Analysis of Space Norms for Low Cost Buildings & Laurie Baker

LOW COST BUILDING-VIII. 1:- ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF SAPCE SAPCE NORMS FOR LOW LOW COST BUILDINGS. 2:- LAURIE LAURIE BAKER. BAKER.

Submitted to:Ar. Deepak.

Submitted by:Himani, Amritanshu, Himanshu Ch., Abhishek T., Dinesh, Ritesh &

ANALYSIS OF SPACE NORMS FOR LOW COST BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION R.B.I definition of “Low cost affordable housing project” for E.C.B. (External commercial Borrowings) as a project in which at least 60% of the Floor area Ratio would be for units having maximum carpet area up to 60 sq.mt. Furthermore ,the National Urban housing & habitat policy, 2007 (N.U.H.H.P), defines affordable housing as Houses having Super Built-up Area of 300 sq.ft. ~ 27.8 sq.mt. for E.W.S. (Economically Weaker Section) 500 sq.ft. ~ 46.4 sq.mt. for L.I.G. (Lower Income Group) 600-1200 sq.ft. ~ 55.7 - 111.4 sq.mt. for M.I.G. (Middle Income Group) In Terms of Carpet Area:E.W.S. have minimum of 25 sq.mt. of carpet area L.I.G. have maximum of 48 sq.mt. of carpet area M.I.G. have maximum of 80 sq.mt. of carpet area

Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojna, Housing for all, 2015 also states that:E.W.S.:- Annual House hold income up to 3 lakh & house size up to 30 sq.mt. L.I.G.:- Annual House hold income between 3-6 lakh & house size up to 60 sq.mt. Any affordable housing in partnership with private sector or public sector must have 35 % of constructed houses are of E.W.S. Category. States/UTs shall provide additional F.A.R/T.D.R & relaxed density norms for low cost housing/ Slum redevelopment.

Haryana affordable policy also states that:All projects under this policy must be completed under years from approval of b uilding plans or environment clearance date whichever is later. Site area must be between 5 acres to 10 acres. Maximum Allotment rates are 3000 sq.mt., 3600 sq.mt., &4000 sq.mt. as/ low, medium & high potential zones as mentioned in the policy. Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon

Subject:Low Cost Building-VIII.

Title:-

Sheet No. :-

Submitted by:Date:rd 3 Feb. Himani, Amritanshu, Himanshu Ch., Abhishek T., 2016

Submitted To:- Remarks:Ar. Deepak

B.I.S SPACE NORMS FOR LOW INCOME GROUP HOUSING 1:- SCOPE This standard provides guidelines for the planning & general building requirements of low cost houses having a maximum plinth area of 40 sq.mt.

2:- PLANNING 2.1:- At least 75% of the plots may be of the size less than or up to 60 sq.mt./dwelling unit in metro-Politian towns & 100 sq.mt. in other towns & hill areas. 2.2:- Remaining 25% of the plots may be more than 60 sq.mt., however, no plot shall be more than 200 sq.mt. 2.3:- In case of group housing or flatted development at least 75 % units should have a plinth area (excluding external circulation such as stairs, lifts, lobbies etc.) up to or not exceeding 40 sq.mt. 2.4:- The minimum plot size with ground coverage not exceeding75%, shall not be less than 40 sq.mt. in small & medium town & not less than 30 sq.mt. in metropolitan cities. 2.5:- Plot sizes below 30 sq.mt. but not less than 15 sq.mt. maybe permitted in case of cluster planning, however, in such cases the ground coverage and FSI shall be 100% & 2% respectively. 2.5.1:- In exceptional cases in metropolitan cities with population of more than 1 million the size of the plots may be brought down to 25 sq.mt. in cases of low income housing colonies located in congested areas as decided by the authority. 2.5.2:- A minimum of 25% of the plot size shall be left open without adversely affecting light and ventilation for habitable spaces & toilet. It shall not be made mandatory to leave set back on any side. 2.6:- Minimum frontage of the plot shall be 3.6M in Width. 2.7:- Height of the building shall not exceed 15 Meter. Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


Title:-

Sheet No. :-



3:- GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS 3.1:- Every dwelling unit is to be provided should have at least 2 habitable rooms. 3.31:- Minimum headroom for stairs:3.2:- Minimum carpet area of the multi-purpose single room:- 15.5 sq.mt. 2.1 m 3.3:- (In case of two rooms) Minimum area of first room:- 9.0 sq.mt. 3.32:- Maximum Circulation area 3.4:- Minimum width of first room:- 2.5 m. (Including Staircase):- 8 sq.mt. 3.5:- Minimum area of second room:- 6.5 sq.mt. 3.33:- Maximum roadways & 3.6:- Minimum width of second room:- 2.1 m. pathways:- 20% of site area. 3.7:- Total area of both room (maximum):- 15.5 sq.mt. 3.34:- Paved foot-paths:- 2m. 3.8:- In case of mezzanine floor (minimum):- 6.5 sq.mt. & 3.35:- Right of way:- 6 m. 3.9:- Must not cover more than 50% of the room area of which it is a part. 3.36:- 1/4th of total shopping area 3.10:- Minimum height below & above mezzanine:- 2.4 & 2.1 m respectively. should be reserved for shopping & 3.11:- Minimum rise for mezzanine floor:- 250 mm informal occupation. 3.12:- Minimum angle of inclination of stairs for mezzanine:- 22° 3.13:- Size of independent W.C.:- 0.90 sq.mt. 3.14:- Minimum width of W.C.:- 900 mm 3.15:- Independent bathroom:- 1.20 sq.mt. 3.16:- Minimum width of bathroom:- 1 m 3.17:- Combined bathroom & W.C.:- 1.80 sq.mt. 3.18:- Minimum width of combined bathroom:- 1 m 3.19:- Minimum Cooking Alcove:- 2.4 sq.mt. 3.20:- Minimum width of Alcove:- 1.2 M 3.21:- Minimum size of individual kitchen (in two room house):- 3.3 sq.mt. 3.22:- Minimum width of individual kitchen:- 1.5 m 3.23:- Maximum balcony width (shall not project beyond the plot line):- 1.2 m 3.24:- Minimum Height of Bath/W.C./Corridor:- 2.1 m 3.25:- Habitable Room/ Kitchen:- 2.6 m 3.26:- Windows:- 1/10th of floor area in dry-hot climate & 1/6 th of floor area in wet-hot climate. 3.27:- Minimum width for 2 & 3(or more) storied straight stairs:- 0.60 m & 0.75 m respectively. 3.28:- Minimum width for 2 & 3(or more) storied winding stairs:- 0.75 m & 0.90 m respectively. 3.29:- Riser Maximum:- 200 mm 3.30:- Minimum Tread for 2 & 3(or more) storied:- 225 m & 250 mm respectively Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


Title:-

Sheet No. :-



DIFFRENCE IN PLANNING & AREA PARAMETERS OF H.U.D.A. FOR GROUP HOUSING DESIGN PARAMETERS.

AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING GROUP HOUSING

Max. & Min. Density.

(900ppa-850ppa respectively.)

(100ppa-300ppa respectively.)

Max. Permitted F.A.R.

225%

175%

Max. Permitted G.C.

50%

33.33%

Max. Area under Commercial Use.

4% of Built-up area at 175% F.A.R.

-

Min. Open Space.

Min. 15% of T.B.A.

Min. 10% of S.A.

Avg. Household Size.

5 persons/Flat.

5 persons/Flat.

Area Range.

Carpet area:- 28 sq.mt. – 60 sq.mt.

Super Area:- General:- 76 sq.mt. – 350 sq.mt. E.W.S.:- Up to 75 sq.mt.

Parking

½ E.C.S each Dwelling unit Only two wheeler parking/flat (0.8m x 2.5m)

Open Parking (25%):- Up to 75 sq.mt. = 6 sq.mt./unit& Above 76 sq.mt. = 35 sq.mt/unit Basement (75%):- 1.5 E.C.S./Dwelling Unit

Amenities

1 Community hall min. 185 sq.mt. 1 Aanganwadi cum crèche min. 185 sq.mt. No other community site

No restrictions.

Site Area Limits

Min. 5 Acres, Max. 10 Acres

No restrictions.

Basements

--

Free of F.A.R, up to 4 Level Basement. (15% for Services)

Allotment Rates

Mentioned in Table -2

-

TABLE 2:- MAXIMUM ALLOTMENT RATES FOR AFFORDABLE GROUP HOUSING Sr. No.

Development Plan

Max. Allotment Rate/sq.ft. carpet area.

Additional recovery on balcony of min. 5ft Projection**.

a.

Gurgaon, Faridabad, Panchkula Ext. PinjoreKalka.

Rs.4,000/sq.ft.

b.

Other High & Medium Potential Towns.

Rs.3,600/sq.ft.

Rs.500/sq.ft. & balcony area must be less than 100 sq.ft/flat. (**Cantilevered balconies unsupported from 3 sides are free of carpet area & F.A.R)

c.

Low Potential Towns.

Rs.3,000/sq.ft.

Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


Title:-

Sheet No. :-



AREA COMPARISON BETWEEN E.W.S, L.I.G, M.I.G & H.I.G. DWEILLING UNITS.

PARAMETER

Housing Board Haryana, Sector 42, Gurgaon

Signature Global, Grand Iva, Sector 103, Gurgaon (Under Haryana Affordable Policy, 2013)

Tulip Orange Sector 70, Gurgaon

E.W.S.

L.I.G.

H.I.G.

M.I.G.

Sq.ft.

Sq.mt.

Sq.ft.

Sq.mt.

Sq.ft.

Sq.mt.

Sq.ft.

Sq.mt.

Carpet Area.

324.8

30.1

419.2

38.9

621.2

57.7

723.7

67.2

Balcony

30.1

2.8

69.8

6.4

94.9

8.8

80

7.4

Bedroom(s)

Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:- Bedroom 1:97.9 9.1 106 9.8 122 Bedroom 2:119.7

Bedroom 1:11.3 Bedroom 2:11.1

Bedroom 1:120 Bedroom 2:100 Bedroom 3:100

Bedroom 1:11.1 Bedroom 2:9.3 Bedroom 3:9.3

SANITATION:W.C/Bathroom/ Attached

Attached:25.8

Attached:2.4

W.C.:- 26.6 Bathroom:19.6

W.C.:- 2.4 Bathroom:1.8

Attached 1:35.7 Attached 2:40.5


Attached 1:36.2 Attached 2:35


Kitchen

53.8

5.1

102.2

9.4

181.5 (Inc. Dining)

16.8 (Inc. Dining)

62.5

6

Living &Dining

139.9

13.5

164.6

15.5

121.8 (Exclusive Dining)

11.5 (Exclusive Dining)

270

25

Parking

1 scooter/bike per unit

1 Car/unit

1 Car/unit

1 Car/Unit & 1.0 Lakh/car thereof

Tentative Price

6.79 Lakhs

15.09 Lakhs

22.36 Lakhs

51.02 Lakhs



Title:-

Sheet No. :-



LAURIE BAKER Introduction. Life

Born : March 2,1917,Birmingham, England Died : April 1, 2007, Thiruvananthapuram Education : Birmingham Institute of Art Design. Awards : Padma shri, Order of British Empire.

China

Laurie baker’s Quotes “I don't think I've ever been inspired by what other architects have done but more by what ordinary craftsmen have created. “ When Baker and his wife shifted to Kerala, many people and institutions, including the Church in Kerala expressed interest in reducing costs of building. Baker showed that this was possible by actually building a house for a poor family at a meager cost of Rs. 3000. So Baker began building government and semi-government institutions also. He organized a group of masons and carpenters who agreed with his style of building to avoid opposition and problems. Baker says that he owes a lot to them. Baker’s low-cost housing techniques were a blessing for t he lower middle class. As his work spread, Baker gives two important characteristics of his architecture – ‘small’ is not only ‘beautiful’ but a lso essential and more important than ‘large’; and that architects must learn how to build as inexpensively as po ssible.



Laurie Baker or Laurence Wilfred Baker was born on March 2, 1917 into a very staunch Christian Methodist family. In his childhood he would accompany his father every weekend to visit cathedrals and other old buildings and then he would build models and draw pictures of what he had seen. After his matriculation, he joined the Birmingham School of Architecture and became an Associate Member of the Royal Institute of Architects (ARIBA) in 1938. Hardly had he got the opportunity to start working in England when World War II broke out just a year later in 1939. He came into contact with some Quakers or members of the Society of Friends who believed in the power of non violence and to live in respect of ever y person small or big, rich or poor. The Quakers' interpretation of Jesus' teachings attracted Laurie. Later, he would similarly be drawn to the similar beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi who would be a major influence on his work in India.

Title:-

Sheet No. :-

In 1941, Laurie volunteered to go on a mission to help at a medical camp at Kutsing in inland China. Laurie used to make several journeys from the base camp to the nor th. After four years he came to England.

Himalayan era : Pithorgarh By the late 1940s, the British had quit India and Gandhi had been assassinated, and he was settled in independent India. The Bakers stayed in Pithoragarh from 1948 to 1963.

Rural : Kerala, Vagamon In 1963 the Bakers moved to Kerala, Elizabeth Baker's homeland. Laurie happened to meet a Belgian monk Francis who followed the Hindu way of monasticism and had started an ashram at Kurisumala in a place called Vagamon in the Kottayam/Idukki border



About its Work and concepts : •

•

•

Techniques :

He was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost -effective energy-efficient architecture and designs that ma ximized space, ventilation and light and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent use of resources and energy. He was a pioneer of sustainable architecture as well as organic architecture, incorporating in his designs even in th e late 1960s, concepts such as rain-water harvesting, minimizing usage of energy-inefficient building materials, minimizing damage to the building site and seamlessly merging with the surroundings.

1)Rat-trap Bond •

•

• •

•

•

Baker’s Architectural Principles :

This double-wall technique uses bricks on edge with a cross brick between each and produces a 9-inch thick wall with an insulating air cavity in between. Requires approximately 25% less bricks and 40% less mortar than traditional masonry Reduced material requirement results in considerable cost saving Strength of wall is not compromised, it remains same as traditional masonry wall. Cavity induced in wall provides better thermal insulation, resulting in cooler interiors during summer and warmer interiors during winter. All vertical and horizontal reinforced bands, lintels (for standard size openings), electrical conduits are hidden inside wall, resulting in better aesthetic appearance without plastering (exposed brickwork).

1) 2) 3)

Only accept a Reasonable Brief and an which you think you are capable carrying it. Discourage extravagance & snobbery &don’t take a job which either. Always study your site soil ,topography ,water, climate, or neighbors' (noisy temples, smelly factories. 4) See Potential service water , drainage, access, fuel etc. if not possible what u will do. 5) You yourself ,get accurate detail of site in the site facts, such as trees, rocks as well as wind, rain directions. 6) Study & know local materials- their availability, performances, costs , techniques , workman know how to use them. 7) Study & to know energy. 8) Building codes are advisory but not mandatory. 9) Don’t rob National Resources. 10) Be honest & truthful in design & material usage, const. cost, about your own mistakes . 11) Avoid opulence & showing off . 12) Make cost efficiency your way of life not merely “low cost for the poor “practice whom you preach,

“Cost effective houses are not just for the poor, they are for everyone”. Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


Title:-

Sheet No. :-



2) Jali Wall

3) Filler Slab

Creative bricklaying is a defining visual characteristic of COSTFORD buildings with varied arrangements providing natural ventilation instead of costly and environmentally damaging air conditioning. Jali walls also p rovide privacy, security, cost reduction in windows needed, and – most dramatically -- aesthetic appeal

Lightweight, inexpensive materials such as low-grade Mangalore tiles, bricks, coconut shells, glass bottles, etc. n be used as filler materials. These materials are laid in the grids of steel reinforcement rods and concreting/concrete topping is done over them. 1. Strength of conventional slab filler slab instead of conventional slab. 2. Economic point of view, 30% of concrete is saving in filler slab cost is saving, which is greatly effect on economy. 3. In manufacture of cement, filler slab technique saves 30% of carbon emission which proves eco friendly. 4. Aesthetic: There is no need of extra expenditure for interior decoration purpose

Jali wall are used for windows & Corridors 4)Frameless Doors and Windows Window is necessity it is quite costly top right, the simplest window Consists of a vertical plank set into two holes (or pivot hinges), consist of two short wood pieces with circular whole in each. This strong & inexpensive, very little labour.

Arrangements of filler slab & Mangalore tile as filler material.

DOOR frames cost a lot of money & are often not actually necessary. How planks can be screwed together by strap Iron hinges to form a door And this can be caried by “hold-fast”built into the Wall ,thus eliminating the outer Door frame together. The door shutter itself is Costly because it uses a lot Of wood Quite a lot of costly labour.



Title:-

Sheet No. :-

5) Arches One of the most effective ways of spanning an opening is by constructing arches. Arches can be a cost-effective alternative to the lintels. In addition, they look more appealing than flat and dull lintels. Arches can be of different shapes and sizes depending upon span and availability of skilled masons. Most common arch shapes come in semi-circular, pointed, corbelled, and bell shapes`



HOUSES HOW TO REDUCE BUILDING COSTS . The ‘old fashioned’ house ha s a sloping roof which quickly sheds heavy rain, protects walls from gett ing d amp and from ab sorbing heat from the sun. Whereas, the roof in the modern house does not pro tect the walls fro m su n a nd rain a s a result very uncomfortable environment to live in. Some of the windows have jali’s for better ventilation and light. •

•

•

House on a terraced site, it is less expensive to place it in the middle of the terrace. The extra & more costly foundation & basement wall that has to be built if the building is near the edge of the terrace. The site is a sloping one, less excavation & less filling up is needed if you place the building parallel to the contours, as in the picture ,and not cutting across the contours . SOME building materials are there for direct using. Cut them . Or dig them out & carry them To the site. For e.g. .some lime stones can be used as building stones. Burnt them in a Kiln & they turn Into lime which can be used With water as mortar or plaster

When excavating the trenches for the house foundation s, Laborers dig out the soil and throw it in all directions, especially outwards . After the basement walls have been completed they then shovel all the soil back again as infilling. If they shovel the soil inwards it will already be where it is wanted For infillings and some of the expense of excavation and infilling will have been saved .

These days we use very little Stone & we also now use vary Little lime but we are very extravagant in the use of cements ,lime would be just as Effective, efficient & serviceable & obviously at very much smaller cost. At present ,India spends a lot Of money of different forms of Energy to buy cement. Only use cement when really necessary. Lower picture shows ,by using lime which We can make, simply & very little energy & transport ,we can save lot of building Money.

FROM structural stability point of view, a 4.5” thick brick wall is often adequate for small single stoney houses, & certainly for interior partition walls. An isolated straight 4.5” wall is weak & can either fall over ,be knocked over, or can be crushed by the weight of the roof it carries. But it can be perfectly strong & capable for carrying the load of roofs and floors . If it has either thin buttresses every five or six feet or If recesses are created. Similarly corners & intersecting walls are strengthening points in a thin wall. These recesses can be used for shelves & animals at Almost no extra cost .



Title:-

Sheet No. :-


Submitted To:- Remarks:10 Ar. Deepak

LINTELS are usually made of reinforced concrete. Steel & cementare used in it. Very often a lintel is not necessary over door & window openings up to 4 feet up to Four feet in width Ordinary brick-on-edge ,as shown in the middle picture ,is all that is required . If something is stronger is needed, a hollow arrangement of bricks-on-edge, as in the lower picture ,filled with one or two steel rod sin concrete will carry very large weights of wall and roof etc. This type of lintel is less tha n half the cost of the orthodox reinforced concrete lintel

Materials :-

1) Mud : All over the country mud of some sort or other is found. Even if the surface soil is Unsuitable for wall building, there may be suitable mud beneath. Or by adding Stabilizers our mud may be be made suitable. Comparatively few areas have suitable mud for the purpose of burning mud into A burnt brick.

Small flat-roofed boxes in long rows absorbs a lot of heat from the sun, Pitched ,or sloping roofs absorb less heat and of course Still less heat is absorbed if fruit & shade trees are grown On the South & west side of houses, the houses are very much Comfortable to live in.

A cigar test , Biscuit test, hand washing test.



Title:-

Sheet No. :-



2) Brick :

BAKER’S HOUSE IN TRIVANDRUM ( The Hamlet)

• •

Electricity wiring is not concealed.

•

Family eats in kitchen i.e. no separate area for dining

•

The Ground Floor and First Floo r of The Hamlet are circular in plan with the diameter of 5m. Façade is of exposed brick work. •

Height of the ground floor is 3.45m.

This is Baker's home in Trivandrum. A remarkable and unique house built on a plot of land along the slope of a rocky hill, with limited access to water Material used from unconventional sources

Height of the first floor is 3m.



Title:-

Sheet No. :-



E S U O H E H T F O S E R U T A E F T N E L I S

STEPS LEADING UP TO FRONT DOOR

ENTRANCE HAS SMALL SITTING AREA FOR GUESTS Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


A VIEW FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE

THE WALL IS DECORATED FROM BROKEN POTTERY, PENS, GLASS Title:-

Sheet No. :-

T E L M A H E H T

STEPS DIRECTLY CUT IN ROCK

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT


13


E S U O H E H Inner courtyard: close to nature T F O S E R U T A E F T N E L I S Courtyards had many gardens and ponds. Pitched roof made of Mangalore tiles. Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon


Title:-

Arches lead into beautiful open rooms

Never cut trees instead incorporated them.

Baker’s fondness for arches.

Simple yet beautiful windows.

Sheet No. :-


T E L M A H E H T


ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES: STEPS DIRECTLY CUT IN ROCK ENTRANCE HAS SMALL SITTING AREA FOR GUESTS THE WALL IS DECORATED FROM BROKEN POTTERY, PENS, GLASS A CALLING BELL FOR VISITORS TO ANNOUNCE THEIR PRESENCE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT NEVER CUT TREES INSTEAD ADAPTED HIS DESIGN ACCORDINGLY INNER COURTYARD …CLOSE TO NATURE ARCHES LED INTO A BEAUTIFUL OPEN ROOM COURTYARD HAS MANY GARDENS AND PONDS Pitched roof made of Mangalore tiles BAKER’S FONDNESS OF ARCHES GABLES FOR PROPER AIR CIRCULATION AND VENTILATION SIMPLE YET BEAUTIFUL WINDOWS GRILL MADE OF BITS AND PIECES CONICAL STRUCTURE USED. COST EFFECTIVE BAKER’S WINDOW Louvered window typical of baker’s type STAINED GLASS EFFECT WATER TANK FOR STORING RAIN HARVESTED WATER •

SILENT FEATURES OF THE HOUSE Savera College Of Architecture, Gurgaon

Grills made of bits and pieces

Gable roof for air circulation and ventilation.

Stained glass window


Title:-

Sheet No. :-

Water tank used for rain water harvesting

Cost effective Baker’s window Louvered windows typical Baker’s style.

Conical structure used



THANK YOU.

Submitted to:Ar. Deepak.

Submitted by:Himani, Amritanshu, Himanshu Ch., Abhishek T., Dinesh, Ritesh &



Title:-

Sheet No. :-



Analysis of Space Norms for Low Cost Buildings & Laurie Baker

Recommend Documents