and the the purp purpos osee of my my visit visit.. \Ve \Ve had had lunc lunch h toge togeth ther er in the the famo famous us YanYankee kee Dood Doodle le Dini Dining ng Room Room of Supr Suprem emee Head Headqu quar arte ters rs-a -a very very nic nicee lunc lunch h room room which hich was high highly ly deco decora rate ted d with ith apappropriat propriatee America American n symbols symbols.. After lunch 1 ret retu urned to London don and imme immedia diate tely ly assem assemble bled d my staf stafff and
proceeded to the the Headq eadqua uart rter erss of the the First U. S. Army Group. Our \'isit ther theree was was not not \'er \'ery y succ succes essf sful ul.. G4 ~ laj. laj. Gen. ~ loses was not there. and his staff staff were were unable unable to gi\'e gi\'e us the deta details ils of thei heir pla plans that we want anted. However ever.. we liste listene ned d to the their ir outl outlin inee of the the plan plan as they they knew knew it. it. The The offi office ce of Lie Lieut. ut. Gen. Gen. Omar Omar Brad Brad-lev next on mv list. st. I infor formed ..was nex Gene Genera rall Brad Bradle ley y that that 1 wou would ld like like to call call upon upon his his G4 at First irst Army rmy I-Ie I-Iead ad-quart quarters ers and and to initi initiat atee an im'e im'est stiga igati tion on of the the suppl supply y situ situat atio ion n thro throug ugho hout ut the the Firs Firstt Army Army.. Brad Bradle ley y seem seemed ed very very glad glad see me and to kno know w that that such such a chec check k to see was to be made ade. \Ve had had been classmates at the Command and Gene eneral Stal Stalff Schoo Schooll at Fort Fort Leave Leavenw nwort orth h some some year yearss befo before re,, and and he outli outline ned d his his prob prob-lems to me me free reek He did not like the setu setup p with with Lieu Lieut. t. Gen. Gen. Lee Lee serv servin ing g as both both Depu Deputy ty Thea Theate terr Comm Comman ande derr and and Supp Supplie liess on the beache beachess ...
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the the SOS SOS Comm ommande anderr-an and d late laterr to become come the the Comm Commun unic icat atio ions ns Zone Zone ComCommander. After fter comp comple leti ting ng the the day' day'ss work ork at the First First Army Army Head Headqua quart rters ers,, 1 walke walked d in the the clea clearr cold cold e\'e e\'eni ning ng to the hote hotel. l. All All the the barr barrag agee ball balloo oons ns were were up and 1 had had the the feel feelin ing g that that it woul would d be a good good evening for an air raid. 1\l 1\ly hunc unch prm'e prm'ed d right right.. About About I: 15 15 a.m. a.m. the the siren sirenss were were soun soundi ding ng full full blas blastt and and ever everyo yone ne blac blacke ked d out out usin using g the the hea\ hea\'y 'y blac blackk-ou outt curt curtain ainss prov provide ided d in all build buildin ings. gs. [\Ia [\Iany ny of the the gues guests ts of the hote hotell live lived d ther theree thro throug ugho hout ut the the wint winter er.. They They woul would d asassemb semble le in one of the the lower lower hallw hallwavs avs and rema remain in ther theree unti untill the the atta attack ck was was comcomplet pleted ed.. Some ome would ould be full fully y dres dresse sed. d. othe others rs in bath bathro robe bes. s. This his part partic icul ular ar raid raid last lasted ed abou aboutt an hour hour and and the the anti anti-airc aircra raft ft batt batter erie iess in fron frontt of the the hote hotell kept up a constant barrage. Bombs drop droppe ped d in the city city.. but but none none near near the the
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The The floa floati ting ng dock dockss at Omah Omahaa Beac Beach h befo before re ... ...
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as I coul could d see, see, was prote protecti cting ng the the Amer Ameriihotel hotel.. In pre\'i pre\'ious ous raids raids on Guad Guadalc alcana anall can inte intere rest stss as wel welll as he he coul could. d. I ininand other her plac laces where ere I had had been, en, I can usual usually ly slept slept through through the whole whole perfo perform rm-- dicated to him that he and his own stafff could could make make more more and and full fuller er use use of ance ance,, but but in Londo London, n, betw betwee een n the the concon- staf the staf stafff of the SOS SOS unde underr Gene Genera rall Lee, Lee, stan stantt blas blastt of the taxi taxi drive drivers rs'' horn hornss and and the ther thereb eby y avoi avoidi ding ng dupl duplic icat atio ion n in the the dedethe the firi firing ng of the the anti antiai airc rcra raft ft batt batter erie ies, s, tail tailed ed work work.. Gene Genera rall Craw Crawfo ford rd agre agreed ed,, sleep sleep was impossib impossible. le. but but argu argued ed that that he foun found d it impo imposs ssib ible le The The next next morn morning ing I held held a conf confere erence nce to get dat data from the staf taff of the the SOS with with the the G4 Sect Sectio ion n of ETO, ETO, Colo Colone nels ls ough and accu ccurat rate enoug nough h for Boga Bogart rt and and Evan Evanss of my own own grou group, p, on fast enough his purpo purpose ses. s. Howe Howeve ver, r, he prom promis ised ed to the the subj subjec ectt of ship shippi ping ng prio priori riti ties es.. I was was his attem attempt pt to improv improvee these these relat relation ionshi ships ps not not sati satisf sfie ied d with ith the the way ship shipme ment ntss and proc proced edur ures es,, and and I agre agreed ed to che check ck were were bein being g made made to Eur Europ opee in order order of and the SOS SOS Head Headqu quar arte ters rs and and help help from from prio priori rity ty.. As the the time time appro approac ache hed d to atat- at the end of the line. ne. Again ain our staf taff tack tack the the cont contin inen ent, t, it was was evide evident nt that that that end group p drop droppe ped d in to the the head headqu quar arte ters rs we must must have have a syste system m of prio priori riti ties es bebe- grou Firstt i\rmy i\rmy Group Group for a conf confere erence nce twee tween n the the head headqu quar arte ters rs of the the ETO ETO and and of the Firs with ith the the G4 Sect Sectio ion, n, but but were ere disa disappthe ports rts in the Unit nited States whic hich pointe ted d to fin find d that that the the Grou Group p G4 SecSecwere were to suppor supportt that that theat theater er,, arran arranged ged so poin tion tion was was stil stilll only only in the the prel prelim imin inar ary y clea clearl rly y and and defi defini nite tely ly that that the the thea theate terr plan planni ning ng stag stages es and and enti entire rely ly unab unable le to com command mander er coul could d get get what hat he need needed ed get down down to the the prac practi tica call deta detail ilss so nec nec-for for comba combatt in the the orde orderr of prio priori rity ty of get essary in the logis logistic tical al field field.. need need.. I was was dete determ rmin ined ed that that we must must essary So we moved moved over over to the Firs Firstt Army Army get this his sett ettled at onc once. The syst ystem in the same same build buildin ing, g, hopi hoping ng to get get our our prop propos osed ed by ETO ETO was was not not sati satisf sfac acto tory ry,, teet te eth h into in to the th e earl ea rly y deta de tail ils s of their the ir supsu pso I set set the the staf stafff to work work imme immedi diat atel ely y ply plan planni ning ng,, only only to find find that that they they had had on anot anothe herr syst system em,, which hich woul would d take take ply justt moved oved to Brist ristol ol,, on the the Brist ristol ol them them appro approxim ximat ately ely a week week to work work out. jus Channe nell abou aboutt 150 150 mile miless west west of LonLonLater ater the the syst system em was was adop adopte ted d and and arar- Chan don. How However ever,, I agai again n had had a talk talk with ith rang rangem emen ents ts were were made made by tele teleph phon onee to don. Genera rall Brad Bradle ley y who enco encour urag aged ed me New New York York ind indic icat atin ing g the the comp comple lete te dede- Gene and and gave gave me full full auth author orit ity y to cons consul ultt tail tailss so that that it coul could d be impl implem emen ente ted d with any any mem members bers of his his staf stafff duri during ng witho thout dela elay in prep repara aration ion for the with our our stay stay in Engla England nd.. But But he stil stilll didn didn't 't cross-ch cross-channe annell operatio operation. n. think k Gene Genera rall Lee shoul should d be both both the the I-laving I-laving started started my group group on this work, thin Deput eputy y Theat heater er Comma ommand nder er and and the' the' I proc procee eede ded d to Sup Supre reme me Head Headqu quar arte ters rs nicati ation Zone or SOS Comomfor for a confe conferen rence ce with with Maj. Maj. Gen. Gen. Rober Robertt Communic Crawford, G4. I enter entered ed his office office with with mander. This This same same day day I sent sent Colo Colone nell vVes vVesttmixe mixed d feel feelin ings gs,, beca becaus usee both both Gene Genera rall phalin inge gerr to inv inves esti tiga gate te the the comb combat at veveDever everss and and Gene Genera rall Eise Eisenh nhow ower er had had phal hiclee situ situat atio ion, n, and and Colo Colone nell Evan Evanss to asked asked for my my detail detail in this this positi position on much much hicl the the forw forward ard echel echelon on of the Comm Communi unicacaearl earlie ier, r, but but in each each case case my comma command nd-tion tion Zone Zone head headqu quar arte ters rs to disc discus usss the the ing genera generall had had decli declined ned my rele release ase.. question ion of U. S.-U S.-U.. K. tonna tonnages ges:: i.e., i.e., to Bobb Bobby y Craw Crawfor ford d grasp grasped ed his respon responsisi- quest get into into the the prob proble lem m of tonna tonnage gess that that bili biliti ties es with with rega regard rd to the the allo alloca cati tion on of get would d have have to be sent sent from from the the Unit United ed reso resour urce cess betw betwee een n the the Brit Britis ish h and and the the woul Statess direc directly tly to the conti contine nent nt after after the Amer America ican n armie armiess thoro thorough ughly, ly, and as far State 6
inva invasi sion on star starte ted d and and the the tonn tonnag ages es that that coul could d be sent sent dire direct ctly ly from from the the Unit United ed King Kingdo dom m duri during ng the the firs firstt nine ninety ty days days of the oper operat atio ion. n. I consi conside dere red d this this necnecessa essary ry sinc sincee it woul would d be impo imposs ssib ible le to load load out of Brit British ish ports ports all the tonnag tonnages es that that would would be requi require red d on the conti continen nent, t, due due to the the cong conges esti tion on in thes thesee port portss and and the requi requirem remen ents ts of the the civilia civilian n popula popula-tio tion in the Unite ited King ingdom dom. At the same same time time I sent sent Colo Colone nell Bell Bell and and CapCaptain tain Frali ralich ch to Chel Chelte tenh nham am to sta start rt an invest investiga igati tion on of the stock stock contro controll methmethods used used by the techni technica call servi services ces in the Unit United ed King Kingdo dom, m, to sati satisf sfy y ours oursel elve vess wheth whether er or not not the stock stock contro controll meth methods ods were were suffi sufficie cient ntly ly satis satisfac factor tory y to enable enable us to kno know what was act actual ually in the the United United Kingdom Kingdom.. The The next next few few days days were were consu consume med d in studyi studying ng the the ammunit ammunitio ion n requir requirem emen ents ts with with the Ordnanc Ordnancee offic officer erss of the the variou variouss unit unitss in ETO with with a view view to asc ascer erta tain in-ing ing the the exac exactt posi positi tion on for for the the ammu ammuni ni-tion tion supp suppor ortt of the comi coming ng oper operat atio ion. n. Also Also we outli outlined ned the system system of shippin shipping g prio priori riti ties es to be used used out out of the the Port Port of New York York duri during ng the the atta attack ck and and in the the firs firstt thre threee mont months hs of the the oper operat atio ions ns on the the cont contin inen ent. t. vVe vVe also also sta start rted ed the the ininvest vestig igat atio ion n at SOS SOS Headq eadqua uart rter erss and and SHAE SHAEF F to dete determ rmin inee the the requ requir irem emen en,s ,s for for high highly ly crit critic ical al item itemss and and the the actu actual al stoc stock k situ situat atio ion n of the these se item items. s. This This ininvestig vestigati ation on discl disclose osed d that that data data going going into into SHAE SHAEF F was was appr approxi oxima matel tely y three three weeks weeks old, old, and and that that many many of the the crit critic ical al item itemss that that had had been been of cons consid ider erab able le conc concer ern n to Genera Generall Crawfo Crawford, rd, G4, were were now b e ing ing expe expedi dite ted d and and would ould be avai availa labl blee for for the the oper operat atio ion. n. How However ever,, Gene Genera rall Crawford was not getting data fast enou enough gh from from SOS Head Headqu quar arte ters rs in EuEurope rope to enab enable le him him to keep keep his his curr curren entt planni planning ng up to date. date. One main main caus causee for for the trou troubl blee was that that the the vari variou ouss spec specia iall and and tech techni nica call ANTI ANTIAI AIRC RCRA RAFT FT
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"\'{ "\'{li lill llow ow Run" Run" ... ...
Vchi Vchicl clee asse assemb mbly ly in Nor Norma mand ndy y
staf stafff offic officer erss at the SOS SOS Head Headqua quart rter erss were were deal dealin ing g dire direct ctly ly with with the the logi logist stic icss offi office ce at at SHE SHEAF. AF. At firs firstt glan glance ce this this migh mightt seem seem to be the best best metho ethod d and and one one that that woul would d save save time time.. But But our our exexperi perien ence cess had had show shown n that that such such inde inde-pendent pendent procedur procedures es were were dangero dangerous us until until prop proper er cont contro rols ls and and coor coordi dina nati tion on were were provi provided ded.. This This we exp explai laine ned d to Colon Colonel el Stra Stratt tton on,, G4 at at SOS SOS Headq Headqua uart rter ers. s. He was was inform informed ed that that data data from from the vari various ous staf stafff sect sectio ions ns goin going g into into SHAE HAEF was repo report rted ed to be be late late and and inac inaccu cura rate te and and that that he shoul should d prom prompt ptly ly gras grasp p the the matmatter ter firm firmly ly in his his own hand handss and and revi review ew all data data and and requi require re it all all to pass pass throug through h his his office to SHAEF unt until he was asassur sured tha that it was was depe ependabl able. Of all profe professi ssion onss know known n to man man,, the mili militar tary y must must be most most exacting exacting in having having accurat accuratee and prompt prompt info inform rmat ation ion on whi which ch plans plans can be based. based.
loos loosee ends ends.. Colo Colone nels ls Boga Bogart rt and and Evan Evanss arra arrange nged d conve convers rsati ation onss with with \Vash \Vashin inggton ton to expl explai ain n the the agre agreem emen ents ts made made with with the the Lond London on peop people le on shipp shippin ing g prio priori ri-ties ties;; to insu insure re that that the the syst system em on ship ship-ping ping prio priori riti ties es was was clea clearl rly y unde unders rsto tood od in the the Port Port of New New York York,, part partic icul ular arly ly the the high high prior priorit ity y cate categor gorie iess that that must must be ship shippe ped d prio priorr to 0 Day; Day; and and furt furthe her, r, the the cate catego gori ries es that that woul would d be need needed ed in high high prio priori rity ty duri during ng the the firs firstt sixt sixty y days days on the contin continen ent. t. Of cours course, e, these these prior prioriities ties could could be revi revise sed d as the the oper operat atio ions ns deve develo lope ped, d, but but for for this this oper operat atio ion n it was was not not prac practi tica call norm normal ally ly to revi revise se the the pripriorities orities in less than 3D-day 3D-day interva intervals. ls. I also also instr instruc ucte ted d the the staf stafff to work work out out tonn tonnag agee allo alloca cati tion onss with within in such such prio priori ri-ties ties duri during ng mv abse absenc ncee on tour tour.. They hey
were ere to work work thes thesee out out care carefu full lly y with ith the SOS Headqua quarters and SHAEF Staf Staffs fs.. Also Also,, we initi initiat ated ed stud studie iess with with Brig. rig. Gen. Gen. Harry arry Vaug Vaugha han. n. Engi Engine neer er Corps rps. who was to co command the forward echelon of the supply zone in Fran France ce,, of the \'ari \'ariou ouss requ requir irem emen ents ts to maint aintai ain n our our armi armies es afte afterr the\ the\"" were ere landed ded on the conti ntinent. nt. \Ve found here here a seri serious ous dela delay. y. The The compu computat tatio ions ns for requi quirements and and tonnage ages had bogg bogged ed down down in the the Firs Firstt Army Army Grou Group p Headqu dquarter ters and were not not getting ing thro throug ugh h to the the Forw Forwar ard d Eche Echelo lon n SOS. SOS. In des desperat ration they had dumped ped the the prob proble lem m into into Vaugh Vaughan an's 's lap. lap. \Ve \Ve were were appre apprehe hensi nsive ve beca because use we knew knew it woul would d devel develop op furth further er delay delayss all all along along the the line line in fill illing requir uirement ents as well as in disc disclo losi sing ng the the actu actual al supp supply ly situ situat atio ion. n. \Ve \Ve part particu icula larly rly wante wanted d plan planss to cover cover at leas leastt nine ninety ty days days supp suppor ortt on the the cont contiinent. It has has been been my exp exper erien ience ce that that reregard gardle less ss of how confi confide dent nt the the Chie Chiefs fs of Tech Techni nica call Serv Servic ices es are are rega regard rdin ing g thei theirr know knowle ledg dgee of wha whatt they they have have in stoc stock, k, when when requ requis isit itio ions ns from from troo troops ps begi begin n to come come in, in, shor shorta tage gess deve develo lop, p, and and I was most most anxi anxiou ouss to ferre ferrett out out thes thesee shor shorttages ages now, now, not not have have them them disc discov over ered ed at the last moment. moment. The The disco discover very y of this this delay delay cause caused d me to decid decidee to retu return rn to Brad Bradle lev' v'ss head head-quar quarte ters rs of the Firs Firstt U. S. Army Army Grou Group p to disc discus usss the the matt matter er with with l\la l\laj. j. Gen. Gen. Leven Allen len, Chief of Staff. ff. He admitt mitted ed that that the the oper operat atio iona nall plan planss of the the
The The days days conti continu nued ed to be be fille filled d with with conf confer eren ence cess with with the the Firs Firstt U. S. Arm Army y Group Group,, the the Advan Advance ce Secti Section on of the the ComCommuni munica cati tion on Zone Zone,, the the Firs Firstt and and Thir Third d Army Army staf staffs fs and and the the vari variou ouss tech techni nica call serv servic icee Offic fficer erss and and staf staffs fs,, as well ell as l\'l l\'laj aj.. Gen. Gen. Craw Crawfo ford rd,, USA, USA, and and l\la l\laj. j. Gen. Gen. Brow Brownj njoh ohn n of the the Brit Britis ish h Army Army at Sl-IAEF. It was was suppo suppose sed d to be spring spring-time time in Engla England nd,, but but to me me it was bitte bitterr cold. ld. I adm admired the fortitud tude of the barebare-le legge gged d Briti British sh boys boys and girls girls in the the fiel fields ds and and town towns, s, play playin ing g gam games and and ridin riding g bicyc bicycle les-t s-the heir ir faces faces and legs beet beet red from from the cold cold weather. weather. Confide Confidenti ntialally they they told told me they they had had alwa always ys felt felt the the cold, cold, too. too. The The tim time had had now now arri arrive ved d to mak makee a tour tour of some some of the the fiel field d inst instal alla lati tion onss and headquarte headquarters. rs. So, we began began to gather gather NOVE NOVEMBE MBER-D R-DECE ECEMBE MBER, R,
1952 1952
7
Firs irst and Thir hird Armies had been delave aved. but blamed this his on cons onstant chan change gess in the the troo troop p basi basis, s, whic which h were were bein being g made ade at Gener eneral al i\ lontgomery's lontgomery's headqua headquarter rters. s. or the headqua headquarte rters rs known known as "21 "21 Group roup." ." Alth Althou ough gh a plann plannin ing g grou group p had had been been work workin ing g in Lond London on for for almos almostt t\\"Oy t\\"Oyear earss on plan planss for this this cros crossschann channel el oper operat ation ion.. the the comma command nder erss had had not not been design designate ated d until until Januar January y 1944, 1944, whic which h in turn turn had had caus caused ed a compl complet etee upse upsett in the the plann plannin ing. g. In othe otherr word words. s. neit neithe herr Eise Eisenh nhow ower er nor nor 1 \ lontoomerv o • nor nor Brad Bradle ley y full fully y acce accept pted ed the the plan planss as orig origin inal ally ly draw drawn. n. The The revi revisi sion on of the the plan planss at this this late late stag stagee caus caused ed the the dedelay lay in pass passin ing g dow down thos thosee port portio ions ns of the the plan planss so nece necess ssar ary y for for logi logist stic ic and and supply supply plannin planning. g. This This same same diff difficu icult lty y we encou encount nter ered ed in \Vash \Vashin ingt gton on with with our our own own Gene Genera rall Stal Stalf. f. It has has been been the the curs cursee on the the back back of all all logi logist stic ical al plan planne ners rs and and oper operat ator orss in all all mili milita tary ry hist histor ory. y. The The logi logist stic icia ian n is exp expec ecte ted d to be ready ready imme immedi diat atel ely y to suppo support rt any any tacti tactica call or strat strateg egica icall opera opera-tion tion,, but but the the tact tactic ical al and and stra strate tegi gica call plann planner erss deve develop lop very very slow slowly ly a recog recogninition tion of the lead lead time time nece necess ssar ary y to plan plan and prepare prepare logist logistical ical support support.. At this time time my gro group up confe conferr rred ed with with the the Ordn Ordnan ance ce Offi Office cer, r, ETO, ETO, to exam examin inee some some of the critical critical ordnance ordnance items items which which shoul should d be consi conside dered red for for ship shipme ment. nt. vVe vVe estab establi lish shed ed the the neces necessi sity ty for immedi immediat atee ship shipm ment ent of crit critic ical al carr carrie iers rs M-29 -29 for for the First First Army. Army. vVe vVe conf confer erre red d with with the the Arti Artill ller ery y OfOfficer of the First U. S. Army Group rega regard rdin ing g the the futu future re push push of hea heavy vy arartill tiller ery. y. We advi advise sed d him him as wel welll as G3, G3, SHAE SHAEF, F, that that adva advanc ncee plan planni ning ng shou should ld incl includ udee a care carefu full anal analys ysis is of poss possib ible le requi require reme ments nts for for heavy heavy arti artill llery ery,, point point-ing out that hat the fighting in Italy had deve develo lope ped d a heavy heavy dema demand nd for for 8-in 8-inch ch
arti artill ller ery y and and huge huge amou amount ntss of 155m 155mm m gun ammunitio tion as well as art artillery tubin bing. \Ve \Ve emphasi asized that heavy arti artill ller ery y requ requir ires es time time to prod produc uce; e; and and sinc sincee the the Grou Ground nd Forc Forces es earl earlie ierr in the war war had had deem deemph phas asiz ized ed heav heavy y arti artill ller ery y we would would ha,' ha,'ee to incr increa ease se our our prod produc uc-tion tion now now if it it were were to be secu secure red. d. Our advi advice ce was not not take taken n seri seriou ousl sly, y, but but I think think they they later later regr regrett etted ed it. Conf Confer eren ence ce with with Brig Brigad adie ierr Gene Genera rall Fran Frank k Ross Ross,, Chie Chieff of Tran Transp spor orta tati tion on,, showe owed me that he had moved ved alo along well ell in his prepa prepara rati tion ons. s. He had had gargarnered some 3COcoastal 3COcoastal vessels, vessels, averaging 200 200 tons tons to app appro roxim ximat atel ely y 3500 3500 tons tons,, for load loadin ing g with ith supp suppli lies es to main mainta tain in the the forc forces es during during the the firs firstt three three week weekss after after the the assa assaul ult. t. The The name namess of thes thesee vess vessel elss had been pla placed in the hands of the Brit British ish \Var \Var Offi Office, ce, who were were to desig desig-nate nate what hat ship shipss woul would d go to spec specif ific ic beac beache hes. s. Deta Detail iled ed load loadin ing g plan planss coul could d not not be made made until until this this data data was was obtain obtained ed from from the the Brit Britis ish h offi office ce.. Ross Ross disc disclo lose sed d that that requi requisi siti tions ons for for suppli supplies es were were comcoming from the chiefs of the the technical cal serv servic ices es in the the Adva Advanc ncee Sect Sectio ion n of the the Comm Commun unic icat atio ion n Zone Zone in dribl driblet etss only only,, whic which h conf confir irme med d my form former er disc discov over ery y that the enti ntire pla planning was behin hind sche scheau aule le.. Howev owever er,, he certa certain inly ly had had set set up an exce excell llen entt cent centra rali lize zed d cont contro roll syst system em to keep keep trac track k of his his vess vessel elss and and his his ship shippi ping ng capab capabil ilit itie iess at all all times times.. In a las last minute conferen rence Maj. Gen. Harry arry Vaugh aughan an conf confir irm med the the dela delays ys whic which h we had disc discov over ered ed in the the supp supply ly and planni nning. He tho thought they hey were due due to cha chang nges es in the the oper operat atio iona nall plan planss at Mont Montgo gome mery ry's 's and and Brad Bradle ley' y'ss head head-vident that the quarters. It was now evid time time had had arri arrive ved d when when thes thesee chan change gess coul could d no long longer er be made made;; that that the the tact tactiical cal and and logis logisti tica call plans plans mllst be made made
of of
port portat ation ion and and G4 repr represe esent ntat ativ ives es on outoutload loadin ing g supp suppli lies es and and equi equipm pmen entt deve develloped oped anoth another er disco disconc ncer erti ting ng probl problem em.. For For two two years years we had labo laborio rious usly ly stoc stockp kpile iled d equi equipm pmen entt and and supp suppli lies es in the the Unit United ed King Kingdo dom m for for the the grea greatt inva invasi sion on of EuEurope rope.. Now it dev devel elop oped ed that that the the pOrt pOrtss of the U. K. coul ould not receive the nece necess ssar ary y impo import rtss for for the the mili milita tary ry and and civi civili lian an popul populat atio ion n and and at the the same same time time outl outloa oad d to the the conti contine nent nt more more than than 12,12,000 tons per day. On that basis we would hav have to ship from the Unit nited State tatess at least least 18,0 18,000 00 tons tons per per day day didirect rectly ly to Eur Europ ope, e, which hich in turn turn might ight caus causee a dupl duplic icat atio ion n of the supp suppli lies es and and equi equipm pmen entt whic which h we had had so dil dilig igen entl tly y stoc stockp kpil iled ed in Europ urope. e. The solu soluti tion on of this this prob proble lem m was was goin going g to take take care carefu full planning. Anoth nother er matte atterr of conc concer ern n was was the the requ requir irem emen entt for for ship shippi ping ng.. Not Not so, so, per per-haps haps,, to sup suppl ply y peop people le in the U. K., but but our our head headqu quar arte ters rs in \Vash \Vashin ingt gton on were were taxe taxed d with with heav heavy y requi require reme ment ntss for for ship ship-ping ping for for all all corn corner erss of the the glob globe. e. I rereques queste ted d Gene Genera rall Lee' Lee'ss staf stafff to devel develop op at once once thei theirr esti estima mate tess of the ship shippi ping ng tonna tonnages ges that that could could be cle clear ared ed from from the port portss of the the Unit United ed King Kingdo dom m dail daily y and and the the diff differ eren ence cess that that we would ould have have to make up from ports in the United Stat States es.. Know Knowin ing g that that thes thesee instr instruc uctio tions ns woul would d requ require ire the staf stafff to work work for for some some time time,, I sent sent a memo memora rand ndum um to Gen Gener eral al Some Somerve rvell ll in Wash Washin ingto gton n cove coverin ring g thes thesee poin points ts and and by tele teleph phon onee conv conver ersa sati tion on with ith the the staf stafff in Wash Washin ingt gton on aler alerte ted d them them to req requi uire reme ment ntss for for vario various us port port batta battali lions ons to be shi shipp pped ed over over in May. May. We then then got got under under way way for Chelt Chelten en-ham ham and and othe otherr plac places es where here the the fiel field d logisti logisticc instal installati lations ons were were located located..
f ir m .
To be con tinne tinned d in next next
S E AS A S O N' N'S This Th is iss issue brin bring gs
Om
G R E ET E T IN IN G S
us to the the clos lose
sixt sixtyy-fi firs rstt year year of publ public icat atio ion n
iSS lle le.
of ano another ther
for for the Anti Antiai airc rcra raft ft
pro prosper perous ous Jour Journa nal l
yearear-th thee
and and its its pred predee-
cessors. For For the the Exec Execut utiv ivee Coun Counci cill and and the the edit editor oria iall for for tthe he gene genero rous us
supp suppor ortt from from the Asso Associ ciat atio ion n
a Merr Merry y Chris Christm tmas as and and a Prosp Prosper erou ouss
8
staf stafff we expr expres esss
than thanks ks
memb member erss and and wish wish to all all
New New Year Year..
ANTIAIRC ANTIAIRCRAFT RAFT
JOURNAL JOURNAL
Genera Generall Collin Collinss 01/ Guadal Guadal-ctwal ctwal i1/ 1943 wben wben be comcomma1/ ma1/de ded d tbe tbe 25tb 25tb Dh'i Dh'isi sion on
STR ESS TH E FU NDAM EN TA LS. have
"We
1 \ .--.
gen gener eral al the the
incor po por at ated
this
theo theory ry of attack
into
'tri 'trian angu gula larr
three
elem elements ents
fina finall
is the
coco-
ord ordin inat ated ed
and and com combin bined
efef-
fort
assa assaul ultt hold holdin ing g
the of the
the the
element,
the fire support
element
if needed needed,,
the reserve."
larly larly to
analysis
impo import rtan antt
wheree ing ing wher be
should
the the
made,
from from the the Novem ovembe berr
issu issue e Combat Combat
and,
is particuin determ determinin-
majo majorr and
always
throu through gh
1952 1952
element,
maneu maneuver vering ing
"Terrain
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
cons constit titut uted ed
alike."
"The "The
*Repri eprint nted ed
concept'-
HIS year year the the Army Army will will lose lose appr approx oxim imat atel ely y half half of its its T HIS trai traine ned d men. men. This This mean meanss that that we sha shall ll gain gain thre threee quar quar-ters ters of a mil milli lion on new new men. men. I want want to be be sure sure that that thes thesee new new men men will will,, from from the the very very begin beginni ning ng,, gras grasp p our our prin prin-ciple cipless of fighti fighting ng and organi organizat zation ion,, parti particul cularl arly y in small small units . Thes Thesee fund fundam amen enta tals ls hold hold the the key key to our our succe success ss.. \Ve \Ve must must know know them them thor thorou ough ghly ly and and st;e st;ess ss them them at all all time times, s, not only only to our new newcom comers but but to our our junio nior off office icers and and nonc noncom ommi miss ssio ione ned d offi office cers rs.. For For we will will cont contin inue ue to have have a great great Army Army only only as we we conti continue nue to produ produce ce superb superb small small units. units. Supe Superio riorr squads squads make make superio superiorr platoo platoons ns,, battal battalion ions, s, regregimen iments ts,, divi divisi sion ons. s. The The spea spearh rhea ead d of ever every y atta attack ck is a small small unit. unit. I want want to rere-em emph phas asiz izee here here and and driv drivee home home hard hard the the simp simple le prin princi cipl ples es behi behind nd our our idea ideass of orga organi niza zati tion on and and attack attack,, and the the close close rela relatio tionsh nship ip betwe between en these these concepts concepts and and the the anal analys ysis is of terr terrai ain. n. I hope hope to tie tie thes thesee thin things gs totogeth gether er by a conn connec ecti ting ng thre thread ad to mak makee them them more more easi easily ly understood. The The reas reason onss unde underl rlyi ying ng our our doct doctri rine ne of atta attack ck are are well well know known n to man many y of the the older older hand handss in the the Army Army.. \Ve \Ve have have hear heard d and and stud studie ied d them them many many tim times. es. But p;im p;imar aril ily y for for
effo effort rt is
I feel be
it
made
maneuv maneuver. er." "
Forcel Forcel
Journa Journal. l.
9
r ~
the the bene benefi fitt of our our youn younge gerr men, men, I want want to repeat repeat these these princi principle ples. s. If we anal analn. n.ee any any atta attack ck,, we will will find find cert certai ain n thin things gs whi~ whi~h h mus; mus; norm normal ally ly be done done,, what whatee\"er \"er the the size size of the the unit unit.. They They fall fall into phas phases es,, ofte often n refe referr rred ed to as the the "fou "fours rs Fs": Fs": "fin "find d 'em 'em and and fix fix 'em 'em," ," "fig "fight ht 'em, 'em,"" and and "fin "finis ish h 'em. 'em."" The The firs firstt thing we must do, if we are not immedi mediat ateh eh'' in con conta tact ct with with the the enem enemv, v, is seek him him out out and and to pin pin him him d~\\ d~\\'n 'n to see in posi positi tion on with with fire fire pow poweer-we r-we must must "fin "find d 'em 'em and and fix fix 'e 'em." m." I think think this this is real really ly one opera operati tion on,, not not two. two. \Ve \Ve must must know know who who our our oppo oppone nent nt is and and wher wheree he is. \Ve \Ve also also want want to hold hold him him in place place and and keep keep him him occu occupi pied ed,, so we can carr carry y out out the the rest rest of our our plan plan of att attac ack. k. This This findin finding g and fixing norma normally lly requir requires es one elem elemen ent, t, one one prin princi cipa pall unit unit,, of the the comcommander mander's 's force. force. \Vh \Vheen we have have loca locate ted d the the enem enem\' \' and and pinn pinned ed him him down down,, we then then have have t~ mane maneuv uver er agai agains nstt one one or anot anothe herr of his his Rank Ranks; s; or if he is wide widely ly disp disper erse sed, d, it may may be more more effe effect ctiv ivee to hit hit him him in the middle. But more often it will be a mane maneuv uver er arou around nd one one Rank Rank or the the othe other, r, so we need need a seco second nd elem elemen entt in our our forc forcee -a mane maneuv uver erin ing g elem elemen entt-fo forr this this "fig "fight ht 'em" phase. phase. In the the fina finall phas phasee we must must dri\ dri\'e 'e the the attack attack home, home, capita capitaliz lizing ing on the envelopenvelopment ment or ext exten endi ding ng it, it, in orde orderr to "fin "finis ish h 'em. 'em."" This This last last phas phasee may may requ requir iree the the use use of the the thir third d ele element ment of our our forc force, e, the the rese resef\ f\'e 'e,, thou though gh some someti time mess we can can finish finish the enemy off withou withoutt commit committin ting g the reserve. reserve.
to have a great Army Army only only if we continue to prod produc ucee supe superb rb smal smalll unit units. s. Supe Superi rior or squads make superior pla plato toon ons, s, batt battal alio ions ns,, and and divi divisi sion ons. s. The spe spearhe arhead ad of every atta attack ck is a smal smalll unit unit." ." "We "We will will cont contin inue ue
enem enemy y and and pin pin him him down down,, the the next next time time we may may use use the the sam same elem elemen entt for for the the mane maneu~ u~'e 'eri ring ng forc force, e, and anot anothe herr time time it may may be in rese reserv rve. e. The The thre threee elem elemen ents ts mu's mu'stt be inte interc rcha hang ngea eabl blee and and natu natura rall lly y thei theirr orga organi niza zati tion on must must be the same same.. In additi addition on to the the thre threee elem elemen ents ts of any attack attacking ing force, force, large large or small, small, which which I have have ment mentio ion ned, ed, we need need one one final inal elem elemen entt and and that that is fire fire power power-h -hea ea\' \')' )' fire fire powe powerr whic which h we can can shif shiftt with withou outt shif shifti ting ng a lot lot of men men and and weap weapon ons. s. \Ve \Ve need need a fire fire supp suppor ortt elem elemen ent, t, as I like like to term term it, to give give us the fire fire superi superiori ority ty that that will will perm permit it us to close close with with the the enem enemy y and defeat defeat him, him, The The size size of of the the unit unit does does not chan change ge the the concep concept. t. The The prin princi cipl ples es are are the the same same for for a plat platoo oon, n, a comp compan any, y, a batt battal alio ion, n, a regi regime ment nt,, or a div divis isio ion. n. In prac practi tica call lly y every every attack attack,, the troop troop leader leader is normal normally ly doing doing the things things I've I've just descri described bed:: • He has to fin find d and and fix the the enem enemy y with with an clem clemen entt that that lead leadss int~ int~ the the atta attack ck . • He has to mane maneuv uver er agai agains nstt him him .
HESE HESE thre threee elem elemen ents ts of a forc forcee must must alik alike. e. For For one one time time we will use one of them to find the ...
I I
I I I
...
Be Be flex flexib ible le
in your plan planni ning ng,,
your use use of form in your format atio ions ns,,
and and in
your your order orders. s. Don't Don't tie yoursel yourself f to any any fixe fixed d or stereo stereotyp typed ed Be ready ready for any thing Ready to catc catch h the the enem enemyy
by surpri surprise se
format formation ion..
throug through h
maneuv maneuver; er;
Ready to feint;
counte terr Ready to coun Ready
to slam slam
an enem enemyy hom home
thru thrust st;;
a knoc knocko kout ut
blow blow
at the opportune
moment. Don Don't 't comm commit it
your yourse self lf too early.
tion tion whic which h deve develo lops ps.. Probe the the ene enemy care arefull fullyy
Adjus Adjustt
yourse yourself lf to the the situ situaa-
with ith only only one element.
A void void cost costly ly fron fronta tall atta attack cks. s. Keep your reserve protecte~ and under
cove coverr unti untill the the oppor-
tune tune moment moment..
~ --- 10
•
a find findin ing g and and fixi fixing ng force force;;
• a mane maneuv uver erin ing g
forc force; e;
• a rese resef\ f\'e 'e forc force. e. Each is interchangeable with the other. Ther Theree are are thre threee riRe riRe squ squad adss in a plaplatoon toon;; thre threee riRe riRe plat platoo oons ns in a comp compan any. y. There are three riRe companies in a battal battalion ion,, three three battal battalion ionss in a regi regimen ment, t, and and thre threee regi regime ment ntss in a divisi division on.. I And An d besi be side des s thes th ese e thre th ree e like li ke elem elemen ents ts I I ther theree is the the othe other, r, diff differ eren entt elem elemen enttI I the the fire fire supp suppor ortt elem elemen entt-th thee comm comman anddI I er's er's means means of shifti shifting ng fire fire power power withou withoutt I I actually shifting men. In a platoon I this this is the the weap weapon onss squa squad d. It is the the I I weapons platoon in a company; the I I heav heavy y weap weapon onss comp compan any y in a batt battal alio ion. n. I I And An d so on u p the th e line li ne to the th e div di v isio is ion n I I arti artill ller ery y in the divi divisi sion on.. And And at prac practi ti-I I call cally y ever every y leve level, l, and and cert certai ainl nly y from from the the batt battal alio ion n up, up, this this elem elemen entt may may be sup' I plem plemen ente ted d by armo armor, r, by other other arti artill ller ery. y. I I and by tactica tacticall air suppor support. t. This This is the the basic basic infantry infantry organi organizat zation ion -the -the orga organi niza zati tion on evol evolve ved d to meet meet the need needss of our Amer Americ ican an Army Army doct doctri rine ne of attack. attack. Ther Theree is tre treme men ndous dous adva advant ntag agee in this this organ organiz izat atio ion. n. Not Not only only beca becaus usee itJ itJ is soun sound d in comb combat at prin princi cipl ple. e. But But also also I becausee every every new, young young combat combat leader leader ~ becaus
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I I I I
E have incorpor incorporate ated d this this general general theory theory bf attack attack into into our Army organi organizat zation ion.. \Ve \Ve call call it "tria "triang ngul ular ar"" -thr -three ee elem elemen ents ts just alike. Each infantry unit has:
W
• He has has to driv drivee the the attac ttack k home home,, poss possiibly bly by usin using g his his rese reserv rve. e. And And he must must guar guard d hims himsel elff all all this this whil whilee by prop proper er Rank Rank and rear security. security. \Vh \Vhen en his his maneu maneuve veri ring ng forc forcee is up in position to make make its its assa assaul ult, t, the the full full
T all all be organ organiz ized ed ,-
comb combat at powe powerr of the atta attack ckin ing g elem elemen entt is then then brou brough ghtt to bear. ear. The The fina finall assaul saultt is thus thus the the coor coordi dina nate ted, d, comb combin ined ed effo effort rt of the hold holdin ing g elem elemen ent, t, the the mamaneuv neuver erin ing g elem elemen ent, t, and and the the fire fire supp suppor ortt element, and the reserye too, if it is needed. That That is the the esse essenc ncee of our our enti entire re atattack tack,, in simp simple le term termss-th thee princ rincip iple less from from which which our attack attack method methodss and techniques niques stem. stem. The right right troop troop format formation ionss to useuse-th thee righ rightt weap weapon onss to use use in fire fire supp suppor ortt-ex exac actl tly y who who will mak makee the the final final assa assaul ultt and and when-a when-all ll thes thesee thin things gs must must be deci decide ded d righ rightt on the spot spot,, afte afterr conconside sideri ring ng the the fact factor orss invo involv lved ed.. But But the the deci decisi sio ons arri arrive ved d at must must alw alwavs avs be base based d on the the prin princi cipl ples es I've I've ou't ou'tli line ned d above.
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can understa understand nd it easily. easily. \Vh \Vhen en once once a new offic officer er or nonco noncommmissi mission oned ed offic officer er under underst stand andss just just how to fight fight a platoo platoon, n, he then then under underst stand andss the the prin princi cipl ples es for for comm comman andi ding ng a comcompany pany,, a batta battali lion on,, a regim regimen ent, t, or a dividivision, sion, becaus becausee there there is no no chang changee in basic basic theo theory ry what whatev ever er,, up or down down the the scal scale. e. The one one diff differ eren ence ce is sim simpl ply y that that the the dist distan ance cess are are grea greate ter, r, and and this this chan change gess the the logi logist stic ical al prob proble lem. m. But But the the tact tactic ical al prob proble lem m rema remain inss iden identi tica call lly y the the same same,, whate whateve verr the the size size of the unit. unit.
or stereot stereotyped yped formatio formation. n. Inst Instea ead d keep keep your yourse self lf read ready y for for anyanythin thingg-re read ady y to catc catch h the the enemy enemy by sur sur-prise prise through through mane maneuve uver, r, ready ready to fein feint, t, readv readv to count counter er an enemy enemy thrus thrust, t, ready ready to slam slam hom home a knoc knocko kou' u'tt blow blow at th~ th~ oppor opportun tunee mome moment nt.. Don' Don'tt comm commit it youryourself self too too earl early. y. Adjus djustt your yourse self lf to the the situa situati tion on whic which h devel develops ops befo before re you: you: -by probi probing ng the enem enemy y care careful fully ly with with only only one one elem elemen entt-by by avoi avoidi ding ng cost costly ly front frontal al attac attacksks-by by capit capital aliz izing ing on maxi maxi-mum mum surp surpri rise se thro throug ugh h mane maneuv uver er-b -by y keep keepin ing g your your rese reserv rvee prot protec ecte ted d and and ununder de r co\' co \'er er unti un til l the th e oppo op port rtun une e mome mo ment nt,, I-fAVE I-fAVE descri described bed the basic basic conc concept ept of away from from needl needles esss expos exposure ure to fire fire.. atta attack ck-h -how ow one one elem elemen entt lead leadss into into away By doin doing g thes thesee thin things gs you you can can avoi avoid d the the atta attack ck and and hold holdss-ho how w anot anothe herr mamaexposing ing your your men men to unnec unneces essar sary y casucasuneuv neuver erss and and clos closes es-a -and nd how how we foll follow ow expos alties. throu through gh with with a rese reserv rve. e. This This is all all prett pretty y simp simple le.. \Ve \Ve must must keep keep on stres stressi sing ng its its In brie brief, f, I want want ever every y comm comman ande derr simp simpli lici city ty and and soun soundn dnes esss in ever every y part part of every rank rank to avoi avoid d any any stere stereoty otype ped d of our training training.. form form of att attac ack. k. I am anxio anxious us to see see vou vou \Ve \Ve must must put put thes thesee thin things gs acro across ss so use use econ econom omy y of force force when whenev ever er p~ss p~ssiievery every soldier soldier,, commis commissio sioned ned or enliste enlisted, d, ble-i ble-in n the initi initial al phase phasess of your your attac attacks ks,, canno cannott fail fail to under understa stand nd them them.. and in your your devel develop opme ment nt of mane maneuve uver. r. I want want you you to cut cut down down the the expo exposu sure re facfacvour atta attacks cks.. ND now now I want want to addr addres esss myse myself lf for for tor in vour I w~nt w~nt you you to use use our our flex flexibl iblee orga organinia moment directlv tlv to everv commander: ' , zatio zation n to ever every y advan advanta tage ge in every every attac attack k make. Our basic basic concept concept of attac attack k gives gives every every you make. one of you you a grea greatt oppor portunit nity to be I also also want want to ensu ensure re that that each each man flex flexib ible le in your your plan planni ning ng-i -in n your your use use of our our 750, 750,00 000 0 new new men men comi coming ng into into of format formations ions-you -yourr orders. orders. our our Armv rmv this this year year unde unders rsta tand ndss thes thesee Don't on't ever ever tie tie your yourse self lf to any fixe fixed d princ principl iple~ e~.. Teac Teach h them them full fully y and clearl clearly y
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A
NOVEMB NOVEMBER ER-DE -DECEM CEMBER BER,,
1952 1952
to every every singl singlee squad squad and secti section on.. It is vital vitally ly impo import rtant ant for for every every figh fightin ting g man man in our whole whole tacti tactical cal orga organiz nizat ation ion,, every every sold soldie ierr and and offi office cerr alik alike, e, to learn learn and and unde unders rsta tand nd from from the the very very begi beginn nnin ing, g, what what our our prin princi cipl ples es of atta attack ck are, are, and and how how they they rela relate te to our our actu actual al Army Army ororganization. Everyone of them needs to know how how the the elem elemen ents ts in this this orga organi niza zati tion on are are norm normal ally ly empl employ oyed ed.. And And our our more more exper experien ience ced d lead leaders ers,, both both in large large unit unitss and smal small, l, must must conti continu nuee to rea realiz lizee how how impo importa rtant nt,, how vital vital to comb combat at succ success ess,, these these tact tactica icall princ princip iples les are are which which I have have desc descri ribe bed. d. And And thev thev must must foll follow ow them them in all all their their train training ing:" :"-a -and nd in ever every y hour hour of combat. .
T
HE next majo ajor poin oint I wan want to em emphasi phasize ze to all all our new new men, men, and and equal equal-ly re-em re-empha phasi size ze to all all our olde olderr hands hands,, is how how impo import rtan antt it is to to anal analyz yzee the the terterrain rain most most carefu carefull llv, v, and use it mos mostt carecarefully. '
In most most atta attack ck situ situat atio ions ns,, the the com command mander er must must seize seize the domina dominant nt terra terrain in to impos pose his his will on the enemv. Bv domi domina nant nt terr terrai ain n I mean mean high high g~ou g~ound nd,, not not holl hollow ows; s; ridg ridgee line lines, s, not not ra\' ra\'in ines es;; moun mounta tain in rang ranges es,, not not marsh arshla land nds. s. Of cour course se ther theree will will be some some exce except ptio ions ns when when logi logist stic ical al fact factor ors, s, or the need need for for comm commun unic icat atio ion n cent center erss or maneu maneuve verr 11
PO OII N T
CR RU UZ
.. . . .. .
.
FORK
oj ~35(-)
V rrn, ~
u. s. ASSEMBLY AREAS
.......
u.s.
~
AXIS
FRONT
OF u.S.
LINES
12
, F;ghfJt n Jap-I
Horse.
ATTACKS
,
1000
500
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MAP MAP 2: THE THE FIRS FIRST T HASE HASE:: F;nd F;nd 'em 'em an 'em 'em and and F;n;s F;n;s~m ~m.. This This map map show showss the the anese position~n a Horse and Gall
r
YAROS
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCRA RCRAFT FT
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--------------------------------~ "fir "firee supe superi riori ority ty element
support-such h or other support-suc
con coniu iunc ncti tion on men ments ts.. I I
use of the fire is gain gained ed by the skillful skillful use fire suppor supportt as artillery,
with with the the fire fire of the holdin holding g
Whil Whilee our artillery
armo armorr or air-in
maneuv uver erin ing g or mane
or our our air air supp suppor ortt
cann cannot ot
eleeledo the
can our our riflemen." iob alon alone, e, neit neithe herr can
L--------------------room room overr overrid idee this this gene genera rall guid guidin ing g prin prin-cipl ciple. e. But the the man who gets gets the the high high grou ground nd firs firstt is the the man man in most most atta attack ckss who gain gainss vict victo ory at chea cheape pest st cost cost in men and mater aterie iel. l. Terra errain in anal analvs vsis is is part partic icul ular arly ly impo import rtan antt in dete~ dete~in inin ing g wher wheree to mak makee the the majo majorr effo effort rt.. And And I feel feel that that this this effo effort rt shou should ld alw always ays be made made thro throug ugh h mane maneuv uver er.. After After his caref careful ul analys analysis is of the ground ground has has been been made made,, the the comm comman ande derr shou should ld then then use use the the terr terrai ain n in his his tact tactic ical al plan plan to carr carry y his his oper operat atio ion n fart farthe her. r. \Ve \Ve must must seiz seizee high high grou ground nd and and any any othe otherr key key terr terrai ain n feat featur ures es befo before re we can can hope hope for for success. Our attack attackss to secu secure re such such domina dominatin ting g terr terrai ain n shou should ld usua usuall lly y be made ade alon along g the the ridg ridgee line liness runn runnin ing g into into this this domi domi-nati nating ng grou ground nd,, and and not not up the the draw drawss and and ravi ravine ness lead leadin ing g into into the the posi positi tion on.. Atta Attack ckin ing g alon along g the the ridg ridgee line lines, s, the the atattack tacker er gain gainss high higher er and and high higher er grou ground nd -pla -place cess .for .for bette betterr obse observ rvat atio ion n and and betbetter ter loca locati tion onss on whic which h to plac placee his his fire fire suppor supportt unit. unit.
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
_
Zone Zoness of acti action on for for smal smalle lerr unit unitss or sector sectorss indicat indicated ed bv bound boundari aries es betwee between n unit unitss and and orga organi niz~ z~ti tion onss-th thes esee must must be esta establ blis ishe hed d so as as to favor favor mane maneuv uver er and and ensu ensure re that that the the domi domina nati ting ng terr terrai ain n and and any such key featur featuree as a villa village, ge, lie well well with within in the the boun bounda dari ries es of a sing single le unit unit.. If the the boun bounda dary ry betw betwee een n two two batt battal alio ions ns is a ridge ridge line, line, which which is itse itself lf domina dominatin ting g terrai terrain, n, then then obviou obviously sly the responsib responsibili ility ty for for the the whol wholee ridg ridgee is in doubt doubt.. Fail Failur uree to gras grasp p the the fund fundam amen enta tals ls I've I've ment mentio ione ned d in this this arti articl clee is respo respons nsib ible le,, in my judgment, for a number of comm common on erro errors rs whic which h I have obse observ rved ed.. First irst,, ther theree is the the mista istake ken n idea idea that that fire fire super superio iori rity ty is gain gained ed sole solely ly by riRe riRe-men. en. This his idea idea grow growss out out of a lack lack of unde unders rsta tand ndin ing g of our our fund fundam amen enta tals ls of orga organi niza zati tion on.. RiRe RiRe fire fire doe doess help help to gain gain fire fire super superior iority ity,, partic particula ularly rly at the c1osec1osein rang ranges es.. But as a gen gener eral al rule rule,, fire fire supe superi rior orit ity y is gai gaine ned d by skill skillfu full use use of
the the fire fire sup suppo port rt elem elemen entt and and othe otherr avai availlable able and approp appropria riate te suppor support-a t-arti rtille llery, ry, armo armor. r. airair-in in conj conjun unct ctio ion n with with the the fire fire of the the holdin holding g or mane maneuve uverin ring g elemen elements. ts. Our arti artill ller ery y or air air supp suppor ort, t, or e\'e e\'en n both, cannot do the job alone. But neit neithe herr can can our our riRe riReme men. n. Anothe Anotherr pitfal pitfall. l. which which comes comes from from the fact fact that that some some of our our juni junior or lead leader erss do not not full fully y unde unders rsta tand nd our our prin princi cipl ples es of atta attack ck and and the the vita vitall impo import rtan ance ce of terterrain rain,, is the the tend tenden ency cy to de depend pend tim time afte afterr time time on the the fron fronta tall atta attack ck inst instea ead d of man manem em'e 'eri ring ng arou around nd the the Bank Bankss of an enemy enemy position. position. Actual Actually, ly, fronta frontall attack attackss must must be avoided avoided where where\-e \-err possib possible. le. They They are are cost costly ly.. They hey do not not make ake full full use use of the the tool toolss whic which h the the comm comman ande derr has has available. now now I woul would d like like to cit citee a specif specific ic A NDcase case that points points up example exampless of every every-thin thing g I hav havee been been disc discus ussi sing ng-t -the he soun sounddness ness of our our conc concep eptt of attac attack k and and our our orga organi niza zati tion on,, what whatev ever er the the size size of the the unit unit-a -and nd the the vital vital impo import rtan ance ce of terr terrai ain n anal analys ysis is in ever every y atta attack ck.. A man man can can talk talk best best abou aboutt the the thin things gs of whic which h he has has som some pers person onal al know knowle ledg dgee and and so my my exam exampl plee conc concer erns ns a divi divisi sion on which hich I comm comman ande ded d in Worl World d \Var \Var II. II. i\lap I, Page II. shows the situation tion whic which h mv 25th 25th Infa Infant ntry ry Divi Divisi sion on face faced d at Guad Guadal alca cana nal. l. The The ~ lata latani nika kau u
Men Men of tbe tbe 3d Bat Batta tali lion on,, 35tb 35tb Infant Infantry ry,, mane manelw lwer er tbro tbroug ugb b dens dense, e, trac trackl kles esss jung jungle le ;n tbe elll elll'e 'elo lopm pmen entt of Sea Horse Horse..
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--Are Are we going going to atta attack ck acro across ss this this gorg gorgee -which will mean going right down into it? Or are we going to ski skirt it? Or just just what what are we going going to do?" do?"
Gallop Galloping ing Horse. Horse. Tbe Tbe bead bead of tbe bors borsee is bil billl 53; Hill 55 tbe rear rear Guadalcan canal: al: The First First Offensiv Offensive) e) legs legs a/ld a/ld Hill Hill 50 tbe tbe tail tail.. (Fro (From m Guadal Rive Riverr Rows Rows int into o the the sea sea to the the west west of Hender Henderson son Field. Field. It has two main forks, forks, the the North Northwe west st Fork Fork and the the Sout Southw hwes estt Fork, Fork, and two smalle smallerr forks, forks, all of which which figu figure red d in our our oper operat atio ion. n. Betw Betwee een n all all thes thesee fork forkss ther theree was was high high pamp pampas as gras grasss which which soon soon burned burned off. off. But in the stream stream basi basins ns betw betwee een, n, there here was was very ery thi thick jungle. The The troo troops ps alre alread ady y ther theree held held the the popositio ition n show shown n on Map 2, Pa Page 12. 12. The The only only cont contac actt they they had had with with the the enem enemy y was in the area shown as hel held bv the Japa Japane nese se,, and and on the the seri series es of kn~lIs kn~lIs or high high plat platea eaus us call called ed Gall Gallop opin ing g Hors Horse, e, so cal calle led d beca becaus usee of the shap shapee of these these ridg ridges es on our aeri aerial al mosa mosaic ics. s. The The Japs Japs also also occu occupi pied ed some some high high grou ground nd to our our imme immedi diat atee fron frontt whic which h look looked ed like like a sea hors horsee on our phot photog ogra raph phs, s, and and was was also also accordingl accordingly y named. named. The The gener eneral al plan plan of the the XIV XIV Cor Corps call called ed for for a holdi holding ng atta attack ck and and an envel envel-opment of the enemy's south Rank. Elem Elemen ents ts of the the Amer Americ ical al Divi Divisi sion on and and the 2d 1 \ lari larine ne Divi Divisi sion on were were to make make the the hold holdin ing g atta attack ck.. The The miss missio ion n give given n to the the 25t 25th Divi Divission ion was was to make ake the the majo majorr effo effort rt of the the Corp Corps, s, outR outRan ank k the the Japa Japane nese se,, and and driv drivee them them into into the the sea. sea.
we could couldn' n'tt see see too muc much h of the the enem enemy; y; but but we kne knew w abou aboutt wher wheree he was. was. From From the the Divi Divisi sion on OP on Hill Hill 49 I cou could ld look look righ rightt down down into into the the very very deep deep gorg gorgee of the i\latanik i\latanikau. au. was almo almost st a shee sheerr It was drop drop into into the the gorg gorge. e. \Ve \Ve had had to dec decid idee -"\V -"\Vel ell, l, now, now, what what are We" goin going g to do? do?
"'hen we rea reached Guadalcanal we were were told old bv those hose alre alreaad,' d,' ther here tha that the the figh fighti ting ng 'was some someth thin ing g bran brand d new. new. \Ve \Ve coul could d "thr "throw ow the the book awav. awav."" I said said to mvs mvsel elf, f, "We' "We'll ll see. see."" For For I k~ew k~ew that that the the prin princcipl iples taugh aughtt at Benn Bennin ing g and and writ writte ten n into into our our manu manual alss were were soun sound. d. I was sure we could use them to adad,'antag ,'antagee in this this particul particular ar situat situation ion.. I want wanted ed firs firstt to find find out out wher wheree the rido ridoee line line lay lay betwee between n the the four four fork forkss of of " . the T \ lata latani nika kau. u. I wan wante ted d to see see if the there re was was any any rout routee of appr approa oach ch at all which which woul would d enab enable le us to avoid avoid a front frontal al atta attack ck stra straig ight ht down down into into and and acro across ss the gorg gorgee and and uphil philll agai again. n. So I got got int into an airairplan planee at Hend Hender erso son n Fiel Field d and and Rew Rew O\-er the frontfront-lin linee area. area. All All I coul could d see see look lookin ing g down down on this this jun jung gle area area was was tree treettops. ops. But But I went went back back and and for forth over over them them unti ntil I was was able able to trac tracee the the ridg ridgee line liness on the the air air map map whi which I had right ight on my lap with with me. It was was rath rather er diff diffic icul ult, t, but but I was was fina finall lly y able able to get a good good pict pictur uree of the the ridg ridgee line liness from from the the air. air. I made made up my my mind for certain that what we were goin going g to do do would would be to use what what I had had been been taug taught ht-a -and nd what what I had had been been teac teachhing-at ing-at Fort Fort Bennin Benning. g. \Ve \Ve woul would d use use one regim regimen ent, t, the the 27th 27th Inf Infant antry, ry, as the "fi "findi nding and fixi ixing" ng" force (Map 2), 2), pass passin ing g it thro throug ugh h the the Mar Marine ines now now there here.. One One batt battal aliion of l\ lathe the 27th 27th woul would d jump jump off off in the the 2d l\ la-
Ul1d Ul1der er tro tropi pica call skie skiess a/ld a/ld a camo camouf ufla lage ge /let /let,, tbe tbe crew crew of a 105m 105mm m bowi bowitz tzer er fire firess il1 il1 supp suppor ortt of tbe atta attack ckin ing g forc forces es
T
HE first thing we were faced wit~ was where and how to make thIS effort effort.. \Ve had a wellwell-loc locate ated d OP, though though 14
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---------., "Our basic basic concept concept of attack is sim simpl ple, e, but but we must must concontinue to stress stress its simpli simplicit cityy and soundness in all our training."
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legs legs of of Gall Gallop opin ing g Hors Horse. e. Anot Anothe herr batbattali talion on of the the 27th 27th push pushed ed up the the hind hind legs of the horse, captured captured the successi succession on of hills hills to the the hors horse' e'ss head head at Hill Hill 53. 53. This his pock pocket eted ed all all the the Japa Japane nese se in the the large large wooded wooded area area betwe between en the the four four legs legs of Gall Gallop opin ing g Hors Horsee and and the the Nort Northw hwes estt Fork of the 1 \ latanika latanikau u River. River. Some Some of the mane manem' m'er erin ing g elem elemen ents ts of the the 35th 35th got got lost lost.. But just just the the same same they they caug caught ht the the Japs Japs by com complet pletee sursurprise prise and captur captured ed Sea Sea Horse Horse with with hardhardly more more than han a sin single gle com company. ny. And shord ord,. afte fter that we had two two whole batt battal alio ions ns sitt sittin ing g on Sea Hors Horse. e. and and we had had succ succes essf sful ully ly surr surrou ound nded ed the the .lap .lapss with within in the the basi basin n of the the Sout Southe heas astt Fork Fork..
rin rine Divi ivision ion sector tor. \Ve planne nned to poun pound d the the holl hollow ow to thei theirr fron frontt from from the the air (the Northwes hwestt l\lat latanik nikau Fork Fork). ). l\ lean leanwh whil ile, e, we wou would ld move move two two batt battal alio ions ns of the the 27th 27th up to get get a footfoothold hold on Gall Gallop opin ing g Hors Horsee whil whilee we held held the the attent ention of the ene enemy with the other battalion. So whil whilee the 27t 27th h Infant Infantry ry pinne pinned d the the FTER these two mancU\'ers had enem enemy y down down and and held held his his atte attent ntio ion, n, we worked so wcll, we had the 35th laun launch ched ed the the 35th 35th Infa Infant ntry ry on the the enen- drive drive out (Map 2) to link link up with with othe otherr velo velopi ping ng atta attack ck.. Two ba(t ba(tal alio ions ns of it elem element entss of the 27th 27th whose whose missi mission on was was clam clambe bere red d alon along g the the ridg ridges es show shown n on to take take the succes successi sive ve ridge ridgess of GallopGallopthe the map, ap, unde nder cov cover of the jung ungle, ing Horse and finally Hill 53. The unti untill they they had had turn turned ed the the Japs Japs'' sout south h 27th 27th had had a hard hard figh fightt to accompl accomplish ish this. this. flan flank. k. \Ve \Ve orde ordere red d them them not not to sho shoot ot Our Our flan flanki king ng move moveme ment ntss by the the 35th 35th at all all unle unless ss they they ran ran into into som somethi ething ng.. Infa Infant ntry ry and and our our atta attack ck by the the 27th 27th up "Vha "Vhatt I wante wanted d was was the" the" capt captur uree of Sea Gall Gallop opin ing g Hors Horsee succ succee eede ded d in pocke pockettHorse. ,the _of the ino inob the enemv enemv forces forces in the valley valley The The thir third d regi regime ment nt,, the the 16]s 16]stt Infa InfannSouth outhw wcst cst Fork ork of the the l\la l\lata tani nika kau. u. ]t trv, trv, was held held in divi divisi sion on rese reserv rve. e. \Ve \Ve becam becamee nccess nccessar ary y during during the operat operation ion Sea Horse. Horse. Tbe Tbe bead bead of tbe tbe bors borsee did not commit it at all all, but left eft it in to use use some some unit unitss of thc 16]s 16]stt Infa Infant ntry ry,, is Hill 4 3 ,- tbe tbe llec lleckk exte extend ndss 110r 110rtb tb bivou bivouac ac inste instead ad wher wheree it cou could ld get get some some our our resc rescrv rvee regi regim mentent-in in orde orderr to pro pro-44, t o H i l l t b e b o d ) ' . ( F r o m rest rest.. The The regi regime ment ntal al comm comman ande derr of the the tect tect the left flank flank of the 27th 27th as it fough foughtt Guada Guadalca lcanal nal:: The The First First Offe Offensi nsive) ve) 35th 35th Infa Infant ntry ry also also kep keptt one one of his his batta battall- . up Gall allopin ping Hors orse, and in ord ordcr to ions ions back back in rese reserv rvee in case case anyt anythi hing ng mop up the resistancc in this third went went awry. awry. would wouldn' n'tt surren surrender der,, we annih annihila ilated ted them them pocket pocket of Japs. Japs. Our Our ~iss ~issio ion n was was made made part partic icul ular arly ly with with artil artille lery ry and air, air, thcn thcn final finally ly moved moved I want want to make it cle clear that hat we had diff diffic icul ultt by the fact fact that that we had no map created these in to mop up. these three three pocket pocketss of Japan Japanese ese.. of the the area area with with any any amou amount nt of deta detail il \Ve \Ve had done done it by by seizin seizing g the the domina dominant nt on it. it. The The unit unitss had had to rcc rccon onno noit iter er as terr second pllase pllase of this ]-IE second this opera operatio tion n deterrai ain n feat featur ures es in the the Divi Divisi sion on's 's zone zone they went. went. of action. stroye stroyed d the the last last Japane Japanese se resis resista tance nce on thc island island.. It was was inte intere rest stin ing g from from a After we had the high ground the NE batt battal alio ion n of the the 27th 27th cros crosse sed d the the batt tactical cal point point of view bccause bccause it demondemonbattle le was was large largely ly won. won. \Vhe \Vhen n the the Japs Japs tacti l\'la l\'latan tanika ikau u at the the Japane Japanese se water water hole hole trapp stra strate ted d the the need need to mai maint ntai ain n comp comple lete te trapped ed in the pocke pockets ts of the low ground ground and and seiz seized ed the the high high grou ground nd on the the fore fore-Tbe Tbe mt111 mt111eIW eIWer ersucces successfu sful, l, elemel elemellts lts of tbe 35tb 35tb Illfall Illfalltr) tr)'' dig ill 011Sea 011Sea Horse. Horse.
A
T
O
NOVEM NOVEMBE BER-D R-DECE ECEMB MBER ER,,
1952 195 2
15
flex flexib ibil ilit ity y in both both our our plan planni ning ng and and our our operations. The The 25th 25th Divi Divisi sion on was was now assi assign gned ed an objec objecti tive ve that that incl includ uded ed Hill Hill 87 and and the the ridg ridges es to the the west west of it. it. (,'lap 3, below.) I deci decid ded to hol hold d the the enem enemv v on Hill Hill 87 by usi using ng the the 27th 27th Infa Infant ntry ry a~ the the "fin "findi ding ng and and fixi fixing ng"" forc force. e. The The 161s 161stt Infa Infant ntry ry woul would d make make the the em'e em'elo lopm pmen entt -out -outfl flan anki king ng Hill Hill 87 from from the the south south and and then then push pushin ing g on to Hills Hills 88 and 89 withwithout out wait waitin ing g for for Hill Hill 87 to fall fall.. I kep keptt the the 35th 35th Infa Infant ntrv rv in rese reserv rvee and and at the the same same time time charged charged it with with protec protectin ting g the south south flank of the Division. Division. But But the the Japa Japane nese se were weren' n'tt hold holdin ing g Hill Hill 87 in forc forcee (as (as they they shou should ld have have done done)) and and the the 27th 27th Infa Infant ntry ry capt captur ured ed the the enentire tire hill hill befo before re 1000 1000 of of the morn mornin ing g we jum jumpe ped d off. off. So the the 27th 27th was was in a much much bett better er posi positi tion on to pur pursu suee the the Japs Japs than than the the 161s 161st, t, and and we had had the the oppo opport rtun unit ity y to dri drive ve stra straig ight ht on to Koku Kokumb mbon ona, a, cut cut the beach road, and trap all Japs in fron frontt of the the divi divisi sion on on our righ right. t. This This shif shiftt in plan plan made made it nece necess ssar ary y of cours coursee to shi shift ft our our divi divisi sion on righ rightt boun bounda dary ry 90 degr degree eess to the the righ right, t, or else else we woul would d have been in the line of fire of the Americ American an units units on our our right flank. flank.
Ther Theree was was now now an exce excell llen entt oppo opporrtunity to expl exploi oitt our our newl newly y won won adva advanntage tage and and with with the the auth author orit ity y of the the Corp Corpss Comman Commander der I direct directed ed the 27th 27th Infant Infantrv rv to dri drive ve to Koku Kokumb mbon onaa foll follow owed ed by tw~
,
......... _ ..~
"We
senior offi office cers rs of the A Arm rmyy in comma command nd of larger units units must never never lose lose sight of the fundame fundamenta ntals ls of small unit tactics." tactics."
batt attalio alion ns of the the 161s 161stt. This This left eft one one battalion to secure secure the lines lines of commun communiication of the 27th and mop up any enem enemy y rema remain inin ing g sout south h of Hill Hill 87. 87. By noon oon of the the sec second ond dav, av, the the 27th 27th had had seize eized d Koku Kokum mbon bona and est establ ablishe ished d a block block across across the beach beach road, road, thus thus bottli bottling ng up all all Japane Japanese se to the the sout southe heas astt of it. it.
I
GIVE GIVE you you this this exam exampl plee to sho show w that that our our plan planni ning ng and oper operat atio ion ns must ust neve neverr be ster sterco coty type ped. d. Flex Flexib ibil ilit ity y is of of prime prime import importanc ancee at all times times.. It is also also an exam exampl plee of how how the the prin prin--
MAP 3: THE THE SEC SECON OND D PHASE HASE..
.9 P -l q-sibtlFfti t
(Hill 8
Be flexible.
ciples ciples I have have been been discus discussin sing g are appli applied ed by a div division. But they work just as well well for a platoo platoon n or a company. company. \Vhe \Vhen I go out out in the field now to insp inspec ect, t, I want want to see see in part partic icul ular ar what what the the plat platoo oons ns,, comp compan anie ies, s, and and batt battal alio ions ns are doing tacticall tactically. y. If an officer officer doesn't know know how how to comm comman and d a batt battal alio ion. n. he c~n c~n never never comm comman and d a regi regime ment nt,, a dividiviSIOn,or an arm\'. But But if he c~n c~n comma command nd a batta battali lion on well well,, he can can comma command nd anyt anythi hing ng.. For For a batt battal alio ion n comm comman ande derr has has esse essent ntia iall llv v ever everyt ythi hing ng in his comm comman and d that that an army army com commande anderr has has. So if vo vou will will trai train n good platoon leaders, leaders, good compan)' and battalion comman commander ders, s, I will will guaran guarantee tee you you good good divisi division onss and and a good good Army Army too too in the bargai bargain. n. And And ther theree is anot anothe herr side side to the the coin. coin. Just Just as we we expec expectt our our lieu lieute tena nant ntss to be be read ready y to com comma mand nd batt battal alio ions ns and and Our Our colo~e colo~els ls prepar prepared ed to comma command nd divisi divisions ons,, so also also must must we seni senior or offi office cers rs of the the Army Army comm comman andi ding ng larg larger er unit unitss neve neverr lose lose sigh sightt of the the fund fundam amen enta tals ls of sma small ll uni unit tact actics ics. In that hat way way our our field ield ininspec specti tion onss will will mean mean more more,, much much morc morc-to the the men, to the the Army-and to thc Nation.
The obiect obiectiv~ iv~
ding ding and and fixi fixing ng forc forcee made ade it n north to Kokumbona.
u. S. .Utl .UtlS S
FRONT Llfd:$ ~
U.S. ATTACKS
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I 16
A N TI TI AI AI R CR CR AF AF T
JO OU U R NA NA L
RADIOSONDE AJO R By M AJ IlIstmctor,
IN the the past past we we arri arrive ved d at our our met dat dataa on the the ball ballis isti ticc dens densit ity y and and temp temper erat atur uree of the atmosph atmosphere ere by measur measuring ing temper temperaature ture and and dens densit ity y at the the surf surfac acee and and then then makin aking g an educ educat ated ed gues guesss as to to the their valu values es alof aloft. t. The The solu soluti tion on was was base based d on an idea ideali lize zed d temp temper erat atur uree dist distri ribu buti tion on of the atmosphere. atmosphere. \V \Ve don' don'tt have have to do do that that anv anv more. ore. The radi radios oso onde nde has has been been adde added d to the the arti artill ller ery' y'ss bag bag of tric tricks ks.. Now we can actu actual ally ly meas measur uree the the tempe tempera ratu ture re,, pres pres-sure sure,, and and rela relati tive ve humi humidi ditv tv alof aloftt for for anv anv altitude we choose.' . The The radi radios oson onde de (Fig (Fig.. 1) is used used in conj conjun unct ctio ion n with ith a radi radio o rece receiv iver er and and reco record rdin ing g devi device ce (Had (Hadio ioso sond ndee Hece Hecept ptor or AN/Fi\\Q-2) (Fig. 2). The radios radiosond ondee is sent sent alof aloftt b)' b)' means eans of a hvdr hv droo ooen en-, b filled filled balloo balloon. n. As the the radios radiosond ondee ascend ascendss into into the the atmo atmosp sphe here re it send sendss back back to the the rece recept ptor or actu actual al meas measur urem emen ents ts of the the conconditi dition onss alof aloftt in term termss of temp temper erat atur ure, e, rela relati tive ve humi humidi dity ty,, and and pres pressu sure re,, whic which h info inform rmat atio ion n is rec recor orde ded d by the rece recept ptor or.. Esse Essent ntia iall lly, y, the the radi radios oson onde de meas measur ures es the the data data alof aloftt and and conv conver erts ts thes thesee meas measur ureement mentss into into radi radio o freq freque uenc ncie iess whic which h are are transm transmitt itted ed to the recep receptor tor.. By knowing what hat thes thesee freq freque uenc ncie iess mean ean in term termss
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Figure Figure
i-Radi i-Radioso osonde nde
NOVE NOVEMB MBER ER-D -DEC ECEM EMBE BER, R,
ANI AMT2. 1952 1952
H AR A R RY RY
R . J A CK C K SO SO N
1\1\ fr GM Sc1lOo1
contact. we can determine from the prin printe ted d reco record rd the the atmo atmosp sphe heri ricc pres pressu sure re for for any any gi\' gi\'en en alti altitu tude de.. Beca Becaus usee ther theree is a basi basicc rela relati tion onsh ship ip betw betwee een n temp temper erat atur ure, e, pres pressu sure re,, and and alti alti-The The radi radios oson onde de itse itself lf (Fig (Fig 3) consists tude tude,, we can can dete determ rmin inee by grap graphi hica call of a simp simple le twotwo-tu tube be Fi\\ Fi\\ tran transm smit itto torr eans the the heig height ht of the the radi radios oson onde de at and a modu modulat lator, or, which which includ includes es measur measur-- means the the time time each each sign signal al is rec recei eive ved d by the ing ing elem elemen ents ts and and the the sim simple ple circ circui uits ts nece necess ssar ary y to modu modula late te or chan change ge the the receptor. This his fact fact is ver very y impo import rtan antt sinc sincee it transm transmitt itted ed signal signal accordin according g to the the measmeasmake makess the the enti entire re meth method od inde indepe pend nden entt ured ured chan change gess in tempe tempera ratu ture re,, pres pressu sure re,, of the rate rate of rise rise of the the ball balloo oon. n. and and moist oistur uree of the the atm atmosph ospher ere. e. The Up to this this poin pointt the the reco record rd is pri print nted ed modula modulator tor (Fig. (Fig. 4) consis consists ts basica basically lly of in terms terms of audio freque frequenci ncies. es. It is neca simp simple le aneroi aneroid d barome barometer ter,, mechan mechanica ically lly essary ry befo before re rele releas asin ing g the the radi radios oson onde de link linked ed to a pin pin arm arm whic which h move moves, s, as the essa determin inee the the fixe fixed d rela relati tion onsh ship ip be aner aneroi oid d caps capsul ulee expa expand nds, s, acro across ss a seri series es to determ tween n the the freq freque uenc ncie iess reco record rded ed by the of cont contact actss and insula insulator torss called called the comcom- twee recept ptor or and and the the actu actual al atmo atmosp sphe heri ricc conconmuta mutato torr bar. bar. The The comm commut utat ator or bar bar and rece diti dition ons. s. This This proc proces esss we call call the the grou ground nd pin pin arm arm act act as a swit switch chin ing g mech mechan anis ism m check. It is not nothi hing ng more more or less less than than for for swit switch chin ing g in the the vari variou ouss meas measur urin ing g calibrat ration ion of the radioson radiosonde de measur measurino ino circui circuits, ts, so that that the radioson radiosonde de measur measures es a calib elemen ents ts.. ,",V ,",Vit ith h the the grou ground nd chec check k data data succ succes essi sive vely ly temp temper erat atur uree and and then then rela rela-- elem we eval evalua uate te the the fina finall rece recept ptor or reco record rd tive tive humid humidit ity y in such such a way way that that whil whilee and obta obtain in the the actu actual al valu values es of temp temper eraathes thesee elem elemen ents ts are are not not meas measur ured ed simu simull- and ture ture and and dens densit ity y for for each each zone zone of the the taneou taneously sly we have practi practical cally ly a cont continu inu-stan standa dard rd arti artill ller ery y atmo atmosp sphe here re.. Our Our next next ous record of their their values values.. step,, of cours course, e, is to apply apply the the acce accept pted ed The The temp temper erat atur uree is meas measur ured ed by a rere- step weight htin ing g fact factor orss to these these zone zone valu values es sist sistan ance ce-t -typ ypee elem elemen ent, t, the the resi resist stan ance ce of weig whic which h vari varies es acco accord rdin ing g to temp temper erat atur ure. e. As the the temp temper erat atur uree chan change gess the the tran transsmitted mitted 'carrier 'carrier signal signal is change changed d or modumodulated. of tempe tempera ratu ture re,, rela relati tive ve humi humidi dity ty,, and and pressu pressure, re, we can can obtain obtain the temper temperatu ature re and and dens densit it\, \, for for anv anv alti altitu tude de reac reache hed d bv the balloo~.' .
b
l\.\oi l\.\oistu sture re conten contentt is measur measured ed in terms terms of rela relativ tivee humidi humidity ty by means means of a plas plastic tic stri strip p coat coated ed with with lith lithiu ium m chlo chlori ride de.. As the the humi humidi dity ty chan change gess the the cond conduc ucta tanc ncee of the stri strip p chan change ges, s, agai again n modu modula lati ting ng the transm transmitt itted ed carrie carrierr freque frequency ncy..
FREQUENCY METER
In other other word words, s, the the radi radios oson onde de simp simply ly conver converts ts temper temperatu ature re and humidi humiditv tv measmeasurem uremen ents ts into into audi audio o freq freque uenc ncie ies' s' whic which h can can be rece recei\ i\'e 'ed d and and eval evalua uate ted d at 'th 'thee met station. station. Pressu Pressure re measur measureme ements nts are handle handled d in a slig slight htly ly diff differ eren entt mann manner er.. Each Each concontact tact and and each each insu insula lato torr on the comm commut utaator bar corres correspon ponds ds to a defi definit nitee pressu pressure; re; so by by keep keepin ing g trac track k of each each tim time the the pin arm moves on and off each each succes successiv sivee
RECORDER AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Figu Figure re 2-Rad 2-Radio ioso sond ndee
Rece Recept ptor or
AN/FMQ-2. 17
whic which h give givess us the ball ballis isti ticc data data whic which h compri comprises ses the actual met message message..
by SCR SCR 584. 584. In eith either er case case the theo theodo do-lite lite or radar radar takes takes readino readinos s prima primaril rilv v for for o use use in dete determ rmin inin ing g wind wind spee speeds ds and and didiThis This proc proces esss of obta obtain inin ing g ball ballis isti ticc dens densit ity y and and tem tempera peratu ture re by mean meanss of rections. the the radi radios oson onde de may may appe appear ar to be comcomThis This radio radioso sonde nde will will be repla replace ced d by a plka plkate ted d when when desc descri ribe bed d so bri brief eflv lv,, but but late laterr mode modell with with slig slight ht chan change ges, s, radi radiooin pract practice ice it readi readily ly beco become mess a s~ooth s~ooth sonde ANI AI\IT -4, whic which h is design designed ed operati operation, on, and relative relatively ly simple. simple. for for use use with the the Rawi Rawin n Set Set AN/G AN/Gi\I i\IDD-
NOTE.
The The deta detail iled ed oper operat atio ions ns ininvolv volved ed in this this metho ethod d are are outl outlin ined ed in Ti\ I 20-240, 1 \ leteoro leteorology logy for Artille Artillery, ry, Novein Noveinber, ber, 1950. 1950. The The radi radios oson onde de desc descri ribe bed d and and illu illusstrat trated ed above above can can be used in conjun conjuncti ction on with ith soun soundi ding ngss made made by theo theodo doli lite te or
.Figur F iguree 3-Ra 3-Radi dioso osonde nde
I. The new new grou ground nd mete meteor orol olog ogic ical al didirecti rection on finde finderr can can be carri carried ed in the field field with ith troop oops on a two-whee heel, one ton trailer. It will be used bot both by AM and and FA troo troops ps,, and and is des desig igne ned d to give give bett better er oper operat atio ion n and and high higher er accu accura racy cy than previou previouss radars radars .
(Com (Compon ponen entt
S I M P L I F IE IE D
EDITOR EDITOR'S 'S
J
Parts Parts). ).
W IN D
BOX
Radiosond e has b ee een used by the Navy an d A ir ir F or or ce ce si nc nce e ar ar ly ly in W or or ld ld W ar ar I I. I. Howe Howeve ver. r. we have have mode mode lill lillie ie prog progre ress ss with with it i n AA AA A. A. M os os t o f t he he co mm mm an an ds ds an d th e trai traini ning ng cent center erss now now have have the the equi equipm pmen ent, t, b ut ut f ew ew ca n b e c on on si sid er er ed ed p ro ro fi fi ci ci en en t in it s use. use. Much Much wide widerr util utiliz izat atio ion n is con conte temp mpla late ted, d, Evid Eviden entl tly y radi radios oson onde de offe offers rs defi defini nite te accu accu.. racy racy adva advant ntag agee in cond condit itio ions ns wher wheree the the tern tern.. pera peratu ture re dist distri ribu buti tion on in the the otmos otmosph pher eree alof aloftt ma y v ar ar y f ro ro m a n or or ma mal p ol ol le le rn rn I t a ls ls o h es es limitations. We need need a lot lot more more elle ellent ntio ion n to this this moil moiler er on how to use it an and when. As it involves expe expens nsee in man manpo powe werr and and fund fundss we may may need need to learn, learn, too, when when it is not required. required. We shal shalll welc welcom omee furt furthe herr arti articl cles es on the subject.
Figu Figure re 4-Ra 4-Radi dioso osonde nde
Modul Modulat ator. or.
D E T E R M IN A T IO N
By MAJOR H . R . JACKSON & PFC. J. G . TORIAN*
REALIZING the genuine need fo for fast fast,, simp simple le,, but but no less less accur accurat atee tech tech-nique niquess for for d~te d~term rmin ining ing meteo meteoro rolog logic ical al wind wind data data,, we have have here here in the Scho School ol at Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, admittedi admittediy with with some some mismisgivi giving ngs, s, unde undert rtak aken en a stud study y of the the simsimplifi plified ed wind wind find finding ing proce procedur duree outli outline ned d by Co!. C. S. Harri Harriss in the the Nove Novemb mber er-Dece Decemb mber er,, 1951 1951 issu issuee of the the ANTI ANTIAI AIRRCRAFT JOURNAL. JOURNAL.
With With apol apolog ogie iess to Col Colon onel el Harr Harris is the the init initia iall appr approa oach ch was was one one of com complet pletee
.PFC. anal analys yst, t,
Torian,, J. G. Torian is on on
tor tor in the
18
gradua graduate te math mathem emat atic ical al assi assist stan antt mete meteor orol olic ical al inst instru rucc-
Scho School ol..
skep skepti tici cism sm;; howe howeve verr it was was deci decide ded d to appr approa oach ch the the prob proble lem m thro throug ugh h an emempiric pirical al mathe mathema matic tical al analy analysi siss using using the basi basicc mate materi rial al pres presen ente ted d by Colon olonel el Harr Harris is,, certa certain in repor reports ts on file with with AFF AFF Boar Board d No. No. 4 on the valid validit ity y of mete meteoro oro-logi logica call data data,, and and othe otherr repo report rtss from from the the Mete Meteor orolo ologi gical cal Secti Section on,, T AS, AS, Fort Fort Sill, Sill, Oklahoma. The The theo theory ry and and proc procedu edure re of the the prespresent ent stan standa dard rd syst system em of det deter ermi mini ning ng the the balli ballist stic ic wind wind is outli outline ned d in TM 20-240, Nove Novemb mber er,, 1950. 1950. This This stand standar ard d meth method od has the the empirica empiricall virtue virtue of prescri prescribing bing for each each zone zone of win wind d a wei weigh ghti ting ng fact factor or in propo proport rtion ion to the the effect effect which which that that zone zone wind wind has has on the the proje project ctile ile,, consi consider derin ing g
the the enti entire re traj trajec ecto tory ry.. [For [For anti antiai airc rcra raft ft firi firing ng the the weig weight htin ing g fact factor orss are are fair fairly ly unifo uniform rm in the lowe lowerr half half of each each stan standd~rd altit altitud ude. e. Abov Abovee the the mid mid point, point, howhowever ever,, the the weigh eighti ting ng fact factor orss for for equa equall dept depth h zone zoness decr decrea ease se more more and and more more as the altitud tude incre creases. es. The wind in each each zone zone tend tendss not not only only to affe affect ct the the proj projec ecti tile le move moveme ment nt in that that zone zone but but it also also 'affe 'affect ctss the rema remain ining ing veloc velocit ity y and and dire direct ctio ion n of the the proj projec ecti tile le and and caus causes es effec effects ts which which conti continu nuee to sho show w up later later in the the traj trajec ecto tory ry.. Henc Hencee we 1'I0 1'I0te te that that the the weig weight htin ing g fact factor orss for for AM decr decrea ease se rapid pidly nea near the top of the stan tandard alti altitu tude de-o -orr near near the the end end of the the traj trajec ec-tory. tory. Ed.] Ed.] ANTIAIRCR ANTIAIRCRAFT AFT
JOURNAL JOURNAL
The idea of weighting factors is soun sound: d: howe howe,' ,'er er the the stan standa dard rd meth method od of appl applyi ying ng thes thesee weig weight htin ing g fact factor orss warwarrant rantss cons consid ider erat atio ion n as to accu accura racy cy and and necessity.
by apply applyin ing g fact factor orss to the the aver averag agee wind wind tude. Fr.om the table of weighting dat data of the the zones ones two two thr through ough ten, en, rere- fact factor orss Tabl Tablee lId, lId, page page 97, Ti\ Ti\ll 20-2 20-241 41,, spec specti tive vely ly.. A proc proces esss of aver averag agin ing g nine nine Nm'. Nm'. 1950 1950,, we note note that that for for each each stan standddiffer different ent wind wind speeds speeds,, to the neares nearestt mile mile ard ard alti altitu tude de up to 24,0 24,000 00 feet feet the the lowe lowerr per per hour hour,, nine nine diff differ eren entt wind wind dire direct ctio ions ns half half of the stand standar ard d alti altitu tude de is give given n a Refe Referr to Fig Figur uree 1. Curv Curvee A portr portray ayss to the the near neares estt 100 100 mils, mils, and and appl applyi ying ng tota totall weig weight ht of .62 and and the the uppe upperr half half,, the the stan standa dard rd weigh weighti ting ng fact factor orss for for anti anti-nine nine diff diffeerent rent scal scalar ar fact factor orss to these hese .38. If we were to selec selectt the repres represent entaaairc aircra raft ft for for stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude dess up to and and nine nine differ different ent vector vectorss to get get the vectori vectorial al tive ive alt altitud itudee at 80.6 80.65 5 perc percen entt. of the the incl includ udin ing g stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de 10 (24, (24,00 000 0 resu result lt.. Thus Thus,, many many of the the empir empiric ical al virvir- stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de and and we meas measur ured ed the the feet). It is achi achiev eved ed by plot plotti ting ng the the perper- tues ues and and muc much of the the valu valuee of the the facacaverage wind data to that point we cent centag agee of the the stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de as the the tors tors as such such,, are are lost lost in appl applic icat atio ion. n. The The woul would d give give the lower ower half half a weig weight ht of abciss abcissaa agains againstt the sum of the the weight weighting ing ques questi tion on aris arises es as to wheth whether er the the slig slight ht 86.~5 = .62. .62. Like Likewi wise se,, the the uppe upperr half half factors up to that percentage of the devi deviat atiion from rom line ineari arity of the the more ore stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de as the the ordina ordinate te.. Valu Values es effe effect ctiv ivee fact factor orss as dem demonst onstra ratted by a wei weight ght of 30.6 30.65 5 =.38. .38. \Vhi \Vhile le this this ~re ~re take taken n from from wind wind weig weight htin ing g fact factor orss curv curvee A, necessitates the the many many oper operaa80.65 for for mess messag agee 2, Tabl Tablee lId, lId, page page 97, 97, Ti\' Ti\'ll apportion ionss the weight weightss proper properly ly betwee between n tion tionss of the the appl applic icat atio ion. n. Atte Attent ntio ion n is apport 20-2 20-241 41,, Nov. Nov. 1950 1950.. the the lower lower and and uppe upperr halv halves es,, it cann cannot ot be call called ed to the the fac~ fac~ that that we appr approa oach ch the the The The ordi ordina nate te,, unit unit weig weight ht,, indi indica cate tess quite right because the win wind above system when the operatio operations ns most perfect perfect system the the sum sum of the the weig weight htin ing g facto actorrs up to invo 80.65 80.65 percen percentt is comple completel tely y ignore ignored. d. It involv lved ed are are both both nece necess ssar ary y and and su fthe the per pertine tinent nt per percent cent of the the stan standa dard rd ficient. appe appear arss thou though gh that that we coul could d comp compen en-alti altitu tude de.. For For examp example le,, at 50 perc percen entt of Thus Thus,, we find find that that thos thosee two two system systemss sate sate by selec selecti ting ng the the repr repres esen enta tati tive ve alti alti-the the stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de thc thc curve curve give givess the tude tude at a sligh slightl tly y high higher er perc percen enta tage ge.. repr repres eseent two ext extrem remes. es. One One whi which unit unit weig weight ht as .62; .62; at at 75 perc percen entt of the does does not not cont contai ain n enou enough gh cond condit itio ions ns to In his his simp simpli lifi fied ed proc proced edur uree Colo Colone nell stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de the the unit unit weig weight ht is .89. .89. make make it suf suffi fici cien entt and and one one whic which h conconHarris Harris now selec selects ts the repres represent entati ative ve altialtiAbov Abovee zone zone 10 eve even n less lesser er weig weight htin ing g tain tainss more more oper operat atiions ons tha than we deem deem tude tude at 83.3 perc percen entt of the standa standard rd alti alti-fact factor orss are are give given n to the the high higher er alti altitu tudc dc necessary. AAA A wind tude tude for for all all AA windss up to 30,0 30,000 00 zone zones. s. For For stan standa dard rd alti altitu tude de II (30, (30,00 000 0 One One solu soluti tion on is to to comp comput utee the the avcr avcr-feet feet.. Note Note Curv Curvee C in Fio Fiour uree I • b feet feet)) thcr thcree is no mate materi rial al diff differ eren ence ce,, but but age age spee speed d and and dire direct ctio ion n of the the wind wind up Though we have encountered the for for high higheer alti altittudes udes Figu Figurre I appl applie iess to a cert certai ain n perc percen entt of the the alti altitu tude de in wind wind in only only 83.3 83.3 perc percen entt of the the stan standdonly only in princi principle ple.. ques questi tion on.. This This can can be achi achiev eved ed by ob. ard ard alti altitu tude de,, we have have meas measur ured ed 94 per per-determi mine ne the the aver averag agee or res resul ulttIf we deter servin serving g the elevat elevation ion and azimut azimuth h angles angles cent cent of the the effec effecti tive ve wind wind.. The The poin pointt P ant ant mean mean wind wind for any any stan standa dard rd alt alti- to the the ball balloo oon n from from the the poin pointt of rele releas ase, e, indi indica cate tess that that in both both meth method odss 86 per per-tude tude and and use use that that as the the ball ballis isti ticc wind wind,, at a time time inte interv rval al in which which the the ball balloo oon n cent cent of the the weigh weightt has has been been give given n to the the then then we are are usin using g a stra straig ight ht line line wind wind reac reache hess the the sele select cted ed repr repres esen enta tati tive ve alti alti-wind wind up to 72 72 perce percent nt of the the stan standa dard rd wcigh wcighti ting ng fact factor or syst system em as por portr tray ayed ed by tude tude and and comp comput utin ing g the the ball ballis isti ticc data data as alti altitu tude de,, with with a maxi maximu mum m devi deviat atio ion n of curv curvee B in in Figu Figure re I. Each Each equa equall dept depth h a sing single le func functi tion on of the obse observ rved ed elev elevaa.02 percent below that point. This zone zone is give given n equa equall weigh weight. t. The sche scheme me tien tien and and azim azimut uth h angl angles es,, time time,, and and alti alti-unde undenv nvei eigh ghtt of .02 which which take takess plac placee at offe offers rs a very very simp simple le and and prac practi tica call solu solu-tude. top top of the 7th 7th zone zone is dis dispe pers rsed ed equa equall lly y tion. tion. \Vhen \Vhen the balloon balloon rate rate of ascens ascension ion Let Let us analy analyze ze to find find a basis basis for for sese- amon among g the the lowe lowerr 7 zon zones es.. Actu Actual ally ly the the is know known n or mea measu sure red d the the aver averag agee wind wind lect lectin ing g the the prop proper er repr repres esen enta tati tive ve alti alti-repres represent entati ative ve altitu altitude de has been been select selected ed spee speed d and and dire direct ctio ion n can can be comp comput uted ed read readil ily y from from one one read readin ing g at the desi desire red d alti altitu tude de.. Wh When en the the wind wind spee speed d and and didirect rectio ion n are are rat rather her const onstaant at all all alt altitude tudess this this syst system em give givess accu accura rate te resu result lts; s; howe howeve verr that that cond condit itio ion n is not not norm normal al;; cons conseq eque uent ntly ly,, the the resu result ltss will will vary from from Cw"". "AU IStondard M.fhod) (" ',.... ...... the weighte weighted d ballis ballistic tic winds, winds, largel largely y due (A,, (A,,'a 'a • Wind) ind) to ove overwei rweigh ghtting ing wind windss in the uppe upperr 60 20 perc percen ent. t. Even Even so, so, it is emph emphas asiz ized ed i 50 that that the the aver averag agee wind wind solu soluti tion on has has the the ."" "c ISI... Iil.d Iil.d Wind ',eud"".) "".) grea greatt adva advant ntag agee that that it is a oneone-st step ep :> 40 .3% S'O"dOfd S'O"dOfd Altitude Altitude solu soluti tion on with with fewe fewerr chan chance cess of erro error. r. The The syst system em now now in use use (def (defin ined ed emempiri pirica call lly y by curv curvee A) is supe superi rior or in the the 20 resp respec ects ts ment mentio ione ned. d. Howe Howeve ver, r, what what of the the appl applic icat atio ion n of the these se fact factor ors? s? This This is '. 0 achi achiev eved ed by applyi applying ng the the prop propor orti tion onat atee fact factor or to the the aver averaage wind wind spe speed and 1~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 70 .~ ~ dire direct ctio ion n of a serie seriess of layer layers. s. For For the the ' . ' . c . . . n t !!_S!o"d~d~~h.ld-: tent tenth h zone zone,, for for exam exampl ple, e, it is achi achiev eved ed Figure 1
....
U .
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
.f
19
BOOKS
T AB A B LE LE I C o mmpp a rrii s oonn o f F a cctt o rrss Applied b y S t aann d aarr d M e tthh o dd-- A and Factors Effected by SimplifiedMethod-C Standard Altitude (feet) 1,500 A C 3,000 A C 4,500 A C 6,000 A C 9,000 A C 12,000 A C 15,000 A C 18,000 A C A 24,000 C A 30,000 C
2 1.00 1.00 .62 .60 .60 .41 .40 .31 .3 0 .20 .20 .15 .15 .12 .12 .10 .10 .07 . 07 07 5 .06 .06
3
.38 .40 .39 .40 .31 .30 .22 .20 .16 .15 .13 .12 .11 .10 .08 . 07 07 5 .06 .06
4
.20 .20 .27 .30 .20 .20 .15 .15 .12 .12 .10 .10 .08 . 07 07 5 .07 .06
5
Z o nnee N u mmbb e rrss 6 7
.11 .10 .19 .20 .16 .15 .13 .12 .10 .10 .08 . 07 07 5 .06 .06
.19 .20 .27 .30 .24 .24 .21 .20 .16 . 15 15 .13 .12
.11 .10 .18 .24 .20 .20 .16 .15 .13 .12
8
.08 .24 .12 .20 .14 .15 .12 .12
9
.06 .00 .13 .15 .11 .12
ON
10
11
20
The
O f f i c e r ' s Gu i d e
The
Noncom's
The .11 .10 .18 .24
.06 .04
s o u n d n e s s p r e s c r i b ed b y t h e s y s t e m . A l l the empirical soundness in the world is u s e l e s s i f t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r g a t he r i n g data do not permit a sound application. To this extent we have a new system which we deem not only more accurate T a b l e I s h o w s t h e w e i g h t i n g f a c t o r s i n i t s r e s u l t s ,b u t f a s t e r a n d w i t h g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l i ti e s i n a c c o r d w i t h d e v e l op applied by the standard system in Line A ; f a c t o rs a p p li e d b y t h e s i m p l i fi e d s y s - m e n t s i n t h e f u t u r e . We are continuing our study and tests t e m i n L i n e C. A s C o l o n e l H a r r i s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e w i t h t h e h o p e o f o f f e r i n g a n a r t i c l es o o n on the procedure for simplified wind simplified method in some form has d et e r m i n a t i o n. M e a n w hi l e , w e r e f e r y ou been used for years. TM 20-240, 1944, Data in the Novembero u t l i n ed i t s u s e a n d p r o vi d e d d a t a t a b l e s t o B e t t e r W i n d JOURNAL for that purpose. In procedure, ho\'\;- December, 1951 ANTIAIRCRAFT o r t o T l \1 2 0 - 24 0 , 1 9 4 4. e v e r , i t i s a r a d i c a l s i m p l i f i c a ti o n . H e r e
T h e b i g q u e s t i o n i s ,a r e n o t t h e d e v i a tions in the accepted factors in the simplified system within the limits of: a. The accuracy of the weighting f ac to rs a s s uc h? b. The err ors i ntroduced by the ext en si ve c om pu ta ti on s, i nt er po la t io ns ,p lo tt in gs ,a nd b y t he s er ie s of averaging in the standard system? The main point of this article has been to emphasize that we are inclined to oven-alue the accuracy of the system now in use and to emphasize that we have in the operations im-olved, only pretended to embrace the empirical
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carefully at 83.3 percent to give a fine m at he ma ti ca l b al an ce i n o ve rw ei gh ti ng and underweighting. Under the normal w i n d c h a n g e s a t t h e s u c c e s s i v e a l t i t u d es the procedure should give accurate results.
t h e b a l l i s t i cw i n d f o r e a c h s t a n d a r d a l t i tude is measured from one significant r ea di ng a t t he r ep re se nt at iv e a lt it ud e.
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A N TTII A IIRR C RRAA F T
J O UURR N AALL
THE TH E FI FIRST RST GUIDED GUI DED MI MISS SSIILE GROUP By CAPTA CAP TAIIN
ANDREW ANDREW G. FAVRET
BEFORE the en end of of World War I I, I, vidu vidual al part partic icip ipat atio ion n in a ,'ar ,'arie iety ty of propro- ever ever "har "hardw dwar are" e" a,'a a,'ail ilab able le.. The The bits bits of Army Army leader leaderss became became seriou seriously sly intere intereste sted d gram gramss and and skil skills ls.. info inform rmat atio ion n and and expe experi rien encce from from all all in guide guided d miss missil iles es for for tacti tactica call use. use. They They By spri spring ng of 1950 1950 prog progre ress ss in guid guided ed thes thesee indi indivi vidu dual al sour source cess must ust be colcolwere were not not thin thinki king ng in term termss of the the "push "push-missil missilee developme development nt and the consequ consequent ent lected lected,, kept kept up to date, date, and dissem dissemina inated ted button war" that had captured the prox proxim imit ity y of tact tactic ical al guid guided ed miss missil iles es to oth other er trai traine nees es.. Long Long befo before re tact tactic ical al imag imagin inat atio ion n of the the publi public; c; but but they they did did seemed seemed to warra warrant nt a larger larger organi organizat zation ion,, units can be formed and employed, fore forese seee the the poss possib ible le deve develo lopm pmen entt of new new and the present Ist Guided l\'iissile traini training ng doctri doctrine ne and basic basic organi organizat zation ion weap weapon onss that that coul could d effe effect ctiv ivel ely y supp supple le-- Group roup was form formed ed on 25 April pril,, 1950 1950,, shou should ld be deter determi mine ned; d; the the logi logist stic icss and and ment ment anti antiai airc rcra raft ft and and fiel field d artil artille lery ry.. Se,' Se,'-- at Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas, Texas, under under the command command tact tactic ical al conc concep epts ts of empl employ oyme ment nt shou should ld eral eral rese resear arch ch and and deve develo lopm pmen entt prog progra rams ms of Colon Colonel el Ovid Ovid T. Forman Forman,, an antiairantiairbe avai availa labl ble. e. The The 1st 1st Gui Guide ded d i'.l i'.lis issi sile le were were init initia iate ted d to det deter ermi mine ne what what form form craft craft artill artillery ery office officerr whose whose fonner fonner units units Grou Group, p, assi assist stin ing g in thei theirr deve develo lopm pmen ent, t, thes thesee new new weap weapon onss shou should ld take take.. On 11 were were empl employ oyed ed to shoo shoott down down Germ German an has has accu accumu mula late ted d a wealt wealth h of prac practi tica call Octo Octobe berr 1945 1945,, the the 1st 1st Gui Guide ded d Miss Missil ilee "buzz buzz bom bombs" bs" duri during ng \"'o \"'orl rld d \Var \Var II. II. experi experienc encee with with every every missil missilee of interes interestt Batt Battal alio ion n was was form formed ed at \\lh \\lhit itee Sand Sandss The 1st Guided Guided l'vlis l'vlissil silee Group Group has three three to the the Army. rmy. The Group roup is now now com comProving Ground in the New Mexico batt batt?l ?lio ions ns incl includ udin ing g the the orig origin inal al 1st 1st Bat Bat-- manded by Col. Oren Swain and is dese desert rt.. This This unit unit was was desti destine ned d to be be the the tali talion on at \Vhit \Vhitee Sand Sands. s. curr curren entl tly y enga engage ged d in tram tramm mg guid guided ed for forerun erunne nerr of tact tactic ical al guid guided ed missi issile le The origin original al missio mission n of the 1st Guided Guided miss missil ilee spec specia iali list stss for for the the firs firstt tact tactic ical al unit unitss for for the the Army. rmy. Its Its missi ission on was to Missi issile le Group roup was to insu insure re tha that the the units units to be formed. formed. assi assist st the the Ordn Ordnan ance ce Depa Depart rtme ment nt in the the Army Army be ready ready for guided guided missil missiles es when when The 1st 1st Guid Guided ed Missi issile le Batta attali lion on,, ,'ar ,'ario ious us guid guided ed miss missil ilee deve develo lopm pmen entt propro- guid guided ed miss missil iles es are are read ready y for for the the Army Army.. commanded by Lt. Col. Ferdinand gram gramss at the Prov Provin ing g Grou Ground nd.. This This did did not not mean mean to sit sit back back and and wait wait Stan Stano, o, prov provid ides es assi assist stan ance ce in deve develo loppTIle TIle deve develo lopm pmen entt of new new weap weapon onss is unti untill the the firs firstt fini finish shed ed weap weapon on is propro- ment ment work work at \Vhi \Vhite te Sand Sandss whic which h concona slow slow and and labo labori riou ouss proc proces ess, s, but but the the duce duced d and and then then begi begin n a furi furiou ouss trai traini ning ng tinu tinues es to be a valu valuab able le sour source ce of trai trainnpers person onne nell of the I st Gui Guide ded d l'vl l'vlis issi sile le BatBat- program. Rather, it meant to begin ing. ing. Many Many offi office cers rs and and enli enlist sted ed men men of tali talion on work worked ed clos closel ely y with with civi civili lian an concon- trai traini ning ng imme immedi diat atel ely y on avai availa labl blee test test the the 1st 1st Gui Guide ded d Miss Missil ilee Grou Group p are are fill fillin ing g trac tracto tors rs and and Ordn Ordnan ance ce pers person onne nel. l. i\le i\lemm- vehi vehicl cles es in orde orderr that that tact tactic ical al miss missil iles es job jobss in guid guided ed miss missil ilee proj projec ects ts at White White bers bers of the batt battal alio ion n assi assist sted ed in the the asas- coul could d be empl employ oyed ed in the the fiel field d at the the Sand Sandss whic which h woul would d othe otherw rwis isee requ requir iree sem sembly, bly, test test,, and and laun launch chin ing g of many many earlie earliest st possib possible le date. date. This meant meant taking taking civi civili lian an engi engine neer erss and and tech techni nici cian ans. s. The The German German V-2 rocket rocketss which which were were brough broughtt advantage of every opportunity for Grou Group, p, in turn turn,, obta obtain inss firs firsth than and d know knowllto this country and fired at \\lhite guid guided ed miss missil ilee trai traini ning ng:: cont contin inue ued d asas- edge edge on all all devel develop opme ment nt proj projec ects ts and and exexSand Sands. s. In the the spri spring ng of 1947 1947 the the batt battal al-- sist sistan ance ce in the the devel evelop opm ment ent work ork at cell cellen entt trai traini ning ng of selec selecte ted d indi indivi vidu dual als. s. ion ion furn furnis ishe hed d the the firs firstt allall-so sold ldie ierr crew crew \Vh \Vhit itee Sand Sandss Prov Provin ing g Grou Ground nd,, send sendin ing g The The deve develo lopi ping ng agen agency cy and and the the ulti ultima mate te to fire fire a missi issile le in the the Unite nited d State tates. s. pers person onne nell to factor factorie iess and and labo labora rato tori ries es usin using g agen agency cy maint aintai ain n a cont contin inuo uous us This his 1717-foot foot acid acid-a -ani nili line ne rock rocket et was thro throug ugho hout ut the the coun countr try y to obt obtai ain n onon- liai liaiso son n on the the worki orking ng leve levell which hich is call called ed the the WAC Corpo orpora rall B. This thethe-jo job b trai traini ning ng,, and and miss missil ilee oper operat atio ions ns prof profit itab able le for for both and and prom promis ises es a more more earl early y peri period od was was charac characte teri rize zed d by indiindi- and and trai traini ning ng by the the grou group p itse itself lf on whatwhat- sati satisf sfac acto tory ry weap weapon on when when the the proj projec ectt is
The Loo oon n is prepa prepare red d for launc launchin hing, g, NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
The Army rmy Loon Loon missile issile separa separates tes from from its boost booster er sled sled and and flies to the target. target. 21
comp complete leted. d. Since Since much much of the devel developopment work is carrie rried d on at fac factori tories es,, labor laborato atorie ries, s, and and test test sites sites in other other parts parts of the coun country, try, arrang arrangem emen ents ts we were re made made to plac place e indi indivi vid duals uals or smal smalll deta detach ch-ments ments where wherever ver useful useful on-the on-the-jo -job b traintraining could could be obtain obtained ed.. This occas occasion ionally ally meant eant partic participa ipatio tion n in the guid guided ed missile sile progr program am of the other other servi service ces s as in the case of of a detach detachm ment ent with the Naval aval Ordna rdnanc nce e Test est Statio tation n at China hina Lake Lake,, Califo aliforn rnia ia.. The pers perso onnel nnel of this this dedetachm tachment ent worke worked d side side by side with with Navy and and Marine arine person personne nel. l. Traini raining ng on spec specific ific tactic tactical al missile issiles s and and adva advanc nced ed train trainin ing g (firin (firing g opera pera-tions tions)) are are cond conduc ucted ted by the 2nd and and 3rd 3rd Guide Guided d Missile issile Battalion attalions. s. Both Both of these battalio battalions ns are primarily primarily conc concern erned ed with the the trai train ning ing of troo troopp-tr trai aine ned d guid guided ed missile speci specialist alists. s. These hese are the opera opera-tor and crewm crewman an type of specia specialists lists who who would ould norm ormally ally be train trained ed in the the unit unit or in an RTC, but but must be spe speciall ially y trai traine ned d for for guide uided d missi issile le units nits sinc since e there there is no other other source source for such such perso personnnel nel or for quali qualifie fied d cadr cadres es to train these these spec special ialist ists s withi within n the units. units. Three hree types types of such such spec special ialist ists s are are traine trained d by the 1st 1st Guid Guided ed Missile issile Grou Group. p. The integ integra rated ted fire control control crewm crewmen en opera operate te the groun ground d guid guidan ance ce (fire (fire cont contro rol) l) equip equipm ment ent and and perform perform duties duties similar similar to a normal normal radar radar oper operato ator. r. The G.M G.M. materie ateriell crewm crewmen en assis assistt the servi service ce scho school ol train trained ed techn techniicians cians in asse assem mbling bling,, testin testing, g, and and mainaintaini taining ng missile issiles. s. The launc launchin hing g chie chiefs fs and and specia specialists lists perform perform variou various s duties duties in the launc launchin hing g area area in conn connec ectio tion n with with the the prep prepar arat atio ion n and and firin firing g of missi issile les. s. The The troop-tr troop-train ained ed specia specialist list course courses s are of approxim approximately ately three months months duration. duration. These hese cour course ses s prov provid ide e thoro thoroug ugh h train train-ing ing in the appro appropri priate ate oper operati ation ons s and and in the hand handlin ling g and and care care of the spec specia iall test test equipm equipmen entt requir required. ed. Safety Safety precau precaution tions s receiv receive e specia speciall empha emphasis sis throug througho hout ut all of the cours courses. es. The 2nd 2nd Guided ided Missi issile le Batta attalio lion n trains personnel personnel for surface-to-air surface-to-air missile units its and and con conducts cts a firi firin ng pro program ram using using the Lark, Lark, a surfac surface-to e-to-air -air training training vehi vehicl cle. e. The 3rd Guid uided Missi issile le Batattalion conduc conducts ts surface-tosurface-to-surfac surface e missile missile training training and and maintain aintains s a firing firing progra program m with the Army Loon, Loon, a surface-to-su surface-to-surface rface training vehicle. vehicle. The group group also mainta maintains ins severa severall supsupporting porting facilities facilities of a specialize specialized d nature nature.. The The Radio adio Controll ontrolled ed Airplane irplane Target arget 22
(RC (RCAT) Detach tachm ment ent opera perate tes s and and maintai aintains ns grou ground nd cont contro rolle lled d targe targets ts to supp suppor ortt missile issile firing firing oper operati ation ons. s. This detachm detachment ent also trains RCAT personne personnell for other other units. units. The The electro electronic nic modifica odifica-tion tion shop shop fabric fabricate ates s spec special ial electr electron onic ic appa pparatu ratus s for for the the grou roup trai train ning ing and and firin firing g opera peratio tions ns.. The machi achine ne shop shop,, shee sheetm tmeta etall and and we weld lding ing shop shops, s, and and the training training aids aids shop contrib contribute ute invalu invaluabl able e assistan assistance ce to both both the training training and and firing firing programs. Unfortun nfortunatel ately, y, only only a limited limited numb number er of individu individuals als can be train trained ed by assis assistting ing in deve develo lopm pmen entt progr program ams. s. The 2nd 2nd and and 3rd 3rd Battali attalion ons, s, there therefo fore re,, cond conduc uctt form formal al traini training ng cour course ses s to produ produce ce the requ requir ired ed spec specia ialis lists ts.. The £i:r £i:rst st thre three e week we eks s of these troop-tr troop-train aining ing cours courses es are devo devoted ted to familiariz familiarizatio ation, n, basic basic matheathematic atics, s, phys physic ics, s, and and elec electr tric icity ity.. This his perio eriod d is esse essen ntia tially lly a rapi rapid d revi review ew which which perm permits an accurate accurate evalua evaluation tion of each each trainee's trainee's aptitud aptitude e and and prepare prepares s him for for the later later portio portions ns of the cour course se.. The trai traini ning ng then then begi begin ns to spec specia ializ lize e on a spec specific ific missile issile syste system m and and even eventua tually lly receive receives s practical practical training training on the actua actuall equ equipm ipment ent in all all the the dutie duties s and and oper operaations tions which which he will be expec expected ted to perperform form.. The final final portio portion n of this this train trainin ing g inc includ ludes team team trai train ning ing with ith vari vario ous types types of specia specialists lists working working togethe togetherr on missile missile check-outs check-outs and simulated simulated launchlaunching ing oper operati ation ons s in orde orderr to deve develop lop conconfid fidence in them themse selv lve es and the the other ther member embers s of the crew. crew. Som Some gradu graduate ates s of these these cours courses es who display display outstan outstandin ding g techni technical cal ability ability are sent sent to the AA and and GM Bran ranch of the the Artillery rtillery Scho School ol at Fort Fort Bliss Bliss for further further trai train ning ing as rada radarr mecha echani nics cs (rep (repai airrmen), en), G.M. G.M. electro electronic nic guida guidanc nce e special special-ists, or guide guided d missile mechan mechanics. ics. Other trainee trainees s are selecte selected d to partic participa ipate te in the grou group's p's adva advanc nced ed guid guided ed missile issile train train-ing ing (firin (firing g progr program am)) and and are are retain retained ed in the 1st 1st Guid Guided ed Missile issile Grou Group p as poten poten-tial instructors. instructors. This advan advanced ced training training phase phase is prob prob-ably ably the most most interestin interesting g of all the group group activ activitie ities. s. The firing firing of live live vehicl vehicles es is an impo importa rtant nt part part of any any guid guided ed missile issile training training.. Every very possib possible le source source was concontacted tacted to obtain obtain the parts parts and and equipm equipmen entt nece necess ssar ary y for for the the gro group to initi initiat ate e its own own firin firing g prog progra ram m. The grou group' p's s first first firing firing progra program m utilized utilized the Army rmy Loon Loon,, a modified modified version version of the Air Force Force JB-2 missi issile le which hich,, in turn turn,, was patte pattern rned ed
afte afterr the the Germ erman V-I sr "buz "buzz z bom bomb. These hese missi issile les s have have been been avai availa labl ble e in quan quantity tity for for seve severa rall year years s altho althoug ugh h not not cons consid ider ered ed a tactic tactical al missile issile.. In April pril of 1950 1950 the group group obtain obtained ed 66 JB-2 JB-2 mismissile siles s from the Air Force orce.. This his missi issile le utili tilize zed d an auto autop pilo ilot monito itored red by a magne agnetic tic com compass pass and and baro barom metric etric altialtimeter eter to maint maintain ain it on a pres preset et cour course se,, but once once the missile had had been been launc launched hed this this prese presett cour course se coul could d not not be altere altered. d. The Navy had had been een flyi flyin ng modifie ified d versi version ons s of the JB-2 JB-2 with with a more ore elab elaboorate guidance system tem. The group adopt adopted ed the Navy guida guidanc nce e system system and and dubb dubbed ed its missi issile le the the "Army rmy Loon." on." Extens xtensive ive modific odificati ation ons s of the prop propul ul-sion sion and guid guidan ance ce syste system ms and and the airairframe frame are required required.. These hese modifica odification tions s are are all perfo perform rmed ed withi within n the 1st 1st Guide Guided d Missile Group. Group. Missi issile les s alon alone, e, how however ever,, were ere not not enough. Speci pecia alize lized d lau launchin ching g and flight flight contro controll equipm equipmen entt wa was s also nece necesssary. sary. Lt. Col. Col. John F. Freund Freund assisted bv Captain aptains s Richard ichard l\1oriart l\1oriarty y and and Bruto~ ruto~ Schar chardt dt led led in the the work to desi design gn and and impro improvise vise the require required d equipm equipmen ent. t. Both shor shortt and and long long leng length th laun launch cher ers s were ere cons constru tructe cted d by Grou Group p perso personn nnel. el. A firfiring ing pane panel, l, flig flight cont contro roll pan panel, el, com command and trans transm mitter, itter, and and sem semi-aut i-autom omati atic c pottin potting g boar board d we were re desig designe ned d and and fabrifabricate cated d by members bers of the the 1st 1st Guide ided Missile issile Grou Group p unde underr the supe superv rvisi ision on of Major ajor Edwin dwin B. Hager agerm man. an. Obsole bsolesscent cent boos booste terr rock rocket ets s we were re obtai obtaine ned d and and tes tested ted. The fir first Army Loon was laun launch ched ed on 15 Dec Decem embe berr 1950 1950 by C Batter attery, y, 3rd 3rd G.M G.M. Battal attalio ion n unde underr the com command mand of Captain Captain Richard ichard F. Thomure, ure, and and many any additio additiona nall Loon Loons s we were re laun launch ched ed duri durin ng the the follo follow wing ing year year.. Many any months onths of valuab valuable le traini training ng and and operatio operationa nall experie experienc nce e we were re made ade pospossible sible by impr improv ovisin ising g and and explo exploitin iting g exexistin isting g skill skills s and and mater ateria ials ls avai availa labl ble e in the 1st 1st Guid Guided ed Missile issile Grou Group. p. The first first Loon Loons s lau launche nched d were ere ememployed ployed to solve the num numerous erous proble problem ms invo involve lved d in succ succes essfu sfully lly launc launchin hing g this this missile. issile. Succe Successfu ssfullau llaunc nchin hings gs we were re obobtain tained ed durin uring g this this phas phase e from from both both the the sho short (30 (30 foo foot) and and lon long len length (420 (420 foo foot) laun launch cher ers. s. Later ater flig flights hts utili utilize zed d the guida guidanc nce e system system to direct direct the missile missile thro throug ugh h seve severa rall turn turns s to a pres presel elec ecte ted d groun ground d target. target. The Army rmy Loon Loon was was the first guide guided d missile missile to be launc launched hed unde underr the com complete plete cont contro roll of the 1st 1st Guid Guided ed ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
Missile issile Group Group and will be remember remembered ed by many missile specialis specialists ts of tomorro tomorrow w as their nrst nrst "basic "basic trainer." trainer." Mter ter the the nrst nrst Loon oon lau launchi nching ngs s the the 1st 1st Guide Guided d Missile issile Grou Group p wa was s direct directed ed to carr carry y out out the the Army rmy Surta urtace ce-t -too-A Air Missile issile Training Training Progra Program. m. This This program program included included the launchin launching g of a consid considerab erable le num number ber of "Lar "Lark k" vehi vehicl cles es and and was initiated initiated to provide provide guided guided missile traintraining for Arm Army perso personn nnel el and and to produ produce ce info inform rmat atio ion n that that migbt igbt be usef usefu ul in futur future e plann planning ing.. This progr program am prove proved d to be a valu valuab able le addi additio tion n to the grou group's p's advanced advanced training. The Lark Lark has has many many adva advanta ntage ges s as an an advanc advanced ed trainer. trainer. The The missile missile,, originally originally deve develo lope ped d for for the the Navy avy to comba combatt atattacking tacking aircraft, aircraft, bas also been employ employed ed by the the Air Forc Force e as a trai traini ning ng vehi vehicl cle e to train guided guided missile missile technician technicians. s. Itis pow powered ered by two two liqui liquid d rock rocket et motor otors s using using mixed mixed acid as oxidizer oxidizer and aniline aniline as fue fuel. The "bird bird" " is bo boosted ted up to flying speed speed by two 11,000 11,000 pound pound thrust thrust JAT JATO un units its mou ounte nted d in a kite asse assem mbly whic which h fits fits the the tail tail sect sectio ion n of the the misissile. sile. Aerody erodyna nam mic drag drag caus causes es this this enentire tire boos booste terr asse assem mbly bly to sepa separa rate te from from the the missi issile le when hen the the boos booste terr rock rocket ets s bum bum ou out, t, allow allowing ing the Lark Lark to cont continu inue e un unde derr its own own powe powerr towar toward d the targe target. t. The missile issile has a speci special al gu guida idanc nce e un unit it desig designe ned d to insure insure a succ succes essfu sfull burst burst on the target. target. If the no norm rmal al gu guida idanc nce e syssystem is no nott opera operatin ting g proper properly, ly, appro appropri pri-ate emerg emergen ency cy com commands ands may be sent sent to the missile issile from from the grou ground nd or it may be destr destroy oyed ed in mid-air id-air by a signa signall from from
Tilby as crew crew chief. chief. Major ajor Hagerm agerman an was wa s elec electr tron onic ics s chec checkk-ou outt offic officer er and and M/Sgt /Sgt D. N. Vinson inson wa was s the electr electron on-ics crew chief. chief. Captain Captain Ralph I. LaRock LaRock was design designated ated flight control control officer. officer. His dutie duties s incl includ uded ed rang range e safe safety ty,, empl employ oy-ment ent of targe targets, ts, and and emerg emergen ency cy groun ground d cont contro roll of the the missi issile le in fligh flight. t. 1st 1st Lt. Lt. Jack Jack M. Saba Sabata ta supe supervi rvise sed d the instal installalation tion of the elabo elabora rate te com commun unica icatio tions ns syst system em requ requir ired ed and and the the oper operat atio ion n of the trackin tracking g radar radars. s. Captain aptain Howar oward d E. Pleus leuss s hand handle led d all all tran transp spor orta tatio tion n and and the prepar preparati ation on of the neces necessa sary ry range range facilit facilities ies inclu includin ding g the launche launcherr and and the laun launch chin ing g cont contro roll stat statio ion n (prot (protec ecti tive ve shel shelte terr from from which which the the final final firin firing g sesequence quence is controlle controlled). d). South South McGrego cGregorr Antiair ntiaircr craft aft Range ange wa was s selec selected ted for the Lark Lark launchi launching ngs. s. Locat Located ed in the cente centerr of a vast vast secti section on of New Mexico exico dese desert, rt, the the laun launch chin ing g site site is abou aboutt thir thirty ty miles iles from Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, the last eleven miles being ing a narro narrow w dirt dirt road road.. Two weeks eeks be-
were conduc were conducted ted to insu insure re succ success ess and and to increa increase se the traini training ng value value of the opera opera-tion. By util utilizi izing ng ever every y avai availa labl ble e faci facili lity ty the the group roup was able able to lau launch nch its its firs firstt Lark miss issile ile on the the schedu eduled led date despi despite te late late deliv deliveri eries es of critic critical al equipequipment. ent. Sinc Since e that date date the Lark Lark launc launchhings ings have have conti continu nued ed at regula regularr interv intervals als cons consta tant ntly ly inte integr grat atin ing g new new pers person onne nell into into the the oper operat atio ions ns and and grad gradua ually lly imimprov provin ing g the the requ requir ired ed proc proced edur ures es and and techniques.
Both Both Lark Lark and and Loon Loon firing firings s have have proproduced duced many many types types of specialists specialists capable of bein being g tran transi sitio tione ned d to othe otherr missi issile les s in a rela relativ tivel ely y shor shortt time time just just as an exexperien perience ced d pilot pilot learn learns s to fly a new plane plane,, or an autom automoti otive ve mechan echanic ic master asters s the lates latestt mod odel el car. car. These hese launc launchin hings gs also also marke arked d an impo import rtan antt step step tow toward ard the the tactical tactical employ employme ment nt of guided guided missile missiles. s. Althou lthough gh both both these these missile issiles s had been been flown flown previou previously sly un unde derr caref carefull ully y reguregulated test test cond conditio itions ns,, these these we were re the first first fore fore the shoo shoott the on only ly facilit facility y availa available ble lated fired un unde derr tactic tactical al troop troop cond condiiat the the ran range was a tele teleph pho one lin line to to be fired Fort Fort Bliss. liss. Many any suppl supplem emen entar tary y item items tions. of equi equipm pmen entt to be used sed in the the firi firing ng The 1st 1st Guid Guided ed Missi issile le Group roup is at were we re impro improvis vised ed or fabrica fabricated ted by grou group p once once a trai traini ning ng cent center er,, an oper operat atio iona nall perso personn nnel. el. Pract Practica ically lly all of the suppo support rt missi issile le unit unit,, a sto storeho rehou use of guid guided ed facilit facilities ies of the Guide Guided d Missile issile Grou Group p missile issile "kno "knoww-ho how, w," " and and a previe preview w of were were required required to accom accomplish plish this task. thin thing gs to com come. Its Its pers person onne nell have have a
wide variety variety of back backgro ground unds-o s-old ld RegueguThe machin chine e shop and the the sheet wide rmy serge sergean ants, ts, draft draftees ees fresh fresh from from metal etal and and weld elding ing shop shops s fabr fabric icat ated ed lar Army basic traini training ng,, electr electron onic ic techn technici ician ans, s, many any nece necess ssary ary item items on short short no notic tice. e. basic artillery cannon cannoneers eers,, and enginee engineers rs with The The electron electronic ic modific modification ation shop shop assisted assisted artillery graduate te degrees degrees.. in con constru struct ctin ing g a firi firin ng pan panel and and in gradua The men in the the grou group p sens sense e the the imimimpro improvis vising ing an electr electrica icall powe powerr syste system m portan ance ce of their their task task;; they they appr approa oach ch for the the launc launchin hing g area. area. The com commun unii- port each opera perati tio on with ith enth enthus usia iasm sm and and control. catio cations ns secti section on set set up a field field com commun unii- each A small small grou group p of officers officers and and enlis enlisted ted cations confid iden ence ce.. They hey are are proud proud of the the fact fact cations system system to perm permit centraliz centralized ed concon- conf men we were re selec selected ted to un unde derg rgo o an inten inten-- trol that the they are are pio pioneer eers in a new fie field trol of the entir entire e oper operat atio ion. n. The Radio adio that sive sive course course on the Lark Lark missile issile given given by Con and and appr apprec ecia iate te thei theirr resp respon onsi sibi bilit lity y to ontro trolle lled d Airplan irplane e Target arget (RC (RCAT) engin engineer eers s of the Fairc Fairchild hild Guide Guided d Mis- Detachm rmy and and the natio nation. n. etachment ent prepared prepared their ground ground concon- the Army When hen tact tactic ical al guid guided ed missi issile le units units sile Divisio Division. n. Two Two distinct distinct courses courses were were trol trolle led d targ target ets s to serv serve e as targ target ets s for for are form formed ed thro throug ugho hout ut the the Army, rmy, key key given-o given-one ne for electron electronics ics specialists specialists,, and the the miss issile. ile. Other ther units its with ithin the the are perso onnel nnel trai traine ned d by the the 1st 1st Guid uided the the othe otherr to train train prop propul ulsi sion on and and hanhan- group group constru constructed cted a large large reinforc reinforced ed concon- pers issile Grou Group p will will be ready ready to assur assure e dlin dling g pers person onne nel. l. These hese cour course ses s were ere crete crete pad for the the launc launche her. r. Radar adar crews crews Missile the the succ succes ess s of the the guid guided ed missi issile le proprofoll follow owed ed by a serie eries s of laun launch chin ing gs at we were re on the job to suppo support rt the operati operation on.. Fort Fort Bliss liss rang ranges es,, and and a du dupli plicat cation ion of Drills, rills, practi practices ces,, and and dres dress s rehea rehearsa rsals ls gram. the original original courses courses,, using Army rmy instrucinstructors, tors, in orde orderr to increa increase se the nu num mber ber of trained personnel. personnel. Linc Li ncol oln n Find Finds s A Ge Gene nera rall The origi origina nall contr contract actor or cour course se lasted lasted By KENNETH P. WILLIAM WILLIAMS eigh eightt we week eks s and and the the nrst nrst Lark ark missi issile le was wa s launche launched d less less than than three three we week eks s after Vol. Ill, $7.50 the com completio pletion n of the cour course se.. This nrst nrst Order Order From From shoo shoott wa was s an appr approp opri riat ate e grad gradua uatio tion n ANTIAI ANTIAIRC RCRAF RAFT T JOURNA JOURNAL L exerci exercise se for the traine trainees. es. Captain aptain Jona Jonas s Washing Washington ton 4, D. C. C. 631 Pennsylva Pennsylvania nia Ave., Ave., N.W. N.W. W. Stucke Stuckey y was selected selected as power power plant plant chec check k-out -out offi office cerr with with M/S81 /S81.. I. E. NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 195 2
23
FORT B L ISS NEWS, KORE KOREAN AN TACT TACTIC ICS S
SHOW SHOWN N
Tactic tics now being ing employ loyed by United nited Nations ations Force Forces s in Korea Korea in using antia antiairc ircra raft ft artill artiller ery y in dose dose supp suppor ortt of an infan infantry try attac attack k were were dem demon onstr strate ated d on the Do~a o~a Ana Range, ange, on Septem September
25. More ore than than 200 200 civi civilia lians ns and and 800 800 ofofficer ficer and enlisted enlisted stude students nts from the An tiaircraft tiaircraft and and Guide Guided d Missiles issiles Branc Branch h of The Artillery rtillery Schoo Schooll witnesse witnessed d the demdemon onstra stration tion which which 'was 'was staged staged by the Comombined bined Arms rms and Tactics actics Departm epartmen entt of the AA & GM Branch. Branch. Spect pectat ato ors were ere give given n a view view of infantrym fantrymen en moving oving into the assaul assaultt un unde derr a cove coverr of supp suppor ortin ting g artill artiller ery y fire. fire. The sam same type type of red red doth back ack mark arkers ers used used in Korea orea to ident identifv ifv the the U. N. ininfantrymen fantrymen to suppo supporting' rting' artillery observers ers were were worn worn bv the Fort Fort Bliss liss soldier soldiers s simu imulati latin ng the the 'att 'atta ack on the the ene enemy strong points. points. Initial Initial firing firing began began with the AAA AAA laylaying do down wn a heavy heavy barra barrage ge over over the eneenemy posi positio tions ns.. Then, hen, with the the enem enemy y gunners ers pin pinned down, the the infa infan ntry try moved ved up with ith the the lig light AAA firi firin ng overhead. Actual deploym deployment ent of troops, troops, as develdeveloped oped on the Korea Korean n battlefie battlefields lds,, and and use of organic organic infantry infantry suppo supportin rting g weapo weapons ns,, includ including ing light light and heavy heavy mortars, ortars, rockrocket laun launch cher ers s and and machi achin ne guns guns,, were ere emplo employed yed.. In addition addition,, a flam flame thrower thrower was was used to drive the "enem "enemy" y" from their pillb illbo oxes as the the infa infan ntry try clos losed in. in. Realism was added to the demons demonstration tration by the deton detonatio ation n of concea concealed led explos explosive ive charge charges s simula simulating ting enem enemy y counte counterr artillery fire. Antiaircr ntiaircraft aft artillery artillery in the 45-minu 45-minute te show show includ included ed mobil~ obil~ quad quad .50 machin machine e gu guns, ns, twin 40mm 40mm gu guns ns and and 90mm 90mm gu guns ns.. Lt. Lt. Col. ol. W. G. Spring Springer, er, infan infantry try liailiaison son offic officer er,, open opened ed the dem demon onstr strati ation on with a descr descriptio iption n of the the theoretica theoreticall probproblem invo involve lved d in the oper operati ation on again against st a simul simulate ated d enem enemy y force force.. He also also gave gave a runnin running g comm commen entary tary du during ring the course course of the firing. firing. Coo oordi rdinat nation ion of the attack attack and and deton detonaation tion of expl explos osii' ii'es es were ere supe superv rvis ised ed by NIajor Arthur R. Datnoff, atnoff, assista assistant nt infantry fantry liaison liaison officer. officer.
GEN. GEN. WAT WATER ERS S HEAD HEADS S 1st 1st GM BRIGADE Brig. Brig. Gen. vVilliam vVilliam E. E. Waters aters arrived arrived 24
rece recent ntly ly to assum assume e com command and of the 1st 1st Guided Guided Missiles, formerly the 38th AAA AAA Briga Brigade de.. He has just just returne returned d from from Korea Korea wher where e he was comm commande anderr of the the 25th 25th Infantn' Infantn' Division's ivision's Artillen". Artillen". A n~tive n~tive of Kent Kentuc ucky ky,' ,' Gen. Gen. Waters aters gradu graduated ated from Vl\H in 1921 1921 and and was commis commissione sioned d as second second lieutenan lieutenant, t, Field
nivers niversarv arv ceremon ceremony y held recently. recently. The Bliss liss a;nter a;nter's 's reco reco'rd 'rd top toppe ped d that that of any any othe otherr Army rmy Blood lood Cen Center ter no now w in operoperation.
AFF BOARD
. J
STAFF CHANGES CHANGES
Colon olonel el Arthu rthurr H. Bende enderr beca becam me the new deputy deputy presid presiden entt of Arm Army y Field Field Artillen'. Forc Forces es Board Board No.4 No.4,, succ succee eedin ding g Col. Cot .Gw .Gwinn inn U. Porte orterr was rece recent ntly ly Charles E. Shepa hepard rd who who was was recen recently tly assigned assigned as brigade brigade executive. executive. ordered to FECO FECOM. Lt. Col. ol. Arpad rpad Kopes opesak ak is the the new new 1ST GUIDED GUIDED MISSIL MISSILE E GROUP GROUP executive. In addi additio tion n to a new new com commandi anding ng Lt. Col. C. C. You oung ng is the new new head head officer, officer, Col. Oren Swain, wain, the group group has of the Heavy eavy AAA Group Group of the AA AAA a number number of other other additio additions ns to its officer Service Service Test Section. Section. staff. Antiaircraft officerswho visited recen recenttThe grou group p exec execut utive ive is Col. Col. Arthur rthur ly were were:: Colon olonels els Jack Jack Madiso adison n and and J. G. Kiel Kiel who who cam came to Fort Fort Bliss liss in July July A. Sawyer; Sawyer; Lt. Colonels olonels Al Richard Richards s and from the Penta Pentago gon. n. Dick ick I~in I~in,, all all of OC OCAFF; Lt. Col. ol. E. Lt. Col. Col. Edwin Edwin H. Druley ruley has arrived arrived Bod odea eau, u, AA Comm ommand; and; Col. ol. R. H. from from Tries Trieste te to comm command and the 259th 259th FA Kruet rueter er (Ret (Ret.), .), Col. John John Steel teele, e, 5th 5th Battalion. AAA Grou Group p com commande anderr and and CoL Sy Lt. Cols. ols. Thom homas D. Caulfi aulfiel eld d and and Gilman. Bert Bert H. Back Backstro strom m are now now in the group group Lt. Lt. CoL A. R. Colquho olquhoun un,, newly newly aron specia speciall du duty ty in the plann plannin ing g secti section on.. rived rived British ritish liaiso liaison n offic officer er,, has serv served ed in Was W ashin hingt gton on, , D . with wi th the B ritish rit ish R REC ECEI EIVE VES S BATTL BATTLE E STRE STREAM AMER ERS S rmv staff staff and and as an -instr instruc uctor tor in the Battle attle Stream treamer ers s and and cam campaign paign citacita- Armv AA School School Manorbier, anorbier, Wales. tions tions of Wor World ld War II were were prese present nted ed the the I11t I11th h Briga rigade de,, New Mexic exico o Nationa tionall Guard uard,, in cere cerem monie onies s held held AuCOMPOSITE GROUP C. O. gu gust st 23 at Fort ort Bliss liss durin during g the 15-d 15-day ay Colonel olonel William A. Hampto ampton n has ,as,assum summer train trainin ing g cam camp. Gove Govern rnor or Edsum su m ed com co m m and an d of the 1st 1s t C ompo om posit site e win L. Meche echem m of New Mexic exico o rereGrou Group. p. He had had rece recentl ntly y retu return rned ed from from viewed viewed the troops. troops. FEC FECOM wher where e he serve served d in the Gl secsecDecor ecorat atio ions ns pres presen ente ted d to the the 111t 111th h
c., c. ,
inclu include ded d the Distin istingu guish ished ed Stream treamer er "Man "Manila ila 1941 1941," ," Distin isting guish uished ed Unit Stream Streamer er "Bataa "Bataan," n," Distingu istinguishe ished d Unit Strea Streame merr "Defe "Defense nse of the Philipp Philippine ines" s" and and the "Phil "Philipp ippine ine Presid residen entia tiall Citaitation tion," Decem ecembe berr 7, 1941 1941,, to May May 10, 10,
tion.
KOREAN KOREAN AWARDS AWARDS Since ince publi publica catio tion n of the last issue issue of the JOUR JOURNA NAL the following have received decor decoratio ations ns for sen"ice sen"ice in Korea Korea::
1942. The III III th Briga rigade de,, form formed ed into into the the 200th 200th AA Reg Regim imen entt on the eve of Worl World d War II, II, was was com commande anded d by its prese present nt lead leader er,, Brig rig. Gen. en. Charl harles es G. Sage. age. It suffere suffered d heavy heavy casua casualties lties du during ring the early early davs avs of the the war and and late laterr many any of its m~n fail failed ed to retu return rn fro from Japa apanese ese prison camps. camps.
BLISS LEADS IN BLOOD BLOOD DONATION Con ongr gratu atulat lator ory y teleg telegra ram ms from from the Hon onora orable ble Frank Frank Pace, Pace, Secre Secretary tary of the Army, rmy, and and Gener eneral al Mark ark Clark lark,, Far East ast Comm ommande ander, r, prais praisin ing g the work work of the Fort Fort Bliss Bliss Bloo Blood d Dono Donorr Center enter du durring ing the the pas past yea year, were ere read read at the the anan-
Bronze Bronze Star Star
Lt. Lt. Cot Henry enry E. Ostheu stheus, s, OLC Major Stanton Stanton C. Parker Capt. Georg George e W. Edd ddy y Capt. Joe G. Waterman aterman 1st Lt. David David R. Anderson 1st Lt. Harol Harold d P. Fields Fields 1st 1st Lt. Lt. Melvin elvin C. Gros Gross s 1st Lt. Jesse Jesse S. Hailey Hailey 1st Lt. Van Van H. Messim essimore ore 1st Lt. Rosco Roscoe e H. Mon onroe roe
Silver Silver Star 1st Lt. Abra Abraham ham Epstein pstein ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNAL JOURNAL
S T ATU AT U S O OFF T RA IN IN IN IN G L IT IT E RAT RA TU UR REE By MAJOR B. G. OBERUN
Cl to FM 44-2. -2. AAA Autom tomatic atic Weapon eapons. s. which which discu discusse sses s surfac surface e firing firing and and cont contai ains ns firin firing g exerc exercise ises, s, is being being reviewed reviewed at OCAFF.
ARM ARMY Y TRAI TRAINI NING NG The ORC Fiel Field d Artille rtillery ry Train rainin ing g Bulle ulleti tin n, form former erly ly publ publis ishe hed d by The Artillery rtillery Schoo Schooll at Fort Fort Sill, Sill, Oklahom klahoma, a, has been change changed d to The The Artillery rtillery ORC Train Training ing Bullet Bulletin in and and will be publish published ed alte altern rnat ately ely at Fort Fort Sill and and at Fort Fort Bliss, liss, Texas. xas. Fort Bliss liss issu issues es will ill be pre prepare pared d by AA & GM Br, TA TAS. The purpos purpose e of the bulleti bulletin n is to keep keep reserve reserve offic officer ers s abrea abreast st of curre current nt activ activiti ities es in the artil artille lery ry branc branch. h. The sam same maili mailing ng list will be used used for both both editio editions. ns. Comomment ent and and sugg sugges estio tions ns from from reade readers rs are welcomed.
FIELD MANUALS MANUALS FM44 FM44-38 -38,, Ser\'ice Ser\'ice of the M9 and and MI0 Type Type Antiairc ntiaircraft raft Directors irectors,, dated dated August ust 1952 1952,, is now now off off the the pres press s and and in distribution. distribution. This manual manual supersedes supersedes FM FM 44-3 44-38, 8, Novem ovembe berr 1944, 1944, and and Chang hanges es :'\lo. 1, March arch 1947. 1947. The new new manua anuall conta contains ins 525 pages pages and and 124 illustra illustration tions. s. It is divid divided ed into into three three parts parts;; a gene general ral descri descriptio ption n of the equipm equipmen ent, t, service service of of the direc directo tors rs in the air air defen defense se missio ission, n, and service of the directors directors in the seacoast seacoast surf surfac ace e missi ission on.. There here are are six six appe appenndixes, dixes, which co\-er co\-er referen references ces,, principl principles es of opera operatio tion, n, mainten aintenan ance ce incl includ udin ing g check check lists, lists, minimum inimum trainin training g sched schedule ule,, first aid, aid, and and destru destructio ction n of materie materiel. l. FJ\l 44-33A 44-33A,, Sen-ice Sen-ice of AAFCS AFCS M33, is bein being g writt ritte en to cover ver the the late lates st AAFCS FCS materi materiel. el. FM 44-33 44-33,, Service Service of AAFCS FCS T33, 33, was was distr istrib ibut uted ed in Noyember yember 1951. 1951. FM 21-80 21-80,, Recog ecogni nitio tion n Train rainin ing, g, is now now in preparati preparation on.. Jet-en Jet-engin gined ed aircraft aircraft not only tra travel vel at fast faster er spe speeds tha than prope propelle ller-d r-driv riven en aircr aircraf aft, t, but but many any disdistin tinguishi ishin ng fea feature tures s fou found in olde lder plane planes s are are elim elimin inat ated ed.. It has has been been necnecessary essary to adapt adapt recog recogniti nition on trainin training g methmethods ods to these these ne\'\' ne\'\' cond conditi ition ons. s. The mananual ual is expec expecte ted d to be in dist distri ribu buti tion on by late summ summer 1953. 1953. Among ong othe otherr projec projects ts are are a manua anuall on the Duster Duster;; the improved improved twin twin 40mm 40mm gun gun motor otor carri carriag age e T141, 141, and and a serie series s on guid guided ed missile issiles s to cove coverr tacti tactics cs and and techni technique ques s of emplo employm ymen ent, t, fire control control and and gunn gunnery ery,, and and servi service ce of the missile issile NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
fire fire unit. unit. A spec special ial text text will be writt written en first on the same same guide guided d missile issile materi material al which hich will ill appe appear ar in the manua anuals ls at a later later date. date. Classifica lassificatio tion n of guide guided d missile sile litera literatu ture re is high high at prese present nt but but may be downg downgrad raded ed by the time time the manua manuals ls are printed printed.. An uncla unclassif ssified ied discu discussio ssion n of the basic basic principl principles es of aerod aerodyna ynami mics, cs, propul propulsio sion, n, and and guida guidanc nce e of guide guided d mismissiles siles has been been publishe published d in recen recentt issues issues of the AN ANTIAIR TIAIRCR CRAFT AFT JOURN JOURNAL. AL. This series series of of three article articles s was was written written by an instru instructo ctorr in the Depart Departme ment nt of Guide Guided d Missiles at AA & GM Br, T AS.
TECH TECHNI NICA CAL L
MANU MANUAL ALS S
TM 44-225 44-225,, Orientatio rientation n for Artille Artillery, ry, and and TM 44-23 44-234, 4, AM AM Service ervice Prac Practice tice,, are are in the the hand hands s of the print printer er and and exexpected pected to be in distribution distribution in Decem December, ber, 1952.
TRAI TRAINI NING NG
CIRC CIRCUL ULAR ARS S
DA TC No. 27, 27, Fire ire Contro trol and Gunne unnery ry of the 75m 75mm AA Gun (Sk (Skysweeper) per) with ith Gun Mount T69, 69, is print printed ed and and in distrib distribut utio ion. n. It conta contain ins s 82 pages pages with ith 74 illust illustra rati tio ons of this this new materiel. materiel. Traini raining ng circu circula lars rs on Servic ervice e of the ANjTP jTPS-ID -ID and and Safety afety Preca recaut utio ions ns for for Guide ided Missi issile les s Train rainin ing g are are in preparation.
CHANGES C2 to FM 6-40 6-40,, Field Field Artille rtillery ry GunGunnery, ery, has has been been prin printe ted d and and is in dist distri ri-butio bution. n. This chan change ge adds adds Appe Append ndix ix XI to the manua anuall and and is titled titled Antiai ntiaircr rcraf aftt Artillery rtillery Emplo Employed yed in a Field Field Artillery rtillery Missio ission. n. The chan change ge cove covers rs fire comcommands ands,, map data data and and corre correcti ction ons, s, and and fire fire dire direct ctio ion n to incl includ ude e duti duties es of fire fire direct direction ion center center person personne nel. l. Exam Examples ples of fire direct direction ion proced procedure ure are given. given. Cl to FM 44-4 44-4,, AAA Guns, ns, whic which h adds adds info informat rmatio ion n on the the VT fuze fuze and and the use use of fire unit unit anal analyze yzers rs is cleare cleared d for for print printin ing. g. C2 to FM FM 44-4 44-4,, whic which h inincorpo corporate rates s principl principles es of employm employmen entt for the AAFCS FCS T33 T33 and and AAFCS FCS M33, 33, has bee been forw forwar ard ded to the the Chief hief of Ordrdnance ance for for revi review ew.. Distr istrib ibu ution tion is expect pected ed befo before re the end end Q f 1952,
TEST TESTS S
ATT 44-8, AAA Battal Battalion ions s (Light (Light 75m 75mm Mobile bile), ), has has been been prin printe ted d and and is in distribu distributio tion. n. AIT 44-5 44-5,, AM Brig rigade ade (Gro (Group up), ), now now in the the hand hands s of the the prin printe ter. r.
is
Changes to AT ATT 44-1, AM AM Gun Battal ttalio ion n (9O (9Omm) , and and A'IT 'IT 44-3, -3, AM AW Batta ttalio lion (SP (SP), have have bee been printed printed and and are in distribut distribution ion.. Change hanges s to AT ATT 44-2 44-2,, A AM M AW Battal attalio ion n (Mo(Mobile bile and and Semim emimob obile ile), ), and and ATT 44-4 44-4,, AAA Gun Gun Battal attalio ion n (I2O 2Omm mm)) , have have been been forw forwar arde ded d to OCA OCAFF for for revie review w before fore prin printi tin ng. Thes hese changes to ATT's cove coverr chem chemic ical al,, biolo biologi gica cal, l, and and radiologic radiological al situations. situations.
TRAI TRAINI NING NG
FILM FILMS S
TF 44-1 44-1554 554,, Ligh Lightt AAA with with Infa Infanntry try and and Armor rmored ed Divis ivisio ions ns,, has has been been com completed pleted and and is ready ready for distribution distribution.. This his film film has has a run runnin ning tim time of abou aboutt twen twenty ty minu inutes. tes. The film film stre stress sses es the yarie yariety ty of uses uses,, high high rate rate of firep firepow ower, er, accu accura racy cy,, and and mobili bility ty of lig light AAA weap weapon ons. s. Anim nimated ated charts charts expla explain in the organ organizat ization ion of a light light AAA battalion battalion.. The film film show shows ligh lightt AAA in defe defens nse e of an infa infant ntry ry'' divi divisi sio on in bivo bivou uac, ac, a divisio division n on the march, arch, divisio division n artillery artillery in a forw forwar ard d area area,, arti artill ller ery y while hile disdisplaci placing ng,, engi engine neer ers s build buildin ing g a bridge bridge,, a brid bridg gehea ehead d afte afterr the the brid bridg ge is in use, use, and and simila similarr situa situatio tions ns with with an arm armored ored divisio division. n. Light Light AAA is shown shown in action action agai again nst atta attack ck by both both enem enemy y plan planes es and and groun ground d forces forces.. Othe ther trai train ning ing film films s which hich are are expected pected to be released released this winter winter includ include e Ligh Lightt AAA in Close lose Suppo upport rt of Infa Infanntry, try, Emplac place ement of M33 Trail raile er, March arch Order rder of M33 M33 Traile Trailer, r, Emplac Emplaceement ent of M33 Acqui cquisit sitio ion n Radar adar,, and and March Order of M33 M33 Acquisition Acquisition Radar. Radar. Train Training ing films films ready ready for photog photograph raphy y includ include e Trial Trial Fire AAFCS FCS M33, 33, StartStop Stop Proced Procedure ure AAFCS FCS .1\133,Orienta .1\133,Orienta-tion and Synchron Synchronization ization AAFCS FCS M33, and and Fire Missions issions with AAFCS FCS .1\133. .1\133. Scen cenario arios s are are bein being g writt ritten en on the the follow following ing subjec subjects: ts: Trace Tracerr Obsen'at bsen'ation ion,, Comput omputing ing Sight Sight M19, and and Reconn econnaisaissanc sance, e, Select electio ion, n, and and Organ rganiza izatio tion n of Position Position for Heavy and and Medium edium MA. 25
I N D IR I R E CT C T F IR IR E W I T H T HE HE 40M M G U N By C A PT P T A IN IN
DURING the the month onth of Jun June e 1952 1952 each batte ttery of the the 398th 98th AM AW Battal attalio ion n (Sm (Smbl) spent spent one one day day firin firing g by the the ind indirec irectt metho thod at sta statio tionary targ target ets s on the the arti artill ller ery y rang range e at Camp amp Edwa Edwards, rds, Mass. The The weather weather was was clear clear and and warm warm for for most ost of the the firin firing. g. Each ach batte battery ry was was allo allotte tted d % roun rounds ds of cartrid tridg ge HE-T SD, MK 2. Fuse, se, PD
MK.27. The The problem problem was develope developed d and and exeexecute cuted d unde underr the super supervis visio ion n of Major Major Robert obert W. Brow Brownin ning, g, execu executive tive officer officer,, Capt. pt. Willi illiam am S. Halle aller, r, S3, Capt. apt. John A. Baug Baugh, h, liaiso liaison n offic officer, er, and and 1st Lt. Ralph Ralph M. Des Rosiers Rosiers,, comm commun unica ica-tio tions offic fficer er,, with with a dual purp purpo ose in mindind-on one e to ful fulfil filll the annua annuall train trainin ing g requ requir ire ement ent of firi firin ng in the the grou round suppo support rt role role and the othe otherr to prepar prepare e for for the missio ission n of train trainin ing g civil civilian ian com compoponent AAA units units this summe summer. r. Two guns guns in each each batte battery ry were were used used.. One was equi equipp pped ed with ith the the azim azimut uth h and and elev elevati ation on scale scales s on the hand hand drive drive asse assem mbly hous housin ing g as desc describ ribed ed by Lt. Lt. Hoffm ffman in the the ANn:AIRCRAFT JOURNAL, JulJul-A Aug 1951 1951.. The seco second nd gun gun was equ equippe ipped d with ith an aim aiming ing circ circle le head head mount ounted ed on the rear rear sight sight brack bracket et of the speed speed ring ring sight. sight. This devic device e was was used used to lay lay the the gun in azim azimu uth by conconven ventio tional fie field artil rtille lery ry metho ethod ds. A gunn gunner er's 's quad quadra rant nt was used used to lay the the gun gun in elevati elevation on.. The The batterie batteries s operate operated d their their fire direc direc-tion tion cent centers ers at the obse observa rvatio tion n post post for for inst instru ruct ctio iona nall purp purpos oses es and and the the firin firing g data data was was sent sent to the guns guns by telep telepho hone ne.. The FDC emplo ployed only the the hori hori-zont zontal al cont contro roll opera operato torr usin using g the rang range e deflec deflection tion fan and a comput computer; er; using using the grap graphi hic c firi firing ng table. table. The vert vertic ical al concontrol trol opera operato torr was was not not used used owin owing g to the flat flat terra terrain in at the range range.. Some ome diffic difficul ulty ty was was experi experien ence ced d by the the HCO in plot plotti ting ng obse observ rver er corr correc ec-tions tions of 25 yard yards s on the 1:25,000 1:25,000 scales scales.. be Correc Correction tions s of 25 yards yards are required required becaus cause e of the smal smalll leth lethal al rad radius ius of the the 40mm shell. shell. Howev owever, er, the perso personn nnel el were inex inexpe peri rie enced ced and with ith more training training,, fewer fewer errors errors will be made. made. 26 r
W I LU L U A M S. HALLER
The range range to the targets targets from the gun gun vari varied ed betw betwee een n 1700 1700 and and 3300 300 yard yards. s. At 1700 yard yards, s, one one mil of elevati elevation on will move ove the the burs burstt appr approx oxim imat atel ely y eig eighty hty yards yards and and at 3300 3300 yards yards one one mil of eleelevation vation will move move the burst burst approxim approximate ate-ly forty forty yard yards. s. It is evide evident nt from from the the above above that that som some metho ethod d of accu accurat ratel ely y posit positio ioni ning ng the gun gun in eleva elevatio tion n must ust be used used for for targe targets ts at close close range ranges. s. The metho ethod d used used was the the gunn gunner er's 's quad quad-rant.
that a deflec deflection tion be sent sent to the the gun gun directly rectly as read read from from the rang range e fan fan usin using g a base base poin pointt ind index tha that has has been been con constru struct cted ed by actu actual al regi regist stra rati tion on of the gun. gun. This his will will speed up the oper operati ation on of the FDC FDC and and tend tend to redu reduce ce hum human errors errors in plotting plotting..
THE gun whic which h was equip quippe ped d with ith the the aim aiming ing circ circle le for for azim azimut uth h layi laying ng was poin pointe ted d by init initia iall lly y sett settin ing g the the 0-3200 0-3200 line of the aiming aiming circle circle parallel parallel to the axis axis of of the the bore bore,, and and then then it was SOME troub trouble le was was expe experie rienc nced ed at the poin pointed ted to the center center of the field of fire fire gun gun equi equippe pped d with with the elevat elevatio ion n scal scale e by recip recipro roca call layin laying g with with anot anothe herr aim aimat clos close e range ranges s beca becaus use e of inac inaccu curac racy, y, ing ing circ circle le.. In fact fact both both gun guns were ere iniiniespe specia cially lly at targ target ets s aro around 1900 1900 to tially tially layed layed by this method. ethod. 240 2400 yard yards. s. The eleva levati tio on poin pointe terr Aimin iming g sta stakes were then then put put out wou would intr introd oduc uce e an erro errorr in elev elevat atio ion n abou aboutt twen twenty ty yards yards in front front of the gun. gun. when when he repos repositi ition oned ed his crank crank which which The aimin aiming g circl circle e mount mounted ed on the gun gun woul would d frequ frequen ently tly caus cause e the obse observe rverr to did not jar jar out of adjust justm ment ent while hile receive erratic rounds. rounds. firin firing g and and prove proved d to be quite accurate. accurate. Itis recomme recommend nded ed that the elevatio elevation n Both oth guns guns were were regist register ered ed on a base base sca scale be numbere bered d fro from ten ten to fift fifty y poin point, t, and and afte afterr reg registr istrat atio ion n the the adadrathe ratherr than than plus plus or min minus us twen twenty ty since since justed justed elevati elevation on index index and the correc corrected ted it is virtua virtuall lly y impo imposs ssib ible le to enga engage ge a base base line line ind index were were con constru struct cted ed on targ target et by ind indirec irectt fire fire when when the the elev elevaa- the the graph raphic ic firi firin ng tabl table e and and the the fire fire tio tion is belo below w ten ten mils ils and the the tra tracer cer cont contro roll grid grid resp respec ecti tive vely ly.. After fter thes these e bum bum out out poin pointt of presen presentl tly y avai availa labl ble e indice indices s were were const construc ructed ted all readings readings of amm ammunit unitio ion n is 3500 3500 yard yards s with with a corcor- deflec deflection tion and and elevati elevation on for succee succeedin ding g responding responding elevation elevation of 47.3 mils. mils. These fire fire missio issions ns were were read read dire directl ctly y by the recomme recommenda ndations tions are based on the premprem- opera operato tors rs and and calle called d to the guns guns.. ise ise that that the the com compute puterr will will send send dow down Once nce the fire fire contro controll grid grid is set set up it the the firi firin ng eleva levati tio on to the the gun as he is poss possib ible le to adju adjust st with with eith either er of the the read reads s it on the the grap graphi hic c firin firing g tabl table. e. If guns guns.. Durin uring g fire for for effect effect both both guns guns the metho ethod d desc describ ribed ed by Lt. Lt. Hoffm offman an can can be fire fired d by read readin ing g the the corr correc ecte ted d is used sed, it will ill be necessary sary for for the the eleva elevatio tion n and and defle deflecti ction on for for the seco second nd com compute puterr to add or subtr subtrac actt the nece necess- gun. sary sary figur figures es from from his slide slide rule readi reading ng CONCLUSIONS: to obta btain the the firi firin ng ele elevati vatio on for for the the gun. gun. This This will slow down down the operatio operation n Firi Firing ng of the 40m 40mm gun gun by indi indire rect ct of the the FDC FDC and and intr introd oduc uce e hum human erer- methods methods can be accomplishe accomplished d quite sucrors. cess cessfu fully lly with with vario various us types types of sighti sighting ng systems. Becau ecause se of the 3500 3500 yard yard trace tracerr bum bum the the sam same tok token, en, if the the azim azimut uth h out poin pointt the the ran range lim limits its are are abou bout 2000 yard yards s in dept depth h and and they they neces ecessi si-sca scale is set to zero zero whe when n the the gun has has 2000 tate firi firing ng in rela relati tive vely ly leve levell terr terrai ain. n. been been posi positi tio oned ned for for the the firs firstt roun round, d, it tate Therefore ore it is recom recomme mend nded ed that units units will be nece necessa ssary ry to cons constru truct ct for for each each Theref attem att empt pt to procur proc ure e high hig h explo ex plosiv sive e amammissi ission on a new new base base line line inde index x on the the muniti unition on havin having g a long longer er time time of flight flight fire fire cont contro roll grid grid in orde orderr to make make the the for this this type of firing. necessary necessary corrections. corrections. It is recommended
By
ANTIAIR ANTIAIRCRAF CRAFT T
JOURNAL JOURNAL
r
AAA AA A SP SPEC ECIIAL ALIIST BN AT BL BLIISS To
I
meet meet the the Army Army-w -wid idee dema demand nd for for men men spec specia iali lize zed d in AAA warni arning ng,, the the AAA AAA Repla eplace ceme ment nt Trai Traini ning ng Cent Center er,, comma commande nded d by Colo Colonel nel Earl Earl \V. Heath Heath-cote, cote, has organ organize ized d the Spec Special ialis istt Trai Trainning Batt Battal alion ion.. Since Since its estab establis lishm hmen entt in Novemb ember, er, 1951 951, it has trained ned Bnd gradua graduate ted d 3,145 3,145 men men.. Desi Design gnat ated ed the the 5th MA RTC RTC Trai Trainning ing Batt Battal alio ion, n, the the prim primar ary y miss missio ion n is to to train train person personnel nel in such such speci speciali alize zed d field fieldss as fire fire contr control ol and and rada radarr oper operat ator ors, s, air air warn warnin ing g Spec Specia iali list st,, and and oper operat atio ions ns asassistant. With With Majo Majorr Fred Fred R. Whit Whitehe ehead ad,, Sr., Sr., comm command andin ing, g, Capt Captai ain n Thom Thomas as M. Beck Beck-man, man, execu executiv tive, e, and and Capta Captain in Arch Archiba ibald ld P. Hendl endley ey,, S3, S3, the the batt battal alio ion n has has four four lett letter ered ed batt batter erie ies, s, comm comman ande ded d by CapCaptains tains \Voodro \Voodrow w \V. \Villia \Villiams, ms, and Berry Carr Carrol oll, l, Jr.; Jr.; 1st 1st Lt. Lt. Robe Robert rt C. Frye Frye and and 2nd 2nd Lt. Lt. Paul Paul R. Edwa.r Edwa.rds. ds. Each Each battery battery has two two class classes, es, each in a diffe differen rentt phase phase of trainin training. g. A class class graduat graduates es every every week. Minim inimum um requ requir irem emen ents ts for for assi assign gn-ment ment to the the batt battal alio ion n are are an Aptit ptitud udee
C o A u t h o r s --
1 st st L t. t. E dw dw ar ar d Radar Radar Sectio Section. n.
P . C za za pa pa r. r.
1st 1st Lt. Carl Carl E. Nort North, h, Isl Isl Lt. Lt. Rober Robertt Section. CWO CWO
Thom Thomas as
A ss ss t.t.
C hi hi ef ef
of
Jr., Jr., Chief Chief Fire Fire Contr Control ol..
W. Stei Stein, n,
Chie Chieff
E. McGu McGuir ire, e,
Air Air Warni Warning ng
Chief Chief Commu Communi ni..
cation Section. tion.
Area Area I score score of 105 or bette betterr and an AptiAptitude Area Area IX score score of 110 or better. better. Prior Prior to atte attend ndin ing g one one of the cour course ses, s, appl appliicant cantss must must ha\' ha\'ee rece receiv ived ed at least least eigh eightt weeks weeks of basic basic combat trainin training. g. The The cours courses es are of eigh eightt weeks weeks'' duraduration, tion, with appro approxim ximate ately ly 200 hour hourss bebe ing ing devote devoted d to the respe respect ctive ive specia speciali lized zed tech techni nica call inst instru ruct ctio ion n and and 180 180 hour hourss alallotted lotted to general general subjects subjects.. The Fire Contr ntrol Section ion is command anded by Lt. Carl arl E. North who instructs structs eight eight classes classes of 37 37 men men each. each. Each Each is in a diffe differe rent nt phas phasee of train trainin ing, g, ememphas phasiz izin ing g such such subj subjec ects ts as ener energi gizi zing ng,, check checkss and adjustm adjustment entss of the the M9 direcdirector, tor, tests of the M9 directo director, r, cable cable system system l'vI l'vI7 7 and and Ml, Ml, orie orient ntat atio ion n and and sync synchr hrooniza nizati tion on of the the rang rangee plat platoo oon n and and the the gun platoon platoon.. To give the the traine trainees es a well well-round rounded ed backgr backgrou ound nd in fire fire con contro troll operoperatio ation, n, subj subjec ects ts such such as visu visual al trac tracki king ng and and prev preven enta tati tive ve main mainte tena nanc ncee are are also also taught. These These subje subjects cts are are taught taught with with a mini mini-mum of lect lectur uree and and a maxi maximu mum m in acactual tual perf perfor orma manc ncee of the the vari variou ouss duti duties es of a fire fire contro controll opera operato tor. r. Trai Traini ning ng is cli clima maxe xed d with with a two-d two-day ay field field problem problem at a Fort Bliss Bliss firing firing range, range, wher wheree all all posit position ionss in the the range range and gun plato platoons ons are mann manned ed by the the trai trainee neess ununder close supervision. supervision. Radar Radar operator operators, s, under under the supervisi supervision on of Lt. Lt. \¥ alter a lter S. \¥ alters, alters, are instruc instructed ted in the the uses uses,, char charac acte teri rist stic ics, s, tech techni nica call
~
. . .. .,--
opera operati tion, on, and and empl emplace aceme ment nt of gun laylaying ing and and surv survei eill llan ance ce rada radar. r. Appro pproxi xi-mate mately ly seve sevent nty y hour hourss of inst instru ruct ctio ion n are are devo devote ted d to fun funda dame ment ntal alss and and the the oper oper-atio ation n of the the vari variou ouss rada radarr sets sets in the the radarr park park.. The stud studen entt is A1\A RTC rada inst instru ruct cted ed in the chie chieff func functi tion onss of the the vario various us sets sets as relat related ed to ant antiai iairc rcraf raftt acactivity, tivity, includin including g searchi searching ng for targets targets and trac trackin king g a sel select ected ed targe targett manua manually lly and and auto autom matic atical ally ly.. The cour course se is furt furthe herr brok broken en down down into into such such impo import rtan antt subsub jects jects as operatio operational nal adjustm adjustments ents,, orienta orienta-tion tion and and synchr synchron oniza izati tion, on, jammi jamming ng and and anti anti-j -jam ammi ming ng of radar radar equi equipm pmen ent, t, and and data transmission. transmission. In data data transmissi transmission on the student student learns learns the the cablin cabling g syste system m of the the range range and and gun secti section on.. I-Ie I-Ie is also also given given a thoro thorough ugh unders dersta tand ndin ing g of the the rela relate ted d elec electr tric ical al volt voltag ages es of the vari variou ouss cabl cables es and and the the function functioning ing of the the radar radar in its continuo continuous us repr repres esen enta tati tion on of azim azimut uth, h, heig height ht,, and and elev elevat atio ion n angl anglee posi positi tion onss of the the targ target et.. In the data transmi transmissio ssion n system system he learns how these these position position voltages voltages are furnishe furnished d the gun director director.. All All this this is give given n a comb combin ined ed appl appliicatio tion in a fiel field d proble blem duri uring the seven seventh th week week of train trainin ing, g, when when the radar radar opera operator tor work workss with with the other other specia speciali list st sect sectio ions ns in orga organi nizi zing ng a rang rangee plat platoo oon n which hich join joinss with with the the 90mm 90mm batt batter ery y in firing firing their range range problem problem.. The The rada radarr oper operat ator or is als also o taug taught ht the the miss missio ion n and and tech techni nica call oper operat atio ion n of sursur-
'
Fire Fire control control class class receives receives instruc instruction tions. s. NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEM EMBER BER,,
1952 1952
27
warning and operatio operations ns center, center, ,-eilla ,-eillanc nce e radar radar in work working ing with with the air of the air warning ission of the Commu ommunic nicatio ations ns warnin wa rning g specialist specialist in the operatio operation n of an it is the mission School ol to train stude student nt perso personn nnel el of the MOC by pro prod dding ing an AM AM IS ra radar Scho arning ng Schoo chooll in the the prin princi cipl ples es netwo network rk.. In this cour course se the rada radarr operoper- Air Warni techniques es of comm communicatio unications ns comcomator tor actu actual ally ly sets sets up and and opera perate tes s an and techniqu mon to this field. field. AM IS rada radarr netw networ ork k in a com combine bined d field field proble problem m with with the air warnin warning g spespeIn addition addition,, the school school con condu ducts cts a fiveciali ialist st durin ring the the sixt sixth h week. ek. In this this hour hour cour course se in basic basic electric electricity, ity, which which problem problem the radar radar operato operatorr receive receives s fur- is given given to each each class class of radar radar operato operators, rs, ther ther tech techni nica call train trainin ing g in sear search chin ing g a fire contro controll and and air wa warn rning ing specia specialist lists s desig designa nated ted defen defende ded d area area and and send sending ing durin ring the the firs firstt week. ek. This his course urse is target target position position data data in the Ge Geog ograph raphical ical design designed, ed, not not to make make electrica electricall technitechniRefer eferen ence ce Syste ystem m to the the air air wa warn rnin ing g cian cians, s, but but to enab enable le the the stud studen entt to ununspecial specialist ist in the AAOC for plotting. plotting. derst derstan and d the term terms and and char charac acter teristi istics cs The stude student nts s taki taking ng this this cour course se not not of the vast electrica electricall netwo networks rks and equipequiponly lear learn n the the duties ties of a plo plotte tter, but but ment ent that that will will be a part part of his train trainin ing. g. also those those of a chief plotter, plotter, intellige intelligence nce This This include includes s terms, terms, voltage voltage source sources, s, batteller teller,, journ journal al recor recorde der, r, and and obse observe rver. r. teries, Ohm's Ohm's law, characteristics of AC. AC. They They are also also traine trained d in aircraft aircraft recog recognini- and D.C. and and principle principles s of inductio induction. n. tion, tion, observa observation tion and outpos outposts, ts, comp compass, ass, The The lesson lesson presen presentatio tation n is divide divided d into binoculars, binoculars, camouflage camouflage an~ concealm concealment, ent, four four ~asic ~asic catego categories: ries: message essage center center proproand commu communication nications. s. Students Students must must also cedu cedure re,, wire wire,, radi radio o and and gene genera rall com comhave have a workin working g know knowled ledge ge of the Ge Geoo- munication munications s subjects. grap graphi hica call Refer eferen ence ce Syste ystem m and and the the In messag message e center center proced procedure ure,, the stuitem items s of equ equipm ipment ent to be fou found in an dent dent learn learns s the method ethods s of proce procedu dure, re, operatio operations ns center, center, and and their use. use of the the SOl and Cryp ryptog tograp raphic In the the sixt sixth h we week ek,, stud studen ents ts go to the the Proce rocedu dure res s with the the use use of the the M209 209 field field for four four days days of practic practical al applic applicaa- Converte onverter. r. This This includ includes es message essage writwrittion. tion. Here ere they they set set up a tactic tactical al oper operaa- ing, ing, routing routing and mean means s of messag message e contions tions center center and and operate operate in conjun conjunctio ction n veyan veyance. ce. The The objective objective is to enab enable le each each with with the radar radar perso personn nnel el manni anning ng three three stud studen entt effe effect ctiv ivel ely y to read, read, rela relay y and and surve surveilla illanc nce e rada radars, rs, locate located d in three three difdif- transm transmit it messages essages accordin according g to military military ferent ferent position positions s approx approxima imately tely ten miles requirem requirement ents s and standard standards s and, and, if necdistant distant from the operation operations s center. center. These These essary, essary, to operate operate the M209 Convert onverter. er. position positions s simula simulate te an AAA defens defense e and At all times, times, the impo importa rtanc nce e of effectiv effective e are in conta contact, ct, 24 hours hours a day, day, with the and fast commu communic nicatio ations ns and neces necessary sary OC by means means of wire wire and radio. During uring secu security rity is kept kept befor before e the studen student. t. He the the prob proble lem m, the the train trainee ees s are are brok broken en is taught taught message message procedure procedure and security down down into into thre three e team teams, s, each each in char charge ge measures accordingly. of an instruc instructor tor,, who who supe supervi rvise ses s and and alIn teaching teaching wire commu communic nicatio ations, ns, an tern ternat ates es the the men so that that each each works works as introduc introduc:ion :ion is given given to wire technique techniques s a chief chief plotter, plotter, plotter, plotter, journa journall recorde recorder, r, and and wire netw networ orks ks com common to AAA intellige intelligence nce teller teller and and OP observe observer. r. units units.. After fter this this,, the the stud studen entt is taugh taughtt Since Since commu communication nication is the very heart heart to prep prepare are and and use use line line route route maps aps and and
circuit circuit diagram diagrams s with approp appropriate riate markmarkings ings and symbols. symbols. Other classes classes prese present nt method ethods s and and term terminolog inology y of field field wire wire and and surface surface line construc construction tion.. Although lthough actua actuall pole pole line cons constru tructi ction on is not not ememphas phasiz ized ed,, the the stud studen ents ts are are taug taught ht pole pole climbin climbing g becau because se field wire wire lines lines involve involve a certain amou amount nt of overhead overhead wiring. wiring. A n impo importa rtant nt phas phase e is the conn connec ectio tion n of simple simplex x and and phan phantom tom circu circuits its with with repeat peatin ing g coils coils.. The stud studen ents ts also also learn learn the characteris characteristics, tics, installatio installation n and operoperation ation of the BD-71 -71 and and BD-72 -72 switc switchhboards boards,, and the EE-9 E-9 field telephon telephone. e.
So that the studen studentt underst understand ands s terms terms of radi radio o oper operat atio ion, n, such such as frequ frequen ency cy rang range, e, trans transm mission ission range range,, outpu output, t, tuntuning ing, etc., tc., he is give iven a clas lass in basic rad radio the theory. ry. After fter this this,, he is tau taught vari vario ous rad radio sets sets of the the AAOC net. et. The class lasses es on each each of the these sets sets are directed directed to give give charact characteristic eristics, s, installainstallation tion (or tuning tuning and and alignm alignment), ent), opera opera-tion tion and and first first eche echelo lon n maint ainten enan ance ce of the sets, sets, includ including ing SCR SCR-188, -188, SCR SCR-543, -543, SCR-593, SCR-593, SCR-536 SCR-536 and AN/GRC-9. /GRC-9. The The gener general al commu communic nicatio ations ns subjects subjects of the scho school ol com combine bine those those that that might ight be com common to more than than one type type of com communic unicat atio ions ns.. With the the phon phonet etic ic alphabe alphabet, t, radio radio voice proced procedure ure is taught. taught. This teach teaches es the prowo proword rds s and and phras phrases es oror- radi radio o and and wire com communic unicat atio ion n by voice ice. The when, how, and why of safegu safeguard arding ing military military inform informatio ation n is given in a class class on signal signal security security.. Classe lasses s are also held held in prope properr mainten aintenan ance ce proprocedu cedures res and and eche echelon lons s of signa signall equip equip-ment. At the the end of the their eigh ight weeks' cour course se,, grad gradua uate tes s of the the batta battalio lion n are are assig assigne ned d to AA AAA units units in the the Unite nited d States States and in oversea overseas s command commands. s. Notify Notify the Journal Journal of Your Your Addre Address ss Change Change
In this this iss issue ue of the JOURN JOURNAL AL there there are two differ different ent ballot ballots. s. Turn Turn to page page 2 for the ballot ballot on the proposed proposed merger merger of the U.S U.S.. Antiair Antiaircra craft ft Assoc As sociat iation ion and and the Associa Associatio tion n of the United United States States Army. Army.
Study Study the
provisio provisions ns carefull carefully y and send send in your vote before before 28 February February 1953 .. The secon second d ballot ballot,, on page page 3, is for the annua annuall elect election ion of offic officers ers of our our As Asso soci ciat atio ion. n. Ma Mark rk your your choi choice ces s and and retu return rn befo before re 31 De Dece cemb mber er
1952.
28
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
Trai Tra i ning ni ng Exerci Exer cise: se: HAR DRO CKS By COl. COl.
THOM THOMAS AS M. METZ METZ
ONE of the mos mostt diffi difficu cult lt task tasks s whic which h jects jects which which coul could d not not be cond conduc ucte ted d in conf confro ront nt the the com commande anderr of depl deploy oyed ed the the vic vicinit inity y of the the defen fended are areas, as, AM units units is that that of trai traini ning ng.. An AM nam namely, ely, terr terres estr tria iall firin firing, g, 3.5" 3.5" rock rocket et unit unit unde underr these these circ circum umst stan ance ces s is harhar- firing, firing, tactical tactical road marches, marches, demolitio demolitions ns assed assed by nu nume merou rous s admi adminis nistra trative tive and and and mine laying laying,, hand' hand' grenad grenades, es, small small oper operat atio iona nall requ requir irem emen ents ts whic which h leave leave unit infa infan ntry try tac tactics tics and othe ther such the com commande anderr with with little little time time avai availl- subjects. It wa was s read readily ily appa appare rent nt that that able able for traini training ng.. the most most exped expeditio itious us and efficie efficient nt way With ith that that litt little le tim time he must firs firstt to com comply ply with with this this train trainin ing g dire direct ctiv ive e conduct conduct training training in those those subjects which which was to move move to a suitab itable le are area for for a are prescr prescribe ibed d by higher higher comm command and,, like peri period od of exte extens nsive ive field field traini training ng.. ForFortroop troop I&E, I&E, Mora Morality lity and and other other subjec subjects. ts. tunate tunately, ly, the operat operation ional al requir requirem emen ents ts Next ext he must ust cons consid ider er those those subje subject cts s impo imposed sed by Ge Gene neral ral Headqu eadquart arters ers and whic which h maint aintai ain n or impro improve ve his his unit' unit's s Far Far East ast Air Forc Forces es pro provide vided d for for the the capa capabi bili lity ty to carr carry y out out its its air air defen efense se withd withdraw rawal al of one battery battery per battalion battalion miss ission ion, for for he wants ants his his unit to be for for the purp purpos ose e of "off"off-si site te" " traini training ng.. read ready y when when the the shoo shootin ting g star starts ts.. But all all Accor ccordi ding ngly ly,, the the 9th 9th AAA Grou Group p orortoo too ofte often n eIth eIther er thro throug ugh h pres pressu sure re of dere dered d train trainin ing g exer exerci cise se Hardr ardroc ocks ks to other other requir requirem emen ents ts or lack. lack. of of traini training ng give give each each batt batter ery y of the the com command and an faciliti facilities es or areas areas,, he negle neglects cts traini training ng intensive intensive six-day six-day period period of field training. training. in those those subjects subjects desig designe ned d to round round ou outt Four our task task forc forces es were ere form formed ed conconhis unit unit as a membe emberr of the the com combined bined sistin sisting g of one batter battery y of 90mm guns guns and arms team. one one batte battery ry of auto autom matic atic we weap apon ons s totoIn the beginnin beginning g of straine strained d intern internaa- geth gether er with with an aggr aggres esso sorr force force of one one tional tional relati relation ons s AAA un units its are rushed rushed plat platoo oon n from from the the head headqu quar arter ters s batte battery ry thro throu ugh trai train ning ing in orde orderr to empl employ oy of the gun gun batta battalio lion. n. Four Four majors ajors were were them them in defe defens nse e of vita vitall area areas. s. This his dede- assi assign gned ed as task task forc force e com commande anders rs in ploym ploymen entt take takes s place place both both in the Zone Zone orde orderr to give give them them an oppo opport rtun unit ity y to of the Inte Interio riorr and and in the the Comm ommunic unicaa- comma command nd and develop develop leadership. leadership. Each Each tions tions Zones Zones of overseas overseas theat theaters ers.. Here of the four four task task forces forces bore bore the name name of these these units units sit, sit, day in and and day day out, out, year year . its comm commander. ander. They we were re Majors ajors Ke Kerrin and year out, out, stand standing ing gu guard ard.. Oftenften- mit D. Woolri oolridg dge, e, Peter eter V. Kulo Kulo,, Edtim times they they lose lose sigh sightt of the the fact fact that that wa ward rd J. Rumpf, umpf, and and Fran Frank k W. Smith Smith.. they they are are mobile obile units units whic which h high higher er auauEach ach Task ask Forc Force e Comm ommande anderr wa was s thority thority may mm'e mm'e witho without ut advanc advance e no no-- give given n a broa broad d dire directi ctive ve to make ake a tact tactiitice tice to a com combat bat zone zone where where they they must ust cal move move (less (less range range equipm equipment ent)) to the functi function on in a field field army army with other other un units its maneuv euver are area and and esta establ blis ish h a base base of the combined combined arms. arms. cam camp. Only nly equi equipm pmen entt autho authori rize zed d by During uring the early early months months of this year, year, appr approp opri riat ate e T/0 and and E was perm permit itte ted d the 9th AAA Grou Group, p, comm command anding ing the in the trai traini ning ng area area.. Needl eedles ess s to say by by AAA defens defenses es of South Southern ern Japan, Japan, wa was s the end end of the first day, day, trucks trucks we were re disdisconfr confron onted ted with with a growi growing ng stalen stalenes ess s in patc patche hed d to hom home stati tatio ons with ith suc such the art of field field sold soldie ierin ring. g. Units nits of this items items as squad squad tents, tents, steel steel cots, cots, hibachi hibachi com command and had had been been depl deploy oyed ed arou around nd pots pots (Jap (Japan anes ese e char charco coal al burn burner er)) and and vital vital area areas s of Sout Southe hern rn Japa Japan n sinc since e the the the like. like. While hile in base base camp camp the the Task ask begi beginn nnin ing g of the the Korea orean n War. ar. Alert lert Force Force Comm ommander ander cond conduc ucted ted,, du durin ring g period periods s we were re exactin exacting g and left little little time time the first first four days, days, an inten intensiv sive e traini training ng for coordina coordinated ted training. training. The The 40th AAA AAA sche schedu dule le whic which h stre stress ssed ed basi basic c sold soldie ierrBrigade Brigade,, comma commande nded d by Brigadi Brigadier er GenGen- ing ing and and small all unit infa infan ntry try tac tactics tics.. eral eral James James G. Devin evine. e. had had dire direct cted ed an Throu hrough ghou outt this this peri period od the 9th Grou Group p all-inclus all-inclusive ive training training program program designed designed reserved certain times for demonstrations demonstrations to qual qualif ify y its its unit units s for for serv servic ice e in any any whic which h we were re cont contro rolle lled d at grou group p lewl. lewl. zone zone of actio action n and and unde underr any any circu circum m- These These demons demonstration trations s included included close close air stances. suppo support rt attack attacks s contro controlled lled by a tactica tacticall This This traini training ng direct directive ive include included d subsub- air contr control ol party, party, demoli demolitio tions ns,, defen defense se NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
agains againstt airbor airborne ne attack attacks, s, gas gas cham chambers. bers. bazo bazook oka a firi firing ng and and hand hand gren grenad ade e ininstruc structio tion. n. The The major majority ity of these demon demon-stratio strations ns we were re conclu concluded ded with with practic practical al participatio participation n by all personnel personnel.. The last last two two days days of the sixsix-da day y peperiod riod we were re devo devote ted d to a cont contin inuo uous us ininfantry-arti fantry-artillery llery maneu maneuver ver with emphas emphasis is on night night patrol patrollin ling g and and small small unit unit probproblems lems in offens offensive ive and defen defensiv sive e action actions. s. Most of this work was physical physical in nature nature and and gave gave all all rank ranks s an oppo opport rtun unit ity y to demonstrate demonstrate leadership. Much valuable valuable experienc experience e was derived from from this this metho ethod d of train trainin ing g and and aided aided mater materiall ially y in du dustin sting g the cobw cobwebs ebs off of of these troops troops who who through through nobody's nobody's fault are are subj subjec ecte ted d to the the monot onoton ony y of dedefendin fending g vital vital areas areas over long periods periods of time. time. For For thos those e who who play played ed the gam game, by far the majori ajority ty of the the part partic icipa ipant nts, s, many many valuable valuable lessons lessons were were learned. learned. With the introduct introduction ion of atom atomic ic weapweapon ons s it is envisa envisage ged d that that future future wa wars rs will foughtt with with un units its in exten extende ded d form formabe fough tions tions.. A front front may even cons consis istt of the the infa infant ntry ry hold holdin ing g only only key key terr terrai ain n feafeatures. tures. Such Such dispersio dispersion n will invite enemy enemy patrol patrol action action and gu guerr errilla illa wa warfa rfare, re, and antia antiairc ircra raft ft artil artille lery ry troop troops s attac attache hed d to divisions divisions,, corps corps and even armies armies should should be traine trained d to cope with with these these attack attacks. s. In cons consid ider erin ing g trai traini ning ng dire direct ctiv ives es,, highe higherr AAA com commande anders rs shou should ld enenvisag visage e exten extensiv sive e traini training ng in field field maneu maneu-vers. vers. This This should should includ include e terres terrestria triall firing ing by both gun (9O (9Omm) and AW un units its and should should stres stress s trainin training g in infaninfantry tactics and weapons weapons.. Releas Releasing ing units from from tact tactic ical al posi positio tions ns to acco accom mplis plish h field field traini training ng should should be provid provided ed for at high high levels levels of comm command. and. Monot onoton ony y is the curs curse e of depl deploy oyed ed AAA units, especially especially those deployed deployed in the Zone Zone of the Inte Interi rior or and and the Comommunicati munications ons Zones Zones of Overseas verseas theaters. theaters. Long Long peri period ods s of inacti inactivit vity y with with no acaction tion othe otherr than than an occa occasi sion onal al tria triall shot shot proble problem m or targe targett practic practice e do does es much much to destr destroy oy morale. orale. Inten Intensiv sive e field field traini training ng cond conduct ucted ed at least least everv everv six mon months ths will will give give a unit unit a much uch need needed ed shot shot in the arm arm, and, in add additio ition n, "vil "villl give ive the the AM conf confid iden ence ce in work workin ing g with with the othe otherr units units of the the com combine bined d arm arms. 29
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H O N O R
Original Original Honor Honor Roll 88th AAA Airborne Bn !t. Col. R. B. Bony, Jr. AAA Group 228th AAA Col. Col. T. H. H. Pope I07th I07th AAA AW Sn (M} Mciver !t. Col. E. R. Mciver 30Sth AAA Group
Col. John S. Maye Mayer, r, N. Y.
Separate Separate Comm Commands ands Army AAA Command Command lieu lieu!. !. Gen. Gen. J. l. lewi lewiss Third Third Army Army Traini Training ng Cente Centerr Brig. Gen. Gen. C. H. Armstrong East AAA Command Command Brig. Brig. Gen. Gen. F. LHayden Central Central AAA Command Command Col. D. J. Bailey Bailey West AAA Command Command Brig. Gen. Gen. R. W. Berry Hqs. Hqs. Far Far East East AAA AAA Spec Spec.. 5th. 5th. Lt. Col. Col. W. H. Nicolson Nicolson Guided Guided Missile Missile Dept. AA & GM School Col. F. M. McGoldrick Officer Officer Candidate Candidate School School Col. K. R. Keneric Kenerick k AAA Repl Training Training Center Center Col. E. W. Heathcote Heathcote
Brigades 34th AAA Brigade Brigade Brig. Gen. Gen. R. R. Hendrix Hendrix 35th 35th MA Brig Brigad adaa Brig. Gen. Gen. Homer Homer Case 40th 40th AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Gen. James James G. Devine 47th 47th AAA Brigad Brigadee Col. Col. G. C. Gibbs Gibbs 51st 51st AAA AAA Brigad Brigadee Col. H. P. Henness Hennessy y 56th AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Gen. Gen. H. F. Meyers 103rd AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Brig. Gen. R. Y. Y. Moore Moore 105th 105th AAA AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Brig. Gen. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y. 107th 107th AAA AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Squire, Va. 111 th th AAA Brigade Brig. Gen. Chas. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex. 112th 112th AAA AAA Brigad Brigadee Brig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Cook, Calif. 114t 114th h AM Brig Brigad adee Brig. Brig. Gen. Gen. G. W. Fisher Fisher
Groups 1st Composite Composite Group Group Col. T. H. leary 4th 4th AAA AAA Grou Group p Col. L A. Bonifay Bonifay 6th AAA Group Group Col. Col. W. J. Wuest Wuest 7th 7th AAA AAA Grou Group p Col. Col. M. J. Marti Martin n 10th 10th AAA AAA Group Col. Col. G. R. Care Carey y 11 th AAA Group Lt. Col. L S. Allen 13th 13th AAA AAA Grou Group p Col. Col. W. A. Cauthen Cauthen 14th AAA Group Group Col. H. E. Michele Michelett 19th 19th AAA AAA Group Group Col. Col. D. D. Marti Martin n 65th 65th AM Grou Group p Col. B. E. Cordell Cordell 68th 68th AAA AAA Group Group Col. W. B. Hawthor Hawthorne ne
142d 142d AAA AAA Group Group Col. Col. J. Snead, Snead, Ala. Ala. 197th 197th AAA Grou Group p Col. A. S. Baker, N. H. 200t 200th h AAA AAA Group Group Col. Col. C. M. Woodb Woodbury ury,, N. Mex. 205t 205th h AM Grou Group p Lt. Col. J. H. Pindell Pindell 207t 207th h AAA AAA Group Group Lt. Col. R. G. Irish, Irish, N. Y. 208th 208th AAA Grou Group p Col. F. J. Zeller Zeller 211 th AAA Group Group Col. G. F. lineha lineham, m, Jr., Mass. 214t 214th h AM Grou Group p Col. Col. J. G. Johnso Johnson, n, Ga. 21 8th 8th AM Grou Group p Col. V. P. lupinacc lupinacci, i, Pa. 220th 220th AAA AAA Group Group Col. D. MacDuff MacDuff 226t 226th h MA Grou Group p Col. John D. Sides, Sides, Ala. 227t 227th h MA Grou Group p Col. P. LWall, Wall, Fla. Fla. 228th 228th AAA Grou Group p Col. T. H. Pope 233r 233rd d AAA AAA Grou Group p Col. Col. W. T. Stone, Stone, Calif. Calif. 250t 250th h AM Grou Group p 260th 260th AAA AAA Group Group Lt. Col. Col. G. V. Selwyn Selwyn,, D. C. 326th 326th AAA Group Group Col. M. D. Meyers, Meyers, Po. 374th 374th AAA Grou Group p Col. T. F. Mullaney Mullaney,, Jr., Illinois Illinois 515th 515th AAA Grou Group p Col. F. G. Rowell, Rowell, N. Mex.
Battalions ht AAA AAA Trai Traini ning ng Bn Lt. Col. Col. H. E. Graham Graham 2nd 2nd AAA AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. Col. J. L Butler 2nd AAA AAA Train Training ing Bn Lt. Col. J. Martinell Martinellii 3rd 3rd AAA AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. Col. J. P. Goettl Goettl 3rd AAA AAA Tng. Tng. Bn. Lt. Col. Col. A. S. Naylo Naylorr 4th 4th AAA AAA AW Bn 1M) 1M) Lt. Col. R. J. J. Connelly Connelly 4th 4th AAA AAA Train Trainin ing g Bn Maj. C. M. Smith 5th AAA Train Training ing Bn Maj. Maj. F. R. Whiteh Whitehead ead,, Sr. 6th AAA Train Training ing Bn Lt. Col. G. l.Crawford, Crawford, Jr. 7th 7th AAA AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. Col. S. J. Pacior Paciorek ek 8th AAA Trai Trainin ning g Bn Maj. Maj. M. D. Kert 9th AAA Trai Trainin ning g Bn Maj. Maj. W. E. Osbur Osburn n 10th 10th AAA Trai Trainin ning g Bn Terribile Lt. Col. V. T. Terribile 11th 11th AAA AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. Col. J. E. Wales Wales 11th 11th AAA Traini Training ng Bn Lt. Col. A. O. Chittende Chittenden n 12th 12th MA Trai Traini ning ng Bn Maj. l. E. Marlowe 14th 14th AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn Maj. Maj. H. C. lorc lorck k 15th 15th AAA AW Bn ISP) ISP) Johnson Lt. Col. B. H. Johnson 2ht 2ht AAA AAA AW Bn Bn ISP ISP)) Lt. Lt. Col. Col. J. W. Dry Dry 32nd MA AW Bn Bn Col. E. F. Moody Moody Lt. Col.
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34th 34th AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. H. B. Reubel Reubel 36th AM Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. G. W. Best 37th AM Gun S n Maj. Maj. R. G. G. Duncan Duncan 38th AM Gun S n Lt. Col. Col. S. R. Kelley Kelley 39th 9th AM AW Sn Sn 1M} Lt. Col. Col. P. J. J. lacey, lacey, Jr. 4ht AM Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. C. F. Chirico Chirico 50th AM AM AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. J. T. Henness Hennessy y 53rd 53rd AAA AAA Gun Sn Maj. Maj. J. M. Rutledge Rutledge 56th AM Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. M. A. Selsor, Selsor, Jr. 60th 60th AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. Wm. D. Ward Ward 63rd 63rd AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn Lt. Col. C. F. Coffey 64th 64th MA Gun Gun Bn. Bn. Lt. Col. Col. D. B. Nye 65th 65th AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. H. C. Brown Brown 66th 66th AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. C. M. Brown Brown 68th 68th AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. R. H. Stephens Stephens 69th 69th AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. M. G. Meyer Meyer 71 st AAA Gun Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. B. R. Brown 73rd 73rd AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. P. W. Pedrot Pedrotti ti 74th 4th AAA Gun Gun Bn Maj. l. A. Waple 76th 6th AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Lt. Col. Col. J. D. Gemmell Gemmell 77th 77th AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Lt. Col. Col. W. P. Wrigh Wright, t, Jr. 79th 79th AAA AAA Gun Bn Maj. Maj. R. A. Boaz Boaz 80th 80th AAA AAA Airbo Airborn rnee Bn 82nd 82nd AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. H. K. Clar Clark k 91st 91st AAA AW AW Bn Lt. Col. R. A. Clafee 97th 97th AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. W. F. Corcoran Corcoran 120th 120th AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. H. C. Gray, Gray, N. Mex. Mex. 123r 123rd d AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. I. E. Domingue Dominguez, z, P. R. 127t 127th h AAA AAA AW Sn ISP) ISP) Lt. Col. Col. H. G. G. White, White, N. Y. 133rd 133rd AAA AW Sn Lt. Cal. E. J. Modjeske, Modjeske, Illinois Illinois 137th 137th AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. L B. Tipton 140t 140th h AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. E. S. Mathe Mathess 144t 144th h AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Lt. Col. R. T. Dunn 150t 150th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Sn Lt. Col. LO. Ellis, Ellis, Jr., Jr., N. C. 259th MA Gun S n Maj. L T. Darcy 336t 336th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn Lt. Col. A. A. White 340t 340th h AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. G. V. Selwy Selwyn, n, D. C. 398t 398th h AAA AAA AW Sn Lt.Col. LB. Dean 443rd 443rd AAA AAA AW Bn (SP) (SP) Lt. Col. Col. T. F. Gordon 450th 450th AAA AW Bn Lt. Col. B. N. Singleton Singleton
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459th AM AW Bn Bn Maj. Maj. M. W. Johnso Johnson n 464th AM AW Bn Bn Lt. Col. It E. Glasgow 502n 502nd d AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. P. J. Malin Malinee 507t 507th h AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. J. M. Carson Carson 552d AM Gun Bn Lt. Col. l.N. Rieman Rieman 678th AM AW Sn Sn Maj. Maj. J. B. Crayto Crayton, n, S. C. 685t 685th h AM Gun Gun Bn Bn Lt. Col. Col. P. O. Franso Franson, n, Mass. Mass. 697t 697th h AAA AAA AW Bn Maj. W. C. Thomps Thompson, on, N. Mex. 698t 698th h AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. F. Monico, Monico, Illinois Illinois 708t 708th h MA Gun Gun Sn Sn Lt. Col. Col. F. F. Quist Quist 710t 710th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Sn. Capt. Capt. T. T. Chismon Chismon 711t 711th h MA Gun Gun Sn Sn Lt. Col. N. J. Walton, Walton, Ala. 712t 712th h AM Gun Gun Bn Maj. Maj. F. N. Buchan Buchanan, an, Fla. Fla. 716t 716th h AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. Col. Joe R. Stewar Stewart, t, N. Mex. Mex. 717t 717th h AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. E. D. Pelzer, Pelzer, N. Mex. 718t 718th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Sn Lt. Col. J. J. Loughran 720th 720th AAA AAA Gun Sn. Duke, Calif. Lt. Col. G. A. Duke, 726t 726th h AAA AAA Gun Bn Lt. Col. C. F. Arnold, Arnold, N. Mex. 736t 736th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Sn Lt. Col. F. T. Lynch, Lynch, Dela. Dela. 764t 764th h AAA AAA Gun Sn Col. E. D. Wynste Wynsted d Lt. Col. 773r 773rd d AAA AAA Gun Gun Sn Lt. Col. G. F. Siovin Siovin 804t 804th h AAA AAA AW Sn 1M) 1M) Maj. Maj. S. N. Caudil Caudill, l, N. Mex. 867t 867th h AAA AAA AW Sn Lt. Col. Col. W. R. Par Par 903r 903rd d AAA AAA AW Bn Bn Lt. Col. Col. F. J. Petrilli 933r 933rd d AAA AAA AW Sn Sn Lt. Col. Col. R. M. Huston Huston 950th MA AW Sn Sn Lt. Col. Col. J. P. Walli Wallis, s, Ga. 951s 951stt AAA AAA Gun Sn Lt. Col. Col. W. G. Babbi Babbitt tt 30th 30th AAA Lt. Lt. Btry Maj. Maj. W. E. Barkm Barkman an Btry Btry A, A, 37th 37th AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn Lt. A. B. Whitesides
Operations Operations De Detachm tachments ents 115th 115th AAA Opns Opns.. Det. Det. Maj. Maj. E. F. DeLeon DeLeon 13ht 13ht AAA AAA Opns Opns.. Det. Det. Maj. J. L Welling, Welling, S. C. 142n 142nd d AAA AAA Opns. Opns. Det. Det. Maj. B. D. Boyett, Boyett, Ala. 177t 177th h AAA AAA Opns. Opns. Det. Det. Capt. J. J. Niehoff Niehoff 181 st AAA Opns. Opns. Det. Det. Capt. Capt. C. Geek Geek 186th 186th AAA Opns Opns.. Det. Det. Maj. Maj. Wm. S. Wall, Wall, Calif Calif.. 286t 286th h AAA AAA Opns. Opns. Det. Det. Capt. Capt. J. B. Stop Stopyra yra,, Dela. Dela. 327t 327th h AAA AAA Opns. Opns. Det. Det. Maj. Maj. F. W. Smit Smith h 506t 506th h AM Opns Opns.. Det. Det. SlOt SlOth h AM Opns Opns.. Det. Det. Maj. Maj. R. H. Moser Moser 511t 511th h AAA AAA Opns Opns.. Det. Det. Maj. Maj. G. J. Burk Burk
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ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAl.
SIMU SI MU LAT LATED ED FI FIRI RING NG PRACTI PRACTICE CE By LT. COLON COLONEL EL LEONAR LEONARD D S. ALLEN
ROTATION prob roblem lems and the the inin:!lu :!lux x of of new new offic officer ers s have have step steppe ped d up the importan importance ce of proper proper comma command nd proprocedu cedure re used used du durin ring g targe targett practic practice e and and com combat bat firin firing g of AAA gun gun batte batteri ries es.. From From my experi experien ence ce there there is a defin definite ite need need for a standard standard stereoty stereotype pe proced procedure ure to be used used by a batter battery y com commande anderr in firing firing his his battery battery.. This need need is empha empha-sized sized in the 11th AAA Group Group,, in defense defense of New York, ork, wher where e all all offic officer ers s at at all all times times have have to be prep prepar ared ed to take take com command of the their batte ttery and shoot at a possible possible enem enemy y invader invader on short short no notice. tice. I devel evelo oped ped the the Simul imulat ated ed Firin iring g Practic ractice e and and utiliz utilized ed it origin originally ally in the 259t 259th h AAA Gun Batta attali lio on. It is now now used used throug througho hout ut the the llth llth AAA Group Group and and has has prov proven en its meri meritt in bette betterr com command mand efficiency efficiency.. By practice practice and repetirepetition, tion, and and the use use of short short cuts cuts prepa prepared red in adva advanc nce, e, the time time taken taken to comple complete te the Sim Simulated ulated Firin Firing g Practic ractice e from from Battle Statio tations ns to the appl applic icat atio ion n of Trial rial Fire ire Corre orrect ctio ion n has has been been red reduced uced to thirty-five thirty-five (35) minutes minutes.. The Simul imulat ated ed Firin Firing g Pract ractic ice e as it is writt written en is equall equally y appli applica cable ble to SCR SCR 584-eq 584-equipp uipped ed or T33/M 33/M33-equ 33-equippe ipped d batteri teries es.. The firs firstt com command and is "Bat "Battl tle e Statio tations ns," ," and and follo follows ws thro throug ugh h in sesequen quence ce with "Pre "Prepa pare re to Fire Settli ettling ng Rounds," ounds," "Prepa "Prepare re for Calibra Calibration tion Fire" Fire" ( or Tria Triall Fire) ire) and and final finally ly firin firing g on tartarget. As a check and analys lysis on the the efficie efficienc ncy y of the utiliza utilizatio tion n of the Simuimulate lated d Firin Firing g Pract ractic ice, e, a time time reco record rd is kept, ept, and and turn turned ed in to the the Batta attali lio on S3, along along with with the calcu calculati lation on of Calialibrat bratio ion n and and Trial rial Fire Fire Probl roblem ems. s. The time time reco record rd has has prov proved ed valu valuab able le parparticul ticular arly ly to the batte battery ry com commande ander, r, in analy analyzin zing g the efficie efficienc ncy y of the batte battery, ry, and and in dete determ rmin inin ing g wher where e the the proc proces ess s might ight be speed speeded ed up. up. The Simul imulat ated ed Firing Firing Practic Practice e comma command nd proced procedure ure and time time record record is as follows follows::
U. Col. Col. leon leonar ard d S. Allen Allen form former erly ly comcommande anded d the the 259t 259th h AAA AAA Gun Batt Battal alio ion n l120m l120mm) m),, NYNG NYNG in the the AAA AAA Defen Defenses ses of New YOf"k City. He is now now execu executi tive ve of the 11th AAA AAA Group Group in the same comman command. d.
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 195 2
SIMULA SIMULATED TED FIRI FIRING NG PRACTI PRACTICE CE COMMAND COMMAND
PROCED PROCEDURE URE
Time 1. BC
2. Ex 0 3. Range Range 0
"Batt "Battle le Stati Station ons. s."" [Ale [Alert rt butt button on on M33) M33) "Guns "Guns ready ready for acti action. on."" [Rea [Ready dy sig signal nal on M33} M33} "Range "Range section section ready ready for action. action."" Settli Settling ng
4. BC 5 . B C [to Ex 0)
6. Ex 0 7. BC
8. Ex 0 9 . B C (to Ex 0)
10. Ex 0 11. 11. BC
12. Ex 0
13. 13. BC
14. BC (to (to Range Range 0) 15. 15. Range Range 0 (to (to Be) Be) 1 6. 6. B C (to E x O )
17. 17. Ex 0 18. 18. BC
19. Range Range 0 2 0. 0. B C (to E x O ) 21. 21. Ex 0
22. 22. BC 23. 23. BC [to [to Rang Rangee 0) 24. 24. Range Range 0 25. 25. BC (to Ex O)
26. 26. Ex 0 27. 27. BC
28. Rang Rangee 0
2 9. 9. E x 0
30. BCtoExO& BCtoExO& Rang Rangee 0 31. 31. BC to Ex 0
32. Range Range 0 33. 33. 34. 34. 3 5. 5. 36. 36.
BC to Ex 0 BC to Ex 0 Ex 0 BC BC
37. BC to Range Range 0
Rounds Rounds
"Prepar "Preparee to fire settling settling rounds. rounds."" "Fir in ing Azimuth . •. •..•..... QE .• .•........ Fu ze ze .'. (This (This for high high elevati elevation on over 800 mils.) "Dat "Dataa appli applied. ed. Guns Guns ready ready to fire fire settl settling ing rounds rounds." ." "Fire "Fire one salvo. salvo."" "One "One salvo salvo fire fired. d."" "Firing Azimuth .• .•........ QE Fuze .... '" .. (Thisfor low elevation elevation under BOOmils.) mils.) "Dat "Dataa appli applied. ed. Guns Guns ready ready to fire fire settl settlin ing g round rounds. s."" "Fire "Fire one salvo. salvo."" "One salvo fired." fired." IAutomaticall IAutomatically y checks orientation orientation and synchronization.) synchronization.) Calibr Calibratio ation n Fire Fire "Prepar "Preparee for Calibra Calibration tion Fire." Fire." "TSP No Azimuth Elev Slant Range .. "Range "Range section section ready for calibr calibratio ation n fire." fire." "Firing Azimuth QE Fuze .'. "Firing Azimuth QE Fuze .'. "Guns "Guns ready ready for Calibra Calibration tion fire." fire." "Gun "Gun No.1 No.1,, fire fire one one roun round. d. Gun Gun No.2, No.2, fire fire one one round round." ." (Etc (Etc.. unt until il all all guns guns have have fire fired d four four good good roun rounds ds.. Guns Guns shoul should d be orie orient nted ed and and level leveled ed after after each each round round is fired fired and eleva elevati tion on verif verified ied with with a gunner gunnerss quadrant quadrant.. Firing Firing azimut azimuth h and fuze should should be checked. checked.)) Time Time last last shot fired fired Repo Reports rts to BC all deviat deviation ionss in range, range, azim azimut uth, h, and eleva elevati tion. on. Recor Records ds same, same, comput computes es -cali -calibra bration tion correcti corrections ons.. Deliver Deliverss completed completed record record to BC. "Calibr "Calibratio ation n correct corrections ions as follows: follows: Gun Gun No.1, No.1, Azimut Azimuth h or -} -} mils mils,, elevation or -) -) mils mils,, fuz fuzee or -} mils mils." ." Gun Gun No. No.2, 2, etc. etc. "All "All calibra calibration tion correcti corrections ons applied. applied.""
(+
1+
[+
Trial Trial Fire Fire "Gun No No prepare to to fire Trial Shot Point No .'. "Azimuth Elevation Slant Range .. "Range section ready for TSP No Firing Azimuth . QE.•. QE.•... ...• .•.. .... Fuze Fuze." ." "Firing Azimuth QE Fuze ." "Gun No ready for TSP No .'. "Gun No fire one round." Time Time trial fire completed completed.. "Trial "Trial fire fire correct corrections ions applied applied to computer. computer."" (Having (Having recorde recorded d deviatio deviations ns and compute computed d correct corrections ions for comput computer er and applied applied them.) them.) firi firing ng on Target Target "Gun "Gunss read ready y for for acti action on." ." (Bat (Batte tery ry havin having g been been aler alerte ted d and and guns guns havi having ng been been manned manned.) .) (On M-33-equ M-33-equipp ipped ed batteri batteries es Guns Guns Ready Ready signal is operate operated.) d.) "Targ "Target et Desi Design gnate ated. d."" [On [On M-33M-33-equ equip ipped ped batte battery ry targe targett havin having g been been acqui acquire red, d, pushe pushess Desig Designa nate te butto button n whic which h signals signals rada radarr track tracker erss and and gun crews. crews. Guns Guns then then go into Automati Automatic.) c.) (In 584-eq 584-equipp uipped ed battery, battery, radar radar tracks tracks target.) target.) "Guns "Guns Auto Automa mati tic. c."" (For (For 584-equ 584-equip ipped ped batte battery ry only, only, when when comp comput uter er comme commenc nces es predicting.) "Fuze "Fuze .... ...... .... .... " {Kee {Keeps ps B Bee inform informed ed of fuze fuze numb number erss using using M.33 M.33.. This This dista distance nce may may be esti estima mate ted d on 584, 584, equi equippe pped d batte battery ry.} .} "Fir "Fire. e."" {Push {Pushes es fire fire button button on M-33 M-33.} .} "Cease "Cease Fire." Fire." (Pushe (Pushess cease cease fire button button M-33.) M-33.) {Guns {Guns continue continue in Autom Automatic atic.} .} " rounds fired." "Cea "Cease se trac tracki king ng"" or "Fir "Fire. e."" (Pus (Pushe hess Fire Fire butt button on on M-33 M-33 in the even eventt firi firing ng is resumed.) "Dro "Drop p targe target" t" or "Sea "Seach ch for for new targe target. t.""
recently visited some 11th AAA Graup-as well as some of the 80th 80th We recently some of the ballery positions of the 11th GrtJ GrtJupup-af af the the 52nd AAA Brig Brigade ade,, and were were impr impress essed ed with with the the posit positian ianss and the gunne gunnery ry prepa prepara ratio tions ns carefully worked worked out.
We thoro thorough ughly ly concu concurr with with Colo Colonel nel Alle Allen n in the need need for for praclic praclicee in a standar standard d rouli rouline ne proc procedu edure re as conducting either question question though as to the practicability practicability and value of conducting to an expecte expected d enemy attack. The atten attenda dant nt exci excitem tement ent woul would d be a conduct conduct such such trial trial fire on Okinaw Okinawa. a. Even Even so, they they did did it hours before to confirm corrections corrections already determined.--Ed.
outlined. We would would raise raise serious calibration or trial fire just prior prior handica handicap. p. Season Seasoned ed batteri batteries es did the expected expected attack, attack, and large largely ly
31
Soldi Soldier er's 's guide guide to GUIDED GUIDED MISSILES MISSILES
Guid Guided ed-M -Mis issi sile le Guid Guidan ance ce Fye Captain Captain Rohe Rohert rt W. Fye
I
MAGIN GINE the advanta advantage ge of the ability ability Aim Aimin ing g •.. •.. after the the to correc correctt the cour course se of artill artiller ery y propro tri trigg gger er is pulled jectile jectiles s after after they they leave leave the gu gun! n! The inco incorp rpor orati ation on of a guidan guidance ce syssystem in a projec projectile tile,, along along with a mean means s to physica physically lly chang change e the projectil projectile's e's path, path, But, if a missile can be guide ided perm permits its it to correc correctt for for erro errors rs at the tartarthroug throughou houtt its Hight, its initial dispersion dispersion get. get. The resu result lt is a guid guided ed proj projec ectil tile, e, or inaccu inaccura racy cy can can be corre correcte cted d du durin ring g or "guided "guided missile." issile." the the rem remaind ainder er of the Hight ight.. This his perperThe first article article in this series series describ described ed mits the the missi issile le to use jet jet prop propul ulsi sion on how how and and why guid guided ed missi issile les s H y, as and and thus thus far far outd outdis ista tanc nce, e, in rang range, e, all all well well as some some of the effects effects of supers supersoni onic c convention conventional al artillery. Hight. ight. The The second second discus discussed sed the principrinciThe abili ability ty to cha chang nge e the the cour course se of a ples ples of jet prop propul ulsio sion n and and the operati operating ng missile issile in Hight ight has has othe otherr adva advant ntag ages es.. charac characteris teristics tics of the jet j et engine engines s used used in For example, example, a free-Hight, free-Hight, unguid unguided ed promissi issile les. s. The purp purpos ose e of this this final final arar- jectile jectile cann cannot ot corre correct ct for for no nons nstan tanda dard rd ticl ticle e in the the seri series es is to disc discus uss s the the vita vitall atmos atmosph pheri eric c cond conditi ition ons s it enco encoun unter ters s element element in any guided guided missile issile that makes makes (unfo (unfore rese seen en side side winds winds,, chan change ges s in air it a useful useful weapo weapon: n: its guidanc guidance e system system.. density density,, and other other elements elements), ), or for for nonstandar standard d conditio conditions ns of manufact manufacture ure (the inability, with mass-produ mass-production ction methods, methods, Need for Guidan Guidance ce to make make two two items items exac exactly tly alike alike), ), both both NGUIDE IDED rock rocket ets s have have been been emem- of whic which h resu result lt in devia deviatio tions ns of the proproployed in warfare in the past, past, but they jectile from from its standa standard rd trajector trajectory. y. Howowwere always outmo outmoded ded by such improveimprove- ever, ever, gu guided ided missiles issiles can compen compensate sate for ments ents as cast cast gu gun n barre barrels, ls, breec breech h loadload- these factors, factors, since they they have have the means eans ing, and riHing which gave more to detec detectt and and corre correct ct for for varia variatio tions ns from from accura accurate te and longerlonger-ran range ge fire. Since Since an their their desired desired Hight path. path. artillery artillery projecti projectile le reache reaches s its maximum Furth Further er,, there there has has never never been been an antiantivelo velocit city y as it leave leaves s the gu gun n barre barrel, l, it is tank tank or antia antiairc ircraf raftt artill artillery ery projec projectile tile compara comparative tively ly easy easy to predict predict and shape shape that that cou could maneuv neuver er with ith its its targ target et.. its path, path, which which is esse essent ntial ially ly a ballist ballistic ic Thus, hus, the accu accura racy cy of fire again against st such such or para parabo boli lic c traj trajec ecto tory ry.. On the the other ther targe targets ts is depend dependen entt upon upon pre-fi pre-fire re preprehand, hand, a jet-pro jet-propelle pelled d missile issile usu usually ally do does es dicti diction on and and is limite limited d by the capa capabil bility ity not not reac reach h its its maxim aximum um velo veloci city ty unti untill of the enem enemy y to mane maneuv uver er after after the presom sometim etime after after it is launche launched, d, making aking diction diction is made made.. This is a serio serious us limitalimitait diffi difficu cult lt to pred predic ictt its its cour course se unle unless ss tion tion,, part partic icul ular arly ly in anti antiai airc rcra raft ft fire fire.. there there is some some form of guidan guidance. ce. Guid Guided ed missile issiles s can can over overco com me this this adadvant vantag age e of man maneu euve verr which which the enem enemy y Comb..zt Forc(:J Joumal Reprin Reprinted ted from the Comb..zt poss posses esse ses s if they they are are desig designe ned d to match atch July 1952 1952 issue. their targets, targets, maneuver maneuver for maneu maneuver. ver. So the require requirem ment for incorpor incorporatin ating. g. FYE, Artill Artillery, ery, is an CAPTAIN ROBERT W. FYE, guidance guidance systems systems in missiles missiles stems stems from instructor in the the Guid Guided ed Missi issile les s Dethre th ree e fact fa ctor ors. s. F irst ir st, , cont co ntro rol l is neede needed d partme partment nt of the the Antiairc Antiaircraft raft and Guided Guided to make ake missi issile les s accu accura rate te at the the long long Missil Missiles es Branch Branch of The The Artille Artillery ry Schoo School, l, Fort Fort Bliss liss,, Texa Texas. s. He is a 194 1945 grad radrang ranges es that that jet-pro jet-propu pulsi lsion on powe powerr plant plants s uate uate of the Milit Military ary Acade cademy my.. Durin uring g give give them. them. Secon Second, d, nonstand nonstandard ard condicondi19491949-50 50 he earne earned d a Maste Masterr of Scien Science ce tions tion s of m anufactu anu facture re and the atmosp atm osphere here degr degree ee at the the Unive nivers rsit ity y of Sout Southe hern rn must consid con sidere ered d and compen com pensat sated ed be Califo aliforn rnia, ia, study studyin ing g aero aerody dyna nam mics and and guided guided missiles. missiles. for, since since they can produ produce ce sizable sizable errors
U
32
at the targ target et.. Final inally ly,, in order order for for mismissiles siles to be effective effective weapons weapons they must must be able able to mat match ch the the evas evasiv ive e acti action on of targets.
Fundamentals
T
WO pro problem blems s arise rise in any any effo effort rt to cont contro roll unpi unpilo lote ted d craf craftt in Hight ight.. InInitia itiall lly, y, the the missi issile le must be pro properl perly y aligned aligned or oriente oriented d in space. space. This This means eans that that the the missi issile le can can inte interp rpre rett up from from do down wn,, left left from from right, right, and and rollin rolling g from from stab stabil iliz ized ed Hight ight.. Contr ontrol ol of this this type is call called ed atti attitu tude de cont contro rol. l. Howev owever er,, a missile issile needs needs somethin something g beside besides s attitude attitude control in orde rder to hit hit a targ targe et. It require quires s a method ethod to kee keep p it on the desir desired ed path path or traje traject ctor ory. y. This his is call called ed path path control. Attitud ttitude e contr control ol must ust be effec effected ted before fore path path cont contro roll can can he attem attempted. pted. For For exam example, if a missile issile is no nott roll control controlled led,, we do not not kn know ow the position position of its movahIe hIe cont contro roll surf surfac aces es or fins fins which hich we wish wish to posit positio ion n so as to gu guid ide e the miss missile ile along along its desired desired path. path. Itis obviou obvious s that if a missile issile which which we presum presume e to be roll stabil stabilize ized d has actu actuall ally y rolle rolled d over over on its hac hack, a com command and to the the missi issile le to go left left will resu result lt in the the missi issile le's 's movin oving g off to the right. right. To cont contro roll a miss missile ile's 's attitu attitude de,, we are are conc concer erne ned d with with the angu angular lar motion otions s of yaw yaw, pitc pitch h and and roll roll which hich the the miss issile ile can can under undergo go.. Figu Figure re 1 show shows s that that these these motion motions s occur occur ahout three three mutually utually perpend pendicu icular lar axes axes thro throug ugh h the missil issile. e. In orde orderr for for the the missi issile le to have have com complet plete e attit attitud ude e cont contro rol, l, it must ust be ahle ahle to dedetect tect any any of these these three three angu angular lar motion otions, s, which which it. inter interpre prets ts as yaw yaw,, pitch pitch,, or roll roll error errors, s, and and corre correct ct for them hy yawin yawing, g, pitc pitchi hing ng,, or rolli rolling ng the the missi issile le hack hack to its prop proper er attitu attitude de.. Gyro Gyrosc scop opes es are are no norrmally ally emplo employe yed d in missile issiles s to estab establis lish h a refe refere renc nce e from from which hich thes these e angu angula larr erro errors rs mav be dete detect cted ed.. Figu Figure re 2 indi indi-cates cates the 'basic 'basic com compone ponent nts s of the ordi ordi-nary nary gyro gyrosc scop ope, e, which which oper operate ates s on the ANTIAIR ANTIAIRCRAF CRAFT T
JOURNA JOURNAL L
the the miss missil ilee is in in the the uppe upperr reac reache hess of the the atmo atmosp sphe here re,, wher wheree the the air air is qui quite te thin thin.. In both both case cases, s, the air air stre stream am will will not not exer exertt a suffi suffici cien entt forc forcee on the the concontrol trol surf surfac aces es to enabl enablee them them to cont contro roll the the dire direct ctio ion n of moti motion on,, or atti attitu tude de,, of the missi missile. le. For For contro controll under under these these conditi dition ons, s, we must must reso resort rt to othe otherr mean means. s. The German rmanss solve olved d the probl robleem of cont contro roll llin ing g thei theirr V-2 V-2 miss missil ilee whil whilee at low low velo veloci city ty in a uniq unique ue mann manner er.. The V-2 was too large rge to be boost oosteed int into imme immedia diate te super superson sonic ic Bight Bight.. It rested on its laun launccher her unti ntil the thrus hrustt from rom its its rock rocket et moto motorr exce exceed eded ed the the over over-a -all ll weig weight ht of the missi missile le,, at which which time time it" it" took took off. off. Dari Daring ng this this perio period d the the miss missil ilee was was trav travel elin ing g slow slowly ly,, pick pickin ing g up spee speed d as it ascen ascended ded,, and yet this was was a crit critica icall peri period od in the the life life of the the missi issile le.. If it were ere not not stab stabil iliz ized ed earl early y in its its flig flight ht,, cont contro roll coul could d neve neverr be esta establ blis ishe hed d and and the flig light was alm almost certa rtain to fail ail. Figu Figure re 1. Yaw, Yaw, pilc pilch h and and rol/ axes. Sinc Sincee its its cont contro roll surf surfac aces es were were not not yet yet effec effectiv tive, e, the Germ Germans ans devise devised d a system system of carb carbon on jet jet vane vanes, s, actu actual ally ly smal smalll concontrol surfa surface ces, s, whic which h they they plac placed ed in the fixe fixed d with with the the roto rotor. r. This his rela relati tive ve momo- trol exha ex haus ust t stre st ream am of the th e rock ro cket et moto mo tor. r. ReRetion ion betw etween een gim gimbals is equa equall to the gardle less ss of the the velo veloci city ty of the the miss missil ilee angu angula larr moti motion on whic which h the the miss missil ilee has has gard itself lf,, its its jet stre stream am from from the the moto motorr left left unde underg rgon one, e, and and can can be con conve vert rted ed to a itse the miss missil ilee at about about 6,73 6,730 0 feet feet per per secsecusable usable electr electrica icall error error signal signal.. The The signal signal the ond! Hence Hence,, movin moving g the jet jet vanes vanes,, when when actuat actuates es a power power system system,, calle called d a servo, servo, ond! attitude ude errors errors were were detec detected ted,, defle deflecte cted d which which positi positions ons appro appropri priate ate contr control ol sursur- attit the th e exha ex haus ust t gase ga ses s and an d prod pr oduc uced ed a forc fo rce e faces faces so as as to correct correct the missile' missile'ss attitude attitude on the the miss missil ilee simi simila larr to that that prod produc uced ed and reduc reducee this this error error to zero. zero. by the move moveme ment nt of conv conven enti tion onal al concontrol trol surfa surfaces ces in an air str stream eam.. This This force force l-IAT l-IAT abou aboutt thes thesee cont contro roll surf surfac aces es?? In most most cases cases they they are movab movable le vanes vanes caused a change in the direction of moti motion on of the miss missil ile. e. Of cour course se,, thes thesee or fins, fins, simila similarr to the rudder rudders, s, elevat elevators ors,, "int "i nter erna nal" l" cont co ntro rol l surf su rfac aces es, , expo ex pose sed d to and and aile ailero rons ns used used by conv conven enti tion onal al airairtemp temper erat atur ures es on the the orde orderr of 3000 3000°F °F,, craf craft. t. \Vhe \Vhen n move moved d from from their their neut neutra rall burne burned d up withi within n a short short period period of tim time, e, posi positi tion on in a high high velo veloci city ty air air stre stream am,, but bu t by then th en the th e miss mi ssil ile e w as trav tr avel elin ing g they they caus causee the the miss missil ilee to tur turn, n, clim climb b or such a veloc velocit ity y that that its its contr control ol coul could d dive dive,, or roll roll.. Unfo Unfort rtun unat atel ely, y, ther theree are are at such turned ed over over to the miss missil ile' e'ss exte extern rnal al time timess when when thes thesee surf surfac aces es are are not not efef- be turn control surfaces surfaces.. fecti fective, ve, namely namely,, when when the missil missilee is not control For For cont contro roll at high high alti altitu tude des, s, the the air air trave travelin ling g at suffi sufficie cient nt veloci velocity ty and when when
prin princi cipl plee that that a mass mass (the (the roto rotorr or ByBywhee wheell as it it is som somet etim imes es term termed ed)) rota rotatting ing at high high spee speed d poss posses esse sess a cert certai ain n degre degreee of rigid rigidity ity in space space (the (the proper property ty a g)To g)To has of remai remainin ning g fixed fixed in its plane plane of rot rotati ation as it it spin spinss aroun ound). d). T hu s its its spin spin axis axis esta establ blis ishe hess a fixed fixed line line in spac spacee rega regard rdle less ss of moti motion on of the the rest rest of the the gyro gyro or the the miss missil ilee in whic which h the the gyro gyro is moun mounte ted. d. The The gimb gimbal alin ing g syst system em of the gyro gyro is so arran arranged ged that that one gimbal gimbal moves moves with with the missile missile as it rolls, rolls, pitches, pitches, or yaws, yaws, while while the other other gimb gimbal al remai remains ns
W
Figu Figure re
in missile missile caus 3. PRESET. Programmer causes es mined mined palh palh 10 largel.
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
il 10 fol/ow
predeler-
Figu Figure re
4.
is not not dens densee enou enough gh to per permi mitt the the use use of contr control ol surfa surfaces ces,, and and jet vanes vanes woul would d long since have been consumed. A solu soluti tion on to this this prob proble lem m is obta obtain ined ed by mounti nting the the miss issile ile's power ower plant lant (whi (which ch,, in all prob probab abil ilit ity, y, woul would d be a rocket rocket motor motor rathe ratherr than than an atmosp atmosphe heric ric jet jet engi engine ne at the alti altitu tude dess we are are now now consider considering) ing) in a series series of gimbals gimbals similar similar to the the gimba imballing ing syst ystem use used with a gyro gyrosc scop ope. e. By caus causin ing g atti attitu tude de erro errorr
SPIN
A)(IS
Figu Figure re 2. Simple
gyroscope.
sign signal alss to rot rotat atee thes thesee gimb gimbal alss with with rerespec spectt to one one anot anothe her, r, the the dire direct ctio ion n of the motor's motor's line of thrust thrust can be changed, changed, resu result ltin ing g in a chan change ge in the the miss missil ile' e'ss attitude attitude or headin heading. g. Regar gardle dless of the method thodss used sed to achie achieve ve it, att attitu itude de contr control ol has has only only one one purpo purposese-to to orien orientt or stab stabili ilize ze the missi missile le in spac spacee so tha thatt it can, can, in turn turn,, rece receiv ivee and and prop proper erly ly resp respon ond d to path path cont contro roll comm comman ands ds.. Note ote that that all all of the the func func-tion tionss perf perfor orme med d to obta obtain in this this atti attitu tude de cont contro roll (det (detec ecti tion on of yaw, yaw, pitc pitch, h, and and roll roll erro errors rs and and thei theirr corr correc ecti tion on thro throug ugh h prope properr movem movement ent of cont control rol surfac surfaces) es) are accompl accomplishe ished d entirely entirely within within the missile missile,, requir requiring ing no outside outside source source of inform informaatio tion. The proble oblem m is qui quitte sim similar to the the acti action onss of the auto automa mati ticc pilo pilott used used
TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE. Compass, alrimeler keep keep missil missilee on prescr prescribe ibedd path. path.
and
air/og
33
in manv manv com' com'en enti tion onal al airc aircra raft ft tOOa tOOa\' \'.. of this this miss missil ile. e. Such Such a svste svstem m is ver verv v Assu~ing the missile is aware of sim simple, ple, but but sinc sincee all all pr~g pr~gra ram mmer mer adadits att attitu itude in space ace and can keep keep it- jus justm tmen ents ts and and sett settin ings gs must must be made made before launchin launching, g, unfore unforesee seen n factor factorss that that self self prop proper erly ly alig aligne ned, d, it is stil stilll face faced d before cause the the missi missile le to devia deviate te from from its preprewith with the the prob proble lem m of guid guidin ing g itse itself lf or cause cribed bed path path durin ring Right ght cann annot be bein being g guid guided ed alon along g some some Right Right path path to scri correc ecte ted. d. Hence ence the the accu accura racv cv of the the the tar target get. This is pa path contr ntrol, ol, the corr system is quite quite poor; poor; the the V-2 V-2 had a radial radial proc proces esss of noti noting ng wher wheree the the miss missil ilee is, is, system comp compar arin ing g its its loca locati tion on with ith where here it prob probab able le erro errorr of abou aboutt eigh eightt mile miless at a shou should ld be, be, and and corr correc ecti ting ng for for any any dede- range range of 150 mile miles. s. Never Neverthe theles less, s, preset preset viatio viations ns so tha thatt the the missi missile le will will contin continue ue guid guidan ance ce syst system emss have have cert certai ain n valu values es on a cour course se that that will ill resu result lt in a targ target et wher wheree grea greatt accu accura racy cy is not not requ requir ired ed.. Also, Also, there are times in the developmen developmentt hit. hit. Beca Becaus usee this this is a bigg bigger er prob proble lem m than than atti attitu tude de cont contro rol, l, over over-a -all ll miss missil ilee of a miss missil ilee where here Right ight test test data data are are guidance guidance systems systems usually usually take their their name needed needed on such things things as the the propul propulsio sion n from rom the the manner nner in which hich the path is and and aero aerody dyna nam mic perf perfor orma manc ncee of the the controlled. missi missile le.. Rath Rather er then then test test the missil missilee with with its its entir entiree guid guidan ance ce syst system em,, it may may concontain tain only only a prog progra ramm mmer er whic which h caus causes es it Guid Guidan ance ce Syst Systel elTI TIS S to perfo perform rm cert certai ain n simp simple le mane maneuv uver erss whic wh ich h are ar e suff su ffic icie ient nt for fo r the th e test te st bein be ing g HE meth method od empl employ oyed ed to guid guidee a mis mis-sile sile alon along g its its path path usua usuall lly y depe depend ndss on conducted. the the type type of miss missil ilee and and the the targ target et it is is This is a mor moree Terrestri Terrestrial al Referenc Reference. e. This to attac attack. k. Certa Certain in guidan guidance ce system systemss lend refi refine ned d guid guidan ance ce syst system em,, in which which the the themselv themselves es to surfa surface-t ce-to-su o-surfac rfacee missile missiless missi missile le Ries a predet predeter ermi mined ned path, path, using using (SSM (SSM)) which which norm normall ally y are used used against against comp compon onen ents ts or devi device cess in the the miss missil ilee fixe fixed d targ target ets, s, while hile othe otherr syst system emss are are whic which h reac reactt to some some phen phenom omen enaa of the partic particula ularly rly adapt adaptabl ablee to surfa surfacece-toto-ai airr eart earth h to kee keep p it on on the the path path.. The phephemiss missil iles es (SAM (SAM)) or airair-to to-a -air ir miss missil iles es nom nomena which ich might be used used are the (AAM (AAM), ), where here enem enemy y airc aircra raft ft or mis mis-- earth' earth'ss gravit gravitati ationa onal, l, magne magneti ticc and and elecelecsile siless are are the the targ target ets. s. We will ill disc discus usss tric tric fields fields,, and its its atmo atmosph spher ere. e. The The GerGerthe syste systems ms used princ principa ipally lly by SSM. SSM. man man V-I V-I was was an example example of a terre terrestr strial ial his is a syst ystem where erein a referenc Preset. This reference-gu e-guided ided missile. missile. It used used a magmagpred predet eter ermi mine ned d path path (ind (indic icat atin ing g a fixe fixed d neti neticc comp compas asss to keep keep it heade headed d in the the tar target get) is set into nto the missil sile befor eforee dire direct ctio ion n of the the targ target et,, an alti altime mete terr to launching. It canno cannott be adjust adjusted ed durin during g kee keep it at the the proper oper alti ltitud tude, and an High Hight. t. The The miss missil ilee is set set to Ry a give given n airl airlog og to dete determ rmin inee dist distan ance ce trav travel eled ed dist distan ance ce and and any any corr correc ecti tion onss for for wind wind towa toward rd the the targ target et.. An airl airlog og is a wind wind-or other other effec effects ts must must also also be made made prior prior driv driven en prop propel elle lerr care carefu full lly y cali calibr brat ated ed so to la launchi nchin ng. The German rman V-2 was was a that a g iv iven number of turns of the pres preset et-g -gui uide ded d miss missil ile, e, in whic which h a propro- prop propel elle ler, r, mount ounted ed in the the nose nose of the missile,, is equival equivalent ent to a specific specific ground gram gramme mer, r, or time time cloc clock, k, with within in the the mismis- missile sile sile closed closed variou variouss electr electrica icall conta contact ctss as dist distan ance ce cove covere red. d. The The prop propel elle lerr coun counts ts the Hight Hight progre progresse ssed, d, causin causing g differ different ent its revolu revolutio tions ns and when when these these equal equal the the functi functions ons to be perfor performe med, d, such such as pit pitchch- predet predeterm ermin ined ed distan distance ce to the targe target, t, the ing the missile missile over from the vertical vertical after after airlog airlog initiate initiatess a signal signal to dive the missile missile laun launch chin ing, g, or cut cutti ting ng the the miss missil ile' e'ss fuel fuel into into the the targ target et.. Figu Figure re 4 ill illus ustr trat ates es the the off. off. Figu Figure re 3 shows shows a typica typicall traj trajec ecto tory ry trajec trajector tory y flown flown by such a miss missile ile.. This This
T
Figu Figure re
34
5. RADI upon receipt RADIO O NAVI NAVIGA GATI TION ON.. Miss Missil ilee navi naviga gate tess nals nals Irom Irom synchr synchron onize ized d grou ground nd trans transmi mitte tters. rs.
01 sig-
Figu Figure re 6. CElESTIAL CElESTIAL
system system has generall generally y the same advantage advantagess as pres preset et guidan guidance ce and and is like likewi wise se quite quite limi limite ted d in rang rangee due due to the the arbi arbitr trar ary y preR preRigh ightt predi predicti ctions ons that that must must be mad'e mad'e and and set set into into the the miss missil ile' e'ss guid guidan ance ce ComComponents. This is a system system of Radio Radio Navigation Navigation.. This guid guidan ance ce for for the the cont contro roll of a missi issile le alon along g a pred predet eter ermi mine ned d path path in which which the the missi missile le obtains obtains inform informati ation on from from one or more fixed fixed radio radio transm transmitt itting ing stati stations ons in order order to stay stay on the desire desired d path. path. The The naviga navigatio tion n system systemss of SHO SHORA RAN N (SHo (SHort rt RAnge RAnge Navigat Navigation ion and LORA LORAN N (Lang (Lang RAnge Navig vigati ation) on) are are exam xamples of this type of gui guidanc ance. In the the latt atter, er, which which is the the most most intere interesti sting ng for mis missil silee appl applic icat atio ions ns,, the the miss missil ilee carr carrie iess a radi radio o rece receiv iver er and and lis. lis.te tens ns for sign signal alss sent sent sisimultane multaneousl ously y from two base base transmit transmitters ters.. The The missi missile le meas measure uress the time time delay delay betwee tween n rece receip iptt of sign signal alss from from the the two two stati stations ons (the (the amoun amountt of del delay ay indica indicatin ting g how how much uch near nearer er the the miss missil ilee is to one one stat statio ion n than than the the othe other) r).. The miss missil ile' e'ss path path is calc calcul ulat ated ed prio priorr to laun launch chin ing g so that that to be on course course the the missi missile le should should alwa always ys be list listen enin ing g for for and and meas measur urin ing g the same same delay delay betwe between en receiv received ed signa signals ls.. To do so, the the miss missil ilee Ries Ries a curv curved ed,, hyhyperbolic perbolic course. course. If the missi missile le devia deviates tes from from this this path, path, it will will not hear the the signal signalss with with the the corr correc ectt time time inte interv rval al betw betwee een n them them and and will will navi naviga gate te to get get back back onto onto its proper proper path. path. This This schem schemee of guida guidance nce is ill illus ustr trat ated ed in Figu Figure re 5. Such Such a syssystem has the the advan advanta tage ge of using using presen present. t. ly know known n techni techniqu ques, es, but like any any system system which which depen depends ds upon upon radio radio or rada radarr trans trans-miss missio ions ns,, it is subje subject ct to inte interf rfer eren ence ce and enemy enemy elect electron ronic ic count counterm ermea easur sures. es. These can tak take the form orm of eit either deceiv ceivin ing g the the miss missil ilee with with fals falsee sign signal alss or jam jammi ming ng the the missi issile le so that that it cann cannot ot hear the base stations' stations' transmi transmissio ssions. ns. This is anot anothe herr Celestial Celestial Navigation Navigation.. This syst system em in whic which h the the miss missil ilee Hies Hies a prepredeterm determine ined d path, path, navig navigati ating ng itself itself along along
Missile issile deter determi mine nes s NAVIGATION. NAVIGATION. by observing navigates the stars.
its posit positio ion n
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
and
JOURNA JOURNAL L
the the path path by cele celest stia iall obse obsef' f'.a .ati tion ons. s. The The method method employ employed ed is essent essential ially ly that that used used by na\; na\;gat gators ors at sea who determ determine ine their their posi positi tion on by obser observa vati tion on of two or more more star starss. The The missil ssilee must ust conta ontaiin sta startracki tracking ng teles telescop copes es which which remai remain n locked locked on previou previousl sly y design designate ated d stars stars through through-out the Hight. Hight. They They conti continuo nuousl usly y "shoot "shoot"" these these stars, stars, determ determini ining ng the missil missile's e's actual tual posi positi tion on whic which h is com compa pare red d with with where where the missile missile should should be at this this time. time. Errors Errors in missi missile le posit position ion cause cause steeri steering ng comm comman ands ds to be gene genera rate ted d whic which h brin bring g the the miss missil ilee back back on cour course se.. In Figu Figure re 6, this this syst system em is illu illust stra rate ted. d. Such Such a guid guid-ance ance syst system em is enti entire rely ly self self-< -<:o :ont ntai aine ned d with within in the the miss missil ilee and and henc hencee is not not subsub jec jectt to enem enemy y coun counte term rmea easu sure res. s. Also Also,, its its accu accura racy cy is ind indep epen ende dent nt of rang range, e, since since star star observ observati ations ons can be made just just as ac accura curate telly at the the end of a Hight ight as at its its begi beginn nnin ing. g. Howe Howeve ver, r, the the miss missil ilee-
born bornee equi equipm pmen entt for for such such a syst system em is quit quitee comp compli lica cate ted, d, and and weat weathe herr cond condiitions tions can inHuence inHuence its usefuln usefulness. ess. IlIertial. In this this guid guidan ance ce syst system em,, the the path path of the the miss missil ilee can can be adjus adjuste ted d afte afterr laun launch chin ing g by devi device cess whol wholly ly with within in the the miss missil ilee whic which h make ake use use of Newt Newton on's 's seco second nd law law of mot motio ionn-fo forc rcee is equa equall to mass mass time timess acce accele lera rati tion on (F=m (F=ma) a).. Thes Thesee device devices, s, called called accel accelero erome meter ters, s, are are sensi sensi-tive tive to accel acceler erat atio ions ns whic which h the the miss missil ilee unde underg rgoe oes, s, as it Hies Hies alo along ng or devi deviat ates es from from its its High Hightt path, path, due due to the miss missil ile' e'ss thru thrust st,, side side wind winds, s, or othe otherr forc forces es that that may may act act on the the miss missil ile. e. Afte Afterr dete detect ctin ing g these these accele accelerat ration ions, s, it is a simple simple matte matterr to dou doubl bly y inte integr grat atee them them (a math mathem emat at-ical ical proc proces esss that that may may be acco accomp mpli lish shed ed electr electroni onical cally ly or mecha mechanic nicall ally) y) to obtain obtain the the dist distan ance ce the the miss missil ilee has has trav travel eled ed due to the force. So we might call the acceler accelerome ometer terss "dist "distanc ance-m e-met eters ers"" or
A R T IL L E R Y DA Special
Orders
September
and and demo demoti tion onss
1 through
COLONELS
MAJORS Capron, Paul Jr., 35th AAA Brigade, Fort Mead Meade, e, Md. Md. DeMe DeMetr trop opo olis, lis, Harr Harry y R., R., Stu Stu Det Det AA & GM Br T AS, AS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass Hufstetle r, r, John R., 549th AAA Gun Bn., Camp Camp Stew Stewar art, t, Ga. Ga. Matthe Matthews, ws, Charle Charless \XI., Stu Det Det AA & GM Br T AS, AS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass Mayk Maykov ovic ich, h, Jame James, s, Far Far East East Comm Comman and, d, Yoko Yoko-hama McGo McGove vern rn,, Jame Jamess F., F., USA Alas Alaska ka,, Fort Fort Rich Rich-ardson Pric Price, e, T. A. Jr., Far Far East East Comman Command, d, Yoko Yokoha hama ma Sto Stoddar ddard, d, Jame Jamess V., V., East Easter ern n Army Army AA ComCommand mand,, Stew Stewar artt AFB, AFB, N. Y. Week Weeks, s, Rola Roland nd L., L., 44t 44th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Niag Niagar araa Fall Falls, s, N. Y. Wort Worthe hen, n, F. P., P., Far Far East Comma Command nd,, Yoko Yokoha hama ma
L IE IE U T E N AN AN T
C O L O NE NE L S
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER,
1952
November
30.
not not inclu include ded. d.
Cobu Coburn rn,, Melv Melvil ille le B., B., Far Far East Comm Comman and, d, Yoko Yoko-hama Dunn Dunn,, Char Charle less G., G., Far Far East East Comma Command nd,, Yoko Yoko.. hama Rasb Rasbac ach, h, Jori Joriss B., B., 7689t 7689th h Hq Gp USFA USFA,, Salz Salz-burg, burg, Austri Austriaa
Cush Cushin ing, g, Chri Christ stop ophe herr B., B., 71st 71st AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Ft. Ft. Belv Belvoi oir, r, Va. Va. Dunlap, C E., E., Jr., Jr., Far Far East East Comma Command nd,, Yoko Yoko-hama Eple Epley, y, Alb Albert ert D., D., 4054 4054th th ASU ASU AA & GM Br T AS, AS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass George, Rogers E. J r. r., 168th AAA Gun Bn (75m (75mmm-Mb Mbl) l),, Ft. Ft. Bliss Bliss,, Texa Texass Harp Harper er,, Wm Wm.. E., E., 1225 1225th th ASU, ASU, Fort Fort Hanc Hancoc ock, k, N. J. Harv Harvey ey,, A. W., W., Far Far East Comm Comman and, d, Yoko Yokoha hama ma Hud Hudgins, ins, Seth Seth F., F., Stu Stu Det Det Army Army Lang Langua uag ge School School,, Monter Monterey, ey, Calif. Calif. Mill Miller er,, Gay Gay E., E., 33rd 33rd AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texas Moll Molloy oy,, Robe Robert rt W., W., 526t 526th h .AAA .AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Tott Totten en,, N. Y. Orri Orrick ck,, Edwi Edwin n G., G., 4050 4050th th ASU ASU TAS, TAS, Fort Fort Sill, Oklahoma Pric Price, e, Will Willia iam m H. Jr., Jr., 35th 35th AAA Brig Brigad ade, e, Fort Fort Mead Meade, e, Md. Md. Roe ss sser, Millard H .,., 8658th AAU AAA & Main Maint. t. Inst Instr. r. Det. Det.,, Lake Lakenh nhea eath th,, Suff Suffol olk, k, EngEngland Sch Schweid weidel el,, Kerm Kermit it R., 1129 1129th th ASU ASU NH NG Inst Instrr Gp, Gp, Conc Concor ord, d, N. H. Sigley, \X'. B., Far Far East East Comma Command nd,, Yoko Yokoha hama ma Vanc Vance, e, Will Willia iam m M., M., EUCOM, EUCOM, Breme Bremerh rhav aven en Webs Webstter, er, Geo George rge B., B., OCAF OCAFF, F, 8575t 575th h AAU, AAU, Fort Fort Monro Monroe, e, Va.
Capt Captai ain n Fye Fye has has disc discus usse sed d five five bas basic ic syst system emss of guid guidan ance ce,, all all of whic which h have have part partic icul ular ar appl applic icat atio ion n agai agains nstt fixe fixed d tartargets gets,, wher wheree the the miss issile, ile, proba robabl bly y an SSM, SSM, Hies Hies a pred predet eter ermi mine ned d path path,, SysSystems tems suitabl suitablee agains againstt movin moving g targe targets ts are largely largely classifi classified ed and cannot be discusse discussed d in this this series series..- THE EDITOR EDITORS. S.
ORDERS
Covering
Prom Promot otio ions ns
odom odomet eter ers, s, just just as the the de\' de\'ic ices es in autoautomobiles mobiles which which indicate indicate velocity velocity are called called spee speedo dome mete ters rs.. \\li \\lith th this this dista distanc ncee ininform format atio ion n the the miss missil ilee can can tell tell how how far far it has has deviat deviated ed from from its presc prescri ribed bed Hight Hight path path or what what dist distan ance ce towa toward rd the the targ target et it has has cove covere red, d, and and what what corr correc ecti tion onss must must be made. made. Like Like celest celestial ial naviga navigatio tion, n, this this is a comple completel tely y selfself-<:o <:ont ntain ained ed syssystem, tem, requ requir irin ing g no comm comman ands ds or oth other er sign signal alss from from the the groun ground. d. Comp Comple lexi xity ty of miss missil ilee equi equipm pmen entt is a draw drawba back ck of this this system.
CAPTAINS Attr Attrid idge ge,, Robe Robert rt D., D., Stu Stu Det Det AA & GM Br T AS, Fort Fort Bliss, Texas Beck Beckma man n, Thom Thomas as M., M., Far Far East East Comma omman nd, Yokohama Bifa Bifano no,, Salv Salvii tore tore A, EUCO EUCOM, M, Breme Bremerh rhav aven en.. Bilo Biloon on,, Arth Arthur ur A., A., EUCOM EUCOM,, Breme Bremerh rhav aven en Bjor Bjorkl klun und, d, Floy Floyd d H., H., 31st 31st AAA Brig Brigad ade, e, Fort Fort Lewis, Washington Washington Brown, Thomas E., Stu Det A A & GM Br T AS, AS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass Cham Chambe bers rs,, J. T., T., Far Far East East Comm Comman and d, Yok Yokohama Clarke, C C, Far East Comman Command, d, Yokoha Yokohama ma Crou Crout, t, Fran Franci ciss C, 28th AAA G ro roup, Fort Custer Custer,, Mich. Mich. Cole, L. A., A., Far Far East East Comman Command, d, Yoko Yokoha hama ma Dami Damico co,, Wm. P., P., Stu Stu Det Det AA & GM Br TAS, TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas
Dick Dick,, Arth Arthur ur J. , 18th 18th AAA AAA Grou Group, p, Indi Indian an-town town Gap, Gap, Penn Penna. a. Dink Dinkin ins, s, H. \XI., Far East East Command Command,, Yokoha Yokohama ma Dour, William W., Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass Elkhorn, Wm. N. II. , 32nd AAA Gun Bn., Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Fiel Fields ds,, Leon Leonar ard d B., B., 685t 685th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Devens Devens,, Mass. Mass. Fike Fikent ntsc sche her, r, Arth Arthur ur,, EUCO EUCOM, M, Breme Bremerh rhav aven en Fost Foster er,, Jack Jack W., 28th 28th AAA AAA Grou Group, p, Fort Fort Lewi Lewis, s, Washington Gero Gerome me,, Geo George rge W., W., USA USA Alas Alask ka, Fort Fort Rich Rich-ardson Gillo, Joseph P., 33rd AAA Gun Bn., Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Gord Gordin iner er,, Truma ruman n W., W., 594t 594th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Custer Custer,, Mich. Mich. Gra ha ham , Joseph N., 7689th Hq Gp USFA, Salzbu Salzburg, rg, Austri Austriaa Hall Hall,, Hora Horace ce L., L., 708t 708th h AAA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Indi Indian an-town town Gap, Gap, Penn Penna. a. Hanna Hanna,, M. L., East Command, Command, Yokoha Yokohama ma L., Far East Hanso Hanson, n, Will Willar ard d 0., 4052nd ASU AAA & GM Cent Center er,, Fort Fort Bliss, Texas Hoff Hoffma man, n, Robe Robert rt H., H., Far Far East Com Comman mand, d, Yoko Yoko-hama Hone Honeyw ywel ell, l, S. S., S., EUCOM EUCOM,, Breme Bremerh rhav aven en Juds Judson on,, Paul Paul F., F., TRU TRUST ST,, Trie Triest stee Kemp Kemper er,, G. E., Far East East Comm Comman and, d, Yoko Yokoha hama ma Krak Krakau ausk skas as,, Walt Walter er A., A., 235th 35th FA Obsn Obsn Ba., Ba., Fort Fort Sill, Sill, Okla. Okla. Lupk Lupkey ey,, Fran Franci ciss D., D., Offi Office ce Secy of Defen Defense, se, 8475 8475th th AAU, AAU, Wash Washin ingt gton on,, D. C Marri arrin n, Jame Jamess G. Jr., Jr., Stu Det AA & GM Br T AS, AS, Fort Fort Blis Bliss, s, Texa Texass McDe McDerm rmot ott, t, John John P., P., USA USA Alas Alaska ka,, Fort Fort Rich Rich.. ardson
(Conti (Continue nued d on page 46) 35
The Arm Army's new newest est and and bigges iggestt artil artiller lery y piec piecee-th the e 280m 280mm m gungun-is is test test-fi -fire red d at the the Aber Aberde deen en Prov Provin ing g Groun round d by a civi civilia lian n tech techni nici cian an..
NEW 280MM GUN CAN FIRE FIRE ATOM ATOMIC IC PR PROJ OJEC ECTI TILE LE**
he 280 280 can can be travtravrsed rsed 360 degr degree ees s nd elev levated ted to 55 asit e g re e s is ere. If the the gun gun were ere position on to fire, the I positi ransporter unit foul fould d be deta detach ched ed..
At Abe Aberd rdee een n Prov Provin ing g Grou Ground nd,, Md., Md., the the OrdOrdnance nance Corps Corps gave gave photog photogra raphe phers rs the the firs firstt publi publicc look look at the the Army Army's 's newe newest st and and bigg bigges estt gungun-aa 280m 280mm m gian giantt that that is capa capabl blee of fir firing ing atom atomiic projecti projectiles les as well well as convent conventiona ionall shells. shells. The gun weig weighs hs abou aboutt 85 tons tons.. Rang Rangee of the the gun gun vari varies es with with the the type type of shell shell used, used, but maxim maximum um range range is proba probabl bly y about about 25 miles miles.. A 280mm 280mm batt batter ery y will will cons consis istt of two two of these these guns guns plus plus eigh eightt 5-t 5-ton trucks. *Rep *Repri rint nted ed
from from the the Nove Novemb mber er
,
issu issuee of Combat
Forces Forces jOJimal. jOJimal.
Rear Rear vie view w of the the 280. 280. The hyhydraulic draulic powe powerr ramm rammer is push push-ing ing a shell int into the the bree reech. After ter the the powder charge rge is ramm rammed hom home the loading loading track track is mo moved out of the the way. The soldie ldierr at the the left left is pee peerin ring throu through gh the sight of the big gun.
The 280 is trans transpo port rted ed by two two prim prime e movers vers betwee tween n which hich it is susp suspen ende ded. d. Top spee speed d on high high-ways is rep reporte rted to be 35 miles iles an hour. Eith ither prim prime e mover over can can pull pull or push push the the load load.. They hey can can
turn turn and driv drive e para paralle llell to one anoth another er,, carry carryin ing g the the gun gun betw betwee een n them them.. The driv driver er of the lead leadin ing g tract tractor or can can con control trol the the thro thrott ttle le and and brake rakes s of both oth unit units. s. Drivers Drivers commu communica nicate te with one another another by telephon telephone. e.
BUNKER BUSTING IN THE SECOND D IV IS IO N By C A PT PT . B A LL LL AR A R D B. SMALL
XN
Febr Februa uan' n' 1952 1952,, the Chine Chinese se faci facing ng 'u . S. Diyis the the Seco Second nd 'u. iyisio ion n had had been been worki working ng on their their earth earthwo works rks in that that parparticul ticular ar sector sector for oye oyerr se\'en se\'en month months. s. As a resul result, t, some some of their strong strong point pointss were were fabu fabulo lous us netw networ orks ks,, rese resemb mbli ling ng some some long long-w -wor orke ked d mine mine more more than than mili milita tary ry posi positi tion ons. s. The The effe effect ct of ordi ordina nary ry ligh lightt and and mediu medium m artil artiller lery y on these these deep deep posipositions tions was almost almost negligib negligible. le. A Chi Chines nesee prison prisoner er answe answered red an IP\V IP\V quer uery as to "how much ear earth was put put on the the roof roof of CCF CCF bunk bunker ers" s" by admi admittting ting that that it all all depe depende nded d upon upon the heigh heightt of the the mount untain ain-mea -meani nin ng that hat their eir "bunke "bunkers" rs" were were often often tunne tunnels ls all all the way way thro throug ugh h the the hill hill from from the the reve revers rsee slop slope. e. In some some case casess thes thesee tunn tunnel elss were were back back-ward ward bori boring ngss into into the the hill hillsi side de from from ininside side deep deep commu communic nicati ation on trench trenches, es, first first duo duo hori horizo zont ntal allv lv arou around nd the the forw forwar ard d '" slope slope to connec connectt the the netwo network. rk. Often Often these these tun tunnel nels bra branch nched out out into nto imm immense nse room roomss behin behind d zigz zigzag ag bames bames.. \Vhe \Vhen n ununder der our our shel shelll fire fire,, the the Chin Chines esee woul would d retr retrea eatt into into thes thesee shel shelte terr room roomss and and sit sit in safety safety behind behind solid solid hillsi hillside, de, whil whilee we pour poured ed inef ineffe fect ctiv ivee roun rounds ds agai agains nstt the the outside.
IP\V IP\V,, ho\\' ho\\'e\' e\'er er,, also also learne learned d from from prisprisoner onerss that that our our heav heavv v, arti artill ller erv v, with with dedelay fuzes fuzes made deeper deeper penetr penetrati ations ons and their their explo explosio sions ns caused caused earth earth shock shock and struct structura urall damag damagee even even insid insidee deep deep shelshelters. So, So, the Secon Second d Divis Division ion Artil Artiller lery y decided to u se se the 155mm SP gun in a dire direct ct assa assaul ultt fire fire progr program am,, to be carcar• ried ried out out from from such such poin pointt-bl blan ank k rang ranges es as wou would ld perm permit it entr entran ance cess thro throug ugh h the the aperture aperturess so as as to effect effect deep penetrat penetration ion beyond beyond.. These These weapo weapons ns were were frequ frequent ently ly move moved d up to wit withi hin n 2000 2000 yard yardss of their their targe rgets and on occasi casio on within hin 1000 000 yard ards of enem nemy posi ositio tions in orde rder to achieve achieve their their maximum maximum effectiv effectivenes enesss and accuracy accuracy.. Such Such a progr program am was condu conducted cted in the the zone zone bf the the 23d 23d Infa Infant ntry ry,, unde underr the the supe superv rvis isio ion n of Lt. Col. Col. Robe Robert rt ~ I. Back Backes es,, comm comman andi ding ng the the 37th 37th FA BatBattalio talion. n. Colon Colonel el Backe Backess persona personally lly supersupervise vised d the the cons constr truc ucti tion on of a numb number er of NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
One One squa squad d of infa infant ntry ry was to be dedeploy ployed ed as sec secur urit ity y in fr~n fr~ntt of the firi firing ng posi positi tion on,, and and woul would d rema remain in as long long as the the gun gun was in in plac place. e. This his squa squad d was to be equi equip pped ped with ith one .30 calib liber Ll\IG l\IG,, a 3.5 inc inch h rock rocket et laun launch cher er and and in addi additi tion on to the the othe otherr rifl riflem emen en,, feafeature tured d a sing single le snip sniper er,, equi equipp pped ed with ith a scop scopee-mo moun unte ted d 1\11 1\11.. The The assi assist stan antt S3 of the batt battal alio ion n in that that sect sector or was was asassigned signed to coordi coordinat natee betwe between en the the troop troopss who who occu occupi pied ed the the outp outpos osts ts flan flanki king ng the the firing firing positio position, n, the the assaul assaultt gun crew, crew, and and the the secu securi rity ty forc force. e. The The troo troops ps mann mannin ing g the the frie friend ndly ly outp outpos osts ts were ere in suit suitab able le posit position ionss to give give assis assistan tance ce if the assaul assaultt gun gun came came unde underr grou ground nd atta attack ck..
LEG[NC •
U
-rr---
1 ~ It A J. A S P
""-16 3SlN ~"T .30 .30 CAL uG
', L R
1000 1000
""ET ""ETER ERS S
"
M [STANOB')
these these forward forward firing firing position positions, s, necessar necessarily ily unde underr dire direct ct obse observ rvat atio ion n of the enem enemy, y, and in two two cases, cases, with within in autom automat atic ic weap weap-ons' ons' rang range. e. The The firs firstt of these these posi positi tion onss for for a I55m I55mm m gun gun was prep prepar ared ed on the the site site of one used used prev previo ious usly ly by a 90mm 90mm gun. gun. The The posit position ion was was simp simply ly deepen deepened ed and and made made larg larger er in all all dire direct ctio ions ns,, and and in this this first first case case,, was was not prepa prepare red d with with any any over overhe head ad cove cover, r, whic which h was was foun found d essent essential ial and made made a part part of subseq subsequen uentt cons constr truc ucti tion ons. s. This This firs firstt posi positi tion on was was compl complete eted d somet sometim imee in Febru February ary.. Colo Colone nell Back Backes es plann planned ed to move move the the SP gun gun forwa forward rd during during darkne darkness, ss, accomaccompani panied ed by an infa infant ntry ry secu securi rity ty forc force, e, The The SP was was to leav leavee its its rear rear area area posi posi-tion tion some sometim timee after after 0300 0300 hours hours and move move out in front ont of the frien iendly dly MLR to a posi positi tion on on the the very very oute outerr frin fringe ge of the frien friendly dly outpos outpostt line, line, sever several al thous thousan and d yards yards beyond beyond the l\ILR. l\ILR. It was certain certain that that the the nois noisee of the the move moveme ment nt woul would d be heard heard and and the the fina finall moyem oyemen entt into into posi positi tion on was was to be be made made duri during ng the the last last minu minute tess of dark darkne ness ss so that that dayl daylig ight ht woul would d rise rise befo before re the the Chin Chines esee had had any any oppo opport rtun unit ity y to send send out out patr patrol olss to i~i~vest vestig igat ate, e, for for the the firi firing ng posi positi tion on was was with within in 900 yards yards of the neares nearestt Chin Chinese ese foxhole.
In addi additi tion on to thes thesee meas measur ures es Col. Col. Back Backes es deci decide ded d to empl employ oy one one of the 1\'116AAA 1\'116AAA halfhalf-tra tracks cks which which were were comcommitt mitted ed to his his supp suppor ort. t. Lieu Lieut. t. Char Charle less E. Smin Smink, k, A Batt Batter ery, y, 82d 82d AAA AAA AW Batattali talion on,, com command manded ed the the AAA plat platoo oon n suppo supporti rting ng that that batta battalio lion n and was call called ed upon upon to furn furnis ish h one one of his trac tracks ks for for the acti action on.. He also also deci decide ded d to acc accom ompa pany ny the track track in the missi mission. on. Twent Twenty-f y-four our hours hours in advance advance,, Smink Smink rece receiv ived ed a writ writte ten n plan plan for for the the acti action on,, givi giving ng his his posi positi tion on and and desc descri ribi bing ng the the opera operatio tion n as a whol whole. e. The The plan plan specif specified ied that that the single single halfhalf-tra track ck would would be under under the comm command and of the infantr infantry y office officerr and and woul would d open open fire fire,, cease cease fire fire and and mm mm'e 'e at his his direc directi tion on.. For the the AAA AAA port portio ion n of the the acti action on,, the the oper operat atio ions ns orde orderr did did not not spec specif ify y any any furt furthe herr deta detail ilss exce except pt the the tim times for for depa depart rtur uree and and arri arriva vall at the firing firing positi position, on, the name of the infan infantry try lieu lieute tena nant nt in char charge ge,, and and the the fact fact that that the track ack would ould be rel release ased upon pon his order order at the complet completion ion of the the firing firing.. Lieut ieut.. Smink mink had had at this this tim time eigh eightt half-tr half-tracks acks,, all ~116's, ~116's, station stationed ed in dug-in dug-in posi positi tion onss on the the infa infant ntry ry main ain line line of resist resistanc ance. e. \Vit \Vith h a vie view w toward toward using using his his most most experie experience nced d crew crew and a half-t half-trac rack k in the the best best poss possib ible le mech mechan anic ical al cond condiition tion he sele select cted ed A241 A241 and and aler alerte ted d the the crew crew imme immedi diat atel ely y by a pers person onal al visi visit. t. Arran Arrangem gement entss were were made to increase increase the tra track' ck's amm ammuni unitio tion supp upply by 7,5 7,500 37
roun rounds ds.. This amm ammunitio unition n was was stacke stacked d and and lash lashed ed on the the woo oode den n roo roof of the the cab cab and and onto nto the the hood hood in front front for for easy easy acce access ss.. The regu regula larr basi basic c load load was was reretaine tained d on the floor floor of the fighti fighting ng com compartment. Lieut. Lieut. Smink Smink left the committed committed track t rack's 's place place on the ~ILR ~ILR open. open. Adjacen djacentt tracks tracks were ere info inform rmed ed of its its missi issio on and ordered dered to keep keep the contin continuity uity of cov covera erage ge by widen widening ing their their own own areas areas of responsi responsi-bility as he specifie specified d in new new sector sector bounboundaries. Anothe notherr half-tra half-track ck whos whose e MLR posiposition tion was near nearby by was aler alerte ted d and and preprepared pared to reliev relieve e A241 241 if the need need aros arose. e. It was issue issued d 7,500 7,500 addi additio tiona nall roun rounds ds of API API in loade loaded d belts belts..
the pass-o pass-orr crawl crawl hack over over the hill from dozen dozen enemy enemy bunkers bunkers and lesser dam damage age their their holes, holes, in orde rder to mak make use of a to perhap perhaps s as many many othe others, rs, along along with with fire which which was was kept burnin burning g for heating heating many any section sections s of com communic municatio ation n trench trench damage. age. Obser bserye yers rs coul could d see see logs logs and and ratio rations ns and and warm warmin ing. g. All membe embers rs of dam the secu security rity squa squad d wore wore white white cam camouou- debris ebris flyin flying g thro throug ugh h the the air air afte afterr the the flage flage suits suits to conc concea eall them themselve selves s in the delay-fuze delay-fuzed d rounds rounds exploded exploded inside their patc patchy hy sno snow cove coveri ring ng the the area area at that that targets. time. The assa assaul ultt gun gun forc force e then then withd withdrew rew On the first day Lieut. Lieut. Smink Smink crossed crossed in the the orde orderr of: of: 155m 155mm m SP, 1\11 1\116 6 and and his IP, IP, the MLR, at 0500 0500 hours, hours, riding riding secu securi rity ty squa squad. d. Imm Immedia ediate tely ly afte afterr all all in the the fron front seat seat of his his halfhalf-tra track ck,, leav leav-- elements elements cleared cleared the area, approximately approximately ing ing his his jeep jeep behi behin nd. Movem vement ent alo along eight eight round rounds s of light light artillery artillery,, which which was was the the MLR was perm permitted itted on only ly du durin ring g later later iden identifie tified d as 76.2mm 76.2mm Soviet oviet-ty -type pe darkn darkness ess since since the l\ILR l\ILR was was under under good good howi howitze tzerr shell shell,, lande landed d over over a scatt scatter ered ed enemy enemy observation. area area near near the the ou outp tpos ostt road road pass. pass. This his shellin ing g was was evid eviden ently tly for the purp purpos ose e The 155 155 pulle pulled d into into its firing firing posit position ion shell of registration. registra tion. withou ithoutt inci incide dent nt just just befo before re dayl daylig ight ht
afte afterr delay elayin ing g at a waitin aiting g poin pointt som some The orig origin inal al plan plan calle calle.d .d for for firing firing on on yards s to the the rear rear until til it beg began to the the foll follo owing ing day, ay, but but in view iew of the the An open rad radio net was operat erated ed at 800 yard light.. In the the sam same way, way, but but ahea ahead d shel shellin ling g, it was decid ecided ed not to occup ccupy y all all times times so as to conn connec ectt with the the plapla- get light of the th e S P , S m ink in k m oved ov ed to his hi s secu se cure re the same same positio position n two days days in a row, row, but but toon toon CP back back at the the infa infant ntrv rv batta battalio lion n point po int in defilad de filade e immed imm ediate iately ly behind beh ind the to skip s kip a day. da y. The Th e C hinese hin ese were we re equally equ ally CP and and with all all the the rem remaini aining ng track tracks s assigne ned d firing firing positio position. n. This fir- as pat patie ient nt and and they they did no firin firing g on the of the the plat plato oon. Durin ring the the firs firstt day, M16's assig ing in g p o int in t w a s just ju st beh be h ind in d the th e b arri ar rie e r seco se cond nd day eith e ither er. . O n the third thi rd day day the the becau because se of techni technical cal difficultie difficulties, s, Lieu Lieut. t. blocki king ng the the road road in the the pass pass.. As soo soon same same organ organizati ization on was was maintain aintained ed and and Smink ink lost lost dire direct ct cont contac actt with his his plapla- bloc the 155 155 began began firin firing, g, Smink ink pulle pulled d the sam same posit position ions s occu occupie pied d by the asastoo toon CP, but but at all all tim times was was able ble to as the his hi s trac tr ack k u p to the barr ba rrie ier r and an d S ight ig hted ed saul sa ult t gun forc fo rcee-wi witho thout ut incid in ciden ent. t. T he reac reach h the the rear rear by rela relay y thro throug ugh h on one e of through gh his guns guns to chec check k for cleara clearanc nce e 1\11 1\116 6 cros crosse sed d its IP at 0500 0500 hour hours s and and the MLR MLR tracks. tracks. Addition dditional al com communimuni- throu over ver the the barr barrie ierr and and limita limitatio tions ns in his his was was in positio position n at daylight, daylight, to follow follow the catio cations ns were were provid provided ed by the infan infantry try field fie ld o f fire. fir e. T he cove co vera rag g e w as fou fo u nd same sam e plans as previously. previou sly. from from the SP's firing firing positio position n to the forc force e excelle llent nt for for both both the the hills hills desig esig-The 155 155 bega began n firing firing at just just after after 0800 0800 occu occupyin pying g the outpost outpost to the right. right. Also, lso, to be exce nated na ted by the Seco Se cond nd Division Divis ion as "Bun "B unkk- hours, hours, directin directing g approx approxim imate ately ly fifteen fifteen to the artillery artillery laid wire from the obser observer ver's 's Hill" and and "Hill "Hill A," and the M16 M16 was was twenty twenty round rounds s at targets targets on Bun Bunke kerr Hill shelt shelter er seve severa rall yard yards s left left of the assa assaul ultt er Hill" the th e n retu re turn rne e d to its it s sec se c u re posi po siti tio o n , and an d H ill C with wit h enco en coura uragin ging g results. resu lts. It gun's gun's posit positio ion, n, to the the gun gun itself itself and and left left w h ere er e it rem re m a ined in ed for fo r the th e rest re st o f the th e was was noted noted,, howe howeve ver, r, that that the Chines hinese e up the hill seve severa rall hundr hundred ed yard yards s to the day. da y. H e did di d no not t fire fir e at all al l the th e first fir st day. da y. soldie soldiers rs had, during during the past past two nights, nights, outpo outpost, st, from from which which artill artiller ery y wire wire and and The Th e 155 began beg an firing at approx app roxim imate ately ly recon rec onstru structe cted d many ma ny of the previo pre viously usly dederadi radio o com communica unicatio tions ns ran back back to the 0800 hours. hours. At 1100 1100 hou hours, rs, the Chinese hinese stroy stroyed ed bunk bunker erss-or or so it appe appeare ared. d. LisLis37th 37th Field Field Artillery Artillery Battalion Battalion FDC. Ac- 0800 began placing placing scattere scattered d and and inaccu inaccurate rate tenin tening g posts posts had had repo reporte rted d heari hearing ng work ork tual tually ly,, the the wire ire was kno nock cked ed ou outt late laterr began snipe sn iper r fire on o n the gene ge nera ral l posit po sitio ion. n. T he progre pro gressin ssing g during du ring the darkn da rkness ess and an d air by enem enemy y shelling shelling;; howeve however, r, com communiuniinfantry sniper sniper returned returned the fire at points points OP's had had sighte sighted d stock stockpil piles es of bunk bunker er catio cation n was maint aintai aine ned d at all all times times by infantry he cons consid ider ered ed likel likely, y, but but so far far as was was logs logs colle collecte cted d on top of the hills, hills, in spite spite one one of the alterna alternate te means eans provid provided ed.. kn kno o w n, did di d no not t i~fli i~ flict ct any an y casu ca sual altie ties. s. of heav he avy y hara ha rass ssin ing g artille art illery ry fires fire s w hich hich The security security squad squad fanne fanned d out out a hunhunther rifle riflem men of the the secu securi rity ty squa squad d had had been been plac placed ed on the the dam damaged aged tartardred red yard yards s or so in in adva advan nce of the the asas- Other were we re perm per m itted to fire occasio occa siona nally lly from gets gets during during both both nights. nights. The The indust industriou rious s sault sault gun's gun's positi position on,, strad straddl dlin ing g the road road vario va rious us positi po sition ons, s, but bu t no visua vis ual l cont co ntac act t C hines hin ese e had ha d repair rep aired ed m uch uc h of the visivisi in orde orderr to hold off off any any enem enemy y grou ground nd was made made with any any enem enemy. y. The snipe sniperr ble damage. damage. atta attack ck until ntil the the 155 155 could could be rem removed oved was fire fir e from fro m both bo th side si des s cont co ntin inu u ed all al l day da y After fter fifte fifteen en or twen twentv tv roun round ds had had Their heir posi positio tion ns cove covere red d perh perhap aps s 150 150 with no casualties ca sualties resulting. been been fired, fired, the enem enemy y began began shelling shelling the yard yards s when hen the the lieut lieuten enan antt had had final finally ly set out out each each man. man. The bazoo bazooka ka team lay lay in the the ditc ditch h besi besid de the the road road,, in fron frontt of the 155m 155mm gun gun positio position. n. A six-fo six-foot ot high high barri barrier er of amm ammunitio unition n boxe boxes s had had been been constru struc cted ted on the the roa road here here so tha that friendly friendly traffic traffic would would not not inadve inadverten rtently tly drive drive beyon beyond d friendly friendly contro controll at the OPL limit. limit. The day was was cold cold and and the the infa infanntrym trymen were were perm permitte itted d to wrig wriggle gle back back and for forth down the the ditc itch on the the left left side side of the the road road to the the defil defilad ade e behi behind nd 38
The The 155 cease ceased d fire at approx approxim imate ately ly 1600 1600 hour hours, s, on sched schedu ule. le. Targ argets ets enengaged gaged were bunkers bunkers and commu communicatio nication n trenc trenche hes s on Bun unke kerr Hill, ill, Hill A, and and Hill ill C. Target rgets s on Bunker Hill ill and Hill A w were ere approxim approximate ately ly 1000 1000 to 1200 yards yards distant distant from the the assau assault lt gun's gun's posiposition tion and and were were effec effectiv tivelv elv cove covere red d durduring ing the the day's day's firin firing. g. Some ome 120 120 roun rounds ds were were fired fired slowl slowlv v and and accu accura ratel telv v at the three three hills, hills, causi~g causi~g severe severe dama damage ge to one
155 155 posit position ion and and the near nearby by area area.. Frag Frag-ments ents ident identifie ified d the roun rounds ds as 122m 122mm Soviet-type. It was was a low veloc velocity ity weapweapon, on, as the soun sound d arriv arrived ed in time time to take take cove coverr befo before re the the roun round d land landed ed.. Some of the the rou round nds s were ere of a light lighter er calib caliber er,, or else else the Chine hinese se mixed ixed fuze fuze delay elay and quic quick k, causin sing the the diffe iffere ren nce in sou sound nd.. We susp suspec ecte ted d the the latte latterr as we we found found no 76.2mm 76.2mm fragm fragments. ents. An interestin esting g poin pointt here here can can be observed observed about about ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
heav heavy y arti artill ller ery. y. An obse observ rver er adju adjust stin ing g such such rounds rounds will will make his init initial ial corre correcction ions to get get onto nto his tar target get with fuze uze quic quick k sinc sincee the the burs bursts ts are are easi easier er to pic pick k up. up. As soon soon as pos possi sibl ble, e, he will will swit switch ch for its its more more dest destru ruct ctiv ivee effe effect ct.. to FD for se\'eral ral thousa thousand nd yards yards betwe between en If he has se\'e him him and and his his targ target et,, he will will often often be sursurprise prised d to see see his FD round roundss strik strike, e, throw throw-ing ing up huge huge amou amount ntss of dirt dirt and and refu refuse se,, but but stil stilll fail fail to hear hear the the soun sound d when hen he expec expects ts it. only only sudden suddenly ly to feel feel his own bunk bunker er shud shudde derr from from the the grou ground nd-t -tra rans ns-mitt mitted ed shoc shock k wave wave-t -the he soun sound d bein being g alalmost most entireh entireh'' mume mumed d insid insidee the the earth. earth. The The shel shelli ling ng cont contin inue ued d for for abou aboutt two two and and a half half hour hours, s, with ith roun rounds ds arri arrivi ving ng in salv salvos os of two, two, thre threee and and four four at such such a spaci spacing ng as to indi indicat catee at least least two two guns firi firing ng.. The infa infant ntry ry rem remaine ained d in thei theirr security security position positionss which which they had scraped scraped out the firs irst day, ay, jus just to be read eady for such a cont contiinge ngency ncy. They all sim simply ply duck ducked ed down down in their their hole holess and and wait waited ed.. Lieut Lieut.. Smin Smink k and the infant infantry ry lieut lieutena enant nt were standing in the road when the shel shelli ling ng bega began. n. \Vhe \Vhen n the the firs firstt roun round d land landed ed shor short, t, they they both both went ent up on the hill hill besi beside de the the mach machin inee gun gun posi positi tion on to
see see what what was was goin going g on. on. As soo soon n as the they y deter determi mined ned that that they they were were being shell shelled, ed, they they desc descen ende ded d the the hill hill and and soug sought ht suit suit-able able co\'e co\'err near near the the ~1l6 ~1l6.. The The accu accura racy cy of the the shel shelli ling ng impr improv oved ed with with each each volvolley. ley. There There were were varyi varying ng period periodss betw between een \'o \'oll llev evss of from from two two to thre threee minu minute tess to consider considerably ably longer. longer. After the shel helling ing had had gon gone on for over over two two hour hours, s, deve develo lopi ping ng to suc such h acaccura curacy cy that that it was was nece necess ssar ary y to suspe suspend nd firin firing g of the 155, 155, it it was decide decided d to march march order order.. One One round round fell fell so close close to Colo Colonel nel Backe Backes' s' foxhol foxholee that that the shell shell fragm fragmen ents ts dest destro roye yed d his his map map boar board d and and seve severe rely ly dama damaged ged the obs obsen' en'ing ing instr instrum ument ent.. ColoColonel nel Back Backes es had had earl earlie ierr take taken n a crat crater er azim azimut uth h hims himsel elff and and radi radioe oed d this this back back to the 37th 7th FOC and to Secon cond Divi ivision sion Artil rtille lery ry wher wheree an unsu unsucc cces essf sful ul aeri aerial al sear search ch miss missio ion n was was laid laid on in an effor effortt to loc locate ate the enem enemy y guns. guns. Count Count-erfi erfire re base based d upon upon the the colo colone nel' l'ss crat crater er azimuths ths and the sou sound azimuths ths of othe otherr obse observ rver erss was was plac placed ed on seve severa rall likely likely areas areas by the divis division ion artil artiller lery y with with no noticea noticeable ble effec effect. t. So, So, it was decide decided d to mov movee the gun out out when when an approp appropria riate te lull came. came.
The The evac evacua uati tion on occu occurr rred ed abou aboutt 1300 1300 hours hours and and in prope properr order. order. The The infan infantry try secu securi rity ty forc forcee had had no tran transp spor orta tati tion on so the the ~116 ~116 was was used used to car carry ry them them out. out. One lightly wounded man from the 155m 155mm m gun gun crew crew was was the the only only frie friend ndly ly casualtv. The The defi defila lade ded d posi positi tion on for for the the trac track k was was weIl weIl sele select cted ed for for the the crew crew was was able able to sit sit out the the shel shelli ling ng in a ditch ditch besi beside de thei theirr vehi vehicl cle. e. Roun Rounds ds land landed ed with within in sevent seventy-l y-liv ivee yards, yards, scarr scarring ing the groun ground d and trees nearb arby, but but no dam damage occurre curred d to the the vehic vehicle. le. Lieut eut. Smink' nk's tra track did not fire a sing single le roun round. d. The The vehi vehicl clee was was moved oved back back to its its main main line line posit position ion after after waitwaiting beh behind ind the out outpost ost lin line in a saf safe assem assembl bly y area area until until dark, dark, along along with with the 155mm 155mm SP. An intere interest sting ing sidel sideligh ightt to this this action action occu occurr rred ed that that same same nigh nightt when when the the ChiChinese nese dispa dispatch tched ed a pat patrol rol to the the SP's SP's firi firing ng posit position ion and and deposi deposite ted d propag propagand andaa leafleaflets lets in the the area area wher wheree the the gun gun had had been been.. They hey were ere on the the gener neral theme emes of sorro sorrow w of loved loved ones back home and and the rigor rigorss of winter winter servi service ce in Korea Korea,, "He also serves serves who stands stands and waits. waits.""
Reti Re tire reme ment nt in Rhym Rhyme* e* A man of seven seven and fifty fifty that hasn't hasn't learned learned of a tradeCurre urrent nt even events ts have have stim stimul ulat ated ed the the Besid Besidee "Retir "Retired" ed" again against st himhim-he' he'd d bette betterr foll follow owin ing g "Out "Out of Acti Active ve Serv Servic ice" e" with with be never made. apol apolog ogie iess to Rud Rudya yard rd Kipl Kiplin ing g and and his his I tried tried my luck for a quarte quarter, r, and that that was was enough enough for me, poem poem "Bac "Back k to the the Army Army Agai Again" n":: And I thought thought of the military military prep schools, schools, I did did mv thirt thirty y vear vears' s' serv servic ice. e. The The PenPenand and I thought thought I'd go and see. see. tagon tagon .said: .said: :'Co :'Cood od daydayThe The "hea "head" d" aske asked d some some questi question ons, s, then then You' You'll ll plea please se to come come when when you' you're re rung rung he winked winked his other other eye, eye, for, and here's here's your retired retired pay; He said to me, "Vlhy "Vlhy aren't aren't you a general, general, Thre Three-q e-quar uarter terss of your your activeactive-and and bloom bloom-the same as the other guy, ing generous, generous, too; Sevente Seventeen en years years as a louie, 1\ly 1\ly God, God, were were And now now vou vou can can make ake your your fort fortun uneeyou dumb!", dumb! ", said he, the same' same' as as your general~ general~ do." do." "And "And you expect expect me to be interested interested,, you The Secret Secretary ary expresse expressed d his appreciati appreciationonwith with only a colonelc colonelcy," y," a paragraph paragraph on this dwelt, dwelt, bit my tong tongue ue and and than thanke ked d him him, but but For "manv "manv vears vears meritor meritorious ious service" service" and I bit to felt knee high a ducka loss \~'hich "will be keenlv felt." The The form form lett letter er ende ended d with with ; kind kind assu assurr- A civilian civilian wouldn't wouldn't know that promotio promotions ns ance-a ance-a departm departmenta entall approbat approbationionwere were often often a matter matter of luck. That That a desir desiree for earli earlier er retire retireme ment nt would would I used to be proud of the Army and thought "recei\'e "recei\'e every consideration." consideration." it quite quite a career, career, But But real realiz ized ed now now how how I'd I'd muff muffed ed it-n it-no o *Repri eprint nted ed from from 18 Ocr. cr. issu issue e Arm)-Nal) use to cry in my beer. Air Air Forc Force e Jopw Jopwal al..
Editor,
THE JOURNAL:
NOVEM NOVEMBE BER-D R-DECE ECEMB MBER ER,,
1952 195 2
I reme rememb mbere ered d my years years in the the Army Army,, before fore promo promotio tion n was was fast fast and on time time;; \Vhen \Vhen colonels colonels had two grades grades above them, and a capta captain in was was consid consider ered ed subli sublime me;; \Vhen \Vhen rank rank had had both both respon responsib sibili iliti ties es and privileg privileges, es, and a brief brief case was unknown; unknown; \\'h \\'hen en the Pentag Pentagon on was was not in existe existence nce,, and and coul could d not not be cons consid ider ered ed as home home,, But But now now in the the pres presen entt day day scra scram mbleblepromotions, promotions, decorations decorations and such \Vhen \Vhen colonel colonelss have five grades grades abol'e abol'e and below below them, them, and not consider considered ed as much; much; There There's 's someth something ing wrong wrong with with the the syste system m -no matt matter er how hard hard a man man stril' stril'es; es; The The majo majori rity ty will will end end in the the midd middle le and and that that make makess a mess mess of their their lives. lives. Youth Youth is now now in the saddlesaddle-the the "old "old men" men" are pushed aside; aside; The The young young are eager eager and and restl restless ess-ar -aree getgetting ting into their their stride; stride; But they too will will soon have thirty, thirty, together together with with five years years in grade; grade; Then Then the "old "old men" men" can laugh and chuckle chuckle and watch watch as they also fade. fade. -"Thirty
and Five"
39
#~\\\ ,-
NEW FL FLYI YING NG TRAILE TRAILER R Lookin Looking g more more like a truc trucker ker's 's rig than than an airplan airplanee cargo cargo compar compartme tment, nt, Fairch Fairchild ild's 's new new Flyi Flying ng Trai Traile lerr took took to the the road road rece recent ntly ly to prov provee that that it is equa equall lly y at homc homc on the the high highwa way y and and in the air. Rese Resemb mbla lanc ncee of this this road roadab able le airair-ca carg rgo o pack pack to a conv convcn cnti tion onal al frei freigh ghtt trai traile lerr is so clos closee that moto motori rist stss hard hardly ly gave gave the the pod pod a secon second d glan glance ce duri during ng test testss on high high-wa\'s wa\, 's and second secondary ary,roads. roads. Desi Design gned ed as a det detac acha habl blee carg cargo o compar compartm tmen entt for for the the uniq unique ue Fair Fairch chil ild d XC-l XC-l20 20 Pack Pack Plan Plane, e, thc thc Flyi Flying ng Trai Traile lerr repr repres esen ents ts a ncw ncw conc concep eptt in milit militar ary y and and civi civill air air carg cargo o tran transp spor orta tati tion on.. A furt furthe herr deve develo lopm pmen entt of thc thc XC 120' 120'ss origi origina nall pod, pod, the the vers versat atil ilit ity y of thc thc Flyi Flying ng Trai Traile lerr hing hinges es on its ada adapt ptab abil ilit ity y to bot both h grou ground nd and and High Hightt situations. In milita military ry use, use, it can can be loaded loaded with with as muc much h carg cargo o as a C-11 C-119 9 Flyi Flying ng Boxc Boxcar ar,, atta attach ched ed to the the XC-1 XC-120 20 in a few few minu minute tes, s, and and Hown Hown to forwa forward rd comb combat at area areas. s. Upon Upon land landin ing g at adva advanc nced ed basc bascss or airs airstr trip ips, s, the the Flyi Flying ng Trai Trailc lcrr can can bc hitch hitched ed to virt virtua uall lly y any any mili milita tary ry vehi vehicl clee and and haul hauled ed to fron frontt-li line ne troo troops ps.. Extr Extrem emee manc mancuv uvcr cr-abilit ability y and high-s high-spee peed d over-t over-thehe-roa road d charac character terist istics ics may render render it espec especial ially ly valuab valuable le from from a logi logist stic icss stan standp dpoi oint nt in suppo support rtin ing g and and airair-su supp pply lyin ing g grou ground nd oper operat atio ions ns..
40
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
H E A V Y D R O P P IN G A U T O M A T IC W E A P O N S B y C AP AP T. T. C H AR AR LE L E S E . V A ND ND E R VO VO R T On 24 1 \ lay lay 1950 1950,, the the 88th 88th Airb Airbor orne ne AAA AAA Batt Battal alio ion n of the the llth llth Airb Airbor orne ne DiDivisio vision, n, at Fort Fort Campbe Campbell, ll, Kentu Kentuck cky, y, was was init initia iate ted d into into the the intr intric icac acie iess of heav heavy y dropp droppin ing g antiai antiairc rcraf raftt equipm equipment ent.. Prev Previious to the the actua actuall drop, drop, 1st Lt. Lt. (now (now CapCaptain tain)) Dani Daniel el R. Mori Morian any y orga organi nize zed d and and trai traine ned d a smal smalll grou group p whic which h incl includ uded ed SFC SFC Ralp Ralph h W. Old Oldha hamm-th thee only only memmember ber pres presen entl tly y assi assign gned ed to the batt battal alio ion n -in -in load loadin ing g and and lash lashin ing g tech techni niqu ques es to be used used.. One plan plane, e, a C-82 C-82,, was was used used and and one one 40m 40mm gun, gun, 1\I2 1\I2A A 1, and and one one 1A ton ton truc truck, k, each each lash lashed ed to its its own own heav heavy y drop drop platfo platform rm compr comprise ised d the load. load. This This first first exper experien ience ce was was a succ success ess in that that the equip equipme ment nt was was brough broughtt to earth earth witho ithout ut dam damage; age; how however ever,, due due to proprocedu cedure ress in effe effect ct at the the time time cove coveri ring ng the the remo remova vall of lashi lashing ngss whic which h secu secure red d the the load load in the the plan plane, e, a prem premat atur uree exit exit-ing of the the 40mm 0mm gun occu ccurre rred. This set set up the the norm normal al chai chain n reac reacti tion on-t -the he extra extracti ction on parach parachut utee for the the second second load load bein being g plac placed ed on the the firs firstt load load-a -and nd the the V i ton truck truck was was also dropp dropped ed at the same point. point. Instea Instead d of the the equipm equipment ent coming coming to res restt on the the desi design gnat ated ed drop drop zone zone,, a farm farmer er's 's whea wheatt fiel field d in the the vici vicini nity ty of Hopki opkins nsvi vill lle, e, Kent Kentuc ucky ky rece receiv ived ed the the "bundles."
-
Thre Threee 100100-fo foot ot para parach chut utes es Heav eavy Drop a quad uadrup ruple machi machine ne gun. gun.
are are used used to .50 cali aliber
was was reco recomm mmen ende ded d and and appr approv oved ed.. Also Also,, addit addition ional al lashin lashings gs were were conside considered red necnecessar essary y to anch anchor or the power power charge chargerr more more secur securely ely to the the mount mount.. This exercise exercise was held held on two separa separate te days days with with Batte attery ry B han handl dlin ing g the the dedetail tailss of load loadin ing, g, lash lashin ing g and and drop droppi ping ng
half half the the equi equipm pmen entt with with the the rema remain inde derr of the battalio battalion n as spectato spectators; rs; and Battery Battery C perfo perform rmin ing g the the same same func functi tion onss with with the the bala balanc ncee of the the equi equipm pmen ent, t, thus thus givgiving ing as many any as poss possib ible le the the prac practi tica call know knowle ledg dgee of loa loadi ding ng and and lash lashin ing g tech tech-niques. On 15 Nov Novem embe berr 1951 1951 a batt battal alio ion n oper operat atio ion n was was con condu duct cted ed.. Each Each batt batter ery y util utiliz ized ed one one C-11 C-119 9 in heav heavy y drop droppi ping ng one one load load,, and and mono monora rail ilin ing g fift fiftee een n bunbundles dles on a secon second d lift lift.. In this this opera operati tion on four V i ton ton truc trucks ks,, one one 40mm 40mm gun gun and and one one i\155 mul: mul:ip iple le mach machin inee gun gun moun mountt were dropped. dropped. At Cam Camp Drum, rum, New New York York,, durin during g Opera Operatio tion n Snow Snow Fall Fall,, Batt Battery ery C, operat operat-ing ing as a part part of the the 511th 511th RC RCT, T, succ succes esssfull fully y drop droppe ped d four four 40mm 40mm guns guns and and four four i\15 i\155s 5s.. Snow Snow was was ligh lightt and and pres presen ente ted d no diffi difficul culty ty in this operati operation. on. The The weapweapons were depl eployed oyed in defe defen nse of the the drop drop zone zone afte afterr land landin ing g and and were were subsubsequ sequen entl tly y used used thro throug ugho hout ut Oper Operat atio ion n Snow Snow Fall. Fall. The The 40mm 40mm guns guns in use by the the batt battal al-ion ion have have been been modi modifi fied ed by the remo remova vall of the the oil gear gear units units-a -a savi saving ng in weigh weightt of upwa upward rdss of 400 400 poun pounds ds;; howe howeve ver, r, all all drop dropss of 40mm 40mm guns guns exce except pt the the Snow now Fall Fall opera operati tion on,, were were made made with with the the oil gear gearss stil stilll moun mounte ted d on the the plat platfo form rm of the the 40mm 40mm gun. gun. Alth Althou ough gh rela relati tive vely ly few few heav heavy y drop dropss have have been been made made,, succ succes esss has has been been apapparen parentt from from the first first and these these weapo weapons ns can can be succ succes essf sful ully ly and and safe safely ly drop droppe ped d when when the the need need aris arises es..
It was was dete determ rmin ined ed
as a resul resultt of this this that that loads loads should should rema remain in secure secured d withi within n the the plan planee unti untill just just prio priorr to drop drop tim time so as to reduc reducee the the poss possib ibil ilit ity y of any rereoccure occurence nce of an incide incident nt of this this type. type. A secon second d heav heavy y drop drop was was made made durduring ing the the latt latter er part part of Aug Augus ustt 1951 1951 with with both both the the 40mm 40mm gun gun and and the the mult multip iple le mach machin inee gun gun moun mountt M55 M55 bein being g used used.. Two Two of eac each h and four four V i ton trucks trucks were were prep prepar ared ed for for drop droppi ping ng,, usin using g two two one one hundre hundred d foot foot canop canopy y 1'-11 1'-11 parac parachut hutes es for for eac each 40mm 0mm gun and one each each for the M55s M55s and trucks trucks.. Equi Equipme pment nt was was dropp dropped ed on the Yamo Yamo-to drop zone and all arrived on the ground ground ready ready for use use with with the exceptio exception n of one one M55 M55 \vhi \vhich ch sust sustai aine ned d dama damage ge to the powe powerr charge chargerr unit unit and sight sight cause caused d by land landin ing g impac impact. t. As a resul resultt of this this exU.S. Army Photo Byron n Hodg Hodges es and and 1st 1st Lr. Lr. E. L. Peck Peck displ display ay a wood wooden en model odel of the rereerci ercise se the use use of two two one one hund hundre red d foot foot MjSgt. Byro cent cently ly awar awarde ded d 88th 88th Airb Airbor orne ne AAA AAA Batt Battal alio ion' n'ss cres crest. t. In crim crimso son n and and gold gold,, the the cano canopi pies es for for each each M55 M55 heav heavy y drop droppe ped d Arti Artille llery ry colors colors.. the wing winged ed proje projecti ctile le and case case indica indicates tes airbo airborn rnee artil artiller lery. y. NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
1952 1952
41
R EA E A DY D Y T O F I R E O N D -D -D A Y * NINETY National nal Guar uard nond ondiyi iyision sional al anti antiai airc rcra raft ft arti artill ller erv v batt battal alio ions ns read ready y..to fire fire on D-Da D-Davv-th that at's 's what what the the Army Army is shoo shootin ting g for now. now. The The need need:: urge urgent nt.. The plan plan:: "work workab able le," ," agre agreee thos thosee prima primari rily ly respo respons nsibl iblee for for the the air defens defensee of the Nati Nation. on. It involves: 1. Ass Assig ignm nmen entt of a defi defini nite te mISS mISSIO IOn, n, a defini definite te defens defensee site, site, to ever every y unit. unit. 2. Integ Integra rati tion on of the Guar Guard d gunn gunner ers' s' D-Da D-Dav v miss mission ionss into into the overover-al alll antia antiair ir-craf craftt and and air air defe defens nsee of key key pote potent ntia iall enem enemy y bomb bomb targe targets. ts. 3. Stream Streamlin lined, ed, speci special alize ized d trai trainin ninggemph emphas asis is on each each man' man'ss abil abilit ity y to per per-form form his his spec specia iall jobjob-"t "tod oday ay,, tomo tomorr rrow ow or the nex next day day the uni unit may have to fir fire its first rst roun ound agai gainst an ene enemy aircraft." The The Guard Guard's 's place place in the "big "big pictu picture re"" was unfold unfolded ed at a highl highly-cl y-classi assified fied PentaPentagon gon conf confer eren ence ce last last mont month. h. Invi Invite ted d in for for a brie briefi fing ng were were the the Adju Adjuta tant ntss GenGeneral eral of State tatess havi having ng unit unitss invo involv lved ed.. Those Those who who conduct conducted ed the brief briefin ing g were were three three who who carry carry major major respo respons nsibi ibili lity: ty: Lt. Lt. Gen. Gen. Maxw Maxwel elll D. Tayl Taylor, or, Deput Deputy y Chief Chief of Staff Staff of the Army for for Oper Operati ation onss and Admi Admini nistr strat ation ion;; Lt. Lt. Gen. Gen. John John T. Lewis, CG, Army rmy AA Comm ommand; and; l\'i l\'iaj aj.. Gen. en. Haym Haymond ond I-I. I-I. Flem Flemin ing, g, Chie Chief, f, Natio National nal Guard Guard Bureau. Bureau. Each Each AG know knowss the the stor story y of the the plan plan inso insofa farr as his his own own Stat State' e'ss unit unitss are are conconcerned; cerned; each mav inform inform the subordin subordinate ate battal battalio ion n comm comm;nd ;nders ers of the particu particular lar battalio battalion's n's own mission. mission. It was, as Gen Genera eral Fleming put it, "the "the firs firstt tim time in my mem memory ory that that the the Army Army has has been been willi illing ng to tell tell us what what the the init initia iall miss missio ion n of each each unit unit will will be when when it enter enterss the the acti active ve miIi miIita tarv rv serv serv-ice of the United St States." . "I know know of no subj subjec ectt which hich,, in our our own own plans plans and prepara preparati tions ons for post postwa war, r, caus causes es more more deep deep conc concer ern n than than the the air air defens defensee of the Unit United ed Stat States, es,"" decla declared red Gene Genera rall Tayl Taylor or.. Up agai agains nstt the the grim grim fact factss of "ast "astro rono nomi mica call figu figure ress in cost cost,, equi equipm pmen entt and and manp manpow ower er"" whic which h most most possib possible le solut solution ionss have have invol involved ved,, are balance anced d "the "the term termss whic which h the the time time fact factor or *Rep *Repri rint nted ed National National
42
from from the the Nove Novemb mber er
Guards Gua rdsman man..
issu issuee of The
impo impose sess upon upon us unde underr the the cond condit itio ions ns of modern modern war. war."" Gener General al Tayl Taylor or ticked ticked off off progr progress ess in AA defense defense since since Korea Korea:: estab establi lishm shment ent of Gene Genera rall Lewi Lewis' s' AA Comm Comman and; d; spot spot-ting ting of acti acti\' \'ee AA unit unitss on actu actual al dedefensive fensive sites sites at critical critical points points througho throughout ut the Zl; an inc increas ease to 110 act active AA batta battalio lions; ns; and, and, final finally, ly, the the inclu inclusio sion n of spec specif ific ic miss missio ions ns for for the the Guar Guard' d'ss nonnondivi divisi sion onal al AA unit units, s, so that that they they can can rein reinfo forc rcee the the exis existi ting ng acti active ve unit unitss on short short notice. notice.
ACK ACKNOWL NOWLED EDG GING ING diff diffic icul ulti ties es in the way of put putting ing the new new pla plan into nto effec effect-a t-amo mong ng them them,, provi provisio sion n of equip equip-ment ment and training training of person personnel nel-Ge -Genera nerall Tayl Taylor or assu assure red d the the AGs; AGs; "On "On the the Army Army staf stafff side side we are appr approa oach chin ing g this this plan plan with with a dete determ rmin inat atio ion n to mak makee it work. work."" "\Ve \Ve feel feel we must must have have the the bene benefi fitt of the these se Natio Nationa nall Guar Guard d batt battal alio ions ns in a D-Da D-Day y role, role,"" he ampli amplifi fied. ed. "\Ve "\Ve cannot cannot be cont conten entt with ith the the numb number er of act activ ivee unit unitss that that we can can have have on-s on-sit ite. e. If you gentl gentlem emen en can can produc producee for for us 90 batta battallions ions that that can can fire fire on D-D D-Day, ay, you you have have made made a majo majorr contr contribu ibutio tion n to the the \,'ho \,'hole le question. "On "On the the equi equipm pmen entt side side,, our shel shelve vess are not as well well stock stocked ed as we we would would like like;; howe owever ver, we are goi going to ope open the them to you you to the the exte extent nt that that our our supp supply ly peopeople feel feel possi possible ble in view view of our our overs oversea eass commitments. "On the the side side of pers person onne nel, l, you you will ill have have to prod produc ucee the the men, men, the the lead leader ers. s. Like Like any any othe otherr plan plan,, this this one will will be as good good as the the lead leader erss who who prov provid idee the the didirect ection. You hav have 90 batt attalion ion command manders ers who who will will have have a real real job maki making ng this this a work workab able le plan. plan. On the oth other er hand, hand, I thin think k those those battal battalion ion comm command ander erss will will have have the the chall challen enge ge of a speci specifi ficc missi mission on neve neverr know known n befo before re in tim time of peac peace. e. It seems ems to me the the whole ole con concept ept is thor thorou ough ghly ly alig aligne ned d with with the the Amer Americ ican an trad tradit itio ion n of the the citi citize zen n spri spring ngin ing g out out to defe defend nd his his home homela land nd-i -in n the the old day days, s, in in his his shir shirts tsle leev eves es.. (\Ve (\Ve hope hope not not in shirt shirt-slee sleeve vess now, now, with with the the Quar Quarte term rmas aste terr Gene Genera rall on the the job. job.)) It is the appe appeal al of this this l\lin l\linut utem eman an conc concep eptt whic which h conconvince vincess us of the feasi feasibi bilit lity y of this this plan." plan."
Confi Confide dent nt that that it is "a work workabl ablee plan, plan,"" Gene General ral Lewi Lewiss reali realisti stica cally lly opine opined d that that "it "it will will not not be done done easi easily ly and and that that the the hard hardes estt work work will will be done done at the the firi firing ng batte battery ry level level": ": that that "the "the unqual unqualif ified ied supsupport and faith of the public and the grea greatt pers person onal al sacr sacrif ific icee by the the offi office cers rs and men who will man the guns are the the thing thingss that that will will prod produce uce the the fight fighting ing potential:' "\Ve "\Ve are are not not a mili milita tary ry-m -min inde ded d peopeople, ple, and, and, conse conseque quent ntly, ly, we do not mainmaintain tain professio professional nal soldier soldierss in numbers numbers adequate quate for all-out all-out defense," defense," General General Lewis Lewis expl explai aine ned. d. "The The Nati Nation onal al Guar Guard d and and the the Rese Reserv rvee have have alwa always ys prov provid ided ed the the bulk bulk of our our figh fighti ting ng forc forces es.. The The new new situ situat atio ion n we now face face is tha thatt the the barbarrier rierss of time time and and spac spacee ha\' ha\'ee been been reremove moved d from from the defense defense scene. scene. \Ve \Ve must now now be read ready y for for imme immedi diat atee defe defens nsee again against st attack attack with with littl littlee or no warn warning ing.. 'The 'There re is no doub doubtt that that the the Nati Nation onal al Guar Guard d will will respon respond d as they they have have alwa always ys done done.. The Antia ntiair ircr craf aftt unit unitss must ust be prepa prepared red for for imme immedia diate te actio action. n. This This will will requi require re many many other otherwi wise se spare spare time hours hours of the the memb member erss to be be spent spent on the the addi addi-tion tional al trai traini ning ng requ requir ired ed.. There here is no doub oubt that enoug ough peop eople will make this this sacri sacrific ficee to fill the the ranks ranks,, if they they and and the the publ public ic are are pres presen ente ted d with with the the fact facts. s. 'The 'These se matte matters rs have have been been consi consider dered ed in the the plan plan.. Every very unit unit and and ever every y man man must must be given given the the fact factss of the mili milita tary ry thre threat at,, the the fact factss of what what must must be done done to acco accomp mpli lish sh the the defe defens nsee miss missio ion n and and the the fact factss of the horr horrib ible le resu result ltss if we shou should ld fail fail.. Know nowing ing thes thesee fact facts, s, the the Ameri merica can n publ public ic will will answ answer er the the call call to arms:'
EMPHASIZING that th the job of preparin paring g to accom accompli plish sh the the miss mission ion "must "must begi begin n at the the bott bottom om," ," Gene Genera rall Lewis ewis urge urged d a step step-b -byy-st step ep prog progre ress ssio ion: n: "the "the firs firstt gun gun crew crew will will get get the the know know-h -how ow and and can can then then help help orga organi nize ze and and trai train n anot anothe her, r, one one batt batter ery y will will help help orga organi nize ze and train anot nother, er, and so on until til an effec effecti tive ve forc forcee is in being. being. It is better better that a battalion battalion have one one effecti effective ve battery battery than than to have have four four inef ineffe fect ctiv ivee grou groups ps of men. " He promise promised d stre stream amli lined ned train training ing proproANTIAIRCRA ANTIAIRCRAFT FT
JOURNAL JOURNAL
gra grams. "Each uni unit has a spe specif cific misission sion'" '" he expl explai aine ned. d. "For "For this this miss missio ion. n. indi ndivid vidual uals will be tra trained ned to do the job job to whi which ch they they are are assi assign gned ed.. There here is not not suffi sufficie cient nt train training ing time time to cond conduct uct allall-in incl clus usi\ i\'e 'e prog progra rams ms desi design gned ed to proproduce duce men men that that can can perf perfor orm m a wide wide \'ar \'arie ie-ty of duti uties and func functtions. ons. Train aining ing must must be conc concen entr trat ated ed on the esse essent ntia ials ls
with with the the obje object ctiv ivee cons consta tant ntly ly in mind ind that that today today,, tomorr tomorrow ow or the the next next day the uni unit may ha\ ha\'e to fire its its first roun round d agains againstt an enem enemy y aircra aircraft. ft."" Gener General al Flem Flemin ing, g, too. too. acknow acknowled ledged ged the time and extr xtra effo ffort invo invollved ved in rebuil rebuildin ding g the the Guard Guard's 's AA unit unitss recent recently ly return returned ed and returni returning ng from from activ activee Federal eral serv servic ice, e, and and of buil buildi ding ng stre streng ngth th in
the the unit unitss whic which h rema remain ined ed at home. home. In the the deta detail iled ed plan planni ning ng for for depl deploy oy-ment of a\'ailabl a\'ailablee forces, forces, he noted, noted, "wher"where\'e e\'err poss possib ible le,, unit unitss have have been been grou groupe ped d for the the defens defensee of locat location ionss withi within n their their own own State States, s, \ Vhere Vhere it has has been been neces necessar sarv v to assi assign gn unit unitss to loca locati tion onss outs outsid idee of thei theirr home home Stat States es e\'e e\'ery ry effo effort rt has has been been made made to keep keep Stat Statee group grouping ingss togeth together. er.""
H O U S I N G : A P r o b le l e m I n EUCOM There is little or no prospect for conc concur urre rent nt trav travel el to Ger Germ many any for for the the dependen dependents ts of those those ordered ordered to EUCO EUCOl\,I l\,I,, acco accord rdin ing g to Lie Lieut ut.. Boyd Boyd T. T. Bash Bashor oree in an inform informat ati,' i,'ee articl articlee in the Novemb November er issue issue of Combllt Forces J O llT 1 la l. Even Even when when fina finall lly y assi assign gned ed suit suitab able le quar quarte ters rs an auto automo mobi bile le is esse essent ntia iall as your your home home may may be some some distan distance ce from from your your unit unit and and comm commer erci cial al tran transp spor orta ta-tion tion is not depend dependab able. le.
in the countr untry y is chea cheap per than in the Unite United d State Statess but until until you you are certi certifie fied d for for gover governm nmen entt quar quarte ters rs,, ther theree will will be no comm commis issar sary y privil privilege egess or depend dependent ent school schooling ing availa available ble to you. you. Emer Emergen gency cy medi medica call care care and and PX cards cards are are the the most most you you may may e;xe;x-pe pect ct and and ther theree will ill be no refu refund nd on the cost cost o f shipmen shipmentt overseas overseas when you you event ventu uall ally recei eceiv ve GI acaccommodations. Rapi Rapid d stride stridess are being being made made to overoverIf you you are are a bach bachel elor or,, your your hous housin ing g come come the the housin housing g shorta shortage ge and EUCO EUCOM M prob proble lem m is simp simple ler. r. You'l ou'lll find find BOQ BOQ Head Headqu quar arte ters rs esti estima mate te that that by Chris Christtacco accomm mmod odat atio ions ns clos closee to your your base base of mas mas 1952, 1952, 91 perce percent nt of marri married ed person person-opera operatio tions ns althou although gh privat privatee transp transport ortaanel will will have have quarte quarters. rs. tion tion is still still desirabl desirablee and can be helpfu helpfull Larg Largee amoun amounts ts of house househol hold d furnis furnishhon official official business business.. ing are not not nece necesssar sary to be ship hipped. ped. It's It's possi possible ble to brin bring g your your wife wife over over on Ther Theree is usua usuall lly y suff suffic icie ient nt furn furnit itur uree isisa tour touris istt basi basiss at your your own own expe expens nsee but but sued sued to tak takee care care of the the larg largee item itemss but but tha that involv volvees livi iving on the Germ erman you' you'lll need cooki ookin ng ute utensil nsilss, lin linen, en, econ econom omy y and and adeq adequa uate te hous housin ing g will will be towels, towels, pillows, pillows, blankets blankets,, etc. a head headac ache he in any any even event. t. Cost Cost of livin living g Most Most elec electr tric ical al outl outlet etss in Germ German any y
J O U RN R N A L H O NO NO R qu al ali fy fy 1. T o qu
o r t o r eq eq uo uo lili fy fy
lo r a l is is titin g
units m~st subm submit it the the names names
assi assigne gned d 2. Batta Battali lion onss
and and
J ou ou rn rn al al
H on on or or
a roste rosterr
with with 80% or more more subsc subscri ribe bers rs
not less less than than
twen twenty ty
NOVEMB NOVEMBERER-DEC DECEMB EMBER, ER,
for for list listin ing, g,
R ol ol l,l,
3. Brig Brigad ades es assi assign gned ed
offi office cers rs..
1952 1952
and and
grou groups ps
to the the
with with 80% 80% or more more subs subscr crib iber erss
unit unit are are
elig eligib ible le
cons consis ists ts of not less less than than seve seven n
among among
prov provid ided ed
R O LL L L C R IT IT ER E R IA IA
of office officers rs
to the unit unit on dote of appl applic icat atio ion, n,
to the the unit unit are elig eligib ible le
l
o n t he he
of subscr subscrib iber erss
are 220 volts, volts, 50 cycles cycles,, compa comparin ring g with with U. S. sta standar ndard d 110 110 volt voltss, 60 cycl ycles. es. Bette Betterr consu consult lt an elect electric rician ian for for possible possible tran transf sfor orme mers rs for for your your deep deep free freeze ze and and other other juice juice burners. burners. The Ameri erican can Expre xpresss and Chas hase Nati Nation onal al hand handle le bank bankin ing g faci facili liti ties es in most most area areas, s, wher wheree stat states esid idee chec checks ks may may be cash cashed ed.. Don' Don'tt carr carry y many many U.S. .S. doldollars lars.. They They will ill have have to be conv conver erte ted d anyw anyway ay and and trav travel eler erss chec checks ks are are safe safer. r. Your Your curre currenc ncy y in Germ German any y will will be in Milit Military ary Paym Payment ent Cert Certifi ificat cates es (Scr (Scrip) ip),, or Deutc Deutches hes l\hrks l\hrks,, Reme Rememb mber er,, in Germ German any, y, the the occu occupa pa-tion tion days days are gone gone foreve forever. r. The The Seven Seventh th Army Army is now now in a tact tactic ical al situ situat atio ion n and and fiel field d sold soldie ieri ring ng is the the orde orderr of the the day. day. l\hn l\hneu euve vers rs and and aler alerts ts are are frequ frequen entt so plan plan on fiel field d equi equipm pmen entt with with such such suit suit-able able conv conven enie ienc nces es as a Cole Colema man n lamp lamp or a foam rubbe rubberr mattr mattress ess..
the the offic officer erss
for for list listin ing, g,
amon among g
prov provid ided ed
the the offi office cers rs
that that
the the
unit unit
offi office cers rs..
assi assigne gned d
that that the the unit unit consi consist stss
of
Unitss 4. Unit
will will remai remain n on the the Hono Honorr or requalification.
Roll Roll for for one one
year year
alte alterr
qual qualif ific icat atio ion n
43
BOOK LINC LINCOL OLN N
FIND FINDS S A GENER GENERAL AL,,
By Kenn Kennet eth h
P. Willi illiam ams. s.
585
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The The thir third d of i\Ir. \Vil \Villi liam ams' s' seri series es on the the Civi Civill \Var \Var deal dealss with with "Gra "Grant nt's 's firs firstt year in the \Vest" and like its two pred predec eces esso sors rs,, give givess a care carefu full and and scho schollarly arly pres presen enta tati tion on of the peri period od cove covere red. d. There is a fascinating account of Gran Grant' t'ss life life prio priorr to the war when he return returned ed to milit military ary servic servicee after after resign resign-ing ing his his comm commis issi sion on to ente enterr into into busi busi-ness. The charac characte teris risti tics cs of the command commander er as he stru strugg ggle led d to build build a disc discip ipli line ned d forc forcee from from raw raw mate materi rial al into into the the batt battle le test tested ed Army Army of the West West are are skil skillf lful ully ly port portra raye yed d as are are the the weak weakne ness ss of HalHalleck leck,, l\l l\lcCl cClema emand and othe others rs who whose abil abilit itie iess were were outs outsho hone ne bv Gran Grant' t'ss sucsuccess cesses es in his his care carefu full lly y plan planne ned d oper operaations. The three hree \'ol \'olum umees wil will find find thei heir rightf rightful ul place place in any any histor historica icall collec collectio tion n Lee's Lielltenallt Lielltenalltss as major beside Lee's major concontributions to militar military y history.history.-R.\V.O R.\V.O..
BENJAMIN DISRA SRAELI, Earl of Beacons consfi fiel eld. d. By Ceci Cecill Roth Roth.. Phil Philos osop ophi hi-cal Library, New York. 178 pages. $3.75.
Disr Disrae aeli li is alw alway ayss spok spoken en of as a Jew, Jew, but but here here is a sple splend ndid id biog biogra raph phy y whic which h expl explai ains ns and and stre stress sses es the the natu nature re of his his Jewi Jewissh her heritag itage, e, how how he came ame to the the chur church ch of Engl Englan and, d, the the rami ramifi fica cati tion ons, s, comp compli lica cati tion on,, and and fina finall effe effect cts. s. Scho Schollarly arly and intrig intriguin uing. g.
U. S. ARM ARMY IN WOR WORLD WAR II, Pic Pictori torial al Reco Record rd,, The War War Agai Again nst Japa Japan n. Chie Chieff of Mil Milit itar ary y Hist Histor ory. y. Depa Depart rtme ment nt of th the Army. Government Printing Office. 471 pages. $3.50.
This This inte intere rest stin ing g and and colo colorf rful ul coll collec ec-tion tion of war war photos photos from from the Pacifi Pacificc with with brie brieff hist histor oric ical al outl outlin ines es of the tren trends ds of action action makes makes a fascin fascinati ating ng study. study.
44
R E V IE W S
Pict Pictor oria iall stud studie iess of Pear Pearll Harb Harbor or in ghas ghastl tly y deta detail il;; of the the Japa Japane nese se im'a im'asi sion on of the the Phil Philip ippi pine nes, s, the the batt battle less and and sursurrender render On Bataan Bataan and Correg Corregido idor. r. Guad Guadal alca cana nal, l, New New Guin Guinea ea;; Tara Tarawa wa,, Saip Saipan an,, Guam Guam;; Leyt Leyte, e, l\Ia l\Iani nila la,, Corr Correg egiidor dor reca recapt ptur ured ed;; Pala Palau, u, Iwo Jima Jima;; OkiOkina\va. China, China, Burma Burma,, India. India. A comprehe comprehensi nsive ve story story of amphib amphibiou iouss warfare.
Milita Military ry
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The The UNI UNITED TED STAT STATES ES ARi ARi\IY IN WORLD WORLD \VAR \VAR II is a histor history y of strate strategy gy and and tact tactic ics, s, of suppl supply y and and admi admini nist stra ra-tion tion,, of plan planni ning ng,, trai traini ning ng,, and and comb combat at operat operation ions. s. Althou Although gh an Army Army history history,, it shows shows the relati relations onship hip betwee between n ground ground,, air, air, and nava navall forc forces es in acti action on.. Reco Record rdss of Allie Allied d and enemy enemy forces forces are explore explored d in order order to pre prese sent nt an integr integrat ated ed narr narraative tive of the war war as a whol whole, e, The The thir thirty ty comb combat at volu volume mes, s, whic which h acaccoun countt for for abou aboutt a third third of the seri series es,, are are illu illust stra rate ted d with with acti action on and and terr terrai ain n phophotogr tograp aphs hs and and with with mili milita tary ry maps maps,, All All volum volumes es are supp suppli lied ed with with charts charts,, table tables, s, indi indice ces, s, and bibl biblio iogr grap aph hical ical aids aids.. In scope, scope, thorou thoroughn ghness ess,, and avail availabi abilit lity y to the the publ public ic,, the the seri series es is bel belie ieve ved d to be without without precedent precedent.. Publ Publis ishe hed d by Offi Office ce of the the Chie Chieff of Mili ilitary tary Hist Histor ory, y, Dep Departm artmeent of the Army.
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ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURNA JOURNAL L
Genera Generall Lewis Lewis Hospit Hospitali alized zed Lieu Lieute tena nant nt Gene Genera rall John John T. Lewi Lewis. s. comma command nder er of the the Army Army AA Comm Comman and d and and Pres Presid iden entt of the the Antia Antiair ircr craf aftt Asso Associ ciat atio ion n is now now in Fitzsi Fitzsimo mons ns Gene Genera rall Hospi Hospita tall in Denv Denver er.. where where he is unde underg rgoi oing ng dent dental al surg surger ery y and and trea treatm tmen entt of the the thro throat at..
Gene Genera rall Lawt Lawton on Move Movess To FECO FECOM M 1\lajor 1\lajor Gene Genera rall \ Vill Villia iam m S. Lawt Lawton on left left Fort Fort 1\lo 1\lonr nroe oe Novem Novembe berr 15 for for his ne\\' ne\\' ass assignm ignmen entt with with the the Far Far East East Comm Comman and. d. He has has been been the Chie Chieff of Staf Stafff of the the Army Army Fiel Field d For Forces ces sinc sincee Febr Februa uary ry,, 1950 1950,, when when he was was assi assign gned ed to tha that job by Gene Genera rall 1\la 1\lark rk Clar Clark, k, who who will will also also be his his new new comm comman ande derr in FEC. FEC.
Gene Genera rall Cart Carter er in Alas Alaska ka Brig Brigad adie ierr Gene Genera rall 1\\a 1\\ars rsha hall ll S. Car Carte terr depa depart rted ed from from \Vas \Vashi hing ngto ton n in late late Novem Novem-ber ber for for his new new assi assign gnme ment nt as dep deput uty y comm comman ande derr of the Army Army Forc Forces es in Alas Alaska ka with with stat statio ion n at Elmen Elmendo dorf rf Air Air Forc Forcee Base Base.. Gene Genera rall Cart Carter er has has serve served d as the the Dire Direct ctor or,, Exec Execut utiv ivee Offi Office ce for the the Secr Secret etan an'' of Defe Defens nse, e, sinc sincee 1950 1950 when when he came came to \Va \Vash shin ingt gton on in that that capa capaci city ty for for Ge~e Ge~era rall Mars Marsha hal! l!.. I-li I-liss last last anti antiai airc rcra raft ft comm comman and d was was with with the the l38t l38th h AAA Group Group in Jap Japan an..
Co!. \Ve Co!. \Vedd ddel elll New New Depu Deputy ty at Bli Bliss ss Colonel Colonel \Villiam \Villiam A \Vedd \Veddell ell was recen recently tly design designate ated d the deput deputy y post post comman commander der at Fort Blis Blisss by Major Major Gene Genera rall Stan Stanle ley y R. Mick Mickel elso son. n. Colon Colonel el \Ved \Vedde dell ll had had prev previiousl ously y sen' sen'ed ed with with Army Army Fiel Field d Forc Forces es Boar Board d No.4 No.4,,
same same stati station on..
Co!. Co !. Cu Curt rtis is Join Joinss 53rd 53rd Brig Brigad adee Co!. Kenneth Kenneth 1 . Curt Curtis is has has rece recent ntly ly assu assume med d his his new duti duties es as exec execut utiv ivee offi office cerr of the the 53rd 53rd AAA Brigad Brigadee at Swar Swarth thmo more re,, Pa. Pa. For For the past past three three year yearss he has sen'e sen'ed d in Ottawa Ottawa,, Canada Canada..
Co!. Co !. Corka Corkan n Acci Accide dent ntal ally ly
Kill Killed ed
fens fensee Forc Forcee Comm Comman ande der. r. and and Brio Brioad adie ierr '" Gene Genera rall Home Homerr Case Case,, who who rece recent ntly ly asassume sumed d comm comman and d of Eas Easte tern rn Armv Armv AntiAnti"'ere gree aircra aircraft ft Comman Command. d. gree;;ed bv '" , Brig Brigad adie ierr Gene Genera rall Harr Harry y F. l\le l\leye yers rs in Boston Boston and conduc conducted ted on an orientat orientation ion tour tour of the the Bost Boston on on-s on-sit itee posi positi tion ons. s. The The brig brigad adee part partic icip ipat ated ed in the the Firs Firstt Army CPX designated as "Exercise \ Vatchdog." Vatchdog." Lt. Lt. Co!. Co!. Paul Paul A Voyatzis, Voyatzis, CommandCommanding ing Offi Office cerr of the the 336t 336th h AAA AAA Gun Gun BatBattali talion on and and 1\la 1\lajo jorr John John E. Clark. Clark. Execu Execu-tive Off Officer of the 685th A1\/\ Gun Gun Batt Battal alio ion n are are sche schedu dule led d to att atten end d the the Gene Generral Staf Stafff Offi Office cers rs Cour Course se at the Comm Comman and d and and Gene Genera rall Sta Staff Coll Colleg egee comm commen enci cing ng 4 Janu Januar ary y 1953 1953.. The The troo troops ps have have been been busy busy recent recently ly in the erec erecttion ion of the Jame Jamesway sway hut huts at on-site on-site positions. positions.
B A CK CK B y o n o ld ld the the foll follow owin ing g
I SS SS UE U E S W A N TE TE D s ub ub sc sc ri ri be be r,r, O ne ne c op opy , ea ch ch issu issues es of the the JOUR JOURNA NAL: L:
"COAST "COAST MarchMarch-Apr April il MayMay-Ju June ne July-A July-Augu ugust st Sept Sept-O -Oct ct J an an .F .F eb eb July July.A .Aug ugus ustt
of
ARTILLERY ARTILLERY JOURNAL" JOURNAL" 1932 1932 1933 1933 1944 1944 1944 1944 19 45 45 1945 1945
(Vol. (Vol. (Vol (Vol.. (Vol (Vol.. (Vol (Vol.. (V ol ol . (Vo (Vol. l.
Will pay cosh, $1.00 per cond condit itio ion. n. Writ Writee the the edit editor or..
75, 76, B7, B7, B7, 88 , 88, 88,
No.2) No.2) No.3 No.3)) No.4) No.4) No.5 No.5)) N o. o. 1) 1) No.4) No.4)
copy
in
good
E UC U C OM O M A AA A A C OM O M M A ND N D ER ER S
Co!. Co!. Loyd Loyd A Cor Corbn, bn, chi chief of sta stafff unde underr Brig Brig.. Gen. Gen. Clar Claree I-I. I-I. Arms Armstr tron ong g at Camp Camp Ste Stewar wart, Ga. Ga. was was fat fatall ally in jur jured ed when when he was was acc acciden identtall ally shot shot while while huntin hunting g recent recently. ly. A veter veteran an of both both vVor vVorid id \Vars, \Vars, Co!. Co!. Cork Corkan an was was an educ educat ator or in priva private te life life and and a nati native ve of Penn Pennsy sylv lvan ania ia..
56th 56th Brigad Brigadee Notes Notes Brig Brigad adie ierr Gene Genera rall Fred Freder eric ick k L. HayHayden inspec inspected ted the on-site on-site positio positions ns of the 15th AAA AAA Group in the Bos Boston area duri during ng the the peri period od 6 to 7 Oct Octob ober er.. The The foll follow owin ing g week week he also also inspe inspect cted ed the the on-s on-sit itee posi positi tion onss of the the 2d AA/\ Grou Group p in the the Niag Niagar araa Fall Fallss area area.. Brig Brigad adie ierr Gene Genera rall I-Ia I-Iarr rry y F. Meyers pres presen ente ted d a bron bronze ze star star to \VOJG \VOJG JoJoseph 1 ''1 . 1\litchel 1\litchelll for meritor meritorious ious service service whil whilee serv servin ing g with with the the 27th 27th Infa Infant ntry ry Regime Regiment nt in Korea. Korea. On the the 24th 24th of Oct Octob ober er Majo Majorr GenGeneral eral Morr Morris is R. Nels Nelson on,, East Easter ern n Air Air DeDeN OV O V EM EM B ER ER -D -D EC E C EM E M BE B E R, R,
1 95 95 2
Brig Brig.. Gen. Gen. Robe Roben n W'. W'. Cric Crichl hlow ow take takess comm comman and d of the the 34th 34th AAA Brig Brigad ade. e. \X'i \X'ith th him him left left to right ight:: Lt. Lt. Col: Col: Matt Matthe hew w W'. W'. McGu McGuir ire, e, com command mandiing 242n 242nd d AAA AAA Grou Group; p; Col. Col. Olaf Olaf H. K)'s K)'ste ter, r, 8th 8th AAA Grou Group; p; Col. Col. Julia Julian n Albe Alberg rgot otti ti,, brig brigad adee exec execut utiv ive; e; Col. Col. Char Charle less J. Diest Diestel el,, 12th 12th AAA Grou Group. p. Brig Brig.. Gen. Gen. Ralei Raleigh gh Hend Hendri rix x is now now anil anille lery ry offi office cerr of the the Seve Sevent nth h Arm) Arm)'.'. 45
Artillery Artillery Orders Orders (Conlinlle (Conlinlled d from page 35)
McDona cDonald, ld, Craig Craig ~'. Jr., 420th AM AM Gun Gun Bn., Fort Lewis, Washington ashington McGree, McGree, N. C, EUCO EUCOM, M, Bremerhaven McLeo cLeod, d, Glenw Glenwoo ood d P., 550th 550th MA Gun Gun Bn., Camp Stewart. Ga. Moss, Moss, F. H., Far East Comman Command, d, Yokoham Yokohama a i\asse, H. E.. Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokoham Yokohama a Price, Price, H. H. H., Far Far East Command. Yokohama Schroe chroede der, r, Georg George e R., Far Far East ast Comm ommand and Yokohama ' Schults Schults,, John F., 7689th 7689th Hq Gp., USAF, Salzburg, Austria Austria Simmo Simmons, ns, Daniel Daniel H.. Stu Det Army Army Language Language School, School, Monterey, Monterey, Calif. Calif. Snead, Joseph A., 466th 466th AM AM AW Bn, Bn, Cam Camp Cooke, Calif. Spizzir pizzirri, ri, Louis Louis G., 7689th 7689th Hq Gp., Gp., USFA, Salzburg, Austria Stelm Stelma, a, Donal Donald]., d]., Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, TAS, Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Stevens, H. A., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Thies, Thies, F. 1., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Turne Turner, r, Earl Earl A., 99th 99th AM Gun Bn., Fort Fort Custer, Mich. Urtes, Urtes, John N., Stu Det Army Army Langu Language ageSc Schoo hool, l, Montery, Calif. Calif. Wall, R. D., EUCO EUCOM, M, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Ward, John John J., 4052nd 4052nd ASU ASU AAA & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Weaver, W. W., EUCO EUCOM, M, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven ~littstrom ~littstrom,, M. D., Far Far East East Comma ommand, nd, Yoko Yoko-hama Widing, iding, Harry E., USA Alask Alaska, a, Fort Fort Richardichardson son Wood, Wood, Roy 1., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Woodwar oodward, d, T. F., Far East East Comma ommand, nd, YokoYokohama Yonke onkers, rs, Arthu Arthur]. r]. E., Stu Det Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas FIRST LIEUTENANTS LIEUTENANTS
Anders nderson on,, Marvin arvin M., 33rd 33rd AAA Gun Gun Bn., Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Andrew ndrews, s, Wm. H., 15th 15th AAA Group, Group, Fort Fort Banks, Mass. Anlauf, Anlauf, R. F., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokoh Yokohama ama Barksdale, Barksdale, Abraham Abraham B., 4052nd ASU AAA' & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Beard Beardon, on, James James E. II, 7th AAA AAA AW Bn, Bn, Camp amp Stewart, Ga. AAA Gun Bell, Bell, Allan Allan D. Jr., 14th 14th AAA Gun Bn., Fort Fort Myer 8, Virginia Boisvert, G. A., EUCOM OM,, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven A., Bowden, Hollis Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Cameron, Cameron, W. 1., Far East Command, Command,Yoko Yokohama hama Conra Conrad, d, Edwar Edward d E., 51st AAA AAA Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Dix, N.]. Dewee Deweese, se, Robert Robert E., Jr., 20th AAA Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Lewis, Washington ashington Donaho, Donaho, Eddie Eddie 1., 4052nd 4052nd ASU AAA & GM Center, Center, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Dubbe Dubbert, rt, Louis Louis F., 7689th 7689th Hq Gp USFA USFA,, SalzSalzburg, Austria Austria Franz Franzola ola,, John John ]., 459th 459th AAA AW Bn., Fort Fort Cronkhite, Cronkhite, Calif. Calif. Gibson, Gibson, Wm. G. II, EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Glan Glando dorf rf,, Jam James H., H., 685t 685th h AM Gun Gun Bn., n., Fort Devens, Mass.
46
Grant, Grant, Lloyde Lloyde A., Stu Det Det M & GM Center Center Fort Bliss, Texas ' Grom Gromsky, sky, John, John, 74th 74th AM Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Indi Indian an-town Gap, Penna. Penna. Hare, are, Jean Jean M., Stu Det Det M & GM Br. TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Headley, Headley, Garland ~'., Far East East Command, Command, YoYokohama Herbe erbert, rt, Morris orris J., Stu Det AA & Gm Br TAS. Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Hilu. Sam, Sam, 182nd 182nd AAA Gun Bn., Bn., Indian Indiantow town n Gap, Penna. Holt, Thomas homas A., 8658th 8658th AAU AAA Maint. and Instr. Det.• et .• Rulslip, Rulslip, Englan England d Huff, Huff, Chester Chester A., 718t 718th h MA Gun Bn., Bn., San San Francisco Johnson, Johnson, C R. Jr., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Jones, Jones, CD., CD., E"lTOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Kelley, G.]., G.]., Far East East Com Comman mand, d, Yokoham Yokohama a Kend Kendree ree,, Ulmon lmontt R. Jr., 369 369 AM Gun Gun Bn., Fort Fort Hanco Hancock ck,, N. J. Kolst Kolster, er, Jim H., 554th 554th AM AM Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Camp amp Stewart, Ga. Larso Larson, n, Lyle Lyle R., 89th 89th AAA Gun Gun Bn., n., Fort Fort Meade, Meade, Md. Lenha Lenhart, rt, Paul Paul E., 504th 504th AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Custer, Mich. Lockhead. Earl J. , Stu Det Det AA & GM Center Center TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Lowe, Wm. A., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Lowm owman, an, Richa ichard rd D., 13th 13th MA Gun Gun Bn., n., Camp Camp McCoy, Wise. McCorm McCormick, ick, Otto 1., 549th AAA Gun Gun Bn., Camp Camp Stewart, Ga. Mollan ollan,, Donald onald W., Stu Det Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Muellier, Morris W., 4052nd 4052nd ASU MA & GM Center, Center, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Nolan, olan, Wm. A. Jr., Jr., 80th 80th AAA Group Group,, Fort Fort Totten, Totten, N. Y. AAA AW Bn, Camp North, North, Edward Edward 1., 464th AAA Camp Roberts, Calif. Nowak, owak, Frank Frank S., 13th AA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Camp amp McCoy, Wise. Olson, Olson, Richard W., 518th AAA AAA Gun Bn., Camp Camp Hanford, Washington Palmer, Marshall T., 459th AAA AAA AW Bn, Fort Cronkhite, Cronkhite, Calif. Calif. Patric Patrick, k, Ulrie B., B., 531s 531stt AAA AW Bn, Fort Fort Bliss, Texas Texas P,fister,]. C, EVCO EVCOM, M, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Rasmusson, Rasmusson, Harlon A., 418 418 AAA Gun Gun Bn., Camp Camp Hanford, Washington Washington Richardson Richardson,, W. K., Far East Comm Command, and, YokoYokohama Roberts Roberts,, Milford Milford G., 2nd AAA AAA AW AW Bn, Bn, Fort Fort Hood, Hood, Texas Rvberg Rvberg,, Robert Robert W., W., USAA SA Antilles, ntilles, San San Juan, Juan, PR Seym Seymour our,, Joe ]., Stu Det Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Smith, Smith, Bob V., 4052nd 4052nd ASU ASU AAA AAA & GM CenCenter, Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas exas Smith, James James P., Stu Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Stubbs, Stubbs, Beverly Beverly W., 19th AA AAA Gun Gun Bn., Bn., Fort Fort Dix, N. J. Toellner, Toellner, Henry Henry M., Far East East Comm Command, YokoYokohama Tolman, an, William illiam ]., 7689th 7689th Hq Gp USFA, FA, Salzburg, Austria Vogel Vogel,, John John 0., 34th 34th AAA Gun Gun Bn., n., Fort Fort Totten, Totten, N. Y. Whatley, J. W., EUCO EUCOM, M, Bremerhaven Wessels, Wessels, H. A., EUCOM EUCOM, Bremerhaven
SECOND LIEUTENANTS LIEUTENANTS
Aldridge, Aldridge, F. E., Far East East Comm Command. Yokoham Yokohama a Ashby, B. K., Far East Command, Yokohama Bacon acon,, Robert obert H. Jr.. 3420 3420th th ASU The Ps y War Center, enter, Fort Fort Bragg, Bragg, N. N. C Barber, Barber, R. E., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokoha Yokohama ma Barnard, J. D., EUCO EUCOM. M. Bremerhaven Beckma Beckman, n, A. H.. Far East Comm Command, and, Yokahama Yokahama Biglin, Biglin, ~'. W.• EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Boates, Boates, J. R., Far East East Comm Command. and. Yokoham Yokohama a Bortko, Bortko, E. J., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Bosenbe Bosenberg, rg, Robert Robert F., EL'CO EL'COM M, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Boettiger. D. 1.. EUCOM OM,, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Brady, Brady, John E., 35th AAA AAA Gun Bn., Ft. Meade eade Md. ' Brown Browning ing,, J. W. Jr., Far East Comma Command nd,, YoYokohama Brucks, Brucks, A. G., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokoham Yokohama a Brucham Brucham,, R. ]., Far East East Comman Command, d, Yokohama Yokohama Burnett, Burnett, R. E., Far East East Comma Command, nd, Yokoha Yokohama ma Carter, Carter, Ulysses Ulysses B., 35th AAA Brigad Brigade, e, Fort Fort Meade, Meade, Md. Chakes, T. J., J. , EUCOM EUCOM, Bremerhaven Choate, B. F., EUCO EUCOM, Bremerhaven Comisky omisky,, William William T., Stu Det Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Bliss, Texas Texas Dillon, illon, Alfred M., M., Stu Det AA & GM Br TAS, Fort Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Disseler, Disseler, R. T., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokoha Yokohama ma Dusinberre, Dusinberre, John W., Far East Comma Command, nd, Yokohama Edwards, Edwards, P. R., EUCOM EUCOM, Bremerhaven Ehlert, Ehlert, R. A., Far East East Comm Command, Yokoham Yokohama a Fason Fasone, e, ]. G., Far East East Comma ommand, nd, Yokoh Yokoham ama a Foster, Foster, F. M., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Fritzinge Fritzinger, r, R. A., Far Far East Comma ommand, nd, YokoYokohama Fuhrman, 1.c. , Far East East Comm Command, Yokoham Yokohama a Gardner, Gardner, C P., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Gilbert, R. 1., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Givas, Arthur S., 4052nd ASU ASU AA & GM Center, Fort Bliss, Bliss, Texas Texas Glass,]. A., Far East East Comm Command, Yokoham Yokohama a Griswold, Griswold, G. B., Far East Comman Command, d,Yo Yokoham kohama a Guzdziol, Guzdziol, R. J. , Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Harmon Harmon,, H. D., Far East East Comma Command, nd, Yokoham Yokohama a Hayes, 1. Z., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Hehman, 1. P., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokahoma Yokahoma Howe, owe, William illiam E., Jr., Far Far East ast Comm ommand, and, Yokohama Hughes, Hughes, D. A., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Kline, G. N., EUCO EUCOM, M, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Kruse, C, Far East East Comm Command, and,Yo Yokoha kohama ma Ladas, Ladas, Ludwig Ludwig N., USA Alaska, Alaska, Fort RichardRichardson. Lane, Lane, R. c. , Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama Leno Lenoir, ir, G. P., Far East Comm Command, and, Yokoh Yokoham ama a Matthews, Matthews, ]. E., Far East Command, Yokoham Yokohama McCready, C. B., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokookohama McFarlane McFarlane,, D. c., Far East East Comm Command, and, Yokohama McGrego McGregor, r, A. C, Far East East Comm Command, and,Yo Yokoha kohama ma McInnis, cInnis, George George W. Jr., Far Far East Comma ommand, nd, Yokohama Penn, Penn, W. A., Far East East Comma Command, nd, Yokoham Yokohama a Pomerantz, 1., EUCOM OM,, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Reeder, Reeder, J. F., EUCOM, Bremerhave Bremerhaven n Rider, Leonard, Far East Command, Yokohama Yokohama Robins Robinson, on, W. G., Far Far East Comma ommand, nd, Yoko Yoko.. hama Saunders, J. P., Far East East Comm Command, Yokohama Yokohama Smith, Smith, F. D., Far East East Comma Command, nd, Yokoham Yokohama a Vanselow Vanselow,, John C Jr., EUCOM, Bremerhaven Bremerhaven Williams, D. 1., Far East Command, Command, Yokohama Yokohama
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
JOURN JOURNAL AL
Anti Antiai airrcraf craftt Jour Jou rnal Inde Indexx V o lu m e L X X X X V , 1 9 5 2 Jan Jan.-Fe .-Feb., b., I-M I-Mar arch ch-A -Apr pril il,,
2-M 2-May-J ay-Jun une, e,
3-Jul -Julyy-A Aug., ug.,
4-S 4-Sept.ept.-O Oct., ct.,
;-N ;-Nov.ov.-D Dec., ec.,
6
1-24 Indic Indicate ates s Page 24, Janua January-F ry-Febru ebruary ary Issue Issue AUTHORS No. and PaJ;:' PaJ;:'f' f'
Aaron,
John
Alle Allen, n,
Leon Leonar ard d
Allen,
Terry,
Aquilina, Barth,
S., Corporal
Orma Orman, n,
6-31
Owen Owen,,
2-32
Patterson,
F., Capt
3-32
Phillips,
B., Brig Gen
2-26
Popovics,
1-27
Power Powers, s,
5-22
Pritchard,
4-28
Rand,
2-34
Raweliffe,
2-16
Rogers,
3- 31
Romano,
A., 1st Lt
2-39
Rutherford,
M., Lt Col
1-30
Rutledge,
Paul W.,
E., Capt
1-11
Rutl Rutled edge ge,,
Reub Reuben en
Ma j
Gen
Raymond
Bender,
Arthur
Bjorklund,
H., Col
Floyd
Brown,
William
Carter,
Villa,
Connelly,
H.,
Capt
F., Capt Major
Francis
M., Major
A. A., A., Lt Col
Curr Currie ie,, Dennen,
Charles
Edmunds,
James
Eichling,
Robert
Leon Leonar ard d Rich Richar ard d
John,
Frank
G.,
Capt
6-21
Schweidel,
L., Corporal
5-24
Small,
Ballard
3- 5
Tobin,
William
Capt
6-32
Torian,
P., Major
3-24
Trus Trusse sell ll,,
S., Capt
6-26
Vandervort,
V.,
4-30
Wuest,
5-31 5-31
Wyckoff,
4- 31
Young,
Genero,
Peter
Haller,
William
Hamlin,
Leland
Hark Harkin ins, s,
Dona Donald ld
Hatt Hatt,,
Don Don,
Henr Henry, y,
2-37 2-37,3 ,3-2 -20, 0,
1eI
Serg Sergea eant nt
1-42 1-42,,
E., E., Lt Col
1- 9
James
M., Capt.
3-16
L., L., Lt
5-38
W., Maj Gen
3- 2
Hoga Hogan, n,
Robe Roberrt Willard
Jackson,
Harry
Jansen,
Frank
Kearful, Kirk,
E., E., 1st Lt
Char Charle less
Hiscock, Irvine,
1st Lt
R., Maj
3-29, 6-17,
J., Capt
Alan
Krekorian,
G
,
Edmund
Lawson,
A., 1st Lt
A. T
Leonard,
Jonathan
Norton
Lutes, LeRoy, Lt Gen Marquat,
Wi William
Mattox,
Robert
F., Maj
2-2, 3-6,4-2, Gen
H., Major
Oberlin,
B. B. G.,
Major
3-36,4-33,
1952 1952
5-28,
5-41
K. R., Lt Col
3-18
B., Capt
1-15, 5-9. 5-15,6-37
J., Sergeant
J. G., Private
1-43,2-36,
lei
B. B., B., Lt Col
Joh John
Charles
William Blaine,
2-22,4-15
E., Capt
6-41
J., Col
Theodore,
55-44 6-18
4-35,
Major
1-32,2-39,4-18.
Capt
5-32 5-40 2-40
TITLES
A
AAA
Air Defense,
1-49
AAA
Officer Candidate
1-33
AAA
RTC,
Training
in the 35th
National
Guard
in
School
3- 5 4-22
A W Training
in the
5-24
Air De Defense
more D if ifficult
for Ru Russia than for US US
2-11
33 -12
Antiaircraft
Airlift
3-25
Antiaircraft
Artillery
A Simplified
Trial
1-43 School, The Far East Shot Chart
4-24 3-31
B
5-13
H., Lt Col
NOVEM NOVEMBER BER-DE -DECEM CEMBER BER,,
F., F., Lt
Lore Loren n
6-29
M., Lt Col
William
4-18
1-20
4-22
Nicolson,
J., J., 1st 1st Lt
2-34
2-31,
James
2-13
Gen
Brigade,
Joseph
Moore,
Maj
AAA
Melanson,
"
1-46
1-39
4-19
M., Col
J., Major
2-19
2-17,
Thomas
4-27
2-20 5-40
M. R., Major
Metz,
J., Capt
A W BN (SP), with the 15th Brigade, C Co ost Consciousness in the 34th
McCarthy,
E., Jr., Capt
5-29
AAA AAA
55 -2, 6- 4
1-2,2-8,
1-23
6-18 4-26
Jerome
3-27 F., Capt
Robert
5-35 3-25
Roy P., Capt
Andrew
W.,
4-12,
L., 1st Lt
William
4-10 1-12
H. P., Major
Favret,
Fye, Robert
2-11, 4-9.
Capt
Denzil
Schm Schmid idtb tber erge ger, r,
B., Brig Gen
Gen
Patr Patrick ick \'(f., Capt
2-20
Joseph
2-41
T. R., Brig
F., Capt
Fraser,
4-39
C. G., Col
Charles Robert
5-21
Lt Col
W., W.,
Farber, Flora,
M., M., Lt Col
1-18
S., S., Lt Col
George
No. No. and and PaJ:f' PaJ:f'
4-24
Brigade,
6-25
Bunker
With
the 35th AAA
Busting-In
the 15th AAA
1-46 A W Bn
3-22 47
c
No..... dPa:e
Calibration Fire Civilian Auxiliaries Combat Leadership Combat Patrol, The SP Platoon Supports A
3-32 2-13 2-32 5- 9
Operation
Orphan
1-23 p
Portobel Machine Gun Trainer, The
D Diesel Diesel Generators Generators
4-26
E Exercise Helpful Exercise Snowfall, 88th Airborne Bn
2-41 2-40
4-18
R Radar Operators Radiozonde RCAT's, Watch your
"
5-21 6-17 22 -39
s
F Farewell, Hail and Field Artillery, Radar for Fiel Field d Art Artil illlery ery Rol Role, Shoot hootin ing g wit with h Cor Corp ps in in the Fire Control System, SCR-584 Firing Practice, Simulated Fort Bliss, Officer Candidate School at .,
N o ..... E I Pan
o
5-44 3-27 , 3-25 -25 2-16 6-31 , 2-31
SAAA, Manorbier SCR 584, Radar Tips Steel Core, The invisible Summer Summer Camp, Camp, 1952 1952 AAA ROTC Supply, World War II Supply: World War II Reorganization fo for Supply for the Self-Propelled Bn
4-19 5-22 1-49 , 5-29 3-6,4-2,5-2 66- 4 , 2- 2 1-11
G Ground Guided Guided Guided Guided
Support, Self-Propelled Battalion in Missile Group, The First Missile Guidance Missile Propulsion Missiles, The Aerodynamics of
. . . . .
1-15 6-21 6-32 5-35 4-12
. 4-32, . .
3-16 5-32 6-41 2-19
H Heartbreak Ridge, The 82nd at Heavy AA Artillery, The development of Heavy Dropping Automatic Weapons '., History General Porter Makes
T Target Selections, Aids to Telephone EE-Eight, You and Your The Army, the most difficult job in The Shelling Report .,.--' The Soviet Union, Impressions of Life in The Wolfhounds, Baker Battery Supports Tracer Expedient Training, Canal Zone Training Exercise Hardrocks Training Literature Training, On-Site Physical
I
2-17 4-28 5-38 5-15 1-39 1-12 4-27 1-42 6-29 4-33, 5-28, 6-25 5-31
U
Idea, Shooting at an Indo-China: Outpost of Anti-Communism Infantry, In Support of the
1-30 4-15 1- 9
Unif Unific icat atio ion n Disa Disapp ppoi oint ntin ing, g, Shor Shortt in Uni Unity ty Savin Savings gs .... .... 4- 9 U?ited U?ited States States,, Antia Antiairc ircraf raftt Artill Artillery ery in Air Air Defens Defensee of the the 3- 2
v
J Japa Japan, n, RC RCAT AT's 's in
4-30
. 2-36 . 1-27
Viewmaster, Plotting by VT Fuses, A trial shot for
K Korea, Korea, Korea, Korea,
Antiaircraft Artillery In Self-Propelled Antiaircraft in The First Days in With the 7th Div in
1-2,2-8,
3-12 1-20 2-26 5-13
w War Clouds "Whistling Dick;' The Saga of Wind Determ~nation, Simplified
4-10 2-22 6-18
M Mars, Birds of Meteor Meteorolo ology gy for AAA Mountain, Square Rock
1-33 3-29 , 3-20 N
Nazi Nazi,, Grea Great, t, An AAA Bn Guarded the Night Firing Non-Resident Instruction, Department of
48
4-39 3-24 3-36
UNIT UNIT ARTICL ARTICLES ES Second Division, Bunker Busting in the 24th 24th Divisi Division on AAA 34th AAA Brigade Sponsors Youth Center 40MM Gun, Indirect fire with the 53rd AAA Brigade 56th AAA Brigade 65th AAA Group in the field 140th AAA AW Battalion
ANTIAI ANTIAIRCR RCRAFT AFT
6-37 1-18 ,. 11-32 " 6-26 5-41 2-37 4-31 , 3-18
JOURNA JOURNAl. l.
Handbook and Manual for the
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