ALKALOIDS – applied to basic nitrogenous comp’ds of plant origin that are physiologically active. 1. Among the outstanding alkaloid alkaloid yielding yielding plants are Leguminosae, Papaveracae, Renunculaceae, Renunculaceae, Rubiaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Berberidaceae 2. Primary amine (RNH 2), Secondary amine (R2NH), Tertiary amine (R) 3. Liquid Alkaloids: Alkaloids: CONIINE, CONIINE, NICOTINE, NICOTINE, SPARTEINE; SPARTEINE; lacks lacks oxygen Names of alkaloids are obtained in various ways: 1. Generic name of plant yielding them (hydrastine, atropine) 2. Specific name of plant yielding yielding them (cocaine, (cocaine, belladonnine) 3. Common name of drug yielding them (ergotamine) 4. Physiologically active (emetine, morphine) 5. Discoverer Discoverer (pelleter (pelleterine) ine) Classification Classification based on the ring structure or nucleus of the chief alkaloid group in the plant drug 1. Pyridine & Piperidine (arecoline, lobeline, nicotine) 2. Tropane – condensation product of pyrrolidine pyrrolidine & piperidine (atropine, (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine) 3. Quinoline – (cinchona, (cinchona, quinine, quinine, quinidine, quinidine, cinchonine & cinchondine) cinchondine) 4. Indole – (ergonovine, reserpine, strychnine) 5. Imidazole Imidazole – (pilocarpi (pilocarpine) ne) 6. Purine Purine – (caffeine (caffeine & theobro theobromine) mine) 7. Steroidal Steroidal – (protovera (protoveratrin trine) e) 8. Purine bases – (caffeine & theobromine) Alkaloidal reagents: Wagner’s Iodine in Potassium Iodide Reddish-brown ppt. Maye Mayer’ r’s s Pota Potass ssiu ium m in Merc Mercur uric ic Iodi Iodide de Crea Cream/ m/w white hite ppt. ppt. Dragendorff’s Potassium Bismuth Iodide Orange ppt. Valser’s Mercuric Iodide White ppt. Marme’s Cadmium in Potassium Iodide Scheibler Phospotungstic Sonneschein Phospomolybdic Pyridine – tertiary base; upon reduction it is converted into 2ndary base, piperidine Most important alkaloids in this group are: areca, arecoline HBR, lobelia, lobeline, nicotine 3 subgroups: 1. Piperidine Piperidine – lobeli lobeline ne and and lobelia lobelia 2. Nicotinic Nicotinic acid – arecolin arecoline e and areca 3. Pyridine Pyridine and pyrrol pyrrolidine idine - nicotine nicotine Botanical Source
Constituents/Description
Nicotine Areca
Lobelia or Indian Tobacco
Areca catechu FN: Palmae
Arecoline (arecaidine methyl ester) – most abundant & physiologically active alkaloid
Lobelia Infata FN: Lobeliaceae
Lobeline or alpha lobeline
Uses Temporary aid to stop smoking In India, ‘punsupari’, stimulant masticatory Anthelminthic in Veterinary Vermicide & Taenifuge Smoking deterrent
Tropane Alkaloids – dicyclic comp’d formed by condensation of pyrrolidine precursor (ornithine) Tropine – 3-hydroxy derivative of tropane; with esterification with (-)-tropic acid yieds hyoscyamine PHENYLALANINE – precursor of tropic acid •
•
Most impt. Drugs are: BELLADONNA, HYOSCYAMUS, STRAMONIUM, ATROPINE, HYOSCYAMINE, SCOPOLAMINE, COCA, COCAINE
BELLADONNA or Deadly nightshade leaf
Botanical Source Atropa belladonna FN: Solanaceae
Constituents/Description Hyoscyamine, few atropine
Uses Parasympathetic depressant Tx of peptic ulcer Anticholinergic property
Most of the alkaloids are derived from Egyptian Henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus) SOLANACEOUS ALKALOID – (-)-hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine (aka hyoscine), anhydride atropine (apoatropine), belladonine Hyoscyamine Hyoscyamus muticus Tropine ester of tropic acid Hyoscyamine Sulfate Hyoscyamus Extremely Anticholinergic muticus poisonous In parkinsonism, reduces rigidity & tremors Atropine Hyoscyamine Atropine Sulfate Hyosacyamine Extremely Anticholinergic poisonous Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor Efflorescence in dry air Scopolamine or Hyoscine Datura fastuosa Yields TROPIC Anticholinergic Scopolamine HBr ACID & SCOPOLINE Datura metel CNS depressant Anti motion sickness Hyoscyamus or Henbane Hyoscyamus niger Poisonous to swine Parasympatholytic (hogbean) Egyptian henbane Hyoscyamus For extraction of muticus alkaloid Stramonium, jimson weed, Datura stramonium 0.25% alkaloid Anticholinergic Jamestown weed hyoscyamine Ingredient in prep’n for burn Relief of asthma Withania Withania somnifera Tropine, Sedative pseudotropine with hygrine Duboisia Duboisia (-)-hyoscyamine, myoporoides scopolamine, Chief source of ATROPINE Pituri or Australian Duboisia hopwoodii Nicotine tobacco nornicotine Mandragora or European Mandragora Hyoscyamine, mandrake officinarum scopolamine, mandragorine Coca or coca leaves Has 3 Varieties: Var Coca yields Huanuco (bolivian) coca Var Spruceanum yields Truxillo (Peruvian) coca Var Novogranatense yields truxillo coca • • •
Has 3 basic types of alkaloid Ecgonine (cocaine, cinnamylcocaine, R-truxilline) Tropine (Tropacocaine, valerine) Hygrine (Hygroline, cushcoshygrine) Contains cocaine Cuscohygrine – nonester alkaloid “Divine Plant of the Incas Erythroxylum coca Methyl ester of benzoylecgonine E. coca Crystalline powder “free-basing” – inhalation of vapors of alkaloidal cocaine • • •
Huanuco coca Truxillo coca Cocaine Cocaine HCl
Used in travelling to avoid fatigue Psychomotor stimulant
Ingredient in Brompton’s cocktail, used to control severe pain of cancer Analgesic
QUINOLINE ALAKALOIDS – includes those obtained from cinchona, QUININE, QUINIDINE, CINCHONINE, CINCHONIDINE TRYPTOPHAN – is a precursor of quinine in cinchona Appears to be a cleavage of the benzopynole ring of the tryptophan moiety
CINCHONA or Peruvian bark
CUPREA BARK
Botanical Source Cinchona succirubra -known as RED Cinchona in commerce C. ledgeriana – Calisaya bark or yellow cinchona FN: Rubiaceae
Uses Tx for malaria Prep’n of Tonic Water **Cinchonism – OD of cinchona, impaired or loss of hearing/sight, ringing in the ears
Copper-red color, hard, compact, heavy Quinine
Remijia purdieana Remijia pedunculata
CINCHONA ALKALOIDS QUINIDINE
Steroisomer of quinine
QUINIDINE SULFATE
QUINIDINE GLUCONATE
QUINIDINE POLYGALACTURONATE QUININE
Constituents/Description Yellow barks – quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine Red barks – cinchonidine, cinchotannic acid
Sulfate of Cinchona spe.
Readily soluble in water, alcohol, methanol
White, crystalline powder Sustained-release form
Produces lower incidence of gastro intestinal irritation
Diasteroisomer of quinidine Bitter crystalline powder Cinchona sp
QUININE SULFATE
Becomes brownish when exposed to light
Source of Quinidine
Depresses myocardial excitability Tx for cardiac arrhythmias UD: 1020mg/kg/day
Antimalarial UD:650mg q 8hours Skeletal muscle relaxant Tonic Analgesic
ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS - important drugs are: IPECAC, EMETINE, HYDRASTIS, HYDRASTINE, SANGUINARIA, CURARE, TUBOCURARINE, BERBERINE & OPIUM Derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine
IPECAC
EMETINE or Methylcephaeline
Botanical Source Cephaetis ipecacuanha – (Rio or Brazilian Ipecac) Cephaetis acuminate – (Cartagena, Nicaragua, Panama ipecac) Alkaloid from ipecac
HYDRASTIS or Golden Seal
SANGUINARIA or Bloodroot
CURARE or South American arrow poison
Hydrastis Canadensis FN: Renunculaceae
Sanguinaria Canadensis
**TOBUCURARINE
OPIUM or Gum Opium INDIAN OPIUM
Strychnos castelnaei
Chondodendron tomentosum
Papaver somniferum
Becomes yellowish when exposed to light
HYDRASTINE, berberine (only yellow alkaloid), canadine Sanguinirine – yields reddish salts with nitric/sulfuric acid Chelerythrine – yellowish salts Earliest available prep’ns were named accdg to containers, calabash (gourd), tube (bamboo), pot (clay pot) curare Brownish or black,shiny,resinoid mass TOBUCURARINE – with bisbenzylisoquinoline structure Quaternary ammonium compound structure Standardized by “head-drop” crossover test in rabbits
Yields 10% anhydrous morphine Only licit source of opium LAUDANUM, opium tincture, deodorized opium tincture PAREGORIC or Camphorated opium tincture
POPPY SEED or Maw seed
Constituents/Description Emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine
Papaver Somniferum
Morphine Codeine Noscapine Papaverine thebaine
Uses Tx of drug overdose Ipecac mixed with OPIUM (Dover’s powder) – acts as diaphoretic
Antiamebic Antiprotozoan Expectorant/emetic properties Astringent in inflammation of mucus membrane Used by Indians as Acrid emetic Expectorant and emetic properties
Paralyzing effect on voluntary muscle (curariform effect) Toxic action on blood vessels Histaminelike effect
Skeletal muscle relaxant Used to control convulsion of strychnine poisoning of tetanus Adjunct to shock therapy Diagnostic aid in myasthenia gravis depresses nerve response analgesic hypnotic narcotic
Classed as an antiperistaltic Controls diarrhea
No significant quantities of alkaloid
Used in baking
ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM
MORPHINE
Botanical Source Constituents/Description Most impt. Of opium alkaloids Agonist activity at mu and kappa opiate receptor subtypes Classed as narcotic analgesic
Uses Centrally acting analgesic
Structural features: a) central carbon with no hydrogen sub B) phenyl group or isostere attached to carbon atom C) tertiary nitrogen atom D) two carbon bridge CODEINE
DIACETYLMORPHINE OR HEROIN
PAPAVERINE PAPAVERINE HCl
Powdered Rauwolfia Serpentina RESCINNAMINE DESERPIDINE YOHIMBINE
CATHARANTHUS or Vinca; Periwinkle; Chichirica VINBLASTINE SO 4 Vincaleukoblastine Sulfate VLB VINCRISTINE SO 4 Leurocristine SO4 VCR or LCR VINDESINE VINORELBINE TARTRATE NUX VOMICA STRYCHNINE & BRUCINE (Dimethoxystrychnine) PHYSOSTIGMA,
Most widely used opium alakaloid
Phenolic and acetyl group are replaced by acetyl groups Occurs naturally in opium by 1% Smooth muscle relaxant Relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia Reducing Well known by trade morphine in HCl sol’n name DILAUDID
HYDROMORPHONE HYDROCHLORIDE or Dihydromorphinone HYDROCODONEBITARTRAT/ Dihydrocodeinone Bitartrate INDOLE AKALOIDS RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA
Obtained from opium or synthetically by demethylation
Narcotic analgesic Antitussive Sedative in cough More pronounced than morphine (ANALGESIC)
Narcotic analgesic
antitussive
Botanical Source Rauwolfia serpentine FN: Apocynaceae
Constituents/Description Uses Reserpine Hypotensive 3 series of alkaloids: Sedative and a. Weakly basic indole tranquilizing effect (reserine) b. Indoline alkaloids of intermediate basicity c. Strong anyhydronium bases Reserpine – chief alkaloid with hypotensive and sedative activity Antihypertensive & antipsychotic agent Used to treat mild Methyl reserpate ester of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid hypertension Rauwolfia canescens Canescine, recanescine hypotensive 11-desmethoxyreserpine Pausinystalia Yohimbine Tx of impotence yohimbe ↑cholinegic activity; ↓penile blood outflow FN: Rubiaceae Catharanthus roseus Oral hypoglycemic Four Bisindole: vinblastine, vinleurosine, vinrosidine, vincristine CATHARANTHUS ALKALOIDS Catharanthus N-methyl group Tx for neoplasms Tx for Hodgkin’s dse Antineoplastic Catharanthus N-formyl group Tx for acute lymphocytic leukemia
Semisynthetic derivative of vinblastine Semi synthetic derivative of vinblastine Strychnos nux vomica Nux vomica/ignatia by extraction with dilute Sulfuric acid Physostigma
Antineoplastic activity First line of Tx of non small cell lung cancer
3-noranhydrovinblastine
Strychnine & brucine
Brucine – less toxic than strychnine; alcohol denaturant Physostigmine/serine
Central stimulant Vermin killer
Reversible
CALABAR BEAN, ORDEAL BEAN Physostigmine/eserine salicylate Physostigmine/serine sulfate ERGOT, RYE ERGOT or Secale cornutum ERGONOVINE MALEATE/ Ergometrine Maleate METHYLERGONOVINE MALEATE ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE (Avamigram) Dihydroergotamine mesylate ERGOLOID MESYLATE Methysergide maleate
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
venenosum FN: Fabaceae Cholinergic (ophthalmic) applied topically to the conjunctiva Antidote in poisonings caused by anticholinergic agents Cholinergic (ophthalmic) applied topically to the conjunctiva
cholinesterase inhibitor Tx of Glaucoma
Claviceps purpurea
Aka SPURRED RYE
ERGOT ALKALOIDS Ergot Ergometrinine – Oxytocic accepted chem.. name of isolysergic acid isomer of ergonovine Semi-synthetic White to pinkish tan Oxytocic homolog of ergonovine microcrystalline powder Oxytocic activity Used to prevent abort vascular headaches or migraine Cerebral vasoconstrictor Salt of semisynthetic Tx of migraine alkaloid Relief of symptoms of idiopathic decline in mental capacity in geriartric px
Synthetsis of lysergic acid
Serotonin antagonist Prophylaxis of vascular headache
Most active & most specific psychotomimetic agent Central sympathetic stimulant (hallucinogen) DRUGS RELATED TO ERGOT Botanical Source Constituents/Description OLILIUQUI Rivea corymbosa Lysergic acid amide (ergine) Isokysergic amide (erginine) PILOCARPINE Pilocarpus jaborandi An acid with glyoxaline nucleus Pilocarine HCl STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS – derived biosynthetically from 6 isoprene units Found in plant families of APOCYNACEAE, BUXACEAE, LILIACEAE, SOLANACEAE
VERATRUM VIRIDE American/Green Hellebore
Salt of methylergonovine
Botanical Source Veratrum viride
Constituents/Description GROUP I – esters of steroidal bases (alkamines) - Cevadine, germidine, germitrine, neogermitrine GROUP II – glucosides of alkamines - Pseudojervine,veratrosi ne GROUP III – alkamines - Germine, jervine, rubijervine, veratramine
WHITE/ EUROPEAN Veratrum album Protoverine A & B HELLEBORE ALKALOIDAL AMINES – do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen atoms Some alkaloids include Mescaline in Peyote Cactus, Ephedrine, Cathinone, Colchicines Botanical Source Constituents/Description
Uses Aztec hallucinogenic drug
Stimulates muscarinic receptors
Uses Hypotensive Cardiac depressant Sedative prop. Tx. Of hypertension
Insecticide
Uses
EPHEDRINE (ephedra/ma huang)
EPHEDRINE SO 4 EPHEDRINE HCl COLCHICINE
KHAT/ ABYSSINIAN TEA PEYOTE or Mescal Buttons
Ephedra sinica
Ephedrine – potent sympathomimetic that stimulates alpha, beta1, & beta2 a drenergic receptors Used to combat hypotensive states and for allergic disorders Used as sympathomimetic Colchicum Colchicines autumnale OTHER ALKALOIDAL AMINE DRUGS Catha edulis (-)-Cathinone – phenylalkylamine alkaloid Lophora Mescaline williamsii
Central nervous system stimulant
Tx for Gout Antimitotic activity
Alleviates hunger and fatigue First series of hallucinogen or psychotomimetics PURINE BASES – derivatives of heterocyclic nucleus consisting of 6-membered pyrimidine ring fused to the 5-membered imidazole ring Includes XANTHINE, CAFFEINE, THEOPHYLLINE, THEOBROMINE Uses: direct relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchi & pulmonary blood vessels Stimulation of CNS; increase gastric secretion, induced uterine contraction CAFFEINE CONTAINING DRUGS Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses KOLA, KLANUTS Cola nitida Caffeine Used in manuf. Of carbonated beverages Central stimulation action COFFEE BEAN Caffeine, Stimulant Coffea arabica 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine Diuretic *CAFFEOL – ROASTED COFFEE Trigonelline (N-methylbetaine Tx of poisoning by CNS aroma of coffee of nicotinic acid) depressants GUARANA Paulinia Tannin (cathechutannic acid) Stimulating drug cupana MATE OR Ilex Caffeine 2% Laxative/Purgative PARAGUAY TEA paraguariensis Tannin Diaphoretic&diuretic THEOPHYLLINE Botanical Source Constituents/Description Uses THEA or TEA Camelia Green Tea – Japan sinensis Black Tea – Sri Lanka THEOPHYLLINE Prepared Smooth muscle relaxant 1,3-Dimethylxantine synthetically by Bronchial asthma caffeine THEOBROMINE Theobroma Diuretic & smooth 3,7-Dimethylxantine cacao muscle relaxant PROTEINS & PEPTIDES PROTEINS – polymers of amino acid joined together by peptide bonds. ENZYMES – organic catalysts produced by living organism Precipitated by conc. Alcohol 6 Major Classes of Enzymes 1. OXIDOREDUCTASES – catalyzing oxidoreductions between 2 substances 2. TRANSFERASES – catalyzing a transfer of a group other than Hydrogen 3. HYDROLASES – catalyzing hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosyl 4. LYASES – catalyzing removal of groups from substrates by mechanisms other than hydrolysis 5. ISOMERASES – catalyzing interconversion of optic, geometric, or positional isomers 6. LIGASES – catalyzing linkage of 2 compounds coupled to the breaking of pyrophosphate
COENZYME – if enzyme is combined with organic substance ACTIVATORS – if enzyme is combined with inorganic substance
GROUP DESCRIPTION
AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES/ CARBOHYDRASES diastase & amylase (well known amylolytic enzyme)
ENZYMES
ESTERASES
Salivary diastase or ptyalin and Pancreatic diastase or amylopsins – aka Animal diastase
Malt diastase - formed during germination of barley grains converts into starch and maltose Zymase – fermenting enzyme converts monosaccharide to alcohol and CO2 Emulsin – found in almonds -causes hydrolysis of betaglucosides (amygdalin)
Lipase – found in pancreatic juice of animal oily seed -Causes hydrolysis of fats into glycerine & fatty acids Pectase – splits pectin into pectic acid and methyl alcohol Steapsin – lipolytic enzyme capable of digesting dietary fat Ureases – obtained from soy bean -used as agent for converting urea to ammonia
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES Pepsin – proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice pH 1.8 Trypsin – best in alkaline medium of pH8
OXIDIZING ENZYMES Peroxidases – cause discoloration of fruits
Erepsin – found in intestinal juice -converts proteoses to peptones Rennin – coagulating enzyme in mucus membrane
Zymase – monosaccharide split by oxidation
Thrombin – converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Papain – found in papaya tree
Myrosin – found in white & black mustard -hydrolyses sinalbin,sinigrin Malt Extract BARLEY DIASTASE LACTASE PEPSIN
Source
Use
Hordeum vulgare
Used in brewing and alcohol industries Aid in digesting starch Can convert 50 times its weight of potato starch into sugars Obtained commercially from yeast Hydrolyzes Lactone into Galactose & Glucose Sus scrofa (hog) Assist Gastric digestion Source
PANCREATIN
Use
PAPAIN
BROMELAIN
From pancreas of hog or ox Contains amylase, lipase & protease PACRELIPASE – more concentrated pancreatin; ↑ intestinal absorption of fat Carica papaya CHYMOPAPAIN – employed in Tx of Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk Ananas comosus (pineapple)
TRYPSIN
HYALUNORIDA
From mammalian testes
Spreading agent
STREPTOKINA
Group C beta hemolytic streptococci
Pulmonary embolism Deep vein thrombosis
Bos Taurus CHYMOTRYPSIN – for ophthalmic sol’n
Digestive aid Tx of infants with Celiac disease
Tx for Episiotomy Ingredient in cleansing sol’n for contact lense Adjunctive therapy to reduce inflammation & edema ↑Tissue repair after episiotomy For debridement of necrotic & pyogenic surface lesions
SE
SE
UROKINASE
Human urine; human kidney cells
FIBRINOLYSIN
SUTILAINS COLLEGENAS
Pulmonary embolism Deep vein thrombosis Tx of blood clots with CVS
Blood serum as a protease in streptokinase Bacillus subtilis Clostridium histolyticum
Wound debridement Debride dermal, ulcers, burned areas
Antitumore agent
E
LASPARIGINASE
E. coli
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS – VITAMINS A, D, E, K VITAMINS FUNCTIONS A Normal growth Healthy eyes Provides lysosome stability
SOURCES Yellow & dark green leafy veg. Fish liver oils
D D1 – Calciferol D2 – Ergocalciferol D3 – cholecalciferol
E Alpha Tocopherol
Neutralizes free radicals Works with selenium to destroy cell peroidases
K K1(Phytonadione) K2(Menaquinone) K3(Menadione)
Made in the liver
Synthesis of 5 proteins involved in blood clotting
Fish liver oils, Egg yolk Butter Lightsprouted Wheat germ oil Sunflower seed Safflower oil Almonds K1 – chlorophyll, turnip greens, broccoli K2 – intestinal bacteria K3 – synthetic
DEFICIENCY Night blindness Preifolicular hyperkeratosis Xeropthalmia – corneas become swollen Keratomalacia – thickening of bone shaft Osteomalacia Rickets Tetany Muscle spasm
USES Essential to Good immunity Useful in irondeficiency anemia Useful in lupus colitis and ulcers
Blood cell to lyse May affect vision & produce neurological symptoms Nerve damagelethargy Hemmorhagic disease
Osteoporosis Hypoparathyr
oid
Kidney related bone problems ↓sickle cell anemia Tx of Alzheimer’s disease Antioxidant
In blood coagulation osteoporosis
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS – THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN, NIACIN, PANTHOTHENIC ACID, PYRIDOXINE, CYANOCOBALAMIN, VITAMIN C VITAMINS B1-THIAMINE
FUNCTIONS aids in carbohydrate metabolism for growth, normal appetite metabolism of alcohol
SOURCES brewer’s yeast beans, nuts rice bran
DEFICIENCY anorexia severe constipation ↓stomach acid secretion Wernicke korsakoff syndrome
USES Megaloblastic anemia Beriberi Alcoholism
B2- RIBOFLAVIN
Energy production For growth, healthy eyes
B3 - NIACIN
B5-PANTHOTENIC ACID
metabolism stress resistance energy metabolism
Peanuts Milk Legumes Fish Brewer’s yeast 12 Calf Liver Peanuts
B6 – PYRIDOXINE
Protein metabolism Hemoglobin synthesis
Metabolism of carbon fragments Synthesis of genetic material For growth Metabolism of amino acid
B12 – CYANOCOBALAMIN
C – ASCORBIC ACID
MINERALS BIOTIN
Enzyme system Synthesis of hormones
Synthesis of fatty acids
Cereals, organ meats
Bananas Egg yolk Watermel
on Beef liver Salt water fish Oyster Citrus fruits Tomato Melon
Liver Chocolate
s
BORON
CALCIUM
COPPER
for bone & dental enamel cell membrane signaling Most abundant mineral in body Controls muscle contraction Trace element Conc. In brain & liver Antioxidant defenses
Tissue inflammation breakdown Delayed healing Glossitis Weakness, ↓appetite Skin eruptions
Nerve & muscle disturbances Cardiovascular disorder Digestive disorder Greasy, scaly dermatitis Microcytic anemia Infant seizure Pernicious anemia Noise or light intolerance Scurvy Fatigue, weakness Muscle Cramps
Dermatitis Hair loss Anxiety
Osteoporoticlike changes
Mushroom fruits, veg. soybeans nuts
Salmon Dairy products Sardines Liver, Olives Nuts
Osteoporosis leading to rickets
Paleness Anemia Diarrhea
Cataract prevention Rheumatoid arthritis Carpal tunnel
↓cardiovascul ar disease diabetes Stress Aging Rheumatoid arthritis Burning foot syn
Prevents hypochromic anemia
Anemia Neuralgias
↑ immunity Wound healing
Seizures Diabetes dermatitis
Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis Fungal infection Osteoporosis Muscle cramping
Heart disease Collagen defects Nerve affiction
