Alternative Fuels Guidebookc P r o p e r t i e s , Storage, Dispensing, Vehicle Facility Modifications
Richard
Bechtold, P.E.
INTERNATIONAL
Society
Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale,
Congress
Library
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
1952Bechtold, Richard Alternative fuels guidebook: properties, storage, dispensing, vehicle facility m o d i f i c a t i o n s Richard B e c h t o l d . Includes bibliographical references index. I S B N 0-7680-0052-1 ( h a r d c o v e r ) Internal combustion engines, Spark ignition--Alternate fuels.
Title.
TP343.B37
662'.6--dc2l
Copyright
1997
1997 97-27727
Society
Automotive Engineers, Inc. C o m m o n w e a l t h Drive Warrendale, 15096-0001 U.S.A. Phone: ( 4 1 2 ) 776-4841; F a x : ( 4 1 2 ) 776-5760
http://www.sae.org
ISBN 0 - 7 6 8 0 - 0 0 5 2 - 1
rights reserved. Printed
United States
America.
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Preface involved w i t h alternative fuels vehicles over have been fortunate y e a r s . D u r i n g t h a t t i m e , a l t e r na t i v e f u e l s h a v e e vo lv e f r o m e x p e r i m e n t s past research laboratories public. have personally been conducted more recently, alternative fuels, involved with vehicle modification
modification a l t e rn a t i v f u e l r e f u e l i n g facilities design installation alternative fuel vehicles. maintenance existing garages f o s a s t o r a g e above-ground methanol refueling sysThis e x p e r i e n c e i n c l u d e s underground Maryland Mass Transit refueling systems, tems, compressed natural t r a n s i t Greater n a t u r a l refueling system, Administration liquefied information recharging facility. Richmond Transit C o m p a n y electric essential understandh e r e i n i n c l u d e s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s t h a t h a v f ou n d a l t e r n at i v e f u e l s t h e y impact chemical properties in th physical modifications existing garages s a fe t p u r p o s e s . refueling system design fleet engineers general guide combination reference such, i m p l e m e n t a l t e r n a t i v e f u e v e hi c l es . managers whose
R.L. Bechtold April 1997
Table
Contents
I n t r o d u c t i o n ....................................
Chapter
T h e i r O r i g i n s...................................S One-Alternative Fuels A l c o h o l s ....................................5 M e t h a n o l ....................................6
P r o d u c t i o n ....................................7 V e h i c l e Emissions Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ..................... V e h i c l e Performance Impacts ...............
E t h a n o l ....................................
P r o d u c t i o n .................................... V e h i c l e E m i s s i o n s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... V e h i c l e Performance Impacts ...............
.................................... Natural P ro d uc ti o n ............................ V e h i c l e E m i s s i o n s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ H e a v y - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ V e h i c l e Performance Characteristics .......... L i g h t - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ H e a v y - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ LPGas
............................
P r o d u c t i o n ............................ V e h i c l e E m i s s i o n s C h a r a c t e n s t i c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ H e a v y - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ V e h i c l e P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................ H e a v y - D u t y V e h i c l e s ............................
Alternative
Fuels Guidebook O i l s ..................................
Vegetable
P r o d u c t i o n ..................................
Characteristics .................. ................ V e h i c l e Performance Characteristics .................................. Vehicle Emissions
H y d r o g e n ..................................
P r o d u c t i o n .................................. V e h i c l e Emissions Characteristics ................. ................. V e h i c l e Performance Characteristics .................................. A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n .......... Sources ........................ References
..................................
Chapter Two-Properties
Specifications
................................
A l c o h o l s .................................. M e t h a n o l ................................... E t h a n o l .................................. ...........
Natural
Compressed Natural
Liquefied Natural
LPGas
. . . . . . . . . .
.............................
............................
............................
Vegetable
Oils
............................
H y d r o g e n ............................ A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n ............................ Sources R e f e r e n c e s ............................ ................ C h a p t e r T h r e e - M a t e r i a l s C o m p a t i b i l i t y .......... A l c o h o l s ............................. M e t h a n o l ............................. Ethanol ............................
Natural
............................
Compressed Natural
Liquefied Natural Vegetable Oils
H y d r o g e n ........
........
References . . . . . . . .
............................ ............................
Table
Contents
Chapter Four-Storage Dispensing ........................... A l c o h o l s ............................ M e t h a n o l ........................... Tanks ........................... Piping ............................100
D i s p e n s e r s ............................100
M i s c e l l a n e o u s C o m p o n e n t s........................... L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n ...........................
Ethanol ........................... T a n k s ...........................
Piping
...........................
Dispensers
S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s........................... Leak Detection
Natural
L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n ........................... ............................
Compressed Natural
...........................
C o m p r e s s o r s ...........................
S t o r a g e ........................... P i p i n g ............................
D i s p e n s e r s ...........................
C o n t r o l S y s t e m s ........................... L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s ...........................
S u p p r e s s i o n Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n ........................... Liquefied Natural ........................... S t o r a g e ........................... P i p i n g ...........................
D i s p e n s e r s ...........................
C o n t r o l S y s t e m s ........................... L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n ........................... L N G - t o - C N G S y s t e m s ...........................
A l t e r n a t i v e F u e l s Guidebook .......................
S t o r a g e ....................... P i p i n g ........................
D i s p e n s e r s .......................
C o n t r o l S y s t e m s ....................... L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s ....................... F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V e g e t a b l e O i l s .......................
S t o r a g e ....................... P i p i n g .......................
D i s p e n s e r s ....................... C o n t r o l S y s t e m s........................ L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s ....................... F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s ....................... L i g h t n i n g P r o t e c t i o n ....................... Hydrogen .......................
S t o r a g e ....................... P i p i n g .......................
D i s p e n s e r s ....................... C o n t r o l S y s t e m s ....................... L e a k D e t e c t i o n S y s t e m s ....................... F i r e S u p p r e s s i o n S y s t e m s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n ....................... Sources References ....................
C h a p t e r Five-Refueling Facility Installation G a r a g e F a c i l i t y M o d i f i c a t i o n s ....................... B u i l d i n g C o d e s....................... A l c o h o l s ....................... Location S t o r a g e T a n k s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A b o v e - G r o u n d T a n k s ....................... U n d e r g r o u n d T a n k s ....................... Installation of Fue D i s p e n s e r s ............................... Location Vehicle Storage Maintenance Facilities ...............................
F i r e P r o t e c t i o n...............................
Iviii
Table
Natural
Contents
.........................................
C o m p r e s s e d Natural ............................. ............ S t o r a g e Tanks ................. Location ........................ Installation F u e l D i s p e n s e r s ............................. Location V e h i c l e Storage M a i n t e n a n c e Fa cili ti es ............................... Fire Protection .........................................
......................................... Liquefied Natural ........................ L o ca t io n o f S t o r a g e Tanks ................. Installation o f F ue l D i s p e n s e r s ............................. Location Vehicle Storage Maintenance Facilities ............................... Fire Protection .........................................
Location
.........................................
S t o r a g e Tanks .............
............................
Fuel Dispensers .................................... Installation Location Maintenance Facilities ..................................... V e h i c l e Storage
F i r e P r o t e c t i o n ......................................... V e g e t a b l e O i l s ......................................... ............................ S t o r a g e Tanks ............. Location F u e l D i s p e n s e r s .................................... Installation Location V e h i c l e Storage M a i n t e n a n c e F a c i l i t i e s ..................................... F i r e P r o t e c t i o n .........................................
H y d r o g e n ......................................... Electricity Sizing
.........................................
............................. Charger S e r v i c e ............ Location C h a r g e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . V e h i c l e C h a r g i n g Facilities ......................................... F i r e P r o t e c t i o n ......................................... A d d i ti o n a l I n f o rm a t i o ................. ........................ Sources
References .........................................
Chapter Six-Glossary Index
About
Terms
.........................................
..........................................
A u t h o r ..........................................
Introduction describe fuel suggested transportation v eh ic le s o t he r t h a n gasoline many w a y s , diesel fuel. current situation regarding fuels transportation vehicles resembles time e a r l y 1900s w h e n v e h i c l e buyers could choose a m o n g i n t e r n a l - c o m b u s t i o n , electric vehicles. During this period, there were great d e b a t e s about steam, which fuels were best-even Henry Ford e n v i s i o n e d m a n y today's concerns environment about fuel availability ethanol investigating renewable, home-grown fuel whose production would benefit agriculture. wide availability inexpensive gasoline b y - p r o d u c t o f k er os e n r e f i n i n g surely large factor (for lighting purposes) subsequent success Both steam v e h i c l e s . internal-combustion engine electric transportation characteristics much desired t i m e such vehicles consumers noise good driveability. However, drawbacks such l e n g t h y start-up time short driving range (electrics) complexity operation (steam vehicles) limit their appeal. With advent electric starter, internalconspired combustion-engine vehicles achieved combination ease economy, range, that steam electric vehicles c o u l d match. From demise electric vehicles, internal-combustion vehicles u s i n g gasoline steam diemarket. Ongoing fuel have e n j o y e d virtually c o m p l e t e dominance reliable vehicles that resulted very durable development over time t h a n l e s s e v e r e n v i r o n m e n t safe before. damaging term "alternative fuel"
been used
alternative fuels diesel development original i m p e t u s gasoline r e a l i z a t i o n t ha t t h e o i l - p r o d u c i n g n a t i o n s t h a t h e l d fuel majority w o r l d ' s reserves what power' dictate availability price c o m p l e t e n e s s this power much greater potential exists oil-producing nations applied. extent
ment that
topic
much debate, there disagreem o n o p o l i s t i c powers c o o r d i n a t e d efforts
A l t e r n a t i v e Fuels Guidebook U.S., several European counbecome truly intemational commodity. altemative fuels because t h e y have Japan have l e t h development tries, i m p o r t s s a t is f y t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n v e h i c l e f u e l n e e d s . b e c o m e dependent U . S . highway transportation sector essentially totally dependent Today, shortages petroleum fuels, making transportation very v u l n e r a b l e uses more petroleum fuels light-duty U.S. sudden price increases. production. Growth light-duty vehicle fuel vehicles than domestic heavy-duty 0 . 8 % through year 2 0 1 5 , projected consumption same .3 f u e l c o ns u m p t i o g r o w t h r a t e p r o j e c t e d vehicles ever1.9%, which predicts imports projected time, growth domestic production.2 Other between petroleum consumption widening utilities have m a d e p r o U . S . such industry petroleum-using sectors not. f u e l s o t h e r t h a n o i l , w h i l e t h e t r a n sp o r t a ti o n s e c t o r visions switch alternative fuels prodding petroleum fuels that this dependence transportation.
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n with alternative fuels, soon b e c a m e c l e a r that alterwell. Each alternative i n h e r e n t environmental a d v a n t a g e s native fuels e n v i r o n m e n t a l advantage over petroc h a r a c t e r i s t i c g i v e s t h a t some fuel environment spilled, a n d , less damaging general, l e u m fuels. M o s t reduced less reactive. This results e m i s s i o n s from alternative fuels benefit improved quality. ozone b e i n g produced w i t h amounts environU.S., less c o n c e r n about energy security 1980s there 1990s pendualternative fuels k e p t interest high. m e n t a a d v an t a g e s alternative fuels. U . S . energy security value s w u n g back assumed steady transportation, foreign oil, particularly dependence w h e n price shocks have i n c r e a s e a p p r o a c h i n g l ev el s i n shortages past alternative fuels again centered occurred. Another reason interest becaus emissio c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g y c o m b i n e d with c l e a n e r energy security resulted "clean diesel" reformulated g a s o l i n e petroleum fuels such emissions benefits emission levels significantly depreciate enough alternative fuels. Through
Energy, Energy Information Administration, A1996 Annual Energy Out2015,@ DOE/EIA-0383(96), J a nu a r 1 99 6 , N a t i o n a l look 1996 W i t h P r o j e c t i o n s ergy I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r , E I - 2 3 E n e r g y I n f o r m a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g , Room l F - 0 4 8 , Washington, D.C. 20585. U.S. Department
Introduction a l t er n a ti v e f u el s f o c u s e d best from hi ne cost. That question v i e w p o i n t t e c h n i c a l feasibility, p r o d u c t i o n capability, answered with and, interim, development tive fuel v e h i c l e t e c h n o l o g y parallel. T e c h n i c a l feasibility proceeded shifted more toward which alternative focus longer questioned, c o m p e t i t i v e cost. Cost calculated only fuels terms produced vehicle price expense fuel price, operating characteristics, addition, d e v e l o p i n g national fuel distribution infrastructure. issues v e h i c l e maintenance p e r s o n n e l have training such public awareness alternative fuel vehicles spreads. Professions only peripherarisen ally a w a r e v e h i c l e t e c h n o l o g y , such p r o f es s i on a l e n g i n e e r s t h a t m u s t d e s i g n maintenance f a c i l i t i e s , will need b e c o m e f a m i l i a r with v e h ic l e s t o r a g physical characteristics safe h a n d l i n g practices alternative fuels. B u i l d i n g code slowly gaining standards-setting organizations n e c e s s a r y inforcodes a d d r e s s alternative f u e l s , though mation change process standards complete. that takes many years thorough initial work
Alternative fuel vehicles will likely become more prevalent t h r o u g h o u t U.S. 1992, result implementation passage Energy Policy F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , state g o v e r n m e n t s , known E P A C T . EPACT r e q u i r e s p u r c h a s e alternacompanies p r o d u c i n g alternative fuels (fuel providers) vehicle acquisitions. Federal governtheir tive fuel vehicles part ment d a t e a c q u i re d a p p r o x im a t e l y 1 5 , 0 0 0 alternative fuel vehicles, state fuel providers regulations begin acquire alternative fuel vehicles went into effect March 1 9 9 6 . 3 EPACT a l s o i n c l u d e s p r o v i s i o n s l o c a l f l e e t s requiring private purchase alternative fuel vehicles fuel determined that F e d e r a l , state, p e t r o l e u m d i s p l a c e m e n t caused meet provider alternative fuel vehicles insufficient petroleum displaceEPACT e n a c t e d , this m a n d a t e w o u l d t a k e e ff ec t i n 2 0 0 2 ) . ment goals U . S . Energy I n f o r m a t i o n Administration estimates that within years, annual million alternative fuel vehicles c o u l d exceed sales year because from market-driven sales a d d i t i o n EPACT alternative state mandates
Federal Register, Vol.
Thursday, March
1996,
10622.
A l t e r n a t i v e F u e l s Guidebook f u e l v e h i c l e s . 4 T h e s e a l t e r na t i v e f u e l v e h i c l e s w i l l c r e a t e s u bs t a nt i a l d e m a n d d i s p e n s i n g facilities, modifications existing fuel storage facilities. inform e n g i n e e r s objective other interested parties this book about alternative fuels. d i r e c t e d t h e p r o fe s si o n al s w h o s e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s n e e d r ea d r e f e r alternative fuels, require working knowledge ence inform guide t h e m making d e c i s i o n s their work. c o n c e n t r a t e s a l t e m a t i v e fuels, their properties, characteristics, m a t e r i a l s compatibility, attempt include s a f e handling practices. does v e h i c l e technology their efficiency u s i n g alternative fuels, e m i s s i o n s characteristics. These inclusion text changing very rapidly conducive therefore meant have more lasting content.
alternative fuels included in hi book those which considered internal-combustion engines most likely candidates future energy c o n v e r s i o n d e v i c e s such fuel cells. alcohols (methanol ethanol), natural cov(compressed hydrogen liquefied), gas, vegetable oils, ered facility m o d i f i c a terms included only their entirety. Electricity s i n c e e l e c t r i c recharging vehicles means tions storing distributing e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s . D i m e t h y l e t h e r (DME) electricity affected p r o m i s i n g a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l f o r d i es e l e n g i n e s m a d e f r o m n a t u r a l g a s , w i t h p h y s i define been done properties similar gas. Very little work DM from such plants, p r o d u c t i o n processes, typical composition d a t a DM ( t h o u g h t h e y dispensing requirements storage likely very similar those e a r l t o p r ov i d g u i d a n c a b ou t present, gas). stored DM s h o u l d dispensed.
U.S. Department Energy, Energy Information Administration, A 1 9 9 6 Annual Energy Outl o o k 1996 W i t h Projections 2015,@ DOE/EIA-0383(96), J a n u a r y 1 9 9 6 , N a t i o n a l Energy I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r , E I - 2 3 1 , E n e r g y I n f o r m a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g , Room F-048, Washington, D.C. 20585.
ISB N :97 8 - 0 - 7 68 0 - 2 5 4 3 - 9 Co py r igh t©19 9 7 SA E In te r n a tio n a l
