Fellowship review guide from the BASIC series by Francis Chan
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this is for those people in the medical field, this is a pathophysiology of cellulitis
pathophysiology for nursing students
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Pauline Oliveros Book
Predisposing Risk Factors
Precipitating Risk factors
-Age -Gender -Race -Lifestyle Choices
-Treatment with high dose radiation or chemotherapy -Exposure to toxic chemicals -Drug induced(Chloramphenicol) induced(Chloramphenicol) -Autoimmune blood disorders -Pregnancy (Rare) -Genetic
Idiopathic
Autoimmunity
Mutation in genes responsible for
Activation Activati on of cytotoxic T cells
telomere repair complex Targets own marrow stem cells Depletion and damage of
hematopoietic stem cells
Depletion and damage of hematopoietic
stem cells
Depression or cessation of activity
Reduction in bone marrow progenitors
of all blood producing elements Deficiency in the repair capacity of hematopoietic tissue.
Decreased Normochromic, normocyric RBcs
Normocytic Anemia
Pancytopenia Diagnostic tests:
1.
Aplastic Anemia
2. 3.
Clinical manifestations:
y
Fatigue
y
Shortness of breath with
y y y y y y y y y
exertion exertion apid a pid or irregular heart rate R Pale skin Frequent or prolonged infections Unexplained or easy bruising Nosebleeds and bleeding gums Prolonged bleeding from cuts Skin rash Dizziness Headache
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: to rule out other causes of pancytopenia (i.e. neoplastic infiltration or significant myelofibrosis). History of iatrogenic exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy: can cause transient bone marrow suppression X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or ultrasound imaging tests: enlarged lymph nodes (sign of lymphoma), kidneys and bones in arms and hands (abnormal in Fanconi anemia) Chest X-ray: infections Liver tests: liver diseases Viral studies: viral infections Vitamin B12 and folate levels: vitamin deficiency Blood tests for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Test for antibodies: immune competency
Impaired/insufficient Impaired/insufficient Hemoglobin synthesis in
Prolonged/ Over Over activation activation of
the red bone marrow
response to initiate Erythropoiesis
Iron store depletion
Red Cell release insufficiency
Abnormal Heme Synthesis
Iron deficiency anemia
Formation of Hypochromic, small, non functional RBCs
Laboratory diagnosis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Serum ferritin, an iron storage protein, is low Decreased serum iron, increased iron binding capacity, < 16% saturation Microcytosis, Microcytosis, hypochromia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis Increased red cell distribution width( R DW) DW) Decreased absolute reticulocyte count with inadequate response to anemia. Normal WBC s thrombocytosis Decreased iron stains in the bone marrow
Microcytic Anemia
Clinical y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
Manifestations:
Weakness lips Pale eyelids Headache S hortness of breath after exercise Sleeping problems Irregular heartbeat Dizziness Cold skin Tiredness Pallor Concave nails Husky voice Difficulty swallowing Low levels of iron in blood Low levels of haemoglobin educed red blood cell count R educed Pica Persistent urge to consume ice Persistent urge to consume clay Asymptomatic in mild cases Fingernail abnormalities Pale
y y y y y y y y y y y y y
Loss of appetite Sore mouth Lightheadedness Early symptoms are mild Concentration problems apid heartbeat R apid Chest pain Impaired cognitive ability Fatigue Mild early symptoms Anemia Brittle nails Tongue inflammation
