American Society of Plumbing Engineers Volume 2

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ASPE Data Book — Volume 2

40

Tab able le 3-3 3-3 Ma Maxi ximu mum m Dis Dista tanc nce e of Fixture Trap from Vent

Size of Trap, in. (mm)

Size of Fixture Drain, in. (mm)

14 (32) 14 (32)

14 (32) 12 (40)

12 (40) 12 (40)

12 (40) 2 (51)

2

(51)

2

(51)

3

(76)

3

(76)

4 (101)

4 (101)

Slope, in./ft (cm/m)

Distance from Trap, ft (m)

4 (12.5) 4 (12.5) 4 (12.5) 4 (12.5) 4 (12.5) 8 (25) 8 (25)

32(1.07) 5 (1.52) 5 (1.52) 6 (1.83) 8 (2.44)

conventional formula for expressing losses other than those associated with flow in long, straight pipes. This can be expressed as: Equation 3-1

hf = where

hf = f

=

L V D g

= = = =

10 (3.05) 12 (3.66)

entering the stack, the waste water attaches itself to the walls of the vertical pipe forming an annular flow. The falling water drags with it air that in a conventional plumbing drainage system is removed through the extensive network of vents in addition to the building drain. The capacity of a given design is governed by the system’s ability to manage the incoming air in such a way that the pressure excursions, positive and negative, will be within certain acceptable limits. Positive pressures are high and often the cause of failure in systems with complex building drains. The main vent stack is designed to remove the expected air with a pressure loss less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) of water column. In tall buildings, the falling water de velops large negative pressures, which cause failures by siphoning the water from traps.

Design of Vents to Control Induced Siphonage In most plumbing codes a loading table for vents is provided. The purpose of such a table is to give the information necessary to design the vent stack for the delivery of the amount of air required for the control of pneumatic pressures at critical points in the drainage system within limits of ±1 in. (25.4 mm) of water column from atmospheric pressure. If this range of pressure can be maintained, the effects of pneumatic-pressure

fLV2 fLV D2g

Head los Head loss s due due to fr fric icti tion on,, ft (m (m)) of air column Coe Co eff ffic icie ient nt of fr fric icti tio on corr rre esp spo ondi ding ng to the roughness of the pipe surface and the diameter of the pipe Length of piping, ft (m) Velocity of flow, flow, fps (m/s) (m/s) Diameter of pi piping, ft ft (m (m) Grav avit itat atio ion nal acc cce ele lerrat atio ion, n, 32 32..2 ft/ ft/ 2 2 s (9.8 m/s )

The maxim maximum um permi permissible ssible length of vent piping is expressed as: Equation 3-2

hfd5 (0.03109)fq2

L = where

L = hf = d f

= =

q

=

Length of piping, ft (m) Head He ad los loss s due due to fr fric icti tion on,, ft (m (m)) of fluid column Diameter of of pi piping, in in. (m (mm) Coe Co eff ffic icie ient nt of fr fric icti tio on corr rre esp spo ondi ding ng to the roughness of the pipe surface and the diameter of the pipe Quantity ra rate of fl flow, gp gpm (L/s)

Drainage Fixture Units The selection of of the size and length of of vent piping requires design or installation information about the size of the soil and/or waste stack and the fixture unit (derived from the supply system design) loads connected to the stack. Total fixture units connected to the stack can be computed in accordance with Table 3-4. Fixture







































ii

ASPE Data Book Book — Volume 1

The ASPE Data Book is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design an d specification of plumbing systems. The The publisher publisher ma kes no guara ntees or wa rra nties, expressed expressed or or implied, regarding regarding the da ta and information conta conta ined in this publicat publicat ion. All All data and info informa rma tion are provided provided wit h the understa nding tha t th e publisher publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or oth er expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.

                          

Copyright Copyr ight © 20 2000 00 by American Society of Plumbing Pl umbing Engineers E ngineers All rights reserved, including including rights of reproduction reproduction and use in an y form or by any means, including the ma king of copie copiess by a ny photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reprodu ction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the publishe r.



















































T able of of Conte C ontents nts

iii

Data Book Volume 2 Plumbing Systems D a t a B o ok ok Chairperso Chairpe rson: n:

ASPE AS PE ViceVice-Pres Preside ident nt,, Tec Techn hnica ical: l: E dit dito orial R evie view: w: T echnical and Res R esea ear r ch Com C ommittee mittee Chairpe Cha irpers rso on:

Anthony Antho ny W. St Stute utes s, P.E., CI PE David Chin, P.E P.E ., CI PE ASPE Tec Technica hnicall an and d Rese Research Comm Committe ittee e Norm No rma an T. Heinig Heinig,, CI PE

CONTRIBUTORS

Chapter Chapte r1

C hapt hapte er 7

M i ch ch a e l G r a n a t a , P . E . Timo imothy thy S mith, CIP E P a t r i ck ck L . Wh Wh i t w o r t h , C I P E

J os ep ep h J . B a r b er er a , P . E . , C I P E J oh n P . C a l la la h a n , C I P E P a u l D . F i n n er er t y , C I P E Ronald W. W. Howie, CIP E Robert Rob ert L. Love, Love, P.E ., CIP E St eve even n T. T. Mayer, CIP E, CE T J on G. Moore Moore R a n d J . R e fr fr i g er er i , P . E .

Chapter Chapte r2 Notman T. Heinig, CIP E S a u m K . N ou ou r , P h . D . , P . E . , C I P E

Chapter Chapte r3 M i ch ch a e l G r a n a t a , P . E . Timo imothy thy S mith, CIP E P a t r i ck ck L . Wh Wh i t w o r t h , C I P E

Chapter Chapte r4

C hapt hapte er 8 A. R. Rubin, P rofesso rofessorr of B iol iologic ogicaa l a nd Agricultural Engineering, N or or t h C a r o li li n a S t a t e U n i v er er s i t y P at ric rick k L. Whitw orth, CIP E

P a t r i ck ck L . Wh Wh i t w o r t h , C I P E

C hapt hapte er 9 Chapter Chapte r5 M i ch ch a e l G r a n a t a , P . E . S t e p h en en E . H o w e , P . E . , C I P E D o n a l d L . S a m p le le r , S r . , P . E . , C I P E

Na tiona l G round Water Assoc ssociat iat ion (NG (NG WA), Wester ville, OH P at ric rick k L. Whitw orth, CIP E

C hapte hapter r 10 Chapter Chapte r6

Clarke L. Marshall

Anthony W. W. Stut es, P.E., CIP E

C hapte hapter r 11 Micha el Fra nkel, CIP E Micha Wa rr en W. W. Serl es

C hapte hapter r 12



















































iv


ABOUT ASPE The American American S oc ociety iety of Plumbin g En gineers (A (ASP E) is the interna tiona l orga orga niza tion for professio professiona na ls skilled skilled in the design a nd specification specification of plumbing syst ems. ASP ASP E is dedicat ed to the adva ncement of the science science of plumbing engineering, to the professional growth and advancement of its members, and to the health, welfa re, and sa fety of the public. public. The Society Society disseminat disseminat es technical technical da ta an d information, sponsors sponsors activities activities tha t fa ci cilitate litate int eractio eraction n w ith fellow fello w professiona professiona ls, and, t hrough resear ch and educat ion program s, expa expa nds th e base of of know know ledge of the plumbing engineering industry. ASPE members are leaders in innovative plumbing design, effective materials and energy ene rgy use, a nd t he applicat applicat io ion n of ad vanced techniques techniques from ar ound the w orl orld. d. founded in 1964 1964 and current ly ha s 7,100 7,100 members. S pan ning th e globe, globe, WORLDWIDE MEMBERSHIP — ASP E w a s founded members are locat locat ed in the U nited Sta tes, Ca na da, Asia, Mexico Mexico,, South America, America, the South P acifi acific, c, Austra Austra lia, and Europe. They represent an extensive network of experienced engineers, designers, contractors, educators, code co de offic officials, ials, a nd m anufa cturers interested in furthering t heir careers, their professi profession, on, and the industr y. ASP E is at the forefront of technology. In addition, ASPE represents members and promotes the profession among all segments of the constr constr uctio uction n indust ry. All members belong belong to ASP ASP E worldwide a nd ha ve the opportunity opportunity to ASPE AS PE MEMBERSHIP COMMUNICATION — All belong and pa rtici belong rticipate pate in one of of the 57 sta te, provinc provincial ial or local local cha cha pters throughout throughout th e U.S. a nd Ca na da. ASP E chapters provide the major communication links and the first line of services and programs for the individual member. Communicat Communicat io ions ns w ith t he membership is enhanced through t he Society’ Society’ss bimonthly new sle sletter, tter, t he ASPE R eport, and the monthly maga zine, P l u m b i n g E n g i n ee eer .

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS — The Society maintains a comprehensive publishing program, spearheaded by the profession’ss ba sic reference text, t he A S P E D a t a B ook . The D a t a B o ok profession’ encompa mpa ssing forty -five chapters in four ok , enco volumes, vol umes, provides comprehensive comprehensive details of the a cc ccepted epted pra ctic ctices es an d design criteria used in th e field field of plumbing engineering. engine ering. New a dditio dditions ns t ha t will shortly join join ASP E’s published published libra libra ry of prof professi essional onal technical technical ma nuals and ha ndbook ndbookss include: H igh-T echnolo chnology gy Phar Phar mace maceuti uti cal Facili ti es Des Design ign M anual , Hi gh-Te gh-Tec chn olo ology gy El ectronic Facili ti es D es esi g n M a n u a l , H ea l t h C a r e F a c i l i t i e s a n d H osp i t a l s D es esi g n M a n u a l , a n d Water Reuse Reuse Des Design ign M anu al. Society h osts biennia l Conventions in even-num even-num bered year s an d C ONVENTION AND T ECHNICAL S YMPOS YMPOSIUM IUM — The Society Tec echnica hnica l Sym posia in odd-num odd-num bered year s to allow professional plumbing engin eers an d designers t o improve improve their skills, skill s, learn original conce concepts, pts, an d ma ke important important networking conta conta cts to help help them sta y a breast of current current t rends an d technologi technologies. es. In conjunc conjunction tion with each Convention Convention t here is an Engineered P lumbing Exposition, Exposition, the grea test, largest gat hering of plumbing plumbing engineering an d design products, products, equipment, a nd services. services. Everyt hing from pipes pipes to pumps to fixtures, from compressors to computers computers t o consulting consulting s ervice ervicess is on display , giving engineers a nd specifiers specifiers the oppo opportunit rtunit y to view view t he newest a nd most innovative mat erials an d equipment ava ilable to them.

C ERTIFIED

ASP E sponsors a national certification program for engineers and IN P LUMBING E NGINEERING — ASP designers of plumbing designers plumbing systems, which car car ries the designat designat io ion n “Certified in Plumbing E nginee ngineering” ring” or CIP E. The certification program provides the profession, the plumbing industry, and the general public with a single, comprehensive qua lific lificaa tion of professio professiona na l competence competence for for engineers a nd designers of plumbing plumbing sy stems. The The CI P E, designed exclusively exclusively by and for plumbing engineers, tests h undr eds of engineers an d designers a t centers thr oughout the U nited St at es biennially. biennially. C reated t o provide provide a single, uniform uniform na tional credentia credentia l in th e field field of enginee engineered red plumbing plumbi ng systems, the C IP E pro progra gra m is not in a ny w ay co connec nnected ted to sta tete-regulated regulated P rof rofessi essional onal Engineer (P (P .E.) registration.

ASPE R

F




















































v

    

      

Volum Vo lume e1 C h a p t er er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volum Vo lume e3 C h ap a p t er er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Volum Vo lume e4 C ha h a pt p t er er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Funda Fund ament nta als of of Plumb Plumbing E ng ngine inee eri ring ng (Revised 1999) P l u m bi bi n g F or or m u la la e , S y m bo bol s, s, a n d Te Te r m in in ol ol og og y S t a nd n d ar a r d P lu lu mb m b i n g M at a t er er ia ia ls l s a nd n d E q ui ui p m en en t P lu l u m bi bi n g S pe pe c i f i ca t io io n s P lu l u m bi bi n g C os os t E st st im im at a t io io n J o b P r e pa pa r a t i on on , P l u m bi bi ng n g D r a w i n g, g , a n d Fi F i el el d C h ec ec k li li st st s P l um u m bi b i ng n g f or or P h y s ic ica l ly ly C h a l le le n ge g e d I n di d i v id id ua ua l s E n er er gy g y Co C on se s e r va v a t io i on in in P lu lu mb m b in in g S y st st em em s C or r o s i o n S ei ei s mi m i c P r ot ot ec ec t io i on of o f P l um um bi b i ng n g E q ui u i pm pm en en t Ac ou st st ic i cs in i n P l um um bi bi n g Sy S y st s t em em s 2000) Spe Sp ecial Plum Plumb bing Sy Sys ste tem ms (Estimated dat e: 2000) looseleaf format ) F ir i r e P r ot ot ec ect io i on S ys y s t em em s (Chapter 7, looseleaf P l um u m bi b i ng n g D es es ig ig n fo for H ea ea l t h C a r e F a ci ci li li ti t i e s (Chapter 32 32,, looseleaf looseleaf forma t) Tr ea ea t m en en t of of In I n du d u st st ri r i a l Wa Wa s te t e (Chapter 23, looseleaf format) I r r i g a ti t i o n Sy S y s t em em s (Chapter 29, looseleaf format) R ef ef l e ct in i n g P oo o ol s a nd n d F ou ou nt n t a in i n s (Chapter 30, looseleaf format) P ub u b l i c S wi w i m mi m i n g P oo oo l s (Chapter 31, looseleaf format) G a s ol ol i n e a n d D ie i e s el el O i l Sy S y st s t em em s (Chapter 33, looseleaf format) S te t e a m a n d C on on de de n sa sa t e P ip i p i n g (Chapter 38, looseleaf format) C om om pr pr es es s e d Ai Ai r Sy S y st st em em s (Chapter 39, looseleaf format) S ol a r E n e r g y (Chapter 20, looseleaf format) S i t e U ti t i l i t y S ys ys t e m s

Plumb Plum bing Com Compo pone nent nts s an and d Eq E quipm uipme ent (Estimated revision date: 2002) looseleaf format ) P lu l u m bi bi n g F ix ix t ur u r es es (Chapter 8, looseleaf P ip ip i n g S y s t e m s (Chapter 10, looseleaf format) looseleaf af format) Va l v e s (Chapter 9, loosele P u m p s (Chapter 11, looseleaf format) P ip i p i n g I n s u l a ti t i on (Chapter 12, looseleaf format) 13,, looseleaf looseleaf format ) H a n g e r s a n d Su S u p p or t s (Chapter 13 Vi b r at a t io ion Is I s ol a ti t i o n (Chapter 14, looseleaf format) G re r e a se s e I nt nt er er ce ce p t or or s (Chapter 35, looseleaf format) C ro r os s C on on ne n e ct io i on C on on tr t r ol ol (Chapter 24, looseleaf format) Wa te t e r C on on d i t io ion in in g (Chapter 28, looseleaf format) looseleaf af format) Th er er m a l E xp x p a n si s i on on a nd n d C on on t ra r a ct c t io i on s (Chapter 5, loosele P o ta t a b le le Wa Wa t er e r C oo ool er er s a n d Ce C e n t ra r a l Wa Wa t er e r S y st s t em em s (Chapt er 27, loose looseleaf leaf format )



















































vi























































vii

Tabl Ta ble e of Co Conte ntents nts CHAPTER 1 Sanit CHAPTER Sanitary ary Drain Drainage age Syst Systems ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow in Stacks, Building Drains, and Fixture Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow in Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow in in Building Building Drains Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow in Fixture Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumatic Pressures in a Sanitary Drainage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixture Discharge Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stack Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capacities of Sloping Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steady, Uniform Flow Conditions in Sloping Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazen and Williams Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Darcy-Weisba DarcyWeisbach ch Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manning Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slope of Horizontal Drainage Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load or Drainage Piping Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of Sanitary Drainage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sumps and Ejectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleanouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floor Drains Drains and and Floor Floor Sinks Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grates/Strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flashing Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sediment Bucket . . .






















































viii

Joining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal Expansion

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

Protection from Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sovent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 2

Gray-Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Codes and Standards Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Criteria for Gray-Water Supply and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Estima Estimates tes for Commercia Commerciall Buildings Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray-Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray-Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Estimates for Residential Buildings Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Estimates for Irrigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic Economi c Analysis Analysis — An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Precautions

. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

Public Conce Concerns/Acce rns/Acceptanc ptance e

....................................... .

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3 Vents and Venti CHAPTER Venting ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section I — Vents and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purposes of Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vent Stack Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traps and Trap Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .






















































Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vent Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combination Combin ation Waste Waste and and Vent Systems Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section II — Several Venting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philadelphia System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sovent System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stack Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wet Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduced-Size Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section III — Sizing of Several Venting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduced-Size Venting Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sovent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aerator Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deaerator Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4 Storm CHAPTER Storm-Drai -Drainage nage Syste Systems ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Design Considerations for Buildings and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part One: Building Drainage System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Sizing and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainfall Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rainfall Rate Tables

ix






















































x

Site Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Rational Method of System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exterior Piping and Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subsurface Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Source of of Subsurfac Subsurface e Water

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Site Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selecting Pipe Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disposal of Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storm-Water Detention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Equations Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 4-1 4-1 Sto Stormrm-Dra Draina inage ge Calcula Calculation tions s for Roof Drain Drains s and Vertical Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 4-2 Storm-Drainage System Sizing Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 4-3 Storm-Water Drainage Worksheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5 Cold-Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic Cold-Water Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meter Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing the Water Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing the Water Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hazen-Williams Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Factors Affecting Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .






















































xi

Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inadequate Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydropneumat Hydrop neumatic-Ta ic-Tank nk System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gravity-Tan Gravit y-Tank k System System

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Booster-Pump System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure-Regulating Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definitions Defini tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Pressure-Regulating Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing, Selection, and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing, Cleaning, and and Disinfection of Domestic, Water-Supply Water-Supply Systems . . . . . . . Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cleaning and Disinfecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 6 Domestic Water-Heating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Formula Formulae e and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat Recovery — Electric Water Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hot-Water Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixed-Water MixedWater Tempera Temperature ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hot-Water Temperature Maintenance Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hot-Water Circulation Systems Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Self-Regulating Heat-Trace Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selection























































xii


CHAPTER 7 FuelCHAPTER Fuel-Gas Gas Pipin Piping g System Systems s ............................ Low and and Medium-Pr Medium-Pressure essure Natural Natural Gas Systems Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Consi Consideratio derations ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laborat Lab oratory ory Gas . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . Gas Train Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Boosters for Natural or Liquefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials Materia ls of Constr Construction uction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Laws Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing a Gas Booster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liguefied Petroleum Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plastic Pipe and Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
























































xiii

Construction Considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seepage Beds Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction Considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seepage Pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction Considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mound System Systems s . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . Collection and Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives to Gravity Collection and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives to Conventional Primary-and-Secondary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . Septic Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Functions of the Septic Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solids Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Septic Tank Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Invert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tank Proportions Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage Storag e above Liquid Level

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .
























































xiv

Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dug Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bored Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Driven Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jetted Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydraulics of Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protection Protect ion of Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filtration Filtra tion

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scale and Corrosion Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taste and Odor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prophylaxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disinfection

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Well Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suction Suctio n Piping Piping

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

Pressure Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
























































xv

Simplified Simpl ified Method Method of of Calculatin Calculating g Velocity Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum Work Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum Source and Source Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum Pumps

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .

Gas-Transfer Pumps Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Receivers Receive rs

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Seal Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum-Pressure Gauges Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bourdon Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diaphragm Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancillary Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory and Vacuum Vacuum Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Material and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sizing Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacuum-Cleaning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of System and and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .























































xvii xv


CHAPTER 11 Water Treatment, Conditioning, and Purification . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Codes and Standards Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Water Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Impurities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suspended Suspen ded Matter Matter (Particul (Particulates), ates), Turbid Turbidity ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dissolved Minerals and Organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dissolved Dissolve d Gases Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Analysis and Impurity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Suspended Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Organic Carbon Carbon (TOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silt Density Index (SDI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits Deposit s and and Corrosion Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scale and Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Fouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


























































Ion Exchange and Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regenerable Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regeneration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Deioni Deionization zation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous Deionization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ion-Exchange System Design Considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Membrane Filtration and Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Membrane Membran e Selection Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross-Flow Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xvii

























































xviii


CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 12 Speci Special-Wa al-Waste ste Drai Drainage nage Syst Systems ems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Codes and Standards Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Approval Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Material Material and and Joint Joint Selection Selection Considera Considerations tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Sizing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pH Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General System Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acid-Waste Drainage and Vent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health and Safety Safety Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Types of Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


























































xix

Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipe Materia Materiall and Joint Selectio Selection n

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

System Design Consid Consideration erations s . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . Fire-Suppression Water Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flammable and Volatile Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods of Separation and and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1-1 Procedure for Sizing an Offset Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

























































xx


Climate, Schedule 40 Plastic Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure Fig ure 3-11 3-11 (A) Tradi Traditio tional nal TwoTwo-Pip Pipe e Plumbin Plumbing g System; System; (B) Typi Typical cal Soven Sovent t Single-Stac Single -Stack k Plumbing Plumbing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-12 Typica Typicall Sovent Sovent System System Aerator Aerator Fitting Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-13 Typical Sovent System Deaerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-14 Sovent System Branc Branches hes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-15 Soil and and Waste Waste Branches Branches Connect Connected ed into into a Horizontal Horizontal Stack Offset. Waste Branches Connected into the Pressure-Relief Line . . . . . . . . Figure Fig ure 3-16 3-16 Soi Soill and Waste Waste Branc Branches hes Conne Connected cted below below a Deaerator Fitting at the Bottom of the Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure Fig ure 3-1 3-17 7 Dea Deaera erator tor Fit Fittin ting g Loca Located ted above Floor Level of Building Drain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3-18 Sovent Fittin Fitting: g: (A) Singl Single-Sid e-Side e Entry (Witho (Without ut Waste Waste Inlets); Inlets);


























































xxii xx

Figure 5-7 Pipe Sizing Data, Smooth Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-8 Pipe Sizing Data, Fairly Smooth Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-9 Pipe Sizing Data, Fairly Rough Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-10 Pipe Sizing Data, Rough Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-11 Air Chamber Chambers: s: (a, (a, b) Plain Plain Air Chamber Chambers, s, (c) (c) Standpipe Standpipe Air Chamber, (d) Rechargeable Air Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-12 Hydrop Hydropneumat neumatic ic Pre Pressure ssure System Layout that Determi Determines nes the the Minimum Tank Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5-13 5-13

Typical Hydropneumatic Hydropneumatic Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 5-14 Pipin Piping g Connectio Connections ns for for a Gravity Gravity WaterWater-Storag Storage e Tank Tank with Reserve Capacity for Firefighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7-1 Variations of a Basic Simplex Booster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7-3 Pipe Sizing, Sizing, Low Pressure Pressure System System with with an Initia Initiall Pressure Pressure




























































xxii

Carbon Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11-6 Typical Single-Bed Single-Bed Ion Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11-7 Typical Dual-Bed Dual-Bed Ion Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11-8 Typical Mixed-Bed Ion Exchanger




























































Table 3-6 Size of Vent Stacks Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3-7 Fixture Unit Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3-8 Fixture Vents and Stack Stack Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3-9 Confluent Vents Serving Three Three Fixture or Stack Vents

xxiii



























































xxiv


Table 5-13 Guide to the Assessment of Hazard and Application of Devices—Isolation at the Fixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 5-14 Guide to the Assessment of Facility Hazard and Application of Devices—Con Devices—Containme tainment nt of Premise Premise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




























































Table 8-6 Typical Waste-Water Flows from Commercial Sources . . . . . . . . . Table 8-7 Typical Waste-Water Flows from Institutional Sources . . . . . . . . . Table 8-8 Typical Waste-Water Flows from Recreational Sources . . . . . . . . . Table 8-9 Quantities of Sewage Sewage Flows

xxv xx v




























































xxvi

Table 11-12 11-12

NCCLS Reagent-Grade Water Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 11-13 11-13

AAMI/ANSI Water-Quality Water-Quality Standards Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 11-14 11-14

ASTM Electronics-Grade Water Water Standarda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 11-15 USP XXII Purified-Water and WFI Water-Purity Standards Standards
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































36

minimum. Sewer gases will be forced upward through the terminal stack by the weight of the waste water, therefore, the vent pressures versus versu s the air intake volum volumes es need to be considered. 3. Provide Provide minim minimum um 4-in. 4-in. (101. (101.6-m 6-mm) m) diamet diameter er vent stack terminals. Experience has proved that a 4-in. (101.6-mm) terminal allows an adequate volume of air to enter the plumbing system, and its effective opening is not as easily constricted by foreign matter, ice, snow, or vermin as the opening of a smaller diameter pipe would be. (It should be noted that most codes require only that one 3-in. [76-mm] vent to atmosphere be provided for each building drain.) Winds of sufficient sufficient force can affect affect the function of the venting system. A strong wind blowing across the effective opening of the vent stack st ack terminal can create unbalanced air pressures within the system. Protective devices are available but may be susceptible to frost closure. Care must also be taken in locating the vent terminals with respect to building walls, higher adjacent roofs, parapet walls, etc., as these may affect the proper flow of air into and out of the venting system.

Traps and Trap Seals Traps are installed at the plumbing fixtures to prevent sewer gas and odors from escaping into the building and to keep insects and vermin outside. They are usually required to be of the water-seal, self-scour self-scouring ing type. Other types may be necessary to save precious metal or to keep harmful material out of the drainage system. Special code approvals may be necessary in these cases. The trap seal may be lost when when a fixture is drained. During During drainage, water drops through the fixture outlet down the tailpiece, acquiring momentum. This momentum is transferred to trap-seal water. The combined water then flows out of the trap down the trap arm at a rate depending on slope and momentum. The momentum will be increased if there is a vacuum in the drainage system. If the trap arm fills with water (either actually or effectively because of suds in the trap arm), the trap

extent as the fixture gradually empties after the siphon is broken. Glass plumbing is a convenient way to observe this phenomenon. Water-closet traps must always be siphoned to achieve a flush. Water closets are designed so that the watercloset trap is refilled. Traps can also be siphoned when there is excessive excessive vacuum in the system. system.

Factors Affecting Trap Seal Loss Based on the preceding, the following will reduce the danger of seal siphonage of the trap: 1. Reduce Reduce the the depth depth of of the over overflow flow rim in in fixfixtures. 2. Fla Flatte tten n the bott bottoms oms of fixtu fixtures res.. 3. Av Avoid oid hig high-s h-sud uds s deter detergen gents. ts. 4. Provide Provide smal smaller ler disch discharge arge open openings ings on the the fixtures. 5. Reduce Reduce the the distanc distance e (tailpie (tailpiece ce length length)) between between the fixture and the trap. 6. Incr Increase ease the size size of the the trap trap and trap arm. 7. Reduce Reduce the the vacuum vacuum on the the dischar discharge ge side side of the trap. 8. Pro Provid vide e a vent vent near near the trap trap outl outlet. et. There are three predominant predominant ways in which which traps seals are reduced. The first way occurs when wh en th the e pn pneum eum at atic ic-p -pres res sur e fl fluct uct ua uati tions ons caused by the discharge of fixtures other than the fixture to which a particular trap is attached siphon water out of the trap until the positive part of the fluctuation occurs. The second way is by the discharge of the fixture to which the trap is attached. The third way of reducing trap seals is by the buildup of high-suds detergents. It is recommended that the first phenomenon described be called “induced siphonage” and the second “self-siphonage.”

Suds Venting High-sudsing detergents may be expected to be used in kitchen sinks, dishwashers, dishwashers, and clothes washing machines in residential occupancies. These Thes e suds disru disrupt pt the venti venting ng actio action n and spre spread ad through the lower portions of multistory drainage systems. The more turbulence, the greater



















































C hapte hapter r 3 — Vents and Venting

37

problem may involve avoiding suds pressure zones, connecting the suds-producing stack downstream of all other stacks, and increasing the size of the horizontal building drain to achieve less restrictive flow of air and water. Using streamline fittings, such as wyes, tends to reduce suds formation. Check valves in fixture tailpieces have been used to fix problem installations. The National Standard Plumbing Code, Code, one of the traditional codes, lists the following special requirements to avoid suds problems: 1. Where required. Where kitchen sinks, laundry trays, laundry washing machines, and similar fixtures in which sudsy detergents are normally used, discharge at an upper level into a soil or waste stack which drainage and vent piping for such lower fixtures shall be arranged so as to avoid connection to suds pressure zones in the sanitary drainage and vent systems, or a suds relief vent, relieving to a nonpressure zone shall be pro vided at each suds press pressure ure zone where such connections are installed. In multistory buildings, with more than six branch intervals of fixtures described above, separate waste and vent stacks for the lower four branch interinter vals of fixtures shall be required. See Table 3-1. 2. Suds pressure zones. Suds pressure zones shall be considered to exist at the following locations in sanitary drainage and vent systems as indicated in Table Tabl e 3-1. See Figure 3-1.

sudsy detergents are used, a zone shall be considere considered d to exist downstrea downstream m in the horizontal drain from the base of the stack and both upstream and downstream of the next offset fitting downstream. Zone 4 . In a soil or waste system, which serves fixtures on two or more floors and receives wastes from fixtures wherein sudsy detergents are used, a zone shall be considered to exist in the vent stack extending upstream from the point of connection to the base of the soil or waste stack. See Figure 3-2.

Fixture Vents The discharge discharge of a lavatory or sink is quite high at first, decreasing a little as the depth in the basin decreases, decreases, until suddenly the rate of discharge falls rapidly to nearly zero, with the

Tabl able e 3-1 3-1 Sud Suds s Press Pressur ure-R e-Reli elief ef Vent Vents s Waste Size, in i n. (mm)

Relief Vent Size, in. (mm)

1½ (38)

2 (51)

2

( 51) (5

2 (51)

2½ (63)

2 (51)

3

( 76) (7

2 (51)

4

(101)

3 (76)

Zone 1. In a soil or waste stack, which

5

(127)

4 (101)

serves fixtures on two or more floors and receives wastes from fixtures wherein sudsy detergents are used, a zone shall be considered considere d to exist in the vertical portion upstream of an offset fitting and the riser to the upper section of the system, in the horizontal portion downstream downstream of this fitting and in the horizontal portion upstream of the offset immediately preceding the next offset fitting. See Table 3-1. Zone 2. In a soil or waste stack, which serves fixtures on two or more floors and receives wastes from fixtures wherein sudsy detergents are used, a zone shall be

6

(152)

5 (127)

8

(203)

6 (152)

Extent of Suds Pressure Zones for Various Size Soil and Waste Piping, Extent of Zone (Measured from Fittings) Stack Size, in. (mm)

Upstream, U, ft (m)

Downstream, D, ft (m)

1½ (38)

5 (1.5)

1½ (0.45)

2

(51)

7 (2.1)

1½ (0.45)

2½ (63)

8 (2.4)

2

3

(76)

10 (3 0)

(0.61) (0

2½ (0.76)




















































38

Figure Fig ure 3-1 3-1 Sud Sudss-Pre Press ssure ure-Zo -Zone ne Diagr Diagram am

coincidental formation of a vortex which allows air to be sucked down into the drain. Air that is drawn through the fixture passes down the drain in the form of bubbles that are dragged along the highest element of the drain. If there is enough air traveling with the water, when the flow from the fixture falls off, the bubbles enable the water to break loose from the upper element of the drain, so that the piston effect of water that would otherwise occur is often prevented. If the slug of water continues to fill the cross section as the flow decreases, it moves downstream slowly, creating a reduced pressure behind it that

published. Tests of the siphonage of fixture fixt ure traps were made as early as 1880, but no record of investigations of self-siphonage at such an early date has been found. Perhaps the most systematic investigation of the subject was made by John L. French and Herbert N. Eaton. A fullscale test was conducted by them to determine the factors that affect self-siphonage and, more particularly,, to establish limits on drain lengths, particularly slopes, diameters, and other pertinent variables that would ensure that excessive trap-seal losses due to self-siphonage would not occur. Based on these early research results, lengths



















































C hapte hapter r 3 — Vents and Venting

39

Figure Fig ure 3-2 3-2 Sud Suds s Ventin Venting/S g/Suds uds Pres Pressur sure e Zones Zones

“Each fixture trap shall have a protecting vent so located that the developed length of the trap arm from the trap weir to the inner edge of the vent shall be within the distance distance given in Table 3-2, but in no case less than two (2) times the diameter of the trap arm.”

It should be noted that the International Plumbing Code requirements requirements differ significantly from these. They are set forth as follows: “Each fixture trap shall have a protecting vent

Tabl able e 3-2 3-2 Max Maxim imum um Len Length gth of Trap Trap Arm

located so that the slope and the developed length in the fixture drain from the trap weir to the vent fitting are within the requirements set forth in Table 3-3. 3-3.”

Diameter of Trap Arm, in. (mm)

Venting as a Means of Reducing Trap Seal Losses from Induced Siphonage

1¼ (32)

Distance— Trap to Vent, ft (m) 2½ (0.76)

Spent water and other wastes from plumbing fix-






































i

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          

Volume 2 Plumb umbiing Sys Syste tem ms

               

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The ASPE Data Book is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design an d specification of plumbing systems. The The publisher publisher ma kes no guara ntees or wa rra nties, expressed expressed or or implied, regarding regarding the da ta and information conta conta ined in this publicat publicat ion. All All data and info informa rma tion are provided provided wit h the understa nding tha t th e publisher publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or oth er expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.

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Copyright Copyr ight © 20 2000 00 by American Society of Plumbing Pl umbing Engineers E ngineers All rights reserved, including including rights of reproduction reproduction and use in an y form or by any means, including the ma king of copie copiess by a ny photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reprodu ction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the publishe r.

















































American Society of Plumbing Engineers Volume 2

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