alquimia (PICATRIX).pdf

A-ATAA % 2, NEH-<>FK> 2013 II. 297-344 % 0211-3589 H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011

M02 .7 5-A75><: Rasa"l ijwan al-Safa", Rutbat al-hakim  Ga!at al-hakim (Pcatr)*

@< G E-AGENL: al> I=a@ >-Sal,  >-h=? G GaK >-h=? (&J) #H>KH > CEEM• GO>KLM` CMHEJN> > HNOG E KMd EL al> I<a@ >-Sal >G E-AGENL R E FIE<<iG > >LM LMiG >G E LMHK > E <>G< R E EHLHd [K>L. [L IKMGM>, L> <>GMK >G >E FI E >G< > EHL $>KFGHL > E NK>S >G HL HKL FIHKMGM>L > E EM>KMNK > E-AGENL >G >E <FIH > EL <>G<L H-h=? R E GaK >-h=?. >MHF >E M>F > E NMHKd R >LML MK>L HKL, >LM<GH >E ><H > JN> >E EL al> >L >E K>LNEMH GE > NG IKH<>LH > GM> > E@NGHL >E>F>GMHL GN>OHL, E >GM<<iG >E NMHK > E  R > E GaK QMNE > >LML MK>L HKL R, >G IKME G[ELL > E, HK mG G`M, I>KFM> >GM<K  LEF E-NKtNi E MKGLFLHK @>GNGH >E  >: al> I<a@ >-Sal;  >-h=?; GaK >-h=?; LEF E-yKiti; LEF E-NKtNi; F@; <>G<L >G E-AGENL.

L KM L KG> PM M> GMKHN al> I=a@ >-Sal MH E-AGENL, G M> FIE<MHG ML JN>LMHG L HK M> LMHKR H AK< L<>G<> G IEHLHIR. HK> LI><<EER, M HL HG M> FI >G H M> BK>MK>G H NKMR HG M>  >-h=? G M> GaK >-h=?, MPH FIHKMGM PHKDL H M> EM>KMNK> H E-AGENL G M> >E H H<G<>L. > KM K>OLML M> LLN> H NMHKLI G <KHGHEH@R H M> MK>> PHKDL, @E@MG@ M>  al> L M> IKHN IKH<>LL HL P M> >GM<MHG H M> NMHK H M>  G M> GaK PM LEF E-NKtNi (. 964). > M>QMNE L> MK>> PHKDL G, G IKM LMNR H M> LMEE NG>M>  >GE>L HG> MH >GMR LEF ENKtNi L M> @>GNG> MKGLFMM>K H M> %DPGG I=a@ >- Sal;  >-h=?; GaK >-h=?; LEF E-Kiti; LEF E-NKtNi; @<; <>G<> G E-AGENL.

* E IK>L>GM> KMdL >E K>LNEMH > NG GO>LM@<iG EE>O  <H >G E GO>KL > BK<>EHG >G >E [FMH > NG >LMG< L[M< > NG hH (L>IM>FK> 2012@HLMH 2013) HMHK@ IHK E GO>KLM` CMHEJN> > HNOG. A@K>SE "HK< (GO>KLMM > BK<>EHG), GO>LM@HK IKG<IE >E IKHR>OHEN<iG > E <>G< >G E LH<> > E-AGENL >L> E AEM  > E IK>->G<F>GMH R

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<>IM IK E INE<<iG > EL al> I<a@ >-Sal, E O>G< >QM>KG LHK> E JN> OHEO>K>FHL F[L >EGM>, LN>E> LMNKL> >GMK> EHL hHL 960 R 980. KL >K >FI>SH  NGKL> >G %KJ R EK>>HK > LN EN@K > HK@>G >G E L>@NG FM >E L@EH , >E EL al> M>GKd JN> >K LH FIHKMH E QMK>FH >LM> >E FNGH FNLNEF[G NGL IH<L `<L >LIN`L. H Kd ><H >E E-yKiti, JN>G, > O>  K>GM>, L> Kd IKHLMF>GM>, NG E HK >G BLHK, E <N >G E JN>, IK>LNGMF>GM>, OO>KHG EHL %PG, H F[L >G >G HKKG, >G E IKHI <N >G E JN> EHL FHLHL >HL IKL > F@ LMKEL> M>FIH >LM BLHK K@HS, >L> >E >LMNKH E @KLGF>FHKE. R >E XNKM>L >E OEE> >E KH, >E M>LMFHGH > S GHL IKHIHK<HG NG K>EMH IK>GM>F>GM> LFIE> R IENLE> >E O> JN> SH E >G< EHLi< > EHL $>KFGHL > E NK>S. G >FK@H, >G E GKK<iG > S JN> NG >MEE> JN> LN@>K> JN> EL K F[L G K>E. L E mEMF KL>, >G E JN> >E NMHK KF JN>, IHK EH JN> L>, G> d GMKHN<H EL EX> >G E-AGENL GM>L > E-'KFGi. uN` IN>> L@G<K >L HL>KO<iG LGH JN>S K> FIEd<MF>GM> JN>, IHK EH F>GHL, L> IEGM> E IHLE > JN> EL EX> > EHL %PG E-S~ N>KG LH GMKHN<L GM>KHKF>GM>? G >LM> KMd IKHIHG@H H > >LM IHLE R > NG LMHK JN> F> IK><> FN<H F[L  JN> >E K>EMH IKHIHK<HGH IHK EL Ta >-??. E M>QMH >LMK[ OH >G L: NG w>LMH > E LMiGx LHK> E LG MHKGH E EHL %PG E-S~, IK>LMGH >LI><E M>G<iG  EHL IKHE>FL > M<iG R NM>GM<. G L>@NGH EN@K L> HKG EHL IKHE>FL JN> IEGM>G EHL MKMHL  >-h=? R GaK >-h=?, HL M>QMHL FHLHL > E EM>KMNK F>>OE [K> GENLd>G >E [FMH > EL <>G<L HK<>K EN@K L> IHG>G >G I>KLI>LML 3 i <>G<>|.R R@ <M>K-B>KGNK@, {Sª, M> HE>G E>L, G AGENL B>K-G@,#U@  ??  @ @ E@ ?>?@ (II/III h /I .), . 49-59.

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A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011


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< NG>LI><E L@EH R F>H 840 LM <. 980x . AL $FG wNKGM> >L NG <LH >GMK> >L> EHL GO>LM@HK>L FH>KGHL. CHGMKKF>GM>  MHHL EHL >LI><ELML K>LMGM>L, È GH HMHK@ LMFHGH > E-Phii R, E K>O`L JN> MHHL >EEHL, >LM[  OHK > NG O> JN>, IHK KSiG > NG GM>KIK>M<iG >HEi@< > E HK IK>L>GMGM> >E LF,iELFH IK>-MFd, È IK>>K> LMNK >GM>KF>GM> >GMK> 873 R 909, EH JN> E>  KK KIHE<HG>L >E M>QMH NG <GM K>EMOF>GM> FIHKMGM> > <ML H K>>K>G<L JN> L> >GGMKG >G E MK<iG FGNLMSH >G >K E-BSK, E KG<HGE > ><iG MHH >E EHL %PG IHK >E %GLMMNM>>LL H %LFE MN>L > HGK>L:L>Kd wG FG>KNG IKN>GM> > L > KFMK >L@G<iG E>QE> > EL al> QMH L> K>FHGM E L@EH  R JN>, >G JN>EE ÌH<, JNS[L <KGMKH >E [K> @>HIHEdM< >E CK><>GM> `KME, GGH >E >OGM>x11. > MKMKd, IN>L, > NG LO > NMHK>L GiGFHL, >QM>G  OKL @>G>K<HG>L, JN> <> >LI><E G<I` >G EL <>G<L >LHM`K<L: MHH >LH K >LMK><F>GM> L> IN>> ><K > HMKH E EM>KMNK [K> F>>OE: E <<iG > >LM>KFGK JN> EHL %PG L> GLIKKHG >G >LM> EJNF >G E@NGL > LNL >IdLMHEL12. AHKMNGF>GM> IK GHLHMKHL, > LNL >LLM K><<iG > EL IdLMHEL. H JN> >QIHG> >G LN mEMFH EKH," kFV  > Ul, >L >L@K<F>GM> IHGM>  >L> K>LI>, >G mEMFH EN@K, AL $FG, {> AKKG@>F>GM H M>al> I=a@ >-Sal G M> KHE>F H %GM>KIHEMHGL PM HLM >L E O>KLiG E NMHK > NG KMdG 1984 >G >E @>  ? . >E FLFH NMHK, O`L> MF`G {Au HRRG E-Phii G M> BK>MK>G H NKMR|; {AG >KER "tF LHNK<> HG M> F> G ANMHKLI H M>al> IÌa@ >-Sal|; {BK>MK>G H NKMR,  >M H<>MR HK M> LMELF>GM H M> "tF CEIM>: >P O>G<> HK M> KER MG@ H M>K G|. 11 E>-BL, i&>j, . 3. 12 #, i'>> @ > >@ @ c P @HKKP@ d  > I=P@ sSPl?j; #, " >  >?  >l>?  >. R @ HKKR@  > e FV  > &U f.

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z>G FL K><<HG>Lz JN> KKEL KIHE<HG>L >G >E M>QMH GH IK><> KSHGE>24. G >FK@H, R MF`G >E>F>GMHL JN> GHL GOMG  FGM>G>K E <NM>E. >L >E >>EELKG. A I>LK @KGIK><> LFEMN > GH >LMEH>R >EEHL GH, > >- a> >->YaE?u HK>GMH  K<HG>L F[L >LMKGM> >LHM`K<L R, IHK Ld ><KEH, F[L <KKdLM<L >E I>GLF>GMH LF ,ilí JN> >E > EL al>25. E HMKH >E>F>GMH >L > GMNKE>S >QM>KG. CHFH >L >G LH, EHL >LE GHFK> > EHL %PG E-S~ z>L ><K, EL al> Ld -a> >-Ya?uz G LH K>QMHL NGHK>L IHK NGHL NMHK>L LF,ilíes > E  > JN>, >G >E >>FIEH >E au }%F E-iG R F>G<HGH, GH NKHG >G MKNKEL  AhF . }A AEE, NGH > EHL FF>L LF,ilíes >E I>KdHH > H- ) JN> IK><>i E >LME><F>GMH >E SJ26. <EMH MFd >G R>EN>K hH 909, R MF`G  YK EHK HMKH EH, >E [FMH >LMKGM> LF ,ilí, >QLM> MF`G NG EK@ MK<iG > NMHK>L JN> MKNR>G E IM>KG > >a> >-Ya?u G F>GHL JN>  LEF E-yKiti, >GM>GH HOF>GM> E FHLH LMKiGHFH GENLd E JN> >FHL >FI>SH GN>LMKH KMdG >LM> L>GMH >E M>LMFHGH R F>G<HGH >E >G<LM MKdH Hyyi &Ei, JN> >G >E s >-z@u@ >< HL >LL LMGML  EL { al> I< a@ >>LIE<MF>GM> LMEM NG K>ESHG> EE> ILMHE>, L I>K<` >LL LHGH KM, K>FH, JNE FLLF >IHLMK >EE LI>GS, L I>K<` K>JN>GM L>FKGH >LL>K> ({> E> <MSHG EE~>G<, INK>aG HKF GHGFx. 24 $FG AKKG@>F>GM H M>aL l> I= @ >Sal|, I. 89) HL>KO JN> >-a> >-Ya?u >LM[ F>G<HG >G >EF (>. B>KNM, %, I. 43) R >G E >E . B>KNM, %, I. 250, I. 260 R I. 340), F>GMKL >EF >LM[ F>G<HGH >G JN>EE IKM> MF`G (>.B>KNM, %, I. 284) Ld G >-a> >-Ya?u (>. . #E, B>KNM, I. 537). HK HMK IKM>, >G E GMKHN<<iG > LN ><iG > E a> >-Ya?u (FL<> EL K>>K>G<L  14 IL>L > EL al> >G EHL JN> >LM[ F>G<HG>-a> >-Ya?u. 25 AE- HF Gi, { al> I= a@ >- Sal G M> EM>KMNK> H M> %LFiEi TR i PM|, II. 284-285: w>a> >-a?u L L >>G O>KR IMER INM R KH>LLHK . A. <HELHG {P< INKIHKML MH > M> >LL>G<> G al>, L FG>LMER %LFiEM> G <KK|. %M L G >QIHLMHG H M> FHLM FIHKMGM IKG<IE>L H M> al> HG G >LHM>K< LL, F>GM MH > K> HGER R MHL> F>F>KL H M> PM PH P>K> GMM> GMH M> L>M GL H ML LKR M> K>EMHG H M>al> PM M> %LFiEi IKHI@G PL >GM>ER >LMEL>. L a>, HP>O>K, L >>G LMN> G M> >F>Gi PM KHF ML >KER >@GGG@ HK M> ELM LQ <>GMNK>Lx. 26 `L> E LG E-BSK, {KHEH@N>|, >G IKM %LFE CHGG>
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<GKLHG>L JN> E-Phii d F>G<HGH >G >E I?u, h>GH JN> N>KHG wMHHL EiLHHL EHL JN> K>NG>KHG R IdLMHELx. G LH E L>@NG, K>GM>  E IKF>K, F>G<HG w>E (>-h=JN> ?)L@N> E-yK iti E-NKtNi, FN>KMH >G yyi 395 = 1004/1005x R KF >QIEd<MF>GM> JN> JN>EE HK, JN> >FI>S -h? >->>a >>d <> -a, >L LMGM (?aK) w> E IKF>K R JN>  LH >LG E HKF > EHL $>KFGHL > E NK>Sx. L IKF>KL IEKL > E HK ME G<HG Hyyi LHG >>GM> JN>EEL >FI>S E a> >-Ya?u JN>  EE>@H  GHLHMKHL IHK E MK<iG FGNL< > FN>KM> MKN IHK È  >L> wLH E-yKiti E-NKtNix L> G>K>, LG E F>GHK N, JN> >E >G<LM M>G> >G F>GM> E FHLH <>GMdE G LNL T-

a >-?? K>S< LM[>> JN>M>G>K >L MKN<iG, IHK IH IHR >G. d, Kd<>L IKHNGL R IENLE> JN> L> >GGMK MF`G >G NG IKM> L@G<MO > EHL IKHIHL FGNL E Ya?u zR  O><>L GG EHL > EL IKHIL al>z, hE HNLRG ". HFGi >G 1931 28. MESGH E@NGHL > >LHL FGNL<iG >>-a> >-Ya?u zNG > EL HL ><HG>L >E M>QMH >QLM>GM>L HKz, SEi EH K>GM> E MMNEK LN ><iG >-a> >-Ya?u >-?@u >->-#yt, NGJN> È FLFH K><S IHK G<>KM < MKN<iG29. G E mEMF IKM> > GN>LMK GMK>FHL >GM>G>K F>HK L <FGH >G E EM>KMNK [K> > E  > R >L> EEd LM E GO>LM@<iG FIHK[G>. 27

Hyyi >i, s >-z@u@, >. 3, . 460.

AE-HFGi, {al> I=a@ >-Sal|, I. 282: w> L H M> al> IK>L>KO> G M> LEE L MHL> H >-a> >-a?u, G M> BEHMaJN> MHGE>, KL, G M> KKR H M> EM> AhF FuK L, K> EE MMKNM> MH EKitix. 29 A>-a> >-Ya?u, >. Y. SEi, OHE. 1, I. 13. HK LN IKM>, >G LN ><iG > >a> >-Ya?u (B>KNM, 1974), . #E >L >E  E MK<iG LF,ilí R KF JN> >E NMHK >L >E FF AhF . }A AEE. A>F[L > >LM>-a> >-Ya?u, >QLM> MF`G >G >E [FMH > E EM>KMNK PGG NG a> Ya?u >-Ya?u (>. }A. FK, B>KNM, 1970), JN> E MK<iG LF,ilí MKNR> MF`G E FF AhF . ,A AEE, I>KH JN> >G K>E IK><> > <>GM> JN> >E ELal>. `L> BHG, {LH > K>EHKSHG> >@E NMHK EEa> pa?u >-pa?u|; BHG, {E`F>GML IEMHG<>GL >M G`H-IEMHG<>GL > E K>IK`L>GMMHG ~AF GL E a?k >a?k|; BHG, { @NK> ~AF GL Ea?k >-a?k|. 28

A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011


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KL GESK EHL HL IKHE>FL > NM>GM< MK<HGEF>GM> LH<HL E >LMNH >E EHL %PG E-S~ <> F>G<HGK NG M>K<>K IKHE>F JN> L>  IEGM>H K><>GM>F>GM>. ANGJN>  LH LK  IK>L>GMKEH JNd R JN> >LM[>GK>GM> E@HKH E M>F <>GMKE > GN>LMKH KMdL ><K E F@, R IHKJN> >F[L M>G> FIE<<HG>L E LMiG > E <K EL al> >G >E QMK>FH <<>GM> >E %LEF. CHGMKKF>GM>  EH JN> L> LNIHGd LHK> E L> > EL MK>L ><HG>L >QLM>GM>L, GH L> MKNR>  EHL %PG E-S~ NG mG< w>IdLMHE LHK> F@x, LGH HL >IdLMHEL LMGML, JN> IK><>G >K M>GH < NG LN MKGLFLiG FGNL EHL L@EHL GM>L > <K RNQMIN>LML H, F>HK <H, FE@FL NG G EL ><HG>L FH>KGL. CHGMF>GM>, >LH L@G< JN>, > EL 180 I[@GL JN> G E EEF {IdLMHE LHK> E >L>G< aKK > >G<GMF>GMHL R >E FE > HH|R ( ?JN> >-hIHK ->uLaF@, l? ->-uK@ ) >G E ><iG > B>KNM, KK L>IKH R, IK>GM>F>GM>, GM> >QGM>L: ) NG O>KLiG K>O>, JN> LIHG>  EL IKF>KL 30 I[@GL >E M>QMH R JN> L> >GGMK >G NG GmF>KH K>EMOF>GM> K>N<H > FGNLKLiG EK@, LIHG>GM>  EL mEMFL 150 I[@GL >E M>QMH > B>KNM R JN> L> NGi >G NG <GM FNR LNI>KHK > FGNLGH >E AM >G 1681, JN> M >E hH 1182 R >L K>E F[L GM@NH FGNLKOH > E HK30. A>F[L > L>K FNR >K>GM>L NG > E HMK >G MFhH, EL O>KLHG>L K>O> R EK@ IK>L>GMG MF`G NG >K>G< L@G<MO >G E

>E><<iG > EHL M>FL R, mG F[L, >G EFG>K > IK>L>GMKEHL. >GMKL JN> E >LMKN E O>KLiG K>O> >L K>EMOF>GM> K > <>K< >E >LMEH MNE > EHL NMHK>L >G EL HMKL >IdLMHEL >E KLiG EK@ L> IK>L>GM F[L >G LHK>GH R, IHK Ld ><KEH, LMGM> GGM>, > K<HG>L O>KLL31. G E GMKHN<<iG  E ><iG E O>KLiG K>O>, > IK>L>GMH E@NGHL > EHL K@NF>GMHL JN> LN@>K>G JN> >LM IKM>, >G E JN> L> >G30 > CEEM• R $EEGML, * E>   B@  &K, %@ #. 1. A@ A C> E@ @ E@> *@>@  E> 52A, II. 1-5 ({> GNL ILME> }G @<~|). 31 H JN> LG N EE>Oi  AE>LLGKH BNLG  KK E {IdLMHE LHK> F@| z>GM>G GMNKEF>GM> GH EL HL O>KLHG>Lz x; O`L> BNLG, "lE@>  F>>  >> & Q. @, @ I@L@   ??@,  52 *  E> > I= a@ >-Sal, I. 12.

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GMK E FHL >L EHL KMNE>L > F@ LMKHEi@< > EHL >HL > HKKG, >L E JN> F[L IKHE>L M>G> > >K HKFH IKM> > E E FHF>GMH, IK>FMNKH IKHGNG<KL> LHK> E NM>GM< H E EK@H GNM>GM< >>LM[ E O>KLiG EK@, R JN> E INE<<iG > >LM> M>QMH R d<E GH IK>OLM GM>L > NGHL hHL. FIH IK><> HIHKMNGH O>GMNKK NG >< > , K>FHL F[L >EGM>, EQMNE > JN>EE O>KLiG -h=? R E GaK >-h=? GHL IKHK>LGM>  >LM> K>LI>L > EK > >LML HL HKL, JNL>K <K E IK>L>GM> K><IMNE<iG LHK> >E wCHKINL %PGGNFx K>IM>GH JNd EH JN> L>  ><H >O>GM>  MHHL EHL GO>LM@HK>L GOHENG >E <EdLFH >LMNH > LN MK<iG FGNL, L> MKM > NG MK<iG LNFF>GM> K< R JN> HR L> E >QLM>G< > F[L > NGFNGH, <>GM>GKEH> FGNL , M H K@F>GMK, >G >E L IKN> > FG>LM LN @KG NLiG  I>LK > LN <K[K GM> >M>KHHQH. HK HMK IKM>, L> MKM > NG MKGLFLiG IHO>GM>, JN> <> FNR >LI>K GM>GMH > IKH MHH,  EL L JN> > LNRH IEGM> NG LMKM< R IKH@K>LO, L> LNF HMKH HLM[QLM> >GMK> >E LNIN>LMH M>FIH > E HK R >E FGNLKOH F[L GM@NH NG >LI<H >, IHK EH F>GHL, HL H JNS[L LM MK>L L@EHL,  EH EK@H > EHL L >>G > >KL> IKHN<H FN<HL <FHL, OHENGMKHL H GH, IHK IKM> > EHL =8; . 5 Rutbat al- hakim  5 Ga!at al-hakim

CHFH > L>hEH E IKG<IH, EHL IKHE>FL >GG E HK > EHL %PG E-S~ LHG, >L> NG <>KMH INGMH > OLM, FNR IK><HL  EHL JN> GHL IEGM>G HMKL HL HKL > <K[K >M>KHHQH > E EM>KMNK [K> F>>OE: E >-h=? R E GaK >-h=?. H JN> R L>  INE<H FN<H LHK> EL KLL JN> KH>G 32 > CEEM• R $EEGML,* E>   B@  &K, %@ #. ,1II. 5-10 ({> HKM G M> HG@ >KLHGL H ILME> 52|). 33 E-BSK, {KHEH@N>|, I. 21.

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e 1996, M&'* f* '  &@ * * *  & **& &&** *& 46. " *&* &** '* & **;& * &-a& * &'@& *& & **&*  & < *&, *& **& *  &a' * * 964 < *,  * & *'* *&  u -a M&&& &t'i47. "'* ** M&&& & +** *&&  f* *  &@  **A& & &. l **& &*    && & * C'& * 906, & * & ' * h&it  * ya, *   +**, & &  &  &*   * &+& Ja' &-!&ha iii, * & & && &* * o** (&* * 932) < * * ** & &-a& * & & &  && *  &. EB ** &* * & &&   '& +&, &> * E*F (kadib), * E&* * *= < &&*F (sahib ruqan wa-niranyat)  &> * ** E* &+&F (tasbih). #&' * **& * & & &-a& & '& * @ Du -Nu < * +*,  *  &*, * ** * La' a a,  * La' &-!&h& iii, * & +* *& < &*& (&&**** * & & *   &*)  &*, *  *; &&** &  &  * & P*@& * * 'at@ <  & *** *  ** * ' i' M&&& * * * 931. DN @& * ** M&&& * & * & Rutba < * & Gaya? e &* *&** * && & *&  '& * & & *  %i * '&& **&** * & *+**& & & fitna. P* ** &* * < ' *,  **& f*  & ** * & &+@& * &-a&, &<  & *  * fitna * *+** & *@  &**  & + * &+& *<&, < * *; * ** *  B at@* * * *  *  EM&&& * && < &F @& *&** * &&*=&  & * *& fitna. e >,   *;* * *> & +& * &  * & '& & *& *  %i & * * & *, ** & +** =&&  * &,  &< & * *& * & 46 47

f*, HBat  &-a&I. f*, La heterodoxia en al-Andalus durante el periodo omeya, . 127.

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MG@N>K NGH >E HMKH, >E LMKiGHFH R>E MK<HGLM M>G>G >G E>F>GMHL L@N>GM>L: Au E-LF + LEF + E-NK tNi + E-AGENLi. G HMKL IEKL, K iKFNE K>O> JN> G@ mG<F>GM> NGH > >LHL >E>F>GMHL H G EHL FLFHL <> E LMG<iG >GMK> EHL HL NMHK>L FIHLE>. > ><H, R OKL N>GM>L, GSGH IHK NGHL FGNL E , >G EL JN> R IK><>G N>EEL > E E KL B K. 2613 (L. %%) MKNR> E IM>KG > E HK  Au E-LF LEF . AhF . LF . %KiF . }A AEE . HMF . ENKtNi E-AGENLi E-yKiti, NG EK@ ELM JN> IK><> F>SE>F>GMHL IKH<>>GM>L > EHL HL @L. H FLFH L> IN>> ><K >E  M, E-&SG E-}aFF, 464 (L. %%%), JN> F>G<HG  LEF . AhF . LF . %KiF . }A AEE . HMF . E-NKtNi E-AGENLi E-yKiti62. MKHL L@GHL > >GGMKG >G EL ><L > FN>KM> > EHL HL NMHK>L. G LN <M[EH@H > EHL FGNL E BEHM>< >E AE-Di, K u>a? >-@>al, %, I. 110, Gt 75. AE-HNFRi, Yd >-?, Gt 804; E-Di, a K >-?>?  ,< ya> > >-A@>, Gt 1349. {LF G Asi@| >L LF G As@, NG MK<HGLM FHLH FN>KMH >G 951. 61 %G BsDNPE, a >-S >  l< l?? >-A@>, Gt 1257 (>E LMKiGHFH) R ( 1411 (>E MK<HGLM). 62 C, i" R >j, I. 496, G. 16. G E FLF GHM, CKNL h> IHK >KKHK HMKH >>FIEH: >E  FINK, S KKR, 4156, >G >E JN> L> MKNR> E IM>KG > E   wAu E-LF LEF G AhF G E-LF E-Kitix. AE
A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011

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LE HK>GMELM CLK L E >< > FN>KM> > LEF >E LMKiGHFH, M[GHE NG O>S >G 395/1004, HMK O>S >G 398/1007 R mG HMK O>S >G 353/964. >GMKL JN> IKF>KL G<<HG>L LIHG>G >>GM>  EL<LH, ><LEL >HL FN>KM> >E LMKiGHFH L>@mG N>GM>L K>G >LM> %G BsDNPE R S E-AGENL i K>LI>GM>z, E L>@NG GH M>G> G JN> O>K LIHG>  E >< >G E JN> L> FNKi LN HFiGFH MK<HGLM, GM hHL GM>L JN> È63. H>FHL >LM> M>F JN>, NGJN> GH EH > MHH LHENMF>GM> KIK>M<iG > K>E ">KKH >L,  F N<H, E JN> M>G> JN> L>K K > MH NMNK GO>LM@<iG LHK> E  R E GaK65. H JN> E >GM<<iG > LEF >E MK<HGLM E  R > E GaK JNKK[ FIHKMG< >G E E IK>L>GM> KMdG KL(LEF) > E HK >GNMHK >EGM> F>HL K>>KK` E LMKiGHFH EHL iti R E MKMHL > EJNF R F@
> EH JN> KF CKNL (wE> GHF >E~NM>NK, FbF> L~E G~>LM IL K>IHKM` >G >GM>K, >LM F>GM E> GHF > GHMK> LEF G E-LFx), >L HKFNE<iG LIHG> E GHFK> >E LMKiGHFH. 63 ">KKH, {BtGLF G E-AGENL|, I. 93, G. 34: wCLK~L FLMD> PL MH K MM M K>>KK> MH LEF E-Kiti, PHL> H@KIR G %G BsDNPE~L S> >   G JNHM>. HSR L %G BsDNPE~L PHKD <> R ". CH>K, PH H iti.  G><F> G M M> M> 353$ 964 A L M> M> >M H LEF E-K HSRGHMM>G  MM=CLK  GO>GM> MMHM>x. 64 ALd, L>@mG NG > EL N>GM>L F[L >MEEL LHK> E H@Kd > LEF E-NKtNi, >E "a@ >-?La@ > %G HyK, >E MK<HGLM I>Ki E OLM > NG HH >G LN O> > ON>EM i >E K>GM> R L> JN>i MF>GM> <>@H E OHEO>K  E-AGENL IHLIN`L, EH JN> GHL I>KFMKd >GM>G>K JN>, GMi CHGLMGM $FaL ({" GaK >-H=?: @ R,  RR @  lI>|, I. 218), LEF R >K <>@H L K``K>G<>L > E>x), LGH MF`G NG H<>G F[L > HKL JN> EL N>GM>L MKNR>G. 65 G >L K><<iG GHL >G<FGG MF`G &NEH FLi R JN>E "HK< JN>G>L, >G E GN>O ><iG > E LdGM>LL E IKF>KH LHK> EL <>G<L > E-AGENL, KKHG E K@NF>GM<iG > ">KKH LN<>GM>F>GM> GM> @  @LHK> >L> M>F LI> 1992; O`L>: FLi," @  > @ @ >-A@>, II. 498-501. HK> E u BDK . BLKuG R > %G E-Fh (H Au E-Fh), HL N>GM<<iG R EL ><L > A MHK>L K>E<HGHL GH GM>K>LG JNd K>GM> I>KH > EHL L >E KMd ">KKH MF`G HK><> NG GM>KIK>M<iG K<EF>GM> GN>O, O`L> >G IKM FLi LHK> {%G BsKuG| >G B>  >-A@>.

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LM> IL> >L G OKHL LI>K EN@K, IHKJN> LEF >>QIEd<M F>G<iG > EL w51 >IdLMHELx >E EHL %PG, > G>KES > >LM HK. G L>@NGH EN@K, IHKJN> MF`G GHL E IM>KG >Q ELal> R >K NG LMiG >M >G LN ÌH<. G M>K<>K EN@K zR >LH >L EH F[L FIHKMGM>z, IHKJN> GHL GHKF > FG>K IK><L LHK> E K>E<iG JN> M>G> È, E ,  >L> NGNG EH, L> IN>> ><K JN> L> EH E > EL G E JN> È FLFH IKHI: L EL <>G<L. HK HMKH EH, KF MG GM> > JN> È GH >L >E NMHK z>G >E L>GMH FH>KGH > E >QIK>LiGz > EL al> R, >F[L, > FNR >LML N>KHG K>G NG ÌH< R NG QMH >K>GM>L  EHL LNRHL. A >LM> K>LI>L IKMGM> >LM<E> E FG>K JN> M>G> > LMG@NK LLM>F[M<F>GM> >GMK> LN IKHI ÌH< (>? K?-@a - h ?@ ks-@a) R E JN>, L>@mG È, N> E ÌH< >G E JN> EL EX> N>KHG >LFI>SKHG  <K L?a@-? k>K-a / k>?u @@-a ?@ l> ?@ ks-? >>d ? -). G K IKM> >E M>QMH,51HG> LEF KF JN> IHLE> L EL>G<>G<L >G JN>EEL >IdLMHEL, >L I>K>GM> >GM>G>KE >E L>GMH > JN> EL H  K z>E L>GMH [LE O>KH ?z  LNL FIHK[G>HL, LNIN>LMF>GM>  MKO`L > NG >EEL JN> SH È GM>. HNLRG E-$FGi >GM>Gd > >L FLF FG>K >E IL> G LN KMdG<HGH LHK> EHL %PG >G E EM>KMNK LF,ilí69. L. B>‡K† 505, KiEH@H; HE. 2, EE. 11-17. AE-HFGi, {al> I=a@ >-Sal|, I. 282: w%M L GHM GM> MM E-Kiti HK L>NH-Kiti PKHM> HK  M>ay>: HG M> NMHK KER K>>KL MH ay>. M L I>KM> @GHKG<> H L FIHKK>L L MH M> IKHE> NMHKL H M> IL F>GM R {P> O> IKHN<> MK>ML>L|, L K L OEE> >O>G<> <G >QIEG M> IKL>, L M>  M> ay> GMH IG, OG@ KHN@M M>F KHF M> LMx. 68 69

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G L>@NG F>G<iG > ELay> L> >GGMK E@H F[L >EGM> >G >E IKiEH@H, GH E >< > E . >LIN`L > >K ENH  EL w>S <>Gs <Lx (>-k>u?GM>L >-k> ) >E O>K>KH EiLHH JN> FEKSKL> >FI>SK >E >LMNH > E F@ R > E M>G> EJNF zNG M>F JN>, K>FHL F[L >EGM>, >E FLFH LEF >LKKHEE >G E GaKz, >E NMHK ON>EO>  K>>KKL>  wEL >IdLMHEL F>G<HGL LHK> E <>G< EHLi<x. E IL>, >FLH EK@H IK L>K <MH JNd @ J@, G> NGL G<<HG>L JN> GHL I>KFM>G >M>KFGK <LiG > JN` FG>K >E NMHK > E KF JN> L> IKHIi >E EHL %PG E-S~. LEF E-NKtNi E > EL EX> z>LM O>S LG F[L IK><LiG >G KH > EL al>z <>GH JN> LNL FIHK[G>HL wKHG >GMK> >EEHL IK JNKKELx ( -@ au  @ al- a). GL EdG>L F[L

H, >LIN`L GN>O >OH<<iG wEL >S <>G<Lw EHLNG GM@NHLx, h> > JN>NG >LL >IdLMHEL >>G>L>K KL >LI><> > IKiEH@H R NG Od > GMKHN<<iG IK JN>EEL <>G<Lx (s >-?? ->-?<> >a >= >-k>u?), NG IKF>K R >E OEHK JN> È FLFH HMHK@  <L al>. H F[L GM>K>LGM> O>G> NLMH >LIN`L, QIE<: LM> EKH GN>LMKH JN> >FHL MMNEH >E wG@H >E LHx= ( a-@a ada >>d ??K@a-  >-H=?), EH >FHL H LNF>G > JN>EEL GNF>KHLL >IdLMHEL (d@a- ?@ >= >-al> >-=t) (...). $>FHL La - G È > MHH EH JN> dFHL MKMH IHK L>IKH EE[u@ ( y?u ?a @a @a=). >GM>, dFHL ><H  < NG > EL a @ a  =>> L<IEGL EHLi<L NGa>IdLMHE @@ ?@ u@ >-> @ a>@ l?@GONE -@-a(),>-@@ R JN>, >H E <GM > EL L<IEGL, N>KHG GNF>KHLL EL >IdLMHEL ( ->-=t >-@u@ =t >-al>).70

G O>S F[L, L> IN>> ><K JN>, > <>KM FG>K, >E NMHK <> LNRH MHH >E EL EX>. >KH EH JN> >FHL <H  IKHIiLMH >E IKF>K IL> L@N> L>GH O[EH. H >L >E MHH G><>LKH G>K >LL KL>L > LEF OG<<iG > JN> È . > IHK[ HL>KOK JNd FLFH JN> >E IKHIH LEF GH N >G >LLM> EKH GN>LMKHx, NG iKFNE JN> G >G >LM> IL> G IHK GG@NG IKM> > E HK NMES IK 70

L. B>‡K† 505, KiEH@H, HE. 3, E. 16-HE. 3, E. 1.

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K>>KKL>  EL EX>. >G>GH >G GM JN> EHL [MHL > E ÌH< LHK> E IKHI> GM>E> IN>>G HR71, E IK>M>GLiG > L>K >E wNMHKx > EL al> R L> IHKd NLM<K E LFIE> ><HEH>F[L >K L, KSHGE> >L LNFK JN>> LEF SH NG>FHL EL al> IK KEL  K  LNL FIHK[G>HL. <H >LMH, R HL KF<HG>L >G >LM> IL> JN> F>K><>G L>K >QFGL F[L > <>K<.  IKF>K >L JN> EL al> I<a@ >-Sal G NG GMKHN<<iG, ME O>S E GMKHN<<iG >E, IK EL <>G<L EHLi<L.  L>@NG >L JN> E  > >GM>G>KL> LNF>G > JN>EEL al>, NG K>LNF>G >G >E JN> >E E>G d LH MKMH IHK L>IKH EEd. LML HL KF<HG>L IK>L>GMG L R, IHK >EEH, G><>LMFHL >>EMOF>GM> EK@H. CHGL>KK PGGH <> E@H >E >EQMKHKGKH. >LMKNKG LF>GM> I>GL, E M>G<iG E >LKKHEEH >E GMH NFGH L>@mG NG IKH@K>LiG >G >G R LN F<iG >G<GM> K>OG< G >G <>K >>LM HK NG IHLE> FH>EH > GMKHN<<iG EHLi<. K >E NMHK > E  R > E GaK, JN> KF >K >L E LMHK > EHL EiLHHL [K>L R JN> O> E EJNF R E F@ G<L E <FGH < E K>E F[L IKHNG > EL  > EL EX> L I>K>GM> GLE>: E mEMF >IdLMHE > MHH >E L IK><LF>GM> E JN> MKM > E F@ R EL HMKL L<IEGL HE<HGL EE R, L> K> E O>KLiG zEK@ H K>O>z JN> L> KO> > JN>EE >IdLMHE, GH EMG KSHG>L IK KKE MF`G LI><> > GES<iG >E IKH@KF > G<<iG EHLi< JN> EHL $>KFGHL > E NK>S IKHIHK<HGKHG  LNL E>L.  G> > E K>>K>G<  wEL >S <>G<L > EHL GM@NHLx. LL <>G<L GH >LM[G >GM<L >G >E IK>L>GM> IL> > E . G >FK@H, >E <IdMNEH %, 5 > E GK GHL I>KFM> K>LMNKK EH JN> JNd EM. > K> >>GM> LMEE > EL >S <>G<L JN> >L FI>KMOH HFGK IK wIK>>G>K EL HL L LNEF>Lx (?@ 71 CHGLME>, {"HK@>KR G E@KLF G M> E> A@>L|. G >E QMH IKM EL MKN<<HG>L EMGL > HKL <>GMd<L [K>L, O`L> MF`G BNKG>MM, {> KGLEMHG H AK< <>G<> GMH MG: A CL> H AE>GMHG H %GM>EE>KMR?|.

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Ld R >>K>L>>K<>K > EL L; 4)NG <>G<L IHEdM<L KEHL aaNGF>GMHL ), EL L I>KFM>G >E <N, NG <L H F[L >G LHK> Ld FLFH; 5) `M<, E<HGHL; 6) FM>F[M<L, >L ><K, EL G<L > KMF`M<, @>HF>MKd, LMKHGHFd R FmL<, < NG L; 7) Ei@<, <G, MGMH M>iK< L; 9) <>G<L GMNKE>L, KHLHL EKHL, JNd O>G>G F>G<HGHL >LI>GM> EHL EKHL L@N>GM>L: w"dL<x (>-?au >-tu), wC>EH R FNGHx (>-?al ->-ka>?), w#>G>K<iG R -=@ ->-a), w>M>HKHEi@<x (>-ata >-k>KK), wG>KE>Lx (>-?ua@), wEGMLx (>-@a), wAGFE>Lx (>-hKa@), wAEFx (>-@), w>GL<iG R I>K<>I<iGx (>-h ->-?hu), wEN R G>KF>x (>-shh ->-?d), wHOF>GMH EH<E > EHL GFE>Lx (h= >-hKa@ >-?=a@KK); 10) w>MdL<x ? ( a u >-tu), >G MK><> MKMHL72. G NG GHM  E MKN<<iG E>FG > E GaK, KMG E>LLG>K L>hE >LM EL <>G<L ><H GH IK><> JN> >L> >GMHG<>L L> R IHH >G<H >G EL N>GM>L [K>L. G >E >LMH  GN>LMKH GMH, GH GaK, %, 5, >. MM>K, II. 333-335. E>LLG>K >G GaK, MK. MM>K R E>LLG>K, }<MKQ~, I. 349, HG> L> F>G<HG JN> >QLM>G >G E EM>KMNK <>GMd< >E %LEF F>>OE HMKHL IKG<IHL > L @NEF>GM> LHL >G NG OLiG >E L>K >G >S, I>KH JN> JN>EEL L GH M>G>G G JN> O>K L> >LME><> JNd. 72 73

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IK><> IHLE> >M>KFGK L LEF E-NKtNi L> GO>GMi >L OLiG >E L>K NFGH H L E MHFi > HMKH NMHK. > MHHL FHHL, EH JN> GHL FIHKM JNd >L JN> >L ELM > >S <>G<L H @KNIHL > <>G<L GH L>CHFH >GGMK > EL>>G< PGG. L> L>, >GME E >G >IdLMHE 7 >E GGMK NG EL <>G<L FNR >MEE >G E JN> >E L>K NFGH >LM[ OH >G MK>L @KG>L @KNIHL > <>G<L: ) EL <>G<L wIKHI>`NM<Lx, >GL L IK >E >G>LMK >G >LM> FNGH R LHEH >G È; ) EL <>G<L wG<HGE>L/K>E@HLLx; <) EL <>G<L wEHLi<L/K>E>Lx, JN>  LN O>S >LM[G OL >G <>G<L: 1) wFM>F[M<Lx, 2) wEi@<Lx, 3) wGMNKE>Lx, 4) wOGLx. K >E >MEE> > >LM >EE L >E %LEF F>>OE, F> I>KFMH K>>GOK  FL IK><>>GM>L INE<<HG>L74. AJNd LHEH JNL>K <>K HL>KOK JN>, NGJN> >LM<E>L >GMK> E >QLM>G > EHL LFEMN>L %PG, R MF`G GNF>KHLL FIHKMGM>L > >K>G<L >GMK> EHL HL LLM>FL. ALd E F><G, JN> HKF NG OLiG IKHI > E LEF, GH IK><> >G E ELM > EHL %PG R, > ><H, IK><> L>K NG IHG<>GM > ELal>, ME @H >G E MK<iG FGNLLK > JN> >L H>MH > NGL IH<L K>>K>G<L >G E O>KLiG EK@ > E mEMF >IdLMHE LHK> F@. ALd MF`G, L<IEGL H H, >G HMKH K>@LMKH, >L > EL <>G<L FIK>L<GE>L IK EHL E>@LEHK>L L>@mG LEF, I>KH LiEH LHG KL `NM<L IHK EHL %PG. u JN` ><K > NG w<>G<x MK>Kd, E <> IHK GG@NG IKM> >G E EHL $>KFGHL? ALd IN>L, E NMHK > E R > E GaK GHL IK>L>GM >E EL al> S <>G<L > EHL GM@NHL, >LMH GH IN>> L>K F[L JN> > NG FG>K FNR @>G>KE.  KF<iG > JN> E  >L NG K>LNF>G > EL al> GHL EE>O < NG E FLFH MIH. A K >LMNHLH FH>KGH GM>K>LH IHK E LMHK > E EHLHd R > EL <>G<L >G E

~E|; > CEEM•,I=@ > CEEM•, {> CELL<MHG H 'GHPE>@> G M> L >-l , II. 59-72 ({GLF|). & > Z@ > @R  > V> 7, R  C>>m, iI=@ >-Sl: D  @   > <. &R@@  @  >lMW II  FS  > &R j. 74

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A>-'@t % 2, 2013, II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.201 3.011

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IL>, K>EMOF>GM> K>O>, F>K><> E I>G L>K MKN<H JNd G >QM>GLH:  M> > >L EHL FG>KE>L R LN OLiG, E@H JN> GG@mG EiLHH  ><H.  > IK>L>GMH (?), > E <<iG > EL IdLMHEL EHLi<L, E IdLMHE LHK> EHL FG>KE>L, IHKJN> > >LLM> EKH >G LNLMMN<iG > 50 IdLMHEL (?a? <?@ a>), JN>KH ><K, > JN>EEL IdLMHEL. >K[L JN> GH > IK>L<GH >E MKMF>GMH > EHL FG>KE>LlK ( @->a <>>- ?@ d= >-?ua@) > E FG>K EHL MKM` EEd (k>a @h ?a d= @a=), IHKJN> (GLLMH) > >LLM> EKH >G LNLMMN<iG > JN>EEL >IdLMHEL >G LN MHME (-y?u-a). AJNd M>G>L, >GMHG<>L, GL<iG IK M - ( a@a a>-= ), NG GHKF> ( ) LHK> EHL GFE>L L>@mG EH JN> G F>G<HGH EHL >QI>KMHL >G >E KM> > E EJNFk> ( a ?a d =- > s@au >-=?Ka); IK><K[L EH JN> > @NH. N>@H GHKFK` LHK> EHL FG>KE>L R LNL <NLL, >LIN`L > >K >H >E L EL IEGML, H JN> L> >GGMK >G NG >IdLMHE FHL > JN>EEL IdLMHEL ( >-@@-   a> ?uu  >= >-al>) R IHKJN> GH EH G><>LM NG EiLHH,  F>GHL JN> JN>K al- L>K NG F`G JN>K >LH, IN>L, JN> EH E> >G EL IdLMHEL->-K (  >-al>) z @ sal A>>a ua>a!79

E GM>K`L >E IK>L>GM> IL> K>L> >G JN> IHK NG O>S, >F[L > K>>KKL> @EHEF>GM>  MHH >E G<iG > w50 IdLMHELx R GH > w51xz E-NK tNi L> GMK >G NGL >IdLMHEL GONE>L. G >FHL <H GM>L ON>EO>  KFK, G<, JN>  >LG LNLMMN<iG > EL al> w>G LN MHMEx, I>KH EH JN> <> JNd > FNR LN MKMF>GMH GH  LH >E FLFH IK < NG > EL >IdLMHEL. G >> IN>> EK > NG K>LNF>G >G >E <LH > EHL FG>KE>L R > EHL GFE>L, KF<iG JN>HMK wIKN> >H>>ENG L EL IEGMLx  > L>KEK LMG<F>GMH FG>LMH >GMK> >E IK>L>GM> EKH R >E FH>EH JN> IK>M>G> LNLMMNK. <H L> > ILH, E NLM<<iG > LEF IHK GH >K K>LNFH E >IdLMHE LHK> EL IEGML >L, >G Ld FLF, HMK GN>O G<<iG >E `QMH JN>, L GHL FHL > EH JN> <> >E NMHK, EL al> MNO>KHG >G >E F>GM> E-AGENL >G LN IKHI ÌH<. LEF E-NKtNi E > E a>  >-@a NG w>IdLMHE FHLx R E mEMF IKM> > GN>LMKH IL> LN@>K> >F[L JN> MHH >E K E@H JN> LNL FIHK[G>HL IHdG IKH GM>, F> IK><> MF`G @GH > F>G<iG >E ><H > JN> 79

#. Brq 505, #> III, 3; >. 13, >. 24->. 14, E. 3.

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#"%  CAAA€

LEF EEF> w>QI>KMHL >G >E KM> > E EJNFx  EHL NMHK>L > EL al>. > MHL HKFL, EHL MK>L IL>L > E  JN> >FHL L FNR LMG FIEF>GM> IK >E  EL LH  LIHL<iG > LNL @N@ @>V   IK><H  E <<iG > MKMHL JN> G E >G< PGG ME KHG EHL FGNLOEN<iG F[L IK><L > EH JN> E  >>  EHL %PG E-S~ GH L>K[ MHOd IHLE> LG NG EL HL HKL IHK MH R E >GM<<iG LLM>F[M< > EHL IL>L K>GM> GLIKHL IHK EL al>. > MKM > NG MKH GF>GLH, JN> > FHF>GMH IK><> >G @KG IKM> IK>FMNKH  EM > NG ><iG E  >-h=? E O>KLiG EK@ > E IdLMHE LHK> F@ > EHL %PG E- S~, E LM[ GM> >G IK>IK80 <iG . i@<F>GM>, >LJN> EHLMKH M>QMHL M>GKd JN>IHK LEK E@H LMGM> LFEK>  EH LEi >E FLFH >>EFNM MM>K R KMG E>LLG>K >G -h=?, JN> EE>Oi  EHL HL >LMNHLHL  O>K >G E >G< > EHL $>KFGHL > E NK>S NG > EL N>GM>L IKG<IE>L > E GaK81.

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G EL GHML > E ><iG >E HK@GE [K> R > E MKN<<iG E E>F[G >LM[G >LGM> L>hEHL MHHL EHL IL>L > E GaK zLHG IKHQFF>GM> <>K< E M>LMFHGH > EL 60z al> JN> >G EIN>>G ><iGL>K> FNEMMN > 82 <LHL L> MKM > LFEMN>L GHME>L > GHL ,  O><>L MF`G > >QIK>LHG>L H iKFNEL JN> IK><>G IKHO>GK K> CEEM•, $EEGML R HNK>N,* E>   B@  &K, %@ #. 2. A@ A C> E@ @ E@> *@>@  E> 52B (>G IK>IK<iG). 81 E>LLG>K >G GaK, MK. MM>K R E>LLG>K, }<MKQ~, I. EQ: wAM EE >O>GML,  LFEK F>MH H IK>L>GMMHG L IIK>GM G HG> H M> IKG<IE LHNK<>L H * A?   , M> >G H M> BK>MK>G H NKMR(I=@ >-l)x. 82 ALd IHK >>FIEH EH JN> GHM . G@K>>  IKHIiLMH > EL IiLMLL >G {HF> H M> HNK<>L|, I. 3: w> KLM RIHLML>L G HG> ILL@> H M>GaK z #H, GM>EE> K>, M> LI>K> H GMNK> (HK M>?? ?>), M> LI>K>L H M> L>O>G IEG>ML, FMM>K G M> >E>F>GML z K> IKEE>E> G &K~L a >-=?@, P>K> HG> GL M> <G: #H, GM>EE>, FHMHG, >M G M> >E>F>GML,MHN@  IKEE>E G LHF> K>LI>K FR > HNG G IKM MK>> H M>al> H M> %DPG E-S~x. 80

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F>GM> >E L, LG >FK@H, EHL >> M>QMNE>L LHG MG >O>GM>L, R >LH  O><>L  EH EK@H > OKL I[@GL GH L> IN>> F@GK HMK NG GEN>G< G >E wG@EL NFFKRx (MKN< H IHK &H> KII) JN> IK><>>K>FG > E GaK , E>LLG>K L>hE K> > >LMHL <LHL . >G<HGK` E@NGHL > >EEHL  LNIHGK[ G><>LKF>GM> NG <>KM K>I>M<iG > EH JN> R L> >GGMK >G >E FHGNF>GME MKH > EHL >LMNHLHL E>FG>L. A>F[L > IKH>K>G<L  ><HG>L FH>KGL >E M>QMH PGGH zH L>, E ><iG GM> >G INE<<iG H,  EM > `LM, E ><iG > B>KNMz, GM>GMK` IKHIHK<HGK NG GMKH F[L >LI>GM> >GH<H  E IKHE>F[M< > MKGLFLiG JN> GHL HG>GH >G GM EHL OG<>L K><>GM>L > E GO>LM@<iG LHK> E >< R E IM>KG > EL HKL JNd KL. E IKF>K IKE>EH EM>KE F>G<HGH IHK E>LLG>K >GMK> E GK R EL al> GH >L FNR >QM>GLH, I>KH >L @KG K>E>O>, R JN> @K >G MHKGH  E >G<iG FLF > E F@. AE IKG<IH >E <IdMNEH 2 > E #a> %, LEF >G> E wK>Ex ( h) > E F@ ><S EHL GM>E>> ?a h >ku>) R MHH  EH LHF>M>G (@a >K- >-@u) >G M`KFGHL > L <<HG>L, JN> IKHNS< >E LHFKH (u yy), E LNFLiG ( @K a), E M>G<iG ( sal) H >E GMF>GMH (h-a@)x84.  O>KLiG EK@ > E >IdLMHE LHK> F@, IHLIN`L > LN IKG<IH, GHL IKHG<iG GM> E FLF HKFNE<iG, LEOH JN> EEd O>G>G F>G<HGHL NGHL LNLMGMOHL F[L E GE: w>, >KFGH FdH, JN> E >L>G< > E F@ R LN K>E LHG MHH JN>EEH IHK EH E>LM[G ><SHL, R MHH  EH JN> EL EFL L> LHF>M>G >G M`KFGHL > L <<HG>L, JN> IKHNS< >E LHFKH, E LNFLiG, E M>G<iG, E N<iG (?au), >E GMF>GMH, E H>>G< (tau) H E <>IM<iG (u>)x85. HL FGNLLME><>K E ><iG E >IdLMHE LHK> F@ >G LN O>KLiG EK@ LM E>
E>LLG>K >G GaK, MK. MM>K R E>LLG>K,k&Jl, II. EQ-EQQO. GaK, %, 2, >. MM>K, I. 7, 1. 1, I. 8, E. 2. al>, %, I. 314, EE. 13-16.

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E L>@NGH >>FIEH > QMNE M>G> JN> L>K KH LI><E. > >QM>G>  FN<L I[@GL > M>QMH, I>KH GH M>G> E EM>KE >E IKF>K >>FIEH R, > ><H, OEK[ F[L EK >LM><<iG <LH > > NGN>GM>L GLIK<iG >G NG (H, F[L >G, >G>GNG L) JN>N>GM> > NGG< K> NG HK LHK> HMK. E <IdMNEH 4 > E IKF>K #a> > E GaK >LM[ ><H  E >LMEE > EL 28 FGLHG>L ENGK>L >G K>E<iG MELFG>L IKHIHL  < NG > >EEL86. G GHM  E MKN<<iG E>FG, E>LLG>K R L>hE JN> E >QIHL<iG > E GaK IK><> >LMK L >E>F>GMHL: IKF>KH, NG wH@H, NGL HGM<E>L >G E HK > HKHM>H > iG; GEF>GM>, NG ELM I>KM>G><>GM>  E EM>KMNK >KF`M<, JN> >L E JN> MF`G LKOi > FH>EH IK EHL %PG87. > ><H, L> >GGMK >G E O>KLiG EK@ > E >IdLMHE LHK> F@ NGFGLHG>L ELM LFEK EL >LM[ LIHG>G<L >GMK> EHL MELFG>L R EL > K>EMO E NG JN> >QIEd<MF>GM> 88 MKN E LH $>KF>L . HL %PG GG<HGG EHL EKHL >G EHL JN> L> IKHLM ELM > LIHG>G<L. AE IKG<IH >E IL> L> K>>K>G  NG a A t?a<89 R, >G E E FLFH, >OH<G NG sah >-Itta90. LL >GHFG<HG>L, Ld L OKGM>L > >EEL JN> L> >GGMKG >G E EM>KMNK [K> LHK> F@, L> K>>K>G  NG @KK <<iG > M>QMHL >KF`M >< R IM>KG GH M>G>G >G M>GLiG > L>K E >GL>hGS > AKLMiM>E>L  LN LGKH @GH. CHFH EH  >FHLMKH CKE>L BNKG>MM, E L><<iG LHK> EHL MELFG>L R EL FGLHG>L ENGK>L L> >GGMK F[L IK><LF>GM> >G NG MKMH E a >-?GM>F>GM> LMGMH >E a >-? >E NMHK > E GaK MKNR>  YK E-BsKi >G >E IL> LHK> EL E>MKL EFGK>L > CHK[G91. L> a >-? > OKHL > >LHL M>QMHL > H? &-A>, GaK, %, 4, >. MM>K, II. 14-26. A >L> K>LI> MF`G EO>KL, {ED ?@ > > %G E-HMF|; KK `K>S, {E {KK E-LK K| > }tK . NhFF E-HL R LNL HKLFHL|. 87 E>LLG>K >G GaK, MK. MM>K R E>LLG>K,k&Jl, I. 15. 88 al>, %, II. 428-445.  K>>K>G<  $>KF>L L> >GGMK >G I. 443, E. 9. 89 al>, %, I. 429, E. 21. HL FGNL<>G MF`G L > E>-It?ah, >-It?ah R >-It?a?. 90 al>, %, I. 445, E. 12-13. E GHFK> L> IHKd MF`G E>>K >-+tta. 91 BNKG>MM, {$@<,  K   (>) @ @  "@  |, I. 39. 86

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>GMK> EHL JN> @NKG >Ea >-It?a< R >E a >-+uta (H a >-+ta)92, EH JN> GHL I>KFM> E M>LMFHGH > EHL %PG. A I>LK > EH GM>K>LGM> JN> IN> L>K IK E LMHK > E MKGLFLiG >KF`M EGH O>KLiG EK@ >>EJN>EEHL >IdLMHE M>QMHL LHK> F@ R > EEGG >L> LNGMH GHL LKO> > FN<H IK >E IK>L>GM> >LMNH R JN>, <H GM>L, L> MKM > NG GEN>G< F[L >G GK> MF`G IK >E <IdMNEH L@N>GM> > E #a>, JN> L> IK>L>GM >LM FLF L EHL MELFG>L >G K>E<iG L ENGK>L. E IL> G E@NGL HL>KO<HG>L LHK> E  GMK<iG F>GME JN> >> IHL>>K >E F@H >G >E FHF>GMH > K<K NG MELF[G R, LHK> MHH, NGL iKFNEL >LI> >E F@H M>G> JN> IKHGNG<K >G H<LHG>L >M>KFGL R G>K K>LNEMHL IK><LHL. ALd E GaK GHL : <>, IHK >>FIEH: JN>K>L @NK >G>FLM E L>IK<iG, {CHKMH R L>IKHw >GMK> NG ME R NG ME EIHK E N>KSR> >LHL >LIdKMNL >LIKMNE>L, Ld IK<iG > E ENS R E HLIKH >E NGH >E HMKH IHK E >G>FLM, G>FLM >E @N R >E N>@H|x 93. G E O>KLiG EK@ > E >IdLMHE LHK> F@, >G EH JN> IK><> I>KM>G><>K E FLFH QMH >KF`M >E >E M>QMH IK><>>GM>, L> >GGMKG EL FLFL iKFNEL F[@<L, NGJN> L M>QMNE>L R L>@mG NG HK>G >K>GM> > IK>L>GM<iG. G >E M>QMH JN> LIHG> E >>FIEH F>G<HGH, L> E>>: w JN>K>L K<K E >G>FLM R E L>IK<iG, : {CHKMH >GMK> NG ME H > NG ME, R >GMK> NG ME  > NG ME IHK E N>KS > EHL >LIdKMNL >LIKMNE>L, R EHL L>IKH >E NGH >E HMKH IK<iG > E ENS R > E HL<H >GMK> >EEHL HL E >G>FLM R >E HH, G>FLM >E @N R >E N>@H|x94. >@NKF>GM> F[L I>KMG>GM> >L EH JN> L> >GGMK >G >E <IdMNEH %, 6, ><H E M>F MdI<F>GM> G>H-IEMiGE HFK>-F ><H, E GaK GHL IKHIHK<HG NG EK@ L>K> > GEH@dL MG IK><L  EL JN> L> >GGMKG >G EL al> JN> E>LLG>K GMi >G >E K>LNF>G > >L> <IdMNEH: wHN@ M KLM M>K> K> HGER K>FGL<>G<>L H M> Iha@ >-Sa,, P> LHHG G PHE> I@>L MH@>M>K 92 93 94

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>L> <LH IKG<IEF>GM> E >IdLMHE>26EHL({E HFK>-FIdLMHE 49 ({L FHE>L L>K>L >LIKMNE>L|)97z R EH JN>R >L LEF E-NKtNi. ALd, IHK >>FIEH, EL ELML > LIHG>G<L >GMK> EL IKM>L >E KIH NFGH R EL >E <>EH GH L> IK>L>GMG >QGM> > E FLF FG>K. AE@NGL IK>L>GMG >E>F>GMHL JN> EMG >G NGH > EHL M>QMHL, H JN> GH L> >GGMKG >G >E LMH IKHIH. G >>FIEH >L >E >E <LH > E FHOE > EHL F>FKHL >E KIH, NG NG<iG JN> EHL %PG MKNR>G  EHL G>KOHL F>GMKL JN> >E NMHK > E GaK E MKNR>  EHL FmLKH G IHKd >QIE<K E O>K@>G< IHK EHL OMK>L > E MK<iG FGNL<>L, >E M>QMH > E GaK L> IK>L>GM F[L LNF>G 99 JN> IKHN<<iG EM>KE>E> NG L><<iG > E >IdLMHE . G >FK@H, O>S KH FLH GNF>KHLHL R EM>KE>L EHL IL>L L  EHL HL M>QMHL L> IHLE> IEGM>K HMK IiM>LL JN> E > NG GLIK<iG K> %% MF`G IKHE>F>GMHL > K>LGM>L. GH > >EEHL >L NG >G<iG > E I>K<>I<iG L>GLHKE JN> @NK >G >E <IdMNEH 1 R JN> IK><> IKHO>GK K>GM> > E JN> EHL %PG E-S~ IKHIHG>G >G LN >IdLMHE 24 ({E L>GMH R EH L>GLE>|)100, NGJN> >E IL> F[L K>E>OGM> L> >GGMK >G >E <IdMNEH 3. L> <IdMNEH, JN> MKM LHK> MHH > E NG R > LNL >> > <>K< E A> @, HMKH MKMH FHLH LHK> NG <>G<

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Magia en al-andal": Rasail ijwan al-Safa, Rutbat al-hakim & Gayat al-hakim

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' i $'hs??' (. . 935)101. a ' *+  + , + ' *+ ' G *+' *+ + ' +>'+ *+ ' ag(!c+#*+( %*e + '< *+ ' +D' +G ' ' l' +++  '? +' '* +A + 102 F   *+   '+'    *+  * . e  ''+ + ++' + ' <+F '' *+ ' eD' + ''103. P'' ' +++ <+'F ++ + '+++ + ''+ A '< *+ * *'* + + ', '++ +' ? +G+ *' ' '@+ '' *+' + ' 'F ++  * + *+'. e ''E *+ ''+ J' A' +<' *+ +> A'+J   ++ ' 'D  *  *+'+ + ''+ ++ ' ', ? ' +*D' +* ++'  * +>, + ' <''+  <+*'*+'++ ' ? *+ D' ''. a*+A, +' A *++' + ' '?D' *+ +' *<++' ++ + + '*' G'++ ' ++ *+ ' ?' +,  '+, ' 'F '' *+ ' R)!# + ? +' ? ' ' +*F *+ B+  ' *+ B'? ? e C' +A '+++ ''*' +  ' G ? '*D104. d+ +, *+ ' ' *+  +<+ ' ' +' *F '' +'++ ' +*F D' *+ +' <+F *+ ' +D' 52, + +*+ ': (1) + + +> *+ ' G +, + +,   *+ + ' + +A  +''*  + +> *+ B+; (2) + + + + *+ * , +A ' ++ *+ '+*  ' +' *+ M M' 189 *+ ' B*+' l'?,  +' + +'++ '*D,  +  ' ' +'+A'++ + +> *+ ' G + + ''(*+) c(!*!c+) *+ +' ' +*F 105. e ' ' ' +F *+ '+  ' 'F ++ ' * ' ' * *+'  , ' 'F +>' ++ * ' '< *+ ' +' *'* + '++ '<. e+ , + +<'

101 #'+: H++-a', i% w)! %d !) n*e% g(!c+#*+(e; H++a', KC?  P'' R+ !'*  !+-C+? i'L. 102 G, ii, 3, +*. R+, . 68, . 8, . 72, . 10. 103 R)!#, i#, . 333, . 19, . 337, . 17. 104 H'*', K!+ a'++  + R)!# i"% #-SL, . 84: "'+?, + ++ ' +* +*  + ++ = '+ '+*  ' +, '+ i*' 'I. 105 P'' ' +' *+ )*e$$ c&d!c+$ + ' '  ' ' *F '' + +'++ *+ ' +*F *+ ' * <++ *+ ' +D', <'+ *+ C''' ? H'', te E'!)*#e) & *e b(e*(e% & P+(!*, O% mg!c. 1, . 77.

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>E>@K >E GHGFMH:  >O>GMNE>L GH L> L> L N>KHG >L<IK I>KL>@NHL F>GMKLI>KL>L. OO>KHG, I>KH> EH EHL JN>%PG Ld L> >L JN> >G >E L@EH %% >E <E Ld E-NLMGy (K. 11601170) HK>Gi >G B@ E JN>F > MHL EL QLM>GM>L > EL al>. G E<HG>L JN>, Gd IMHL >E FHOF>GMH tGd R, IKHE>F>GM>, MF`G @NHK>L > %G LKK (. 931) >G E-AGENL E> >QIHGdG GM>  K>IK>LEL IHK IKM> >E IH>K <>GMKE111. A>F[L, E NLiG > NG M>QMH > <K[K LF,iEd >d > L>K FNR G NG LH<> LMH >LM >G I>KFG>GM> EN< IHEdM< > >HEi@< E LF,iliLFH. H JN>, GH LiEH E K><<iG, LGH MF`G E MKGLFLiG > HKL LL L> K>ESG IHK <FGHL H<N<iG, GH >L MG LHKIK>G>GM> JN> >E NMHK > EL Ta @GHKK JN> >E K G E-AGENL FN<H GM>L > E-'KFGi, G JN> >LK E >QLM>G< > E  R > E GaK. H>FHL GGLK JN> LEF E-yKiti, >E LMKiGHFH R LMKiEH@H, >L LN HFiGFH LEF E-NKtNi  > EHL $>KFGHL. MKN<<iG > #KS, E K>>K>G< E E IKF>KH > JN>EEHL HL IH>FL L> E>>: wLMN` EHLI<a@ >-Sal R >G >KG / FHG>L ELL,L. uG JN`G >GE HKH INKH?x. 111 ">KKH, " J @ >-A@> @ >  ?K, II. 132-140 ({ I>KL>L|).

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AhF . N hFF . EF E-NLMK i (F. 967), NG ENFGH >E FHLH EiLHH LNd E E-NLMK i (F. 896) JN> >L K >LNM<iG > E H %G LKK. H FLFH L> IN>> ><K > A u i . E-AK i (F. 952), HMK @NK FdLM< > E ENFGH LM >G  >< 116. HHL >EEHL LHG NMHK>L JN> >LMG FEKSHL E FNGH GM>E> j, . 500. $HEFRK, {LEF E-Kiti|, I. 296. > HL>KOK[ LG >FK@H JN> >E FLFH $HEFRK N > LN IiM>LL: w> LEE L>>, HP>O>K, MM ML LLNFIMHG L ML Lx. 115 ">KKH, {BtGLF G E-AGENL|, II. 110-112. 116 ">KKH, {EGML, KR M> CHIM, AKF, HGD>RL G 'GHPE>@>: A@G HG B tGLF NKG@ M> FRR CEIM> G E-AGENL|, I. 128. 113 114

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"N>GM>L IKFKL }A E-YK, *t >a,> >-@, }A E-'KiF }MFG (>.), B>KNM, L.. AE-Di, a K >-?>?  ,< ya> > >-A@>, "KG<LK R &NE[G >K (>L.), K, &HL>INL > HL, 1885, B> A-H@, 3. AE-Di, #La@ >-ua>   @ >-ya>, A.. E-ByPi (>.), B>KNM, K E-F}K, 1963, 4 OHEL. AE-Di, K u>a? >-@>al, B>KNM, N~LLLM E-KLE, 1981-1985. GaK >-H=?, $>EFNM MM>K (>.), &-#<t, D >  @, >IS@-B>KEG, B. #. >NG>K, 1933, MN>G >K BEHM>D KNK@, 12. (>.), HGK>L, B>GME>R, 1835-1858.

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AE-HNFRi, Yd >-?, NhFF . PiM E-TGyi (>.), E CKH, DM GsK E-tJ E-LEFRR, 1952. %G BsDNPE, a >-S(>  l< l?? >-A@>, "KG<LK R &NE[G >K (>L.), K, &HL>INL > HL, 1891-1892,B> AP H@, 7-8. %G E-"Kdi, *l< k>?a, >-A@> , "KG<LK (>.), K, L.>., 1891-1892, 2 OHEL., B> AP H@, M. %%-%%%. %G HyK E-}ALJEGi "a@ >-?La@, B>KNM, N~LLLM E-A}EFi E-E-Ftu} M, 1971, 7 OHEL., 2s >. %G &EuG, a >-kI, >. BuEJ, 1867. %G &RK, F, "KG<LK R &NE[G >K (>L.), K@HS, CHFL, 1894-95, B> AP H@, 2 OHEL., 9-10. %KiL }%F E-iG, u+Ku@ >-<a, . #E (>.), B>KNM, K E-MNKt E-tFi, 1973. " A@? , CKE>L BNKG>MM (>.), >G H? *? A> 

D@ , CHKINL HNM, BK>IHEL, 2001. CKLMGHKNF. CHGMGNMH >>OEL, 144C, NKGal> I<a@ >-Sal, BNtKNL E-BNLMGi (>.), B>KNM, K SK, 1957. A>-a> >-Ya?u, . #E (>.), B>KNM, K SK, 1974. A>-a> >-Ya?u, YFiE SEi (>.), FL Ya?u >-Ya?u, >-I<a@ >-Sa,  >>a@ >-a,, }aK FK (>.), B>KNM, K DMM E-$RM, 1970. S E-AGENLi, Ta >-??, " C= (>.), @ R B>S, "  U  @@, &, ", 1935. E.  C= (1912) K .  B>S (1935)  @ F L@(.), ! T >+  Au >-'a? I@ Sau >-A@> (?. 462/1069-70), F@=  #@, I@   HK  A-I> @   @@ >@ G +@K, I>? &>K , 1. RG (>L.), E au ->-? ,a@1999, AE-P hii, I? , A hF AFiG R A. A hF CKH, yGM E-~Ei P-E-MKyF P-E-GsK, 1939-1944. "N>GM>L L>E, {E`F>GML IEMHG<>GL >M G`H-IEMHG<>GL > E K>IK`L>GMMHG ~AF GL E a?k >-a?k|, >G LJNE> AK`, %K>G> CSSH R AGMHG>EE GGGH (>L.),A >, @ @. I@@@> @@ @ @  &> "@@, $> 6-7 $? 2007, NKGHNM, BK>IHEL, 2011, II. 99-111, %GLMKNF>GM MKLM< >M >>OE, 58. BHG, CKF>E, F??@  ?@ @L   @ @>> > Ìa@ >-Sal, HF, %LMMNMH %MEGH I>K E MHK AGM<, 1994. > ICKF>E, BHG, {%DP]G E-]~|, >G PK . EM (>.), * @ E@K>   &> K (?? 2012). @ >X@, @ > @

A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011


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#U@, 116 (2003), {> . 231-258. > CEEM•, #H>KH, CEL L<MHG H 'GHPE>@> G M> L ~E|, >G >K E-BSK (>.), E>   B@  &K. * I= a@ >-Sal @  L~E. A@ I@@, QHK, QHK GO>KLMR K>LL-%GLMMNM> H %LFE MN>L, 2008, II. 58-82. > CEEM•, #H>KH R $EEGML, BKNGH, * E>   B@  &K, %@ #. 1. A@ A C> E@ @ E@> *@>@  E> 52A, QHK, QHK GO>KLMR K>LL-%GLMMNM> H %LFE MN>L, 2011. > CEEM•, #H>KH, $EEGML, BKNGH R HNK>N, `LM>G, * E>   B@  &K, %@ #. 2. A@ A C> E@ @ E@> *@>@  E> 52B, QHK, QHK GO>KLMR K>LL-%GLMMNM> H %LFE MN>L (>G IK>IK<iG). C, @ EK>  "lA>>&>, @ iGR@R@, >l> >   @@. S>j, @ C@ @ (.), ?   @ >. " @   > @ , &, @, 2005, . 171-187. CKNL, HE, {~E<F L>G "KGMM (>.), A > II C@@ $L@>    F@?@ >> C? , HF, A<<>F SHGE> >EE> <>GS> >MM > , 1997, II. 41-59. CKNL, HE, {> MKM` E<FJN>  >-H=?: JN>EJN>L GHM>L LNK LHG GMKHNG I`G<>  {AE<F LEF< > K>E@HG>: E E>@MMFSHG> e<E>  NG L<>GS >EE GMNK|, %@ #@, 3 (2000), II. 491502. CLK, @N>E, B> A-H@ E>@ , K, AGMHGNL >K>S >#E>L, HMH,{"HK@>KR 1760-1770, OHEL., K>IK.G LGKo, G2E@KLF M> E>1972. A@>L|, A a D>?=, , >-@ @=@, 29 (1983), II. 1-41. A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011


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>K>GHNK@, $KMP@, >GN, $>GK NE &HL>I R Ò-KHO>G_E, XOKLM>," ?@   >lE>, KL, KG>LM >KHNQ-NE #>NMG>K, 18841928, 3 OHEL. a a sS a PE, NLGG>,   I= -  l (III):D @ >, @ I@>>=. A &> @@ @ @ " E@LK=>S >L>G, MMH $KKLLHPMS, 1975. DLK, @, i$J @  >lR  > >@  H@@j, @ #> @  G< (.), A  JV? C@V I@@@>  %@> @ @ 1883 Q " , "@, B>>, 1885, >. 2, . 283-366. LM>G, <>E, {> FRLM<E MHN@M H %G E-}AKi|, @> A, 298, 2 (2010), II. 303-343. LM>G, <>E R OK, K, {> LH-<EE>a> >-hu (E> @ ") L MH E E-NLMKi G E>MM>K FRLM<LF G E-AGENL|, @> A, 299, 1 (2011), II. 213-270. GK>LL, #>KK(>.), %@L@ E@K> @  &-E@ C@K I>? @>. >, >>G-BHLMHG, BKEE,A 2006, %LEF< EHLHIR, >HEH@R, G <>G<>. >QML G MN>L, 61. ">KKH, K>E, {B tGLF G E-AGENL. LEF .  LF E-NK tNi (. 353/964), NMHK H M> >-H=? G M> GaK >-H=? (&J)|,  I>?, 84 (1996), II. 87-112. ">KKH, K>E, " J @ >-A@> @ >  ?K, K, %GLMMNMH $LIGH-K> > CNEMNK, 1987. ">KKH, K>E, {EGML, KR M> CHIM,AKF, HGD>RL G 'GHPE>@>: A@G HG BtGLF NKG@ M> FRR CEIM> G E-AGENL|, >G $GK< B>LM>K>EM R >K>G 'E>FF (>.),D@L @ DK@?= ? I>?. F a H@L H>? L? 70. G, oKSNK@, K@HG >KE@, 2012, II. 125-144. #KS,A>-A@> FEH, {AENLHG>L  EHL w%PG E-S~x >G E IH>Ld K[@HGENS|, , 4 (1936-1939), II. 462-465. $FG, AL, {Au HRRG E-$Phii G M> BK>MK>G H NKMR|, I@@@> @>  #> E , 9 (1978), II. 345-353. $FG, AL, {AG >KER "tF LHNK<> HG M> F> G ANMHKLI H M> al> IÌa@ >-Sal|, A, 26 (1979), II. 62-75. $FG, AL, {BK>MK>G H NKMR,  >M H<>MR HK M> LMELF>GM H M> "tF CEIM>: >P O>G<> HK M> KER MG@ H >K G|, >G KGG> BKKN<G (>.), "lNK F?: @   @ , AL N HK@GL` \ KL E>L 28, 29 >M 30 F 1998, KL, K>LL>L > E~GO>KLM` KL-HKHGG>, 1999, II. 73-82. $FG, AL, {> AKKG@>F>GM H M>al> I=a@ >-Sal G M> KHE>F H@ %GM>KIHEMHGL >G >K E-BSK E>   B  &K. *PM I=aHLM-Sal @  L~E . A@(>.), I@@ , QHK, QHK GO>KLMR K>LL-%GLMMNM> H %LFE MN>L, 2008, II. 83-100. A>-'@t % 2, 2013, II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011

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AE-$FGi, HNLRG, {al> I=a@ >-Sal G M> EM>KMNK> H M> %LFiEi TRi PM|, D I>?, 20 (1932), II. 281-300. $^F>>G-AGMME, &DDH, {CHGMGNMR H @G >E@HNL KMHGL G >GM-C>GMNKR %KJ|, >G @ AGMHGH GGH R #HOGG >MMGMH (>L.), I>ALLH<MHG  I@>HK > %G&@? . >EFFN RFIHL %%%, BHEH@G, %GM>KGMHGE M>KL H M> A IKH>>G-AGMME, &DDH, I@ hKK @  $@ >, >>G, BKEE, 2006. HS, C@@, i" GaK >- H=?: @ R,  RR @  lI>j, @ @-& B, A@@ CLL K $> >>-& (.), I?  ?. &J @ %@  %@, &, H@R C@, 2011, . 215-232. H@, >>K, %@-%@, H>, G. %>, 1968. H>K, E @, i#> >-#< iti @   k>-H=?j, I, 6 (1924), . 293-305. Mu

'hh E, ,Umar Rid,, uy? >-?u>>@, FLF>K, &H>E, H?@? @  @@  I>?. * C>> > @  BK A, >>G, BKEE, 1986. "K, &, iH  > @ I>j, N> &  H N, @  @ >. A@@. 101 (1992-1993), . 211-217. #, , i910 @ IiK: +@ RW  I= @ >- Slj, B>> @ lN %@>, 30 (1978), . 61-73. #, , iI=@ >-S,j, @ &.. B@  >. (.), E@K>d  I>?, 2@ @, "@, B>>, 1986, >. 3, . 1071-1076. #, , " >  >?  >l>?  >. R @ HKKR@  > e FV  > &U f, &, #@@  ", 1988. a,. *V@@> #, " &>   I= >-SRR U@U @ >l+@U,  & I, > 12 <@ 1971a, @A>, lR@   @, 1973. #, , " kFV  > &Ul, K@  >lI>?: " ?  K? @ > U@  NY  I=a@ >-Sal, &, EDIDI*, 2006. #, , i'>> @ > >@ @ c P @ HKKP@ d  > I=P@ s-SPl?j,  I>?, 64 (1986), . 39-51. >MMHG, %G <K, #>? $>@. A@ I@@   *   B@  &K (I=a@ >-Sal), GNK@, GNK@ GO>KLMR K>LL, 1982. EO>KL, K<, {E D ?@ > > %G E-HMF|, A>-'@t, 30

171-220. KK(2009), `K>S,II. Kd &HL`, {E {KK E-LK K| > }tK . NhFF E-HL R LNL HKLFHL|, A@>  E m, 20 (2009), II. 165-186. A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011


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G@K>>, O, {HF> H M> HNK<>L H M> GaK >- H=?|, @>    @ C> I@, 43 (1980), II. 1-15. G@K>>, O, {AE-TKi HG M> KR>KL MH M> EG>ML|, B>>@ lN %-

@> , 44 (1992), 105-117. G@K>>, O, {> SII. H HKKG G M> CELL<E KMHG|, I@@GL @> @>   C>> *@, 9 (2002), II. 8-35. HHGPE, %LFE '., {R > >> G AK< CKM<E MHG PM G AGGHMM> G@EL KGLEMHG H M> al> I=a@ >-Sa,|, >G >K E-BSK (>.), E>   B@  &K. * I=a@ >-Sal @ L~E. A@ I@@, QHK, QHK GO>KLMR K>LL-%GLMMNM> H %LFE MN>L, 2008, II. 33-57. FiG #N>KK>KH, >E, {>QMHL > E-"Ki >G NG HK GENLd >E L@EH %: GaK >-h=? > Au LEF E-yKiti|, A>-'@ t, 12 (1991), II. 3-17. <M>K-B>KGNK@, NMS, {Sª, M> HE>G E>L, G AGENLi <>G<>|, >G O A. 'G@ #>HK@>E (>L.), D @#>  E@: A E >?   @ RHK @ @ F? A@@ @ $ @ H@  E. . @@K, >P HKD, >P HKD A<>FR H <>G<>L, 1987, II. 373-401, AGGEL H M> >P HKD A<>FR H <>G<>L, OHE. 500. MM>K, $>EFNM R E>LLG>K, KMG, k&Jl. D >  @ @ &#<t, HGHG, > KNK@ %GLMMNM>, 1962, MN>L H M> KNK@ %GLMMNM>, 27. NL, jG<, {E-yKiti|, >G . "> D> (. K .), B>  >-A@>, 6: D I@ >-YKKa  $d >-ks, A>V, F@Z@ I@ *K>  E A, 2009, E@>  > C> A@>V, 1, @b 1547, . 535-539. NLLH, AGGNGSM, {%GL>@GF>GM >KF>M< > HMMKG> }EPM>~|, >G HEH N<>GMG, %EK KK R MMHK >KKHG CHFI@G H?? ? " A@K  H?@?. " L@ ? (>L.), > ?@ -@ >>l?@?. AMM >E CHGO>@GH GM>KGSHGE>  LMN, IHE, 20-24 GHO>FK> 2001, NKGHNM, BK>IHEL, 2003, II. 355-368. FLi, &NEH, {%G BsKuG|, >G . "> D> K .#. & V>L (. K .), B>  >-A@> 2; D I@ AdhQ  I@ Bsa, A>V, F@Z@ I@ *K>  E A, 2009, E@>  > C> A@>V, 1, @b 411, . 670-671. FLi, &NEH, " C@  > A@ @ >-A@>, &NEH FLi R JN>E "HK< (>L.), "NG<iG %G NRE > LMNHL K>L, 2011. >S@G, "N, G  @ ?, >>G, BKEE, 1971. M>KG, FN>E ., {>P %GHKFMHG HNM M> ANMHKL H M> wILME>L H M> G<>K> BK>MK>Gx|,  , 3 (1964), II. 405-428 (K>IK.K>LL-BKEE, G M>KG . .,  @ E>K I>? I?au>? , &>KNLE>F->>G, > @G>L 1983, II. 155-176). A>-'@t % 2, 2013, II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011

344

#"%  CAAA€

MK<>, AGMHG>EE, {>LMFHGGS> IM@HK<> EE EN<>  NG EHLHd IKH>M<: E GNF>KHEH@ IM@HK< G>@E %DPG E-S~|, A@@> >>lI +@ %@>, 47 (1987), II. 225-241. MKHNFL, {%G LKK G#K> M> B>@GGG@L H RLM<E E-AGENL|,K, >G >M>K <^>K (>.), A  G: HN@M ?,GC@K @ I>?, NG<, $LMHKL<>L 'HEE>@, E>GHNK@, 2006, II.97-112. MKHNFL, K R OK, K, {> >@GGG@L H FRLM<E IEHLHIR G E-AGENL: %G LKK G L E> @ @?>@|, >?  @ A @ I>?, 36 (2009), II. 201-253. HFGG, &., {> F> <MKQ: KGL    @ C> I@, 53 (1990), II. 289-296. EEFGG, GK>, D $- @ G?@@ ? I>?, >>G, BKEE, 1972. >KG>M, &NG, {AE-Kiti|, >G D@K  @ BK, >P HKD, CKE>L K~L HGL, OHE. 9, II. 39-40. >KG>M, &NG,OHE. {AE-K iti|, >G E@K>  I>?, >>G, BKEE, 1979, >P MHG, 5, II. 1109-1110. AE-KDEi, &RK E-in, *?? >-u>a?, L.E., L.>., 1954-1959, 2s >.

: 31/01/2013 A: 17/04/2013

A>-'@t % 2, 2013,II. 297-344 ¯%0211-3589¯ H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.011

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