BROADCAST I NG
BROADCASTING %To send out in all directions& The process of transmitting information inform ation (voice, music or video signal) by radio or through television for reception by the general public. BROADA!T"#$
A' BROADA!T"#$
'01 244 3 2444 85 $RO/#D6A* *RT"A+ OAR"-D O'#"D"RT"O#A
"#TR#AT"O#A BROADA!T""#$ 01 2 3 24 '5 !7+6A* *RT"A+ OAR"-D OR"-O#TA OAR"-D OR"-O#TA O AR"-D /#"D"RT"O#A
T+! O0 BROADA!T"#$ BROADA!T"#$ !+!T'
0' BROADA!T"#$ T* BROADA!T"#$ *01 24 3 244 '5 !A 6A* OR"-O#TA OAR"-D "R/AR+ OAR"-D
*0 9 /01 244 3 2444 '5 !A 6A* "R/AR+ OAR"-D
T+! O0 BROADA!T"#$ !+!T'
>. Term in communications ?hich means % to send out in all directions&. a. Announce b. Broadcast c. Transmit d. 'edia :. 6hat is the process of sending voice, speech, music or image intended for reception by the general public; a. #avigation b. Telephony c. Broadcasting d. 'i
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
2. !hort ?ave broadcasting operates in ?hat band; a. '0 b. 0 c. *0 d. *0 @. The transmitting antenna for an A' broadcast station should have a polari5ation. a. vertical b. hori5ontal c. circular d. elliptical
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
. 6hat broadcasting service must use directional antennas a. A' b. 0' c. "nternational broadcast d. T* C. a. b. c. d.
6hat type of broadcast service might have their antennas on top 0' A' T* a and c
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
A' BROADA!T"#$
PARAMETERS
RP Standard
Int’l Standard
Broadcasting Band 0reEuency Band
: 3 >4 85
2 3 >C4 85
hannel 6idth
'edium freEuency F 85
'edium freEuency >4 85
!tation !pacing
2C 85
@4 85
'a< no. of channels "0 H R<
>>G
>4
@ 85
@ 85
0c Tolerance
IJH :4 5
IJH :4 5
A' BROADA!T"#$
PARAMETERS
RP Standard
Int’l Standard
Type of mission
A2 (D!B0)
A2 (D!B0)
'odulation
A'
A'
Receiver
!uperheterodyne
!uperheterodyne
Antenna olari5ation
*ertical
*ertical
Type of ropagation
$round ?ave
$round ?ave
Radiation attern
Omnidirectional
Omnidirectional
A' BROADA!T"#$
CHANNEL NUMBER
CARRIER FREQUENCY
>
2> 85
:
@4 85
2
@F 85
K
K
K
K
>2>
>4> 85
A' BROADA!T"#$ AOAT"O#!
ARA
'"DD BA#D
O6 BA#D
"$ BA#D
: 3 F>G 85
F>FH>2>: 85
>2>2H>4 85
'etro 'anila 'etro ebu
>4 86
:4 86
24 86
>4 86
:4 86
24 86
Other Areas
86
>4 86
> 86
all !igns
/-O#
D-..JD6..
*"!A+A!
D+..
'"#DA#AO
DL..
A' BROADA!T"#$ AOAT"O#!
a. PRIMARY The signal is not subMect to interference nor fading
b. SECONDARY The signal is subMect to some fading but there is no obMectionable coHchannel interference
c. INTERMTTENT
The signal is subMect to some fading and interference
!R*" ARA
BROADA!T DA+
R OA T"'
DA+ T"'
C am 3 C pm
#"$T T"'
C pm 3 C am
LR"'#TA R"OD
>: mn 3 am
ART! O0 A BROADA!T DA+
MAIN TRANSMITTER
o?er rating1 > 86 ALTERNATE TRANSMITTER
!ame po?er rating and freEuency stability as that of the main transmitter 'ust be coHlocated ?ith the man transmitter /sed ?hen the main transmitter failed or there are some modiNcations to be made ?ith it
T+! O0 TRA#!'"TTR
AUILIARY TRANSMITTER
oHlocated or not coHlocated Operating po?er may be less but never greater than the authori5ed po?er of the regular main transmitter /se during emergencies mergency Broadcast !ystem ( B!) mergency Action #otiNcation (A#) mergency Action Termination (AT)
T+! O0 TRA#!'"TTR
ANTENNA SITE SELECTION
ocation in relation to the population to be served and other communications installed onductivity of the soil at and immediately adMacent to the site onductivity of the path bet?een the site and the target area
A' A#T##A !+!T'
ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically polari5ed and shall radiate an eective Neld of not less than that of a C4H degree vertical radiator
The antenna, antenna leadHin, and counterpoise shall be installed so as not to present ha5ard
A' A#T##A !+!T'
>. One of the main considerations in the selection of antenna site fo a. conductivity of the soil b. height of the terrain c. elevation of the site d. Accessibility :. The part of broadcast day from C ' to C A' local time a. day time b. night time c. bed time d. e
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
2. 6hat are the freEuency limits of the A' broadcasting band; a. GG 3 >4G 85 b. 44 3 >C44 85 c. 244 3 2444 85 d. 2 3 >C4 85 @. 6hat is the freEuency tolerance for the R0 carrier in the standard A' radio broadcast band; a. -ero b. I J H :4 5 c. I J H >4 5 d. I J H :4 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
. a. b. c. d.
6hat is the channel ?idth of an A' station; 85 >485 4 85 :4 85
C. !tandard A' intermediate freEuency a. 2 85 b. @ 85 c. : 85 d. C: 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
. !tandard A' band?idth a. F 85 b. >4 85 c. >: 85 d. > 85 G. a. b. c. d.
6hat is the allo?able band?idth of commercial A' radio in the >4 85 24 85 :4 85 > 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
F. 6hat broadcast stations use vertical antennas on Pat ground; a. A' b. 0' c. T* d. !hort ?ave >4. The center to center spacing bet?een t?o adMacent stations in the hilippine A' B band a. F 85 b. :44 85 c. 2C 85 d. G44 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>>. The operating po?er of the au
4 c. > d. :4 >:. "t is a resistive load used in place of an antenna to test a transmitter under normal loaded conditions ?ithout actually radiating the transmitters output signal. a. Au
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>2. 'arshy land is an ideal location for A' transmitters because a. it optimi5es ground conductivity b. it increases antenna height c. it reduces rePection d. it enhances radio ?ave propagation >@. !ervice area of broadcast stations having a ground Neld of > mvJmeter. a. rimary !ervice Area b. !econdary service Area c. Tertiary !ervice Area d. "ntermittent !ervice Area
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>. !ervice area of broadcast stations ?ithout any interference but ?ith fading or intermittent variations on intensity a. rimary !ervice Area b. !econdary !ervice Area c. Tertiary !ervice Area d. "ntermittent !ervice Area >C. !ervice area of broadcast stations that is subMect to fading and interference. a. rimary !ervice Area b. !econdary service Area c. Tertiary !ervice Area d. "ntermittent !ervice Area
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>. One of the broadcast transmission auG. An A' broadcast station in 'etro 'anila operating at F@ 85 has a ma4 8? c. > 8? d. 24 8?
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
0' BROADA!T"#$
PARAMETERS
RP STANDARD
Broadcasting Band 0reEuency Band
GG 3 >4G '5
hannel 6idth
:44 85
!tation !pacing
G44 85
'a< no. of channels 'a< no. of stations "0 H R<
>44
*0
: >4. '5
0' BROADA!T"#$
PARAMETERS
RP STANDARD
arrier 0reE Tolerance Type of mission
IJH :444 5 02 (mono) 0G (stereo)
'odulation
0'
Receiver
!uperheterodyne
Type of ropagation
!pace ?ave
Antenna olari5ation
ori5ontalJcircular
0' BROADA!T"#$
CHANNEL NUMBER
CARRIER FREQUENCY
>
GG.> '5
:
GG.2 '5
2
GG. '5
K
K
K
K
>44
>4.F '5
0' BROADA!T"#$ AOAT"O#!
A!!
A B
TL O6R
R
"$T ABO* A*RA$ TRRA"#
S >: >4 86 3 : 86 86 S 24 86 > 86 3 >4 86
S :444 ft S 44 ft
HH
S > 86
HH
D
S >4 6
HH
HH
A!!! O0 0' !TAT"O#
0'n 0'> I (n 3 >) B6 0' channel freEuency in '5 0'> freEuency of the > st 0' channel GG.> '5 number n channel B6 channel band?idth :44 85
0' BROADA!T 0R=/#+ AOAT"O#
T"' O#!TA#T! RH'A!"! /!
usec
/RO
>4 usec
DH'A!"! DOB+
: usec
0' BROADA!T 0R=/#+ AOAT"O#
T?o audio signals ( and R) are mi 85
The dierence signal (HR) is D!B! modulated in the :2 to 2 85 slot about a stereophonic subcarrier of 2G 85.
0' !TRO BROADA!T"#$
PARAMETERS
RP STANDARD
ilot subcarrier
>F 85 IJH :5
!tereophonic subcarrier
2G 85 (:nd harmonic of pilot subcarrier
!tereophonic subcarrier suppression level
S >Q modulation of the main carrier
!ubsidiary ommunications Authori5ation (!A) icensed system ?hich has the purpose of providing bac8ground music for public buildings.
0' !TRO BROADA!T"#$
0' 0R=/#+ AOAT"O#!
Broadcast Transmission !ervices >. !tudioHto Transmitter in8 (!T) !tations in this service are to be used as relay of aural programming materials from studio to transmitter and bet?een N
:. Remote pic8Hup Broadcast !tations !tations in this service are to be used for the transmission of aural programming materials and associated cues and data. 2. ommunications, oordination and ontrol in8
0' !TRO BROADA!T"#$
>. !tandard emission for 0' broadcast a. A2 b. 20 c. 02 d. BG :. 0reEuency deviation of standard 0' broadcast a. : 85 b. 4 85 c. 85 d. >44 85
2. 0' broadcast guard band a. IJH >4 85 b. IJH > 85 c. IJH : 85 d. IJH 24 85 @. 0' broadcast pilot subcarrier a. G 85 b. >F 85 c. 2G 85 d. @> 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
. 0' broadcast freEuency tolerance a. > 85 b. : 85 c. 85 d. >4 85 C. 0' broadcast time constant for reHemphasis a. usec b. usec c. CG usec d. G> usec
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
. The class of 0' station, ?hich has an authori5ed radiated po?er not e: 8?. a. lass A b. lass B c. lass d. lass D G. An 0' broadcast station, ?hich has an authori5ed transmitter po?er not e4 8? and R not e
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
F. A class of 0' station ?hich is limited in antenna height of 44 ft above average terrain. a. lass A b. lass B c. lass d. lass D >4. The class of 0' station used for educational purposes a. lass A b. lass B c. lass d. lass D
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>>. The class of 0' station used for nonHcommercial and community service purposes. a. lass A b. lass B c. lass d. lass D >:. The Nrst channel in the 0' broadcast band has a center freEuency of a. GG '5 b. GG.> '5 c. GG.2 '5 d. >4G '5
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>2. 'a4 8? d. >: 8? >@. !tandard 0' band?idth a. :44 85 b. 44 85 c. G44 85 d. G4 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>. 6hat is the deviation ratio for commercial 0'; a. > b. : c. d. >4 >C. 6hat is the radio transmission of t?o separate signals, left and right, used to create a multidimensional eect on the receiver; a. !A b. !tereo system c. ilot transmission d. 'onophonic transmission
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>. The freEuency spectrum of the stereophonic signal a. C 85 b. F. to @. 85 c. >F to 2G 85 d. 24 to 2 85 >G. 0' broadcast receivers in the GG 3 >4G '5 have an "0 nominal a. @ 85 b. >4. '5 c. > '5 d. 44 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
>F. o? many commercial 0' broadcast channels can Nt into the band?idth occupied by a commercial "* station; a. >4 b. :4 c. 24 d. @4 :4. The carrier freEuency tolerance for 0' broadcasting a. IJH : 85 b. IJH : 85 c. IJH :4 85 d. IJH 24 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
:>. 6here is deHemphasis added in a stereo 0' system; a. before the matri< at the T< b. before the matri< at the R< c. after the matri< at the T< d. after the matri< at the R< ::. 6here is preHemphasis added in a stereo 0' system; a. before the matri< at the T< b. before the matri< at the R< c. after the matri< at the R< d. after the matri< at the T<
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
:2. An additional channel of multiple< information that is authori5ed by the 0 for stereo 0' radio stations to feed services such as commercial free programming to selected customers. a. !T b. !A c. B! d. "A :@. The normal freEuency for an !A subcarrier is 75. a. C b. C c. 2G d. >F
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
:. A monoaural 0' receiver receives only the signal of a stereo multiple< transmission a. I R b. 3 R c. Both a and b d. C 85
R*"6 =/!T"O#!
T* BROADA!T"#$
TELE!ISION
%to see at a distance& TELE!ISION BROADCASTING
The science of transmitting rapidly changing pictures from one point to another by means of electrical signals.
D0"#"T"O#!
". STUDIO OR OUTSIDE THE STATION
#. PICTURE AND SOUND TRANSMITTER
O'O##T! O0 A O'T T* BROADA!T"#$ !+!T'
$. MEDIUM %COAIAL CABLE & FIBER OPTIC CABLE
'. A NUMBER OF RECEI!ERS
O'O##T! O0 A O'T T* BROADA!T"#$ !+!T'
STL ( STUDIO TO TRANSMITTER LIN)
SNG ( SATELLITE NE*S GATHERING
ENG ( ELECTRONIC NE*S GATHERING
ARO#+'!
SEG ( SPECIAL EFFECTS GENERATOR
EFP ( ELECTRONIC FIELD PRODUCTION
ARO#+'!
T* TRA#!'"TTR
T* R"*R
DIPLEER
MONOCHROME
A special coupling device that permits the transmission of both audio and video signals using one antenna system.
!hades of blac8, gray and ?hite
!SB ( !ESTIGIAL SIDEBAND
T! BROADCAST CHANNEL
To conserve electromagnetic spectrum, it produces only the full /!B and only a portion of the !B
The band of freEuencies assigned for the transmission of the picture and sound signals.
COLOR Red, green and blue
D0"#"T"O#!
>
@@ H 4
:
@ H C4
2
C4 H CC
@
CC H :
C H G:
C
G: H GG
G F >4 >> >: >2
>@ H >G4 >G4 H >GC >GC H >F: >F: H >FG >FG H :4@ :4@ H :>4 :>4 H :>C
T* BROADA!T"#$ 0R=/#+ AOAT"O#
CHANNEL NUMBER FREQUENCY RANGE %MH+,
/R *0 3 A##! H >2 FLO*ER - N / "$# /0 3 A##! >@ H G2 @4 3 GF4 '5 FLO*ER - N / $0
A#AO$ OOR T* !+!T'! "# T 6ORD (A!T RAT"O, @12)
PARAMETERS
RP STANDARD
Broadcasting Band
@ 3 GF4 '5 h : to @ (@ 3 : '5) *0 o? h to C (C 3 GG '5) h to >2 (>@ 3 :>C '5) *0 igh h >@ to G2 (@4 3 GF4 '5) /0
hannel ?idth
C '5
Baseband 0reE
*ideo1 4 3 @ '5 Audio1 4 5 3 > 85 T* BROADA!T"#$ !TA#DARD!
PARAMETERS
'a< no. of stations "0 H R<
RP STANDARD
: stations icture "01 @. '5 !ound "01 @>.: '5
0c Tolerance
icture arrier1 IJH >444 5 olor arrier1 IJH >4 5 !ound arrier1 IJH >444 5
olari5ation
ircular
T* BROADA!T"#$ !TA#DARD!
PARAMETERS
Type of mission
RP STANDARD
*ideo1 2 Audio1 02 (mono) 'ultiHchannel T* !ound (stereo)
'odulation
Audio 1 0' *ideo1 A' J *estigial !ideband
Receiver
!uperheterodyne
Type of ropagation
!pace ?ave
T* BROADA!T"#$ !TA#DARD!
PARAMETERS
A12r3can 4 NTSC
E5r672an4 E5r672an4 PAL PAL
#o. of linesJframe
:
C:
#o. of linesJNeld
:C: U (oddJeven)
2>: U (oddJeven)
#o. of framesJsec
24
:
0ield freEuency
C4 (F.F@) 5
4 5
ine freEuency
>,C: 5
hannel ?idth
>,4 (>,2.2C) 5 C '5
*ideo band?idth
@ '5
'5
!TA#DARD! 0OR A#AO$ T* !+!T'
'5
PARAMETERS
A12r3can4 NTSC
E5r672an4 E5r672an4 PAL PAL
olor !ubcarrier
2.G '5
@.@2 '5
!ound !ystem
0'
0'
'a< !ound Deviation "ntercarrier 0reEuency
I J H : 85
I JH 4 85
@. '5
. '5
!TA#DARD! 0OR A#AO$ T* !+!T'
T C '- BA#D6"DT 3 OOR T* !TR/'
SCANNING INTERLACED SCANNING PATTERN
The process of analy5ing successively according to a preH Odd Nelds Nrst then determined method, the even NeldsV from left to light values of picture rightV then from top to elements constituting bottom the total picture area OR"-O#TA !A##"#$ 0R=/#+ 1 >,4 5 *RT"A !A##"#$ 0R=/#+ 1 C4 5
!A##"#$
!A##"#$
PROGRESSI!E SCANNING PATTERN rogressive scan diers from interlaced scan in that the image is displayed on a screen by scanning each line (or ro? of pi
!A##"#$
SYNCHRONI8ATION
7eeps the transmitter and receiver scanning in step ?ith each other Rectangular pulses Occur during blan8ing time ?hen no picture information is sent (blac8er than blac8 region) OR"-O#TA !+# 0R=/#+ 1 >,4 5 *RT"A !+# 0R=/#+ 1 C4 5
!+#RO#"-AT"O#
EQUALI8ATION
!erves to maintain continuous Po? of sync information to the hori5ontal scanning system. Occur before and after each * sync pulse =/A"-"#$ /! 0R=/#+ 1 2>,44 5
=/A"-AT"O#
BLAN)ING
revents the electron beam from reaching the screen, thus retraces (Pybac8) are made invisible. OR"-O#TA BA#7"#$ 0R=/#+ 1 >,4 5 *RT"A BA#7"#$ 0R=/#+ 1 C4 5
BA#7"#$
NEGATI!E TRANSMISSION As the signal increases, the picture becomes dar8er
COMPONENTS OF A COMPOSITE !IDEO SIGNAL
o?est amplitudes are the ?hitest color
icture (video) Blan8ing pulses !ync ( and *)
D0"#"T"O#!
O'O!"T *"DO !"$#A
a. BRIGHTNESS Overall or average intensity of illumination ?hich determines the bac8ground level in the reproduced picture
b. CONTRAST Dierence in intensity bet?een blac8 and ?hite parts of the reproduced picture
"T/R =/A"T"!
c. DETAIL Depends on the number of picture elements that can be produced ?ithin the frame. Also 8no?n as Resolution or DeNnition
d. COLOR LE!EL The color should vary the picture from no color to pale and medium colors up to vivid intense color.
2. HUE The color of the obMect
9. ASPECT The ratioRATIO of the ?idth to the height of the picture frame. !tandard1 @12
:. !IE*ING @ to GDISTANCE times the picture
"T/R =/A"T"!
height
!"A 0A""T"! "# A'RA A!!'B+
". INTERCOMMUNICATION #. MULTIPLE LENS TURRET ollection of dierent
;. IRIS CONTROL evel of illumination
lenses
$. TALLY LIGHTS 'ounted on camera housing V %on air&
. MECHANICAL FOCUS ? J cc? or loc8 to a scene
'. PAN & TILT CONTROLS /pJdo?nV leftJrightV 5oon
<. !IE*FINDER To Nnd a sample of the
inJout
material
!"A 0A""T"! "# A'RA A!!'B+
". #. PHOTOEMISSION PHOTOCONDUCTION iberation of electrons hanges of conductivity of from a material under a surface due to the inPuence of illumination illumination $. PHOTO!OLTAIC ACTION $eneration of voltage due to chemical or physical changes induced by illumination
'TOD! O0 ROD/"#$ A# "'A$ 6"T"# T T/B
". LIGHT TRANSFER CAPABILITY Ratio of brightness variations in the reproduced image to the brightness variations in the original scene
#. SPECTRAL RESPONSE !ame as the eyeV colors are rendered in their proper tones
$. SENSITI!ITY
/nit1 umenV output photosignal per incident illumination
ARATR"!T"! O0 A'RA T/B!
'. DAR) CURRENT !mall amount of signal current curr ent Po?ing in the output circuit even in the absence of illumination on the faceplate of the tube. . RESOL!ING PO*ER Resolution po?er
;. LAG CHARACTERISTIC "nability of the photosensitive layer in the pic8 up tube to follo? faster changes in illumination.
ARATR"!T"! O0 A'RA T/B!
"n a camera tube pic8up device, the front of the tube contains a layer of photosensitive material called a target target.. The lens of a camera focuses light from a scene onto the front of the camera tube, and this light causes changes in the target material. The light image is transformed into an an electronic image, ?hich can then be read from the bac8 of the target by a beam of electrons.
O6 A'RA T/B! 6OR7
The beam of electrons is produced produced by an electron gun at the bac8 of the camera tube. 6henever the electron beam hits the bright parts of the electronic image on the target material, the tube emits a high voltage, and ?hen the beam hits a dar8 part of the image, the tube emits a lo? voltage. The beam is controlled by by a system of electromagnets that ma8e the beam systematically scan the target material. This varying voltage is the electronic television television signal.
O6 A'RA T/B! 6OR7
". NIP)O* DIS)
A photoelectric tube is used ?ith a rotating ?heel punched ?ith small holes spiraling in to?ard the center to scan the picture elements.
T+! O0 A'RA T/B!
#. IMAGE DISSECTOR & ICONOSCOPE
The Nrst all electric pic8 up device.
$. IMAGE ORTHICON "ndicates the linear relation bet?een light input and signal outputV highly sensitive but relatively large and e
T+! O0 A'RA T/B!
'. FLYING SPOT SCANNER The spot of light from the screen of the RT is used as the light source to scan a Nlm slide
;. !IDICON 'ost ?idely usedV a very small camera tube of relatively simple construction, a photoconductive target plate and an electron gun. "mage plate is made up of Antimony TrisulNde
T+! O0 A'RA T/B!
. PLUMBICON %PHILIPS, !imilar to the *idicon e
<. SATICON %HITACHI4 LTD,
The image plate is made of !elenium, Arsenic and Tellurium.
0. SILICON !IDICON A !ilicon semiconductor Munction is used for the target materialV e
T+! O0 A'RA T/B!
=. CHALNICON %TOSHIBA,
The target is a multilayer arrangement consisting of Tin O
">. NE*!ICON %MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC, The target is made of Amorphous -inc !elendie layer bac8ed by Antimony TrisulNde.
T+! O0 A'RA T/B!
A chargeHcoupled device (D) is a lightHsensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays the data for an image in such a ?ay that each pi
AR$ O/D D*"
"n a D, the light from a scene stri8es an array of photodiodes arranged on a silicon chip.
hotodiodes are devices that conduct electricity ?hen they are struc8 by lightV they send this electricity to tiny capacitors. AR$ O/D D*"
The capacitors store the electrical charge, ?ith the amount of charge stored depending on the strength of the light that struc8 the photodiode. The D converts the incoming light from the scene into an electrical signal by releasing the charges from the photodiodes in an order that follo?s the scanning pattern that the receiver ?ill follo? in reHcreating the image. AR$ O/D D*"
CRITERIA FOR COMPATIBILITY >. The color T* system must transmit and be capable of receiving a luminance signal ?hich is either identical to a monochrome transmission or easily converted to it. :. 'ust use the same C '5 band?idth 2. 'ust transmit the hrominance information in such a ?ay that it is suWcient for adeEuate color reproduction but easy to ignore by a monochrome receiver.
OOR T* !+!T'
OOR T* !+!T'
". LUMINANCE "ndicates the amount of light intensity, ?hich is perceived by the eye as brightness. ontains all information reEuired to construct a blac8 and ?hite picture from the signal
Y - >.$>R / >.;=G / 6here1>.""B R 3 Red video signal
#. CHROMINANCE Term used to combine both hue (amplitude of signal) and saturation (phase angle) "s the 2.G '5 color subcarrier ?ith Euadrature modulation by " and = color signals
$ 3 $reen video signal B 3 Blue video signal
R"'AR+ OOR !"$#A!
a. IN?PHASE CHROMINANCE olor video signal transmitted as amplitude modulation of the 2.G '5 signal The only color video signal ?ith band?idth of 4 to >.2 '5 The positive polarity of the " signal is orange ?hile the negative polarity is cyan
I - >.>R ( >.#0G ( >.$#B
RO'"#A# !"$#A!
b. QUADRATURE PHASE CHROMINANCE olor video signal that modulates the 2.G '5 signal in Euadrature ?ith the " signal ?ith band?idth of 4 to 4. '5 The positive polarity of the = signal is purple ?hile the negative polarity is yello? green
Q - >.#"R ( >.;#G / >.$"B
RO'"#A# !"$#A!
#T! #ational Television !tandards ommitte e (American )
A
!A'
hase Alteration by ine (British, $erman)
!eEuential olor and 'emory (0rench)
A#AO$ OOR T* !+!T'! "# T 6ORD (A!T RAT"O, @12)
SIMILARITY They separate the luminance and chrominance information and transmit the chrominance information in the form of : color dierence signals ?hich modulate a color subcarrier freEuency transmitted ?ithin the sideband of the luminance signal.
DIFFERENCE The processing of the chrominance information #T! 3 subcarrier freEuency is amplitude modulated A 3 subcarrier freEuency is phase modulated !A' 3 subcarrier freEuency is freEuency modulated
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". TRANSLATORS
Retransmit the signals of T* broadcast station by freEuency conversion and ampliNcation ?ithout signiNcantly altering any characteristic e
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#. CAT! ( CABLE TELE!ISION A communications system that gathers local , remote, playbac8s and satellite signals and sent by coa
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A. HEADEND
The main hub of the AT* system ?here the signals from all sources originate, then processed, ampliNed and distributed to the subscribers.
B. OUTSIDE PLANT art of the AT* system that provides the distribution of the T* signals from the head end to the paying subscribers.
C. SUBSCRIBER PREMISE EQUIPMENT The end of the line of the AT* system, ?here the cable signals ?ere delivered from its origin to the subscriber.
ART! O0 T AT* !+!T'
ART! O0 T AT* !+!T'
ART! O0 T AT* !+!T'
$. MAT! ( MASTER ANTENNA TELE!ISION The means by ?hich many apartments, houses, hotels, schools and other multiHunit buildings distribute T* and 0' signals to a number of receivers.
DI!ISIONS >. ead end :. Distribution !ystem
OTR T* !R*"!
A. HEADEND
#ormally consists of an antenna installation to receive the desired signals, processing eEuipment to Nlter the signals and remove interference, and a distribution ampliNer to amplify the signals to the level reEuired to provide an adeEuate signal to every receiver in the system.
B. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM rovides a clean signal to the sets by isolating each receiver from the system and by delivering the proper amount of signal to each set
ART! O0 T 'AT* !+!T'
'. CCT! ( CLOSED CIRCUIT TELE!ISION A T* system that operates on a closed loop basisV T* images are only available to those connected to the closed loop. Applications1 educational, business, industry, medicine, traWc control, surveillance omponents1 amera and lens, oa
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A device that receives, decodes, and displays digital video broadcasts (in both highHdeNnition and standardHdeNnition formats) for consumer vie?ing.
This process produces much clearer picture and sound Euality than analog systems, similar to the dierence bet?een a compact disc recording (using digital technology) and an audiotape or longHplaying record.
Digital television uses technology that records, transmits, and decodes a signal in digital formXthat is, as a series of ones and 5eros.
"t also permits additional features to be embedded in signals including program and consumer information as ?ell as interactivities.
D"$"TA T*"!"O#
There are three types of broadcast digital television (DT*), each ?ith progressively better picture and sound Euality1
!tandardHDeNnition T* (!DT*) nhancedHDeNnition T* (DT*) ighHDeNnition T* (DT*)
Digital technology is being developed that ?ill oer sharper pictures on ?ider screens, and DT* ?ith cinemaH Euality images.
T+! O0 D"$"TA T*"!"O#
'0>3 @G4 lines by :4 piC1F aspect ratio, :F.FH5 frame rate, as deNned by the AT! standard. Ad@anc2d T2l2@336n St21 C6113tt22 %ATSC, ommittee established by the 0 to deNne ne? standards for publicly regulated broadcast television in the /nited !tates
!TA#DARD D0"#"T"O# T*"!"O#
'0>7
ighHdeNnition television (DT*) image that is @G4 vertical lines by :4 hori5ontal piC1F aspect ratio, F.F@ 5, :F.F 5, and :2.FG 5 frame rates, as deNned by the AT! standard
#A#D D0"#"T"O# T*"!"O#
ighHdeNnition video formats that have >C1F aspect ratio. $enerally refers refers to >4G4i or :4p images. ">0> 3 >,4G4 vertical lines by >,F:4 hori5ontal piC1F aspect ratio, :F.F 5 frame rate,
<#>7
:4 vertical lines by >,:G4 hori5ontal piC1F aspect ratio, F.F@ 5, :F.F 5, and :2.FG 5 frame rates,
"$ D0"#"T"O# T*"!"O#
'any Pat panel T*s use liEuidH crystal display (D) screens that ma8e ma8 e use of a special substance that changes properties ?hen a small electric current is applied to it. D technology has already been used e
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