Alexey Suetin & Ilya Odessky - Soviet Chess Strategy.pdf

Ch Cic

Sviet Chess Strteg B

Aexey Suetin

Qai Ch .q aich.c. k

Ch Cic

Sviet Chess Strteg B

Aexey Suetin

Qai Ch .q aich.c. k

w b  K b  o h ais o Qaiy Qaiy hss hss is o pbish p bish boos b oos ha ha w bi bi  wi wi hac ha c chss chss irar  irar, , hr ha cssariy b bssrs. T a xy is Sovet Chess Strate s prcy o ha cagory. cagory. I is a cocio o i s s wriig wrii g i wha was was a og ad disi gishd gish d rr. i has ch o ach h coporary chss payr. H was a srog ssia gradasr ho icd graios o oi payrs hrogh his wriig, broadcasig ad coachig. i was rgardd as o o h op oi coachs ad, or xap, gidd igra rosia  h Word hapioship. May ohr sars wr aso s o h pah o grass by i, dig Vassiy ach. Chess ss eo  by saac ipisy, h  ih or prios oi cassic, Quesons of Moern Che

gia diig i ssia was do by M ya ya Odssy, Odssy, bor bor oh oh gd sy sy rasad h wor io Egsh, h h diors o Qaiy hss ad or coribio. aray, odr odr payr payrss ad coprs ca q ibb abo abo  so o h aaysis aaysis,, b ha dos o o  ss h isrcioa isrc ioa  o is i s words. words. W W ha o corrcd" a h po is i s whr w disagr, rrig rrig o rsr or o r rd pci or or h p ois oi s whr w hi a chag ch ag or co co  wi add  h radr radr s joy joy  or rdiio. rdiio .  hop  h radr radr wi b b  ro ro bcoig a ppi  i i  h h  oi chss schoo. h haw h aw ad acob aco b Aagaard Aagaard asgow, May 2

 Key to symbols used & Bibliography

6

Chapter  General Questions of Strategy and Tacti



Chapter 2: e hess Ge  a Unied Process of Strue e Rests f Mzton: e Inence n te Ccte f te Meme Fetes f te Mee Ste t te Stt f te Ge e Tsk f Hns C-ntn te Fces  ts Re  n te Oenn Tnstn f Oenn t Mee: e Pnc Tsk Invve Tnstn t te Ene Se Ote Ke Mments n te Cess Stle

1

Chapter 3: Foudations of Positioa Play Retve Ves of te Peces Oen Fe f  k  Penettn to te Sevent Rnk e Mn Peces: e Ves Come Dvese Mte  Censtn fo te Queen Censtn f  Rk Censtn f  Mn Pece Re Tes f Censtn f Qeen  Rk  Tw Mn Peces nst Rk n One  Tw Pwns



Chapter 4 e ent - Tyic Pawn Structures O n New Cncetns of te Cente Tc Pwn Stctes n te Cente e Oen Cente Nec Eqt f Pwns n te Cente e Cse Cente Fxe Cent Pwn Pstn wt Oen e  ee Me Cente wt Tw Pwns n te Ft Rnk One Mble Pwn n te Cente e "Hnn Pwn Cente e PecenPwn Cente Pwn Wekness n te Cente (ccete n etn f  ece)

69

Chapter : e Dynamics ofthe Chess Strue Se Gene Cncets:  ef Hsty Lessn Se Itnt Fetes f te Dync Ac e Retn f Lc t ntn n Cess Cntn f te Fces e Inttve

99

 8 8 4 48 50 55 56 57 58 6 65 66 69 70 70 7 7 76 8 85 85 86 89

99 00 07 6 

apter 6 Mode Position Play e Men Unestnn f Centztn Stctes wt Tensn n te Cente F Sttn n te Cente e Cente n Sce  Cssn te "Dectn Lne e Cente n te Fnks wn Cnte-stke n te Cente wn Cns  wn Restnt Cnnecte Wn wns vess  Cent  e Key Re f ckn wn Scces Wek Sqe Cexes

 6 6 4 4 44 46 47 50 5 55

apter 7: e Aack - ni beeen Strategic and T Methods Gene Cncets Dync Ments  Lncn te Asst e Sen Attckn C Tnsfen te Attck t te Kn

59 59 60 0 6

apter : Meods of Defence - Switching om Defence to Attack esstence Tencty Defence n te Eeents f Sttey Actvty  te Mn ee f te Defence nteetn etween Mets f Attck n Defence Swtcn f Attck t Defence F Defence t Cntettck Sttec As f Tctc Oetns e At f Mnevn n nce stns

 68 69 70 7 7

onclusion

18

ppendix: From the Book "e Middlegame in Chess e Inttve Tnsftn f stn Fcts e Cncete Ac t Evtn  Pstn Mee Mstey Wys f Wn t Ive It

181

8 87 94 0

amics should be Dynamic

22

ame Ind

24 0

173 173

175

76

Key to sbols used   ± + -

C

 C

?? !! !? ?! 

Wit i ligtly bttr ck i ligtly bttr Wit i bttr lck i bttr Wit   dcii dntg lck   dcii dntg qliy it compntion it contrply nclr  k mo  blndr  good mo n xcllnt mo  mo ort conidring  mo o dobtl l mt

p 1 Geer Quesos of Srae d accs   o chss hs y cs. s rcio is bo  i h ir by o is ids   shics. A h s i h ws o ogic r ppicb o i  which is wh cosis  iy wih scic. T dop o cri hogh i chss, spciy sic h issc r, iidy dosrs h chss is  isprb pr o word cr  wh procss do h risic ids o chss ris?  wh dos h ogic o chss d ssio? Tis qsio, o o s i porc, is wh w sh ii rs d oros.  is cocio  s podr so widy iir d bsc chss rhs . I  me ofchess the nmel w ofevelopment s stle Ar h rs w os which  dd o brig h wo oppos orcs io coc,  b is rdy odig,  which  i s o ghi  o,  hr,  oprio,  p, c.) r cosy opposd  os dsi d corggrssi srs. o h pricips o which h chss srgg is odd, w s icd sch ry ps s h sc o ri s o h pics d p ws, d h ghig qiis d chr isis o ch pic yp. Aohr ipor cor is h ro o h ig i h g.  ri cor is isprb ro h rios propris o h r whr h b as   h chssbord. Dpdig o is posiio o h bord, d is ircio wih ohr s  hos o is ow sid s w s hos o h oppo  h powr o  ghig i   o pw) y oicby hg. E  ixpricd pyr co hp big src by  c h h owrd coor o h posiio rqy ics h srgh o  pricr . ch postonl elements s crizio, srog d w sqrs, h chrcr o h  srcr d so o,  ry iir.   c siy s, i is i prsi o h i i o iig posiioa d ri sss  h b is ogh o.  his procss d hr i c is o o h y chrcrisics o  chss srgg),  h s  h iod r pririy wpos i h gh. Ts   chss g h disicio bw  objc o c d h orcs i cio is dciddy i.  h cors o py i y sois hpp h  objc o c is isy sord io  ci orc.  oowig xp is isrci.

8

So Css Say

nder tov - N. Novoelnov Moow 19

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A objc o aac as as   w cap, ay  soad paw o d4, agas whch ac has dcd  pss o hs ocs. T os ogca o h was probaby 2 .. .  d, bocadg h wass. How ac cos a o sagorwad pa.

    4 3  1 a b c d   g h 27... 28.ce2  29.f4 g7 3.h4 e7 31.xe7 xe7 32.e1 t d7 33.e5  34.e2 c8 35.d2 a6 36.de2 e7 37.c3 d4 38.xd4

23...e8 24.c2 d6?

T hra o2 . . .  s os pasa. Howr, ac as oood a  d4-paw s o oy a objc o aac b aso a ghg   hs oppo's ads. Graspg h oppoy, Wh ds s o s wass.

25.d5! T paw sacrcs s, b h pcs draacay ga  acy

25... exd5 26.L7 xg7 27.d4! U ac, wo ogo abo  prcp o bocad, W s ry bocg h dagros passd paw o d.  ow bcos car ha acs scard paws a cog dr prss. Hs poso apdy droras.

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W as gad s paw wh pg a arg posoa ps, whch  cody procdd o  o a w.  h chss ba  dsco bw engagerces ad reserves s aso a. aray,   s a ajor dsbac   baac o  poso,  ga og o d  o pay's ao.  h w aso co posos wh js  sgs adaag  h pay o ocs cras



a sios o agy ad acics raisic codiios o icory. O cos r ar aso xcpios  sc as sadad dgas w a aia ps pros isci o wi, o  a poo  socad posiioa daws" wr  rgr sid is agai ab o xpoi is rps.

Isaak Boesavs -Vsiy Smysov Lningrad

 a b c d   7J! 8e5 a4t! 9c4

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ipiig ac's as. r 9.    c2 a   . 2 Wi cod si or proogd rsisac.

9e5 O d5 a2 1g4 g5 Wi rsigd.

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g

h

r ar w pics  o  boad, ad  posiio oos drawis. O ac wig  paws a icay baacd.  o ar aaysis, ac's adaag sads o. is igsid paw posiio is o asic, ad i his id o siaio  paiig o ro ad ig wos c b a a  roo ad bisop. y brigig is ig io pay, ac srg s his posiio ad procds o xpoi Wi's sss.

  c5 T oo ads or a.

Jb2 d7 3 d4 a5 4c2 e6 5c6t \ 6c7e5 7c5 i ss saaio i xcags. T oowig powr o dass is ops.

Tis xap dosras  o o i, sois bary prcpib, adaags i h css srgg. A ga o css aos o a process o sgg, i wic ac o as soig o a h oward aspc o  posiio. A  aria ad posiioa s arady iod ar i a sa o oio. Tis is wha ds  o o  move,  i o i i css. me sod aso b cod aog  basic acors o  sgg. I css ca b copard o a ,  as o   ar i  posiios a sccd ac oh wi ac o i  ga. T cocp o a css posi io bracs h s o spac, i, h ari corra io o ocs, ad aso  way  pics ar arragd  i obiiy, coordiaio ad so o. Tis as acor dobdy pays a os ipora ro i  ga. ois yo ca acqir a adaag i aria, i i ad i spac, b si o wi.

0

Set Ce Stte

I wi gv a pr o expe.

a

b

c

d





g h

White to move

a

b

c

d





g h

White to move

I h rs posii c has a rwheg ari ps b the c-dti  his pics is i disarray. A  .g7  s orcd to cas sisac. I h scod posiio a .g7 ac is si b to w 1...  xg7 2.  xg7 ad i proceeds t pic p e  h ior piecs.

Te sate  ce ece questns bt te gene c-d  the gtig ces t r epyed  achiee e ey is   pticar sag o te suggl.  basis o sragy is a pn  a prpos hod o ci.  te r  cess develps egc pn re eced by ctay dptig ew . O crse y nw ps ater bec ccepted a sdrd". A pla i  ga o css is aways odd o an evluon o h posiio ro which e pl begs   ppri  te ese pciitis o a positi. Te ge p is  gideie  b wd dg he tugge. I the codts o h srgge te  des h pl  sic vry chag i t posii soeies eve s a or oe dends ew trgic dcisios. aig wys accpies a chss g r te rs ve o the s  hgh iaig its cors. Sis h sragy o he gae sads t i bod elie A oh ties it beces y igh y ipercepibe. laig recedes io h bacgrod whvr taccs begi  pay the ey e. actcs s h secd itegra cope in e pcess o h srggl. I tregy gves  payer pcpe  h gee age  hi rces actc de ds a ccre apprch o h pticar psiti he cosest possib atetio t th specic dtails o h coic.  Ew pi edy bserved Segy reqe delbeti ccs reqires peerag visi. " ctics i chss is the ar o ghig. I es cc o he ghig qaiis ad pciariis o h pics h varios wys i whc hey act ghr. Te plas a pyr has deved re iped hrgh tacca devce d peaios.



A ga o chss dvops accordig o h pricips o sragy ad acics.

 basis o a cic operio is a hr (i  b rod ss o h word). as c di shapy  chrctr



ene uestns  Sttey nd ctcs  a hreat t the eney ng  a hret t gn  e dnge  .:. a hret  gan spce nd restc the by  he ppnes peces  a hrea  echnge the ppes aacg peces n rder t ease the deece  ad s n. Ts ey s ne re reecn  the nehustbe weh  chess.  s   se epes tht ustre acca deces.

d4 e  ew e es. Hs ngh s treg g the rute g h-4e2d4 . Te de  ths rerbe aeure s ha by es   cbte ttc gs e4, Whe rs wnts t nduce  weeg  cs pwn ps nd thus gn cnr  he -sque.

2h6

2 ...  e s srngy nswered by 2 b!  22 4   2. c2!.

21h3 e5 22Jc1 g4 23f4! Te ght cntnues n s wy

e  he eecte tcc pys s  I s en ry cncse, mnvr. ssg  w r three es u aeues tht e seer es ng, ardy srng nd ebe, re n reqen ether Te wng epe s aracersc.

23 g5 24h3 g 25e2 xd5 26xd5 xd5

nder eine - Sieert Tarrch Mannim 4

        a b 0g5!

a b 27d4!

c

d





g

h

Te neure s cpeted Te pssby  dng the ngsde wh the gh a  decdes the uce  the ge.

c

d





g h

Tere gh see t be re pn n edey drectg he ngh t  d4 (where  w be ery ctey pced) but ee s  n huy t d s. He w ny ccupy

27e5 28c4 d5 29! � 3d6 Whte sn w. Fequeny  use tctc py r prg yur pstn s echgng yur ppets prt peces. Te wg eape s ewrhy.

2

Set Ce Strteg

Mi Boinn - N Soroin

28 ! xa5 297 b8 30x x 31x7t h8 32d5!

s 3

Wite w eiy. O crse g he rge  ctc prcedre he t pwer d eecti s a combinaon, wic itrdce  eee  aesheics d ar it cess d eds it is pecr ttrct. Te cbi sy e  acrce  teri.

Efm Bogoljubow  xnder eine astings 22

a

b

c

d





g

h

I hs ce i i pic h ebe Whie  ipre his ps rther.

20§e3! §xe3 21e3 g4 22a5 8 23Jc1  24 e7 25d5! Te exchge cree Whe perry aig  easer r hi t bre hrgh  he see r wit hs r.



       1 a

256

2 .. . d cd be swered eher by 26.exd r 26. d xd 2xd.

b

c

d





g

h

Aehie d  excepty bet cbiti drticy chgg he crse  the strgge t hs w bee.

29b4! 30xa8 bxc3! 31xe8 2!!        1

 a

b

c

d





g h

a

b

c

d





g h



ene etn  Stte nd ctc  pont  te cbnton te det  paw tt recnty td n b xpctdy bece  qeen.

t h7 33 c=Yt 34 e! .h2 Yxc4 36bS b5 37xb5 Yxb5 ac ay cnvrtd  ter p nt  .  atac o t ny g, nvvng tret  at, opn p epecy wde cpe  cbatve cretvty. It t be eebered  t g  ctanty nd a covet rat.

Aron Nimzowitsch - ib Rubinstein

29xd1 3t! hS 31xd dS     4 3  1 a b 32Yg6!!

c

d





g h

c rgned.

Brlin 28

or Korchnoi - Efm Geer Kiv  4

a

b

c

d





g h

t pw tor o neectve, bt ac  to be et d t e  en  gr. et h ene o dngr  pcey wt s h dow!

YcS?

ac hd to pay 27 . .  7, prrvg very cac  eqzg.

£! e6 29! ac ad evdety overed te pob ty o th brthrgh. e attac ow wp orward e  torado.

a

b

c

d





g h

Wte cwed  ttc  te g wth a brant cobntve troe

25t! Wcever wy c te te bhop,   atd 2 . . .  x6 26. 6#, 2 .. . x6 26g7  8 27. # ad 2 ...gx6 26. 6  8 27.g8#.



Se Chess Sey

osiio cobs hrusy iig cobiive d posi eees have acqired iese sgcce  coeporry pacce. Here s a iry spe exape o his hee

 Botinn - Paul Kere Ms

suppeeed ad eed. A hs coud r he subec  e h oe grp We w ce urseves  a u o saios.

Oi p Betein -Joe Raul Ca pablanca Ms

9

9

    4 3  1

    4 3  1 a

b

c

d





g h

Whie eecivey uses cobive es o g ps sses

25Jb6! b6 26c6 Vc7 27xd8 Vxd8 28Vc2!

a

b

c

d





g h

pbca coued wih

26Jc5 Lug Whie cobiao.

io



ow

vii s chieed  decise pus. Eve he spes cbo cosiss  a se  seprby eied eees awys sb odied  se pcu cbve dea ad hee. Ag he vey spe des ha ca be siged o are deec he eicg o a pece o  square eo o deedes bocade square cearace d so o . A he sae ie we ca dsigush sevea cobiave hees such s he du ac he pi discovered chec d he e. Te heory o cobiai which hs oud soe precse oruaos i chess sdies is dergoig cosa deveope d ay o is proposiios are couy beg

    4 3  1 a 

b

c

d





g h

cassic

ene etn f Stte n  t  ida o d i mne it  l c ite cot imultneoly tet is roo o c   i queen n e2,  i i o he deene o te a ra

der ee  S. Friem Nw r (simultanus)

9



2  3 No me te in t f te comintion

3 Ae2!

Bla a alo mtng it   e 5 4 g % , it te me temati  e

4xe2 Ad6t 5<l h2t 6< h# Oeve tt itot i o quee ocg te e2-qure, Wite' ng oul  li out o te mte Ad no,  illutrtio o dti i a mutle fom (te itin  fom Stamma)

a

b c

d



f

g

h

i carrie out te i ea o etig a iece  a quare Tee folloed

et � 24�h6t! xh6 25 t! �x 26 d8# d her i an exmle of te iea of blkig:

    4 3 2  a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Te  tion of te lac g i exlote y te eciive ominatio:

1d6t! gxd6 2gb7t! b7 3�c2t! �xc2 4gb5#!

a b c d e f g h ...h2t! 2
    4 3 2  a

b

c

d



f

g

h



Sve Cess Sae

I pracic hs vr spe das ar ae cered  a pr r. Ms e  ar igh irwv wih each her he ravig  his ag csius h ssce  h cbiai B h he presece  sch cpes as I ave id ds  b a eas awas pr a cbiai  a pac. Is ipla dpeds  rs sies scarc prcpble ars  h cbiaiv s   h psii

 a xapl h ida   cbiai carrid  i h lwg xaple s  gra ires.

Veresov  K

I pace  1 .   xb Blac cud ave pad  .    bc6 Te aer 2   c 2!  xb s asciaig cbiaiv idas cl ce aga aris:  6! Drawg e g rward agai.  ..  x6 4h4 g5 5 .4!  x4 6.g  h 7.  d4! c5      

Minsk  

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8.  h  ! h6 9   d  ! Frcg Blac  gard h g5 -sqar. 9 ..  xe5  5 h5   .  g5# Fal i Blac pas ... a7 h a 2 .  xg6! g6 Whi agai givs a:  

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I h dagra ps Blac accpd ha his psi was hplss ad hs accpd h r sacric.

.. xb3 Tis was e b a ag cbai

    

 a

2."h6t!! �xh6 3h4t �g5 4.f4t!! Whi sacrics his as ajr pc  draw h bac g rward.

4...xh4 5.g3t �h3 6 #!

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c

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

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 6! x6 4h g5 54!  x 6 (expiig h p) 6    x5 7  c4#! r 6 . .  g5 7.  de4  h6 8h  g 9h7#.

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nrl ti n f Strty n  ctic  x xmpl xcllntly illurt t w cmiiv moif ri n    uti  m

21xc6 bxc6 22!

atoly Kar p ov - Dragoljub elmrovc Skpj 9

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T art o n ctiv comintion, dply and prcily aculd, ic rc Blac igid foricatio On o i impora h i  miplacd roo on d8

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 i poition r m to  o arig   quic comintiv orm Blc coinud 

9... ad8?  r iaccurcy For cicl rao, d8 i  ad quar for t  ro  a ill on com r  rig mov a 9  8  T a uvrig ruggl could vlop  ra t prur  Blc ctl  i, Wit ould praly dol  i 2g2 7 2cg Wih 3gh6 comig, i poiionl plu ould  dipul, u o cour hr ould  a lg ard g d

0.b3 c6? or mi, ti im  rio on, and  ruaio i o log i coming I a o  la or 2  d8, ih imilar ply o t  u giv

22 Blac a o good coic  t v  22  xf5 23xf5 g5, Wit a  dciiv 2 xg5! g5 25  xg5 d7 26f6 c O 22  8,  imply ply 23 7 ad Blac caot avoid mtrial l

23!
Ncary, a 2   8  o 25  g5! g5 26  x g5, n Blac canno ply 26   o account o 27  x 8 Ti i r  miplacmt o t roo on d8 m itl l!

25 h5t
Of cour o 25    7 in vi  26g 6 27  x5#

26.xt < 27h5t
r 28   7 29g7  3x x 3   g5 Wit ac i irriil



Soviet Ce Statey we e bega hi cobiatio. thogh ac ha a roo ad wo ior pieces or e qee is sitatio i very dict i ot hope e. Te poit i that hi oce ae ot wor ig haroiosy (his ights coie to pay a piti roe) . Wite o e ohe had has a hi diposa the ercria" h-paw which wi soo cost ac oe o his pieces. Te evets  ead iectaby o a edig wee the qee wi be opposed by he roo ad a ige ior piece.

a b 3Ug7!

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h

 reaabe ove both or its sregh ad its beaty. t was a the ore dict i ha Whie had o oresee i whe coecig he cobiatio o ove .

36...eS 37.h4 c5 3S.h5 e6 39.h6  4.b4 cS 41.�d2 e7 42.h7 xh7 43.xh7 cS 44. e7 45.a3 eS 46.e6t �d7 47.g7 �c7 4S. d7

s beoe the gae proceed o orced ies

31..s

er ...xg7 . xg  . xh7 ac is deeceess agais he discovered chec.

32 �x 33.g5t �e7 34.Wxhlt �dS 35.WhSt �c7 36.Wx a

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49.a4 Te techica phase o expoiaio has beg ad ite' ta i to breach the a ortres. Te orgaic weaese o a7 ad c6 sea acs doo.

49... 5.�c3 a2 51.a5  52.Wh6 d7 53.f4 exf4 54.Wxf4  55.Wh6 d7 56.Wh2 e6 57.Wh6 L a

b c

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Tis is e posiio Whie was aiig or

O 7 .. . a White cod pay 8. d4 whe a deece agai 4- is hard o d.

5S.ex d5 59.�d4 d6 6o.Wf4 �b7 61.We5  62.WeS �c7

n uon  o S n  

9

T o o agy a as a b ga ihr  a ry pra ss (whih is how h ahors o hss aas sally ra h) or i a wir ss o h wors y sragy raial layrs o rsa o or ha h o  o h ga aor ig o a la  h il boriaio o h iv aor o a arilar sig  h boa ss sragy sigis h oaliy o a layr's viws (or h viws o a hss shool) o h way h hss srggl as a who shol b rs ragy bra vryhg raig o ab a b c d   g h ra h hogh hs i oraisi a8! io o h osioa shool o iiz whih i's q aov vral ov rvail or a log rio or sragy is  ols sly T q ow harariz by a irasig s o obia s is way o  laosly aig ai iv as   aws o a7 a  6 Ts ialy A h sa i h o o ais i s  oo o h srggl hss lirar o bos a yoy or d6 64t �c7 65c5 d6 his or ha obiaiv ia For xal i his boo e Strate an T of Che h ovi a7t �c8 67a6t asr Lisis sigas a iovr  h a  rsig sovr aa a so o as basi s o ais whra i  hy ar s o  isriv ars o hs ga i obiaio  rai his is arly s iio o h arav obao ar h ssq rggl wih ivr arial a as i is risly i obaio a is ls  wi q' aovr  xig ovr ha ais aqirs is os vivi xrssio  i h broar ss h o o ais y ovs  whh ol h xloaio bras ialy al ao o h hssboar   avaag ro h sils  (a ov) o h os  ar h aa vi or olx obiaios ay ovs  Fro  raial lay hav prov  vry il his viwo a ga rrss a oos  assi Exr hows ha ag hai o aial aiviis i by h al srs a b sysaz or asly sragi ros o h layrs A is hs yrs ar aiiar wih svral yal ho s ros oa h aio  i a has o shar  av b vs  or oig a aa ay hy r io h bagro   ig by ilizig w pois i h  y a  orspo igly hos   aga h aiv pla hav b r o A wah o aral  his ara is  h laio bw sragy a ais  i by h yial aw srrs i h laig rol blogs o sragy ooriy o  la a h ross o h srggl ar wha r whih w hall xai lar givs hss is gra  rig vialiy a raiss i o h lvl o s 

Soviet Ce  Sttey

20

 ccordce ith the logicliy o te ce ruggle he eective executio o  tcticl operio ut cotribute to ulllig  sregic pl. cicl ll i by o e  ed i iel Te olloig i i itructive.

a Keres - Ti etrosi

47.. g3!! Ti o te logicl culitio o lc pl d uexpectedly decide e eul o the gt.

48.hxg3 hxg3 49.fd2 h4! 5.e2 h7 51.?

 1 . h  the oly y to prolog eitce.

Bd 

        a

b

c

d





g h

 ti coplicted poitio ite pls re ocited ih ply i the cere lc h to ee couterply o the igide.

41.d4 d7 42.3 8! 43.qg h5 44Jb h4 45Jbb2 g4 46. d8 47.b4? ile crryig o righorrdly ie overloo e cicl roe ht lc  grdully bee preprig



       1 a

b

c

d





g h

a b c 51...xf4t!!

d





g h

Wie reiged. Tu iyou ipleet  pl directly ithou regrd or your oppoet cobitive poibiliie hi requely reul i he pl collpig.  o he oher hd you ge to divie your oppoet ietio i good tie i you py tic tetio o the tcticl e  i dipol d te peculiitie o te poitio e ti ubilly iproves your cce d cree e eeial coditio or crryig ou your o pl d deig ucceully. Te ed ubordite te e but u t te e tie be coptible ith te. We coceivig  rtegic pl  plyer  o or  cler picure o eter he i eded gol i relitic d correpod to he diicive eure o he poiio. Accordig o te logic o the truggle i you rive er

ene etn f Sttegy n  ti  -ditnt g,  ue it ie e grdig e te emn   f te itin , y il ee it  ettn in  tti hd e lkely t edm inte A ttegi ig ly ome  fuiion en i  i ell ded illy i otn i itte  y r ex to exmle In te t of h a unfonded ttegi deign i ially efuted In e end, n k r  e e e oluin o e ii



Ti mve eqied  lng line of tin In  fm ene Blk i neding te ente ut in ul ft e  onqueing it, y gining onl of e e4-que Te min vtin ie fom 6  5 Ten  6  x   n nt f 7de6 e6  8 xe6  8 9 e5! Te oe ner o  6d5 i  6 e5!:

 Sokol  Al Su Mscw 9

a

b

c







g



e 7 xe5 xe5 8 xe5 x 9d6  2 x  e4 ie doe nt ave mentin f te ied  iee

a

b

c

d

e



g h

 i iin Wite lyed:

dl repaing n tk n te ente it d4  i ln, oeve, filed t tke un  e ei iumtne nd eiti ibiliie, nd me i n unexeed ial ein ie ly ug  ve lyed  5 dx5, iliing te iin in te ente

 b4!

He al de dly fom 7d6 exf4, n  no 8dxe7 xe7 o 8  x   x 9    2 4 e5 2exf4 fg4 In ll e ition Blak advtge i vi Te gme oninued:

16b4 b4 17�a4?

 7 e2 i omet ette

17  a5 18c7 h5 19�e5 gac8 20�xd7 �xd7 21bl �f 22d2 b5 23b3 ,d5 Blk on eily Hee, on te oe nd, i n exmle of an atk  doe oend o e demnd f e iion:



Set Ce Stte

Joh Zeo  Joeph Blace Lndn 883

    4 3 2

2S b4!! gS5

O 28   x4, Wite fce mte wi 29 xe5  x 7 0� g6 1�g  2�f6   5 �f5  6 4  f4  5�5#

29gt! xh7 30xe4t 7 31 x

L a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

By xlotg e eaeig of Black' kigid ad cocaig i forc o a ctor, Wite ce out  llt aack H la rquire a eecially far racig calculao of t euig acical comlxiie Black a videtly elyg o i couroke Yet te' clculi rove o ave  deeer

26h7t hS 27d5t e5

L a b

c

d

e

f

g h

c

d

e

f

g h

Black eigd

23£! e4 24e4  256 g2

    4 3 2 1

a b 327t!

I mut e rmemeed t  rctce, i e t you et' tcicl re, yo eed to e cottly cetg tret of yo o e t of  ly re ricial aimd a calculag vaiai, i o rd a te tcte devce requed o te ccete mlemetto  te co l We u  te tt  ce, tte d tctic e itimely ocited  ec  idilul d ete ragic a ctca metd f toug W udyig  rategic a a a cs game fl, e mu rememe tt ey ar e uject  e mt rdcal  jutme y tcic ctic ill o lead te laye far aay from t origi tregc deig A acica oraio (a comiaio aov all) i i ielf  mo cive mea of gaiig ecc dvtge, cludg te overrdg



a si os o Sag a acics

  ccaig  ig. I   cos o B was . b w Blac as a las   av o g agais yo oppo's og copsaio ar  . . .  .a cic scs irrspciv o wr y x  g2 g wi  ida 6. 2  id o is ovrall pa o possss o  .   local sigicac (as wi raps  ac). acical asry is ror a 3... xe5! 4. il prrqisi or assiilaig coplx Orwis  ra is . . .  . ic idas.   sggl i a css ga s  4.   5e5  6 dd3  ora-sap acics vy ov ads Wi rsig. cr accacy ad rsorcss. o wor o all  cosqcs o a acic  is  sl xapl illsraig  opraio is o vry dicl (a pacically ciss ad ip powr o  acical ipossi dr ora codiios wi ds i  ar o css. liid ig i) v or  sogs asrs o coiaiv play.

Dement  Sools

ander eine  Frederic Yates

Mns 

 3

a b c

d



f

g h

 diaga posiio is a ro a  w wo Blorssia playrs. Blac d

1. .d3!?

r possibiliy was 1 . ..  g 2g xl  x xb2 wi a wiig posiio   a coiaio is a good d or rsig.

.d3  3. c3?

a

b

c

d



f

g h

Wi as ioaly  adig or is posiio. Ali as prpa a acica opraio wic o  ac o i sol giv i a dcisiv pls.

33.g4 ilaosly aacg  isop o  ad ddig  2-poi. ow  .. . 6 is  y . 6 ad  . .. d6 y . o Wi's advaag i ir cas.

4

Sovie Ce Sae

M T- Sveto Gliric

T coiaio Blac lec had alo ee a o acco y hi

33Jxg4 34g4 xt 3g2 xh2t 36x  h orgoig calclaio Aleie had  hi poio  hee e reai h xchag p  ad vaad   h o avo B o h pi o oh payr  rd o ha h operao a o hd a hi poi b a oy  gig Bac ha a h dipoa a orced variaio 5 ov og hich cold o have ee or v by ch a coiaive gei a Ali

36hIt 37 d4t 3Sg3 gIt 39h3 t 4Og2 ht 41g3 et 42h3        1 a b c d   g h 42g! 43c2 t 44h2 g t 4h3 ht 46g3 d! 47c3 g t 4Sh3 ft 49g3 t o  gt i rigd

Bgrad 6

       1

 a

b

c

d





g h

W have ore  a exeely har coiaiv iaio  x ov a loo crhig

31h? Hov hr olod

31xc1t 32h2 d6t! 33xd6 f4 34g3 xd6 3 ee!        1

 a

b

c

d





g h

 acc o o dvaaig orc  oy o co car ha h h q oi o ov    ev ch a aer o coao a al a aeady aig a ireparae iae

ene eton of Stte n ctc  soud note tt te correct core w  !!, wic wou ve e to  winning  er  x   x      x   



On te ote n, ge were ctics cqie jo idepee iportce re geery cobiive i crcer Here, idbening copicios  he irrio, dyic copoes o strtegy  od swy I betwee thee two bic poe tee ies  etibe wet of vie ce odes Tu he pecic tue o chess is such   ors o py, wheher sregic or cic, re isepbe ro chess r Tey d eboient i te ge of te op ter

    a

b

c







g



! d  !

Hee is n expe o  puey poitio coduct of te ght

Pa Keres -der Kotov Ms 47

36.'t  oy ove

36 37.xd6t e6 38.t d5 39.S b7! 4.e3t?!  g woul ve prooged e g

0... xe3! 41.e3 7!  is  to ee tht c s  wo sio

2.  4 43.f4 c3 44e4t 4 45a6 2 6.al d3 e resige

a 

 e viewpoit ote intereio between sy d cic, every ge cositute  d o pey poitio cor wih oiive oe Te rge ocots ere is  gre Te ge cquires  epticy siioa crcte we  rtegic contet i n rogress or te consiten ccuutio o s dvtge Te tre of te tugge i  sricty rtio, o hetic

b

c

d



f

g h

y pyig:

18..e5? oov icutiousy weee is ig squres

19.g4t! b8

 9     c7 2 d7, wh hres o xe d b6, is eve worse or c

2d7t xd7 21xd7 e8 22.b6! 6

Sovit C Strt

6

23.ict a8 24.c2 f 25.i£ 6 26.ie4 5 2.b4!

 o w for a xap o hrp cobitiv py, gi by Grdr r  a outtdig pyr who xc i  who rag o strgic ad cic hod o coba

Pa Keres - eder olh Ms 7

a

b

c

d





g h

Havig iprovd h pacig o his pics o h axiu, ad oy rd h opposig orcs, rs bgis h dcisiv quid oiv

2...h5 28.a4 £ Dspraio, bu hr is o dc gais h hra o bb 

29.ix  3.ie4 t

a

b

c

d





g h

 hrp gh has dvopd i h v opig, ig to gr copicaios  oowig brii cobiativ ov is  souio i pig with th sc o  poiio

2.d5!! xb3

2   xd i bd i viw o 2 xd x 22 x, ad Whi wis

2.ct e 22.ixb3 xe5 23.xt  24.xe6  25.x e t 26. e 2. ixe6 28.xe6 ac8 29.xb ac rsigd 

a b c 3.d3 i soo wo

d





g h

W cocud th chaptr by ouchig o so qusios abou h cassicaio o ch payrs

7

ene  et n f Sttegy n ctc  obseving yes in te ce f rig eir coeiive sis, it  e  o d segic g nd cic g deeoing geter in ny (nd  s ig-caegoy lyers w re sg o f) s o in actice, y wi eet yers os gs sw  einnc f eite sgic eents r ctica nes rs wit ctic ening ve  eic  r e concete fetures f  siion r cobinve viion devos riy Te g exae i inicive of is tye of ig

eo Liiti - Alexder Toluh Lenngrad 3



      

But nw it un t tt tee i n stisfcy efence to te cnning tcica et of 2    g4

20h3

On 22 Bc wu y 2     g4 2  g   22fe   x2! 2x2  xg etc Nw wi:

20'! Bc cd ve ecie e ge ieiey Quie n, wever, tcicin wi cncenre oo excsivey n  concre ei; acng  ce egic gieine, tey wi be teir y ciey n t Ti cn even e fro grsing e segic seciv in good ie T fowing xa, in wic rfound sraegy riue ove ue cics is isructive

Alder Toluh - Mikh Boiik Lenngrad 3

a b

c

d

e

f

g h

i is las ove c-a, Lisisin ciday  fevent isn f sttegic ioais) ttc te c7 -awn,  e se  sig u e nes e of  -



c xectedy reie

8 6!  as e irssin t by giving u  c7-awn  ws csng te gter of te o is

9'

1'c7 !

Wie s rere  sy  for is onent In nwe o:

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

8

Set Ce Stte

9�xd5 O 7!? it was coutig  giig a ig advatag ar:

pstes, tse iecpe ccitts f y gae f cess

 Sue  I 1e

IO  Yx7 �xd5

Vlnus 3

Idd i t eet f 1 1     d7 12�d e6   c7! ite's supeity i pute Istad, owvr, tr fwed a surpisig xcag sacric, wc ite w f cue av s ut pay faied t auat dpy

a

a b  Jd5!

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d



f

g h

It wi so ec car tat ac as a ieiste attac  te queside, sic ite a iprudety fae eid i dvpt

12Yxd5 e6 13Yd2 �c6 14Jdl gd8 15Ycl Ya5t 16gd2 gd5! it oss is qusid paws o y o

17�e2 gx5 8�c3 c3 19bxc3 gxc3 20Yb2 ga3 ac attaed  dcisive pus Otr payrs ar quicr t disce t stratgic ts Ty pfr a pa tat is gard to a gty aouvrig ga  a ru ty avoid a dou-dgd stugge ad do ot ta accout o ad" tactca

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c

d



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g h

At t gt t  ot  pti wr yu wud xpect tactc cpctis T iitiative ater sees t  wit ac, w cts te af-pe  ite, we, coutes ac's desigs wit a ccad opati tat is pp fas t dsce i g te

23Y! 6? c sud pay 2    6, ftig c 

24�! b6 25b6 b6 26b4!  7 6   3 2 1 a

b

c

d



f

g h

ene etn f Sttegy n  ctc is is e pnt f te' py: c  w spp c, b e 26  cxb x e s o eqe eence gst  es o 28  e7 n 28  xb6   " of e p  te cion   ig  qeen  n et t ec e  ys  ecisve p   jucte

26 ...  2bxc5 a5 2c1 ga 29c3 b4 30.d4 x3 31d5  wie pwns vce n tc   ccsin ee w be soe vee b iy yic ps bein e  of e ic et

V   G eh

9

te contn f c' pece p t n c n bt e queense  e cene

23ed4 �d5 24c4 gd 25b3  26g4  2d5 gxd5 2gdl? A ccesc te c tet ect i oppoen oe s we  s poso A oe subbo eece w 28g

2 a4 29xa4 t 3 gxb5 31l Te ny wy fo Wte to ein wing cnces ws 1 xb x  2g x  xb7   g2    g  6g2  7  b2  7 8  2  e 9  (bt n  9 e    g   1 g2  , n c win) In pctice tis w vey cu to wo ou

Lenngrad 3

 b c

d



f

g h

 eves o is ge pove n expe   ge-sce uncnvenion stegy iiie y w oos ie  pey cc 

22...4  I wi s becoe ce  i pw ice us o oe n pue ctics  is ie   neesg p  ece

a b c d  f g h 32  �xd4 33d2 �e2t 34 ge 35b2? �3t c soo wo A pye cn oy be ce  uy ge segist i is sis e copee by cic, especiy cobive, sey I s pecisey suc tegiss wo poee ew s  cess

p 2 Te Che Ge   Ue rce  Srgge s  s   g is udgig s u dvp s  d pig wi   g  s psd  sysis bw pi biizi d iddg sgy T ss  pig y is ixby dig wds  v s gig   w ss udy   pig ipis siuus sudy   iddg   giy gs   pig i s sid  wig s

T Ru f Mbzan: er nuence n he Characer f he Mddee T    iddg sugg is i y wys dd by  sus   pdig i s I uus ss w  sid s u   pig wi  di s  su   g is dy pdid I su gs  du is  s by  i bw

Vassy Smyslov - Cene Konauer Grningn 46

       1 a

b

c

d





g h



Soviet Ce Strtegy

Witi  few ove Wite ecie te ge y expoitig te p e  cqire fro te opei g (i  pce vtge  te poor pcig of te  c piece).

13e5! xe5 14xb7 xb7 15xa6 b 166! Te evet procee o orce ie.

6x6 7x6t 7 l5!!

    4 3  1 a

b

c

d





g h

A  rest of oe iprecise py y  i te opeig, Wite  ge to cqi  cer vtge i te cetre. tog te re o cocrete tret i igt  yet, c positio i very ict sice e c cti coterpy. Wite etoicy icreses t prere.

6e5! a



g h

Te crowig coitive troe. ...7 i et y 1 9.  x7 x7 2, wiig.

lx5 194!

Te poit of te coitio: o 1 9. . . x, Wite  prepre 2.  c  e7 21. x7  f6 22. x7  g6 2.g f 2.7 etc.

19 6 2x6 b6 21x7t! c resige. Freqety  opeig p c oy e cosoite y yteticy icreig te ssets o yor positio .

Y ver  Lev roi Ms 

Not owig te  c igt oto g6.

16 6 17 7 l3 6 19 xd7 x7?  icopico t erio it

1 9... x7, eepig te igt o it  efeive positio, ws etter.

2x6 x6     4 3  1

 a

b

c

d





g h

e Ce e   n  e  Pe f Ste

2 J !

Em e  . Va

iig te' ntte  gnnt t  rigig  k nt y n wtg t (0  ige, te trt  we ttk  a sctr

2 ...

acs istke n ayng 19    7 kes s  t  kngt n  e  e tiu wt 21e, w nw y ais  22

22 23e5 e7 24  25�e3 8 26�4 4 27e3 xe3 28e3 h8 29 e7 30�e5 8 31 � h8 32.e 8

ev 1 950

8  6  4 3 2 

 a

b

c

d

f

e

h

g

te trt n eneret ttck n te cetr n  te kngse, tizng t tve ng f  ee n   ner  tct weknese n te k cm

       a b c 33.!



e5! Oy ts

d

e

f

g h

rcig te wn f  wn we cntnng  atac

T ter et  ttk   g e e nergetc: 1 1    7 12g4 In eky  Btink, Mscw 1 9 6, e 1 2  1g Bk e te ege rnty

33  d 34�xd7 d7 35xh6 e5 36.i! i centy nerte  ter s i a wi  r qit reqent cses, te trnst  ing t egme rng n gai t ttk s ecc ject ay a   t c e n i te vo is  t icin Dc

a

b

c



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f

g



34

Set Ce Stte

1  xc! hatterig hite paw pt  the quee ide ad i the cetre, ad ezg the iitiative Tat gae cotiued: 1bxc Te eer evi r te w udutedy 1 gx xe 1  xe  x  1   xe 1  g4 c! 16  xb 17axb  h e 1 9h h6 2   xc ac wa victoriu er a ew ore ove Ti exape how that at the traitio tage (ro peig t iddegae), ttcg pa ca be doube-edged

15�d5! Te decive tre ac cat p 1      x  accut  16  dxe7 whe he e h quee  a reut  t tactica wene o hi bac r, whe h pece re btructg each other  wy hte cducted the attac i high ituctie

ut et u retur to the gae Geer  Vatiov

I ce wee either ide acquire a pu  the opeig, a copex trugge ud wit roughy equa chce It ay aue a  euvrg chracter, it y be dub edged Te tedecy t ee a tugge th taced the boud  or gic s charactertc o oder trategy

 1. ..�e8

  expe, te doube-edged cotet

1 1  dxe 12e  d7  why bad o accut  1  x!! , wig  ite



the wg ge i hgy uatg

Vtor rchoi - Yri Sharov

2.£!! Te y way! o achiee ucce, hite ha to ope ie i the cetre ad o the igide without deay A very prtat pit  tat ac ha o tie to exchage o the ght-quared bhop, a 12    xb  et by 1   c6!  c7 1  xe7 xe7 1  ! gx6 1 6ex etc

12... dxe5 13.e6! f 14.�£! �xb3      3  1

Chelyabins 1959

     3  1 a

 a b c

d



f

g h

b

c

d

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f

g h

At the ed o the opeig phae, a extree cpex pit wth apprxiatey equ chace ha coe about Te euig p i very dicut or oth ide hite i hi pa to a aaut o the igid ac evage couterpay o the oth wg

e Ce e   n  e Pce f Ste

13Jgl b4 4�ce2 d l �x6 6  6e �d7

 curs t 16   x 17 4, tppig  u

17.£4 g 8�d4 4 9 4 b7 20 bl �c 2%e3 0-0-0  iw  its gsid trat Blc is d t castl lg, wic turlly s s cutrplay a gd del me cplictd  cu

5

    4 3  1 a



c

d

e

f

g h

ite' tt e utig T lc g ces ud a vy tg ttc

30  5 3 3! d 32� gd8 33�e3 e7 34�xd gxd 3Jxd xd 36gdl c6 37e b7 384 gh 39 gd 40xe6t gd7 4x4t Blc reigd

 b c 22. ?

d

e

f

g h

 suc siuatis  ci as lis i sy dvisig tats d eig wys t  curply Naturleeig deeive s  dds wi  aur  t psiti,  ssially eius rrs d ca v s i  prst c) rig dat i tir  sd   passiv v i  gae, Blc sd a playd 22     4! llwd y  c H wuld te v tid is ll sr   cac

23.g x 24 ge8 2h4 �d7 26Jgf �xe 27e2 �4 28 4 dx4 29. gh7 30 e

As is quite ey t see it c e very rd ad setie eve ipsil t lt te gical cur  vts pedetid y  pig I slctig se piculr peig sc a asr is t  cur cuig  a vius ita  i ppt He is wevr atteptig  seer e ge it a cl cgial t isel wic  s ledy teted i pctic Give  cice  ctiuti,  plye tie  r  pile t rc piti t dds wit is ppet's styl I dr pigs  a w ct elp rvig  te qusti  cig ad vlutig ti r tt vitin e  igly cplex i eve r expeieced te T pssiility  a peig rr, wic y  ard t assss strigt away, is vry grt A lip tt l isigicat c e rig trule r te est  e ge

36

Set Ce Stte

 Bo  ede ee Amserdam 18

a

a

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c

d

e

f

g h

Bla aelely ntine it

10b6?!

He ol  ave laye     , an     6 aea  Intea  te text move le  to me igly nleaant longtem neqene

1 1xd5! d5 12 b5 d7 13Ya4 Exloiting i lea in eveloment, ite alie vey tong ee t Bla' eaene qeenie In ti game, fo all i ingenity, Bla ol  not ee in alteing te lgi e f eent i tem fm i inni e in te oening

3b8 A foe mve

 Botvinni a on, 1 8 l e met y 4   2 a6 5  x6  x 6 6 xa6, en Bla a no omenation fo te lot mateial

14 4 b5 15Yxb5 a6 16Ya4 d6 7d6 Yxd6 18Jacl ga7 19Yc2!



c

d

e

f

g h

Wite a taen m ontol o fte imota oen -le an  almt eive te nigt o 8 of y moility It only no eome le tat Bla' oening eo a le  im, almos y fe, t a lt itin

19ge7 20gxe7 Yxe7 21Yc7 Yx 22gxc7 f 23  ! g 24gc8t gm 25g 5 26el h5 27h4! d7 28gc7 Ti ame move ol  ave een te ely  27  e8 Bla ol  ten e liteally nab to me a ingle iee eite te limi mateial, e i elle

28  g 29 4 30el  31 d3 f 32  33 a5 34a4! 8 7 6 5  3 2  a



c

d

e

Wite a oon vitoio

f

g h

 e Ce e   n  e  Pe f Ste  s rcy o tt te t y f mny a prem  nepbe   o opnng they   prtcy racrc o m en penng, n whch  ay prce netgaton o ny rs t   e wy to px a poon n metme een  o h en ng  s urs om th occ, o ntnce, n  sod awn" tn  h cn :

1.e4  2.� d6 3.d4 d4 4.�xd4 �f 53 a6 6 .5 e6 7.4 Yb6 8.Yd2 Yxb2 9Jb Wa 10.e5 e5 .e5 �d7 12.ic4

      

37

nytng t pe Ay n te tht B h n ey tme epen the ttc Agnt nt me ch  1  c or 1  e7, th mnte to 1 x6!  hhy ct Fo t en, te mn ton e n to the dg h ndene mj eon In nwe t 7f4, t  ette fr Bc to py 7h6 nd ony nwer 8h4 wth 8Yb6.  pn o th renement erg r:

9.Yd2 Yxb2 10bl Ya3 .e5 dxe5 2.e5 �d7 13c4

 e f g h Now th mo 13...e7 gn con ery 

  



e

f

g h

an ct pton ch  th s sudyng m cncre nd ndd t a pbem I rqre nowde   o rng o mr poon, we sasd nd r y netgte , tw  h py my e recte  (  o cor when the crtc ptn o  xhted y pey nytc as)  vaty o my opnng tn ds on  emnt  ee pton  s or nce rrn t he poon n  as darm  arng rom  n tt 

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n trengh, r h whte p n 4  no oy n eene t nde the thet  pe wt e!  fee Bc fm the te nt e6 n  ene hm t ct t n pptn mmnt It  now Wt wh  t wt te new t ptn It  n cdent tht the ecent et f thert he een geed t expng new pth nn    (nte f )   In thee c he tn potn re t y petc

Eors Noe: [In ch  hp ne  the Pned wn Vtn t  nt rpng tht opnon

38

Soet Ce Stte

ae caged oe te ye out te met of vaiou moe, ut it  fcitg ow imia idea to Sueti' e ti eig ted i te tateofteat ie of21 Fo exmpe, at te ed of te mai ie ae 1e4 c5 2�

d6 3d4 d4 4�xd4 �f 5�c3 a6 6 5 e6 74 b6 8 xb2 9gbl a3 le5 dxe5 1 e5 �d7 mode pye ave gie up o 12 c, i paticua due to 1 2  a !

e cicu  moed o to 12�e4

Feaur o he Middeae rue a he  o he e Let u ote tt te ccte of te opei  tugge itef  become moe dymic otempoay teoy focue o te fac tt tee  moe gog o t te tt of t game ta te mee moiiztio of te foce It i o accidet tat ee t  ey tge te eac fo te mot eectie pt ted moe ad moe to e coducted i tactica te imia to mddegame pocedue Ee i e focig ie, te ope tugge fequety ufod at a ey fa pce, otwittadig te ge qutity o mateia o te boad, oe of it ot yet fu moized

e Tk o Haroniousy Co-ordinain he Forces   e in he Openin

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Now Sueti' poit about te ue of   7 6 i ey I fct 1 2   6! i egded  et, udgg te iop to  (Itead 1 2    x 2 1d1  d  1  e  x e 1 e2 c  dgeou fo Bc e 16! Fo exampe, ote tt 16    c6 oe to 1 7  xc) e 1    x 2 1d1  d  1   e  xe 16  e2 c we ee oe poit of 12  6  te wite quee i ow ot defeded, o ctg i o oge  optio fo Wite  17  c6! i a dite Itead te teoetic dete cotiue e  7 g xd 18xd  a  19d2  2  d6 Ti iefexcuu io teoy deotate te me of the bod etwee opeig teoy ad may poem of te mddegme

Te geea teme of coodiatio etwee the gtig foce i oe tat  to e tudie fom the ey tat of te gme It i i t opeg tat t coodatio egi to ta ape;  igig you piece out to activ poitio, you ut ai fo amoy i thei actio igt fom te outet  A ditiguiig featue of te tugge i te opeig i te age qutity of piece ad paw o te oad A matte of upe impotace i teefoe te coopeato etwee piece ad paw; tey may  compeetig eac ote' actio o, o t cotay, impedig tem Let' oo at ome ce wee te paw iiit te actio of paticua piece a teey dtu te oea coodiato o te foce  appe fo itce we te paw ae xed o oe coou of quae eeey imitig te moiity of te io at opeate o te ame coou Hee i a ituctve expe:

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e Ce e   ne Poce of Stue

Cl Scechter - W Joh

Vior Korchoi - Stef Sbo

Barmen 1905

Bucharest 1954

.d4 d 24 e6 3�c3  4� c6  4 d6 6 �f 7  7

l 4 e5 2�c3 �f 33 5 4   5e3 ge8 6�e2 �6 7 d6 8d4 b6 9h3  In tying to ob iize  ece  quicy  poibe n voing pwn ove, Bc  e  ccteitic ite

  ·       

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8.g3!   w o c6,  , 6 n r rrg   que, Scecte etoicy s or  boce of Bc igt-qured so

8  0-0 9 �e4 1b3  h8 1 acl L4 2e4  13�e5 e7 14 e4   16gel 7 17a3!   uccefuy ieented i s  T biop on c8 i toty id o obiity, n ti w oon to e   oe fue of co-ointion between   orc   oe n, iece oud o no  ibi  ovee o t w   rt ove of te g, pwn re   otnt fcto in te gt to conto  c

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g h

I oo  i e  ove te ob e o  eeoig i iece n ept  n ec pwn cin;  wou ee o ve quite goo roect i te tion to te i ege I eity, toug, i oitio  vey icut n pe even o Te ont i tt Bc  coetey eive  own wn of obity He i powee git n ttc by i oponen pwn nx in  centre nd o t ingi Wite, by contt,  oved e robe of co-oriig i iece n w in exceent ye

1d5 �b8 114! d7 12�3 h6 13  h2 a5 144! e4 15e4 �h7

40

Set Ce Stte

8 7 6 5   2 1 

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e

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65! By now te ttc is iesistibe ee e  o ny openin sytes wee ne pye ow is ppnent's cente pwns to vnce  on wy n intens subsequenty t ttc te e nce pwns e cnucive to  n of spce ony if te pieces e suppotn te Otewse te pwns constitute  eous postion wekness is is te e uneyin ny vitions of eine's Defence ( 1 e4  f6),  we s te n's Inn ne wc oes 1 4  f6 2c4 6   c 7 4e4  e!  e8, foowe by 76 Quite oen, in oe to cieve oo co ointion between te peces n te pwn cin in te penin pse of te e,  pye ows pwn wenesses to be foe o es  spta concessin Suc ces en  pecise, specic ppis of ec pwn weness, tkn nt ccount te positve fctos tt e up fo it

Bori Ivkov -Vily Smylov Belgrade 956

e4 e5 2� �c6 3Ab5 a6 4a4 d6 5c6t bxc6 6d4 

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Bc's queensie pwn conution as been weene, n is pieces e te cpe fo spce Nneteess, epite its ppent pssivity Bc' poton s y vbe A ve ipotnt oe is pye by is tsqued bisop, wic oes  oo job of covein te sity weene sques in te cent n copeents te ction of te pwns i ts own cp Lte, te pwn cente y b set in otion wt powe eect ( 6 o   f6 )

7A �e7 8�c3 �6 9d2 Ae7 00-0- Ae6 1 1 h4 h5 1 2xe5 e5 3�5 Bc wou nswe 1    wit 1   f6!

13x5 14x5 b8!  potnt noeuve; Bc is  fo  countettc on te queensie Wite, fo is pt, s not ne to nd  oo pn He s not e ny obvious stkes but s st ne n  sttec ost positon

5b3 b4 6 a5 17�a4 c5 8  b2 0- 19xb4 b4 20c3 8 21b4 b4 22�c3

  C m    n   P  Stru

4

H wn  th qui  r cry plpbl d cnt i prctic b xplitd by hi ppt.

      

7.d5! exd5 S.d 0-0 9.�e2 b6 10.0-0 a 1 1.a6 �xa6 12. �bS 13. Wt itnty trgthn i tr vr 4; h i t rid  ...c5-4 whih wuld mrly r hi r wrry bu h d  th d4-pi.

    e f g h 22    23�d5 gb7!24.�e7t �xe725.e7  2.xc3 gx2 27Jbl gx2

13 ...geS 4.� �c6 5 .b2 gc8 6.gael h6 17.e4! S th tr i t i mti; Wht htig r r rrd mt hriuly.

 i prci ply Blc xplid i g.  id  -up i crcriic  dr ig i nr.   ppulr ich ytm i th Idi Dc:  .d4  6 2.c4 6  3 b4 4. xc 5.bxc3 llwd y 3 r v 6.£ d 7.4. By wy  ti r th wkig  hi pw  it h  umri upririty i  . I ciru pri hi bihp y bc vry tv.  pti t    c i  dciiv r  r l   llwig g.

der Kotov -Wol g er

    e f g h 17...d4 1S.d4 dxe4 19.e4 �e5 20.dl �c4 21.c1 �h7 22.e5 ge6 23.ge4 �m 24.�! Wht h  dciiv tt  h gid.

Stclm 2

  2.c4 e6 3.�c3 b4 4.e3 d5 5a3 3 .xc3 c5 I  uig ply Wi vry curty   pl tt    rt b ptd y ii i hi u gm with bc (Amtrd 1938). Whit   i i th cr d h ig  uricl upririty i tht pr   brd h gruy riz  ttc.

I h pig yu ut trv r civ c prtin btw  yur r. Fr xp  pi tht i bdly ddd r iltd c  bcm  riu l-tr btl  hivin hru -riti.  llwig li  h Ruy Lpz r ic i rightly cidrd utictry r B viwpit:  .4 5 2.  £  6 3.  b5 6 4. 4   5 .0-0 7 6.  b5 7. b3 d6 8.3  5 9. 2 c5 10.d 4?   .h h5?

4

St C Stty

A mtn   12  2 0-0 134 An   n Wht hut th lt-qur hp ut  th m   ln tm n  n  clr m lm nt. A mlr    crp up n m thr pnin ytm th r hl t  unvurl r Blc.  mmn munt  ttntin  vn t qutn  c-ntn  t m rn pnn y h nvl  c tcticl cntt. In mny ytm mliztn  n prc  quicy  th prncpl  lpmnt mn  F ti n  tm  nw pnn rch  t tt th c r ntin  n   rc n  xpl ny dcncy cncl n t.  pnt  tht n r pln n th pnn my prv mprctc  mlztn h nt n c   t rc  nt yt ucntly cv n  mnuvrbl  c-prt purply In uch c th cmplx iu  chn c-rntin  n pprchd withut u rr r th lmntry pnn t

 T -  Gipli Rga 958

1.e4 c5 2 e6 3.d4 d4 4.�xd4 a6 5.c3 b5!? 6.Ad3 b7 7.0-0 c7 8  6 5 4 3 2 

Blc m t  uccly   th prblm  qun vlpmnt   cul n  hm n th ytm  n ply hi htn rc cly Nvrthl Blc chm i till r r clr nc h h yt t tt mlzn hi n n  h n nt t pncpl  hrmnu pic vlpmnt.

Sel �c6

8  .   i mwht bttr.

9.�xc6 xc6 10.a4 b4 11.�d5!  cmntv tr ry nv t m 8 xp th dunity in Blc rmy.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2  











g h

In vw   qun  w n  th un lp tt   ni  Blc  n ucc in c-rnn h ctn   rc

1 1. ..�f 1 1  5  vry tnly nw y 12c3!

12.d2 �xd5 13.exd5 c5

O cur nt 13.. x 5 n ccunt of 1 4.  4.

 











g h

14 .e4  15.A d5

43

  C m   n   P  Str

9.e5 eS

    e b!  17.

f

g h

it bt   v tt  r i th  rn pn h  us ch r ply wr  t iu   criti t th bi  h  it h v t  rt tt i I  r pni vrii, c i  th rc u  r   b rtt  l t  xp which, thh  ict ,  hy itrutiv

ert Je Ficher - uel hev New Yrk  95 8

 5 2. c6 3.d4 d4 4.xd4 6 3 7 6 .e3 f 7.c4 0-0 8 .b3  w vrtin  th Sicii c h bihp xrt tr prur   2g8 i, n  xhi it wul   ry ul t B i  rti, c  tirly licl, y prpt   py  i t:

8   a5? vr, t thi t Whit h th riy t crit th ci  hi  i  ciiv r r w :

  10.t!!





e

f

g h

B i lt,   r itr 10   x  r .. . Wht rp with 1 1   6

Triion o Openin o Mideae  e Princip Tk nved Ayi h xpl h l  u  ccu ht  trii r th p t th i ,  pyr' hi t ut b t brt  crt pl r c ucti th ui ht; b h hi pl will lr y hv bn vi  , v i y i th t rl utli, t n rlir t  th pi  ntpry pprh t btn t th trt  th  rquir p tuy  th pi trctur n  thir lk t th i l In th wy,  thuht xpr  by th rt Rui plyr iil hiri i rny nr : In ry  pi it i pib t   v whih r nt irir t th thrticl n nry pn, h  uch rihr th yu ih upp  th bi  xiti hry, whih triv t pr th  i rrw x r" h r tur uiti th t vri r  trnitin r pi t

44

St C Stt

mddam  t ct tht th ttc charactr  th mi batt td t b dd t th y pit. Ad th dpmt  thy ctty p up  ry rch chic  pibiliti. Lt t r xmp th wi piti which m th pit  dptur r th hi Sytm  th Ruy Lpz:

1.e4 e5  �c6 3.b5 a6 4.a4 �f 5.0-0 e7 6Jel b5 7.b3 d6 8. 0-0 9.h3 8  6  4 3 2 

9 ...  5 9 .. .h6 9 .. .b7 9 .. .  d7 9 ..  a5 9 .. . d7 r v th paradxic rtrat  a iht t it tarti quar ith 9 . ..  b8. T ar a mry th rudit  pa abit mt riu ad pitialy ll-udd . Hwr t u upp th m ctu wt:

9 ... �a5 10.c2 c5 1 l.d4 c7 12.�bd2 �c6 13.d5 I may wy Whit t mv d lay dw t trm r t cmi tu thuh th plyr p r ti r rm c. bizti i mt cmpt d th tructur i th ct i xd yt it i ly i th mt ra trm that thi ii th d  th pi pha. Sti th middlam i  r  .  a xamp w w t t am r  ci ama d alrca 1970:

13...�a5 14.b3 d7 15.� �b7 16.�3 c4?! 17.b4 

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f

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T bic  mbiizti ar cmptd but c w y tht th tti t th middlm h bu? Tr i til a i ditac t  br th mai batt i jd r t p  v ttd. F t prt bth id a thy y r  t thir  dic. I lmt y ca Whit itd t m th blatry" m d2-d4 d  b1-d2 but thi by  ma ccud hi mbiizati hich rma p t a wid r  pti. I may i (r itc th Smyv Sytm hr Bc pay 9 . . .h6 wd by 10.. .8 d ... je7-), Wit c ch bt th mauvr  d2--3 d a build-up with b3-c2 b2-b4 c1-b2 tc. Fr Blac th critica piti r a v ratr chic  th t divr cti uati:

8  6  4 3 2  

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T chi z  cict r th middm i dcdd  it i th iid whr Whit dvp  ati iitiativ.

17 .. Jc8 18.� m 19.�h2 a5 20Je3 b4 21.b4 ? 22.e c3 23.�4! With a car pu r Wht.

45

  C m   ni    P  Stu  is ast xm t tnitin m nin  iddm d mt imtiby; it s disuisd by t uin  is in  rstiv am  y  t k  sizin a t u nd w in n uy  a in a t mis I urus t  iay in mbit ss bt d and nw t middm urs" n b t vmnt   pis is nisd  t nt a bn isy d u" s a xam ant Ruy Lz in  t ian Viatin  wi u:

1e4   �c6 3 .b5  4.�c3 e4 xe4 d5 6.�xe5 dxe4 7.�xc6 bxc6 t d7 9.Vh5t  e7 l.Ve5t e6 . Vxa8

Su ntts in t i  n t t nt  t middm  mst ntwty  at  yin in ts dia" siins was nd min  itin  nuin maty It w n idnt tt wn rin  i w  tit mt wit abn Ain tk ia ar t t i i in ti   t a In s di  av atiua attntin t su intnib at as t vauati  a tnti ndm qustins  tniqu t ibiitis  xitin m avnt nd s t It mut b tt  tat t mdn dynmi a t t tnsitin as is ditinuid by t badt  it imainativ visin It i  m bity t ntut yu an n t utwrd sitina as and b ui d by tm an It i inttin t w t vutin in t tatmn  t win itial sitin aisin m n  t main ins  t a an Dn:

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.�c3 dxe4 4.�xe4 �f .�xft  6 .c4 d6 7.Ve2t e7 8.� 0-0 9.0-0

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 gd a  t s n bt ids a i tty id Nntss t nin g as bn swt away as i by  trnad  rains i a titi middam ic it diat matia in wi it is  ard  dit wi way t als wi  d  tansitin t t middam s s abrut  ius r i was iv  cs 5 d5 wrun a sixv ri pin wd a in t t nti sii in t diaram

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In is Manual of hess, Las asssss is nin vaiatin a ws: Wits an is t xi is qunsid awn mjrity wi rmainin assiv n t ini  Ba wi

46

Set Ce Sttey

ry to forc his onent t me ne of his ngside awns, creting n bject for i own awns to lay aginst" ic then th straegc orin of ti osiio ha considerbly widnd  way h ght deloed in te fllwing gme my sre as a striking illustrtn

Here is another eamle from the 1 940 In th icilian Dfnc (which at hat time, incdntall was comaraily litl layd , ar h mo  4 c5 2   d6 3d4 cd4 4  d4   5 5 Rabinoich's 6  b5 ud a fair amoun o study Its ida is o ry o oi th raher wa d5squre

Vialav zi   Bollav Sverdlvsk 194

9 ...d6 10e1 4 l1.e4! h5 12.�h4 �d7 13.! By ealuaing te osiio n concr rms, Wi launchs n uneecd nd ery nergtic attack on te kngside; e is eloting th limitd mobility of his onent's wns in ha are,  well as the ition of th bisho on h5 wic is somwat dubious from a acical iwoint

13...�b6 14.xh5 �xc4 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1    15.h6! d7

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r th natural mos 6 a6 7  5c3    d5 , i rooks a xchag o d5 a arwards ris o utiliz his qus id aw majoriy a was how h hori formulat Whit's lan, which a h im smed high romiing inc en, inrstingly, 6  b5 as not b subjctd to dtald analysis  main raso why there ws o ned for i wa h aerac of te Boleslasky ysm  4 c5 2    c 3d4 cd4 4  d4   5  c3 d6 6 2 5! wic trew down a bold clng o t ol idas abou h waknss of cnral squars

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Whi wins ar  5   g6 16b3  b6 1 7   h    6 g 19e nd me canno b aoided in a resonable way

16.7! x7 17.�t h8 18e4 h2t 19.hl Back rsigned

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47

e Ce e   n  e  Pce f Stue  ow becme cle een wtut ny aid aaly tat n te rton 1 e4     d6 3d4 cd4 4  d4  f6 5£ e5, i' 6  b5 mneue  wc med  oi the uely trtec et f  iio (he d5quae   lttle uted to  amc f mden oenn ly nd a eedent   alo nte tt t eent, n mny iia aratn wee t knd of centl a rcture are, t  Bck w te t oe a ecane n d5 wc cndebly iiae h ow ly n te centre It   eabled tt te' queende a ajorty n uc otn cnnt  i ubtntl ddend; a  rule t iae  e enun trule  uely ia

Blck  lenty f cunterlay  te cetre

  odern ac t tudyn te  wt  e4 c5 2   £ d6 3d4 cd4  d  f6 5£, te queto are ed n  daealy new wy Accodn to te ai ew, the lne were te acee  oad moe c2c4 wtout ndrance a afactry for Blck But n ecent a  oton  bee reed actce  ha  umeou ce Black cn t  aant Wte' blockdn et    reect te Acceleted Do aiao i carctetc  e4 c5 2  £  c6  d 4  d4 6 5c4 7

Subequently e m  bn cunely n te centre by undermnn Wte' batn wt  d6d5

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Recently teefe, e 1 e4 c5 2   d6 3 d4 cd4 4  d4  f6 5£, Blck  qute oen been lyn 5  6, allwn te blockad moe 6c4

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u may earler judemet  oenn tructure, be bed on enerl tnl condertn, are far frm reectn te true cture f te true e enune wealt of dea e fr beynd te lmt of tat framewrk o conclude t ect we may nte at the ement f mny a mddleame oton cn becme mre cmreenble f yu e care atteton to te way t came about e ot  tat te comleo" of a game (te ecularite f t mddleme trtegy and tactc ben to be frmed a ealy a te enn te Hence a layer tudyn me mddleame oto or oter wll d  t uel to trace the etre roce of te foreo trule ad acquat hmelf wt he e frmao from wc te t are

48

Se t Che Strtey Trasition to the Endge

If the trnt n frm penng to mddlgm generlly open up ll cpe t th pec' pwer f ctn, th trnition t th ndgm le t  ntble revion of middlegam vlue Tu th kng, rcntly hiddn way (under een el"), cquire rel cte trength at long lt, qul in many c to that of  rook. And very unit f mtrl, ven th wakt, tart dmndng crful ttenton Ti ppli pecilly to ped pwn In the mdegme they peed rel pwer in rr ce; in th endgme they becm gnuine hroe, wth  very hgh pric on ther hed" Clumy n th cluttered pce of th mddlegme, th rk n the endgme re rdy to decimate the enemy' thinnd-out rr, which lck rrv. On the ther hnd, the knght' jump nd th bihop' long rang hot  which rcntly, mdt  larg cmplement f force, mae the tp br f the xty-fur qure tremble"  tend t be le ectie, gien ther gemtric limittion. In the ndgme the pwer f thee pic i on ubjct to purly mthmtical nlyi Plyer he t tke thee fctr eruly  nt ccunt ech time they g nt n ending. Hndb on the nl ph f th gm devot thir mn ttnton t purly tchncl problm, but n practic, t th point of trniton to th ndng, you re oblged t cop with  cmplex tte of ply, in whch th da f the endgme nd the middlegm are omtime clly intrwen. What hould w conidr to b th momnt of tranition to th ndng? In numeru ca it i the moment when the queen r

xchnged nd the bc pn f ttcng th kng i multneuly ruled ut  endn my l be brught but by n exchnge o mt f the ther pece  bth pr  f rks ll the bihop nd knight. Tu the tranition to n ndgme inlvs implication and, a a rul, th emncpt f the ng, whch ume n cte rle o th tge Te prncipl dierence btw n ttck n the kng in th ndgm nd i th mddlegm li n th rl plyd by th hero of the drm If in the middlegme th mnrch  generlly cmpelld t t n his frtre, n the endgme he ttn hmel cle t the frnt lne, nd  redy nt nly to defend hmelf but l, n ccn, t tk prt n n nv opertion Everyone knw tht mplctin an the rultng trnition to n endgme r fvurbl t the de with  mteril plu. T rtio of th two id' frc , aft ll, gncntly ltrd, and th opponnts cunterply wth h pec i xtnguihed". Of cure, the extremely rch mterl o cntemprry prctce upplie ll knd o exmple of the ppite pprch  wh the xplottion of a mtrl plu inlvs  middlgm ttck, tc Nonethele th trteg prcpt of impiction to reliz a dvntg rmn vlid, nd yu cnnt tti mtery wthout cquiring th tchnique o thi procdur. Qut on th trnition to an ndgm is fvourd by wkn in your opponnts pwn formtn , th pibility of penetrtin to hi rear wth  rook, nd uch potiona fctor. Tt  why, vn in the het f th rcet mddlgam battl, an xprinc playr never for on momnt wnt to lo ght f th cntur f  ptentia ndgme

49

 e Cess e s  n  e  Pess f Stue

M Euwe - ube Fie Amsedam 98

26 2 s ey stngy nswee  by 26   27g b2 when 28 6 fils t 28  �  29  g2  

26gdS 27b3  2S 4 29<2 ,5 30gdl ,4



 



e

f

g h

 h mment the ssins f te igm hd swy n th brd it s o h quit g  sects f n ttck   kings id But Blck has not only mde  rrtins fr efene; h ls hs  rb n ge in iew is ciumstne is th them f his oerions 19.4?

bjcily Blck's cnces r lrdy rb but e 19b3 ite cud sti  orgnized  sid defene His nrus king tmt hs runus cnsequencs 19 5 20JU geS!

ot ony ying te tet f 2 1 � x 22 3 but ls frcing simlictions  our Blck

xeS Yx4 22� gbS 23Ye4

ck ws thretning 23    e6 By this i hie is the ne sekng sltin in n ig bu nw Blk's hif trums r lid   tbe

xe4 24e4 , 25g geS 3









e

f

g h

Dsit the esnc f site-curd bishos h gme is ost fr Whit  decisin is ultimtey brught but by Bck's king dning t the queense

31 < h4 32<  33

50

Set Ce Strtegy

We my tte tt n cmlex endgme otin riing ut f the oening truggle, middlegme nd endgme theme re likely to be cloely interwoen. e k for ech of the lyer i to uilize he et of hi oition while imulneouly neutrlzing h onen' eor o do likewe.

oe Oer K Moens in e Chess rue e two key moment in the ruggle ht we he o fr exmned  he trniton from oening o middlegme, nd from middlegme o ending  he  dening role in che heory. n rcice, howeer, thee momen re fr from being crucil nd ditnctie n eery gme Other occin in he truggle  ocited   rule wt tctc utburt" or the mouning of ck  ften re fr more imorn for he rogre nd oucome of  gme. ime nd gin we come cro gme ht re cked with denure een hugh he moent of rniion t nd frm the middlegme  reltiely quetly. i lwy h  own ecic reon. e oint i h he rincile of he gme nd he objecie demnd of he oion re no he only oing force in che; the gme  lyed by ling eole whoe will nd deire he  mjor inuence on t chrcter. Are no he unforeeen uhel in he following gme fcinting

Joe  Capablaca  eder ee Buens ires (   )  927

ld4 d5 2c4 e 3�c3 �f 45 �bd7 5 c � a5 7�d2 Ab4 8c2 4 9 � 10�xc4 c7 11a3 Ae7

8 7 6 5 4   1  12Ae2

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f

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e gme  oened with the mbridge ring Defence o the Queen' Gmbit. A the reent time, he ln with 12.g3 i righly conidered more dngerou.

120-0 robbly 12...c5 w more energetic.

130-0 d7 Agin boh ide ly rher lowly. ite hd he rerining oe b2b4; Blck could he freed hi gme uccefully wih . . .c6c5.

14b4b 15 A gac8 1gdl gd8 17Jacl Ae8 18 �d5 1 9�b2 b8 20�d A 8 7 6 5 4   1

 

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f

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 e Ce e   n ied Pce f Stugge  ye e enteed  quiet middegme  h ry mneuing tye, ere Wit intins some reure on Blck' esricted siion.

b7 22e4 �x3 23xc3 e7 A brly ercetibe inccucy.  Alekine

2U:!

s indicted, er 23 .. .7 Blck cld gt ssy fr equlity: 24. g2 f6 25.e5  6Jbc1  c 8 c. 24  25  e5  26  4

A istke in eturn. e igt m 

 4, tying to gin cntrol of d6 er . In tt ce Blck oud bby in it 26 . . . g7 27.e5 5, meeting   d6 ith 28 .. �d6 29 .ed6  d6 en  hs ceent ding cnce. 267

27e5 h5 2S�e3 5!

1

it imictions nd bisos of osit coors.

30 exd5 3 1  xd5 e6 32�ft? A mjr er. Bttr dring cnce uld  been resred by 32.�b7 5 33.   5, tug een ten Bck' osition ld b rfrb.

32  33 gxdl t 34Jxdl c6! 35Jel  36ge3 4 37a4 a5! Ae 37 .. . 4? 38. e4 Wite' sition is no e.

3S 2 39x d5t 40h2  40 5 42JU h7 At ti int Bck d e stng mnor 42 ...  b6 t i dis, er ic Wite od b in  culir kind of itin zgzng.

43j4 6? 44xa5 c3 45a7 S



 



e

f

g h

 n ns in rctic, t mtu rcie e merey led t  sr niction f t gt. me fscinig i comictions bgin. 29xe5

bx5 30d5?!

 si n't t le to tke  gm  ino  ecfu cnne: 30Jb7 �d7  xd7 d7 32.d5 d5 33.  d5  6   4 5 35.  6 c3 36.�d7 6,









e

f

g h

o t nding h ros fm moe 3839 mig sem o b tecnicl nd  tie boring in ccter. Hoee, the enuing srgg nd e nmers nytic conrorsis surronding i rl  try fbos innr cntn of  osiion.

46e7 b6 47d7?

Set Ce Strtey

52

kng te gme t te brnk f cttre gn e crrect me w 47Jd7, fr emle 47      48       2 49d8 d8 50   d8  7 51   , nd Blck  t ge eretul ceck

47Yc5! 48e4 Yt 49.  h3 Y t 50. h2 Yt 51.  h3 g 52.Yc6 Y t 53. h2 Yt 54.  h3 Yt 55.  h2 h7 56.Yc4 Yt 57.  h3

  57Yl!





e

f

g h

s ccurte me suld led t ctry Insted 57     wuld be ndequte in ew f 58f4 wit 5 9  t fllw

58.ge2

59.  h2 Y 60.5? ng te cle n Blck' ur nce gin er 60c2 e8 61  g2 te drw wuld e been unaidble

60gd8 61 .6  led quckly t  cri te culd e rlnged is resistnce by 61  g2

  61.Y!



e

f

g h

e dece mneure

62.Ye4 gd2 63.gxd2 d2 64.7 dl= 65.8=Y Ylt 66. h3 Ydt Wte resgned rter tn llw i nent t demnstrte te retty mte  67  g2      n te brd

On 58g4, Blck ge mte wit 58  c2 59 c2 e8 60Je8 g4 Isn't tt  trum f cmbnte cretty Yet it ens n  urely tecncl endng" In trut tere re n brng tn, tere re just bring tyles f ly

7

58 Y t?

3

e win culd be ceed by 58     59J2   te ten  n tifcty mes, seeing tt n 60J2 Blck s 60   , wile 60e2 r 602 wuld be met by 60     61   g2 b8 etc



8 6 5 4 2 a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

e Ce e   n  e Pce f Stule  i ard o n   new nle n ti  gme wic  bn orugly nalyed by te mt inn ecilit At m we migt rer  a aionable deice fcntey eec  raw a gra rreenin  eic  of e ly en e tuningint a w noted wul  tn  ut in bl  relie  a obere t i n ec c e ueal  rcdd b err But ti mrely w  o rr i umn Ero in ce cn nly  liiad in iml ymmetricl oiion,  n en on cn itin tt yu e n biion of ictry In cmle iin ll  amim, mitke n  luin e nt  b aoidd een by te trnet mte  ancint e i no at ll m   i, bu n te cnty ence   e iloicl cncet f errr  been ey i did  yet i cmle quein ai i inetitin ***

In  r tw cter I e tied   a anr f te ce batle wit  lilicity f ln nd i conan   In i cumay acical inng,  ar only quite rrely erte wt uc  cagorie; e i be ll cnfrntin  acical nd ttegic element f ti r  ncre itin r ar ctin elmn a are well  o contitute te bi f inal   a ail dnge fr innce, or te raion f k t te eent (r ecnd  roblem f we n  trn qure,  l and dignl, re l relnt re  a grou f lement inle e eltie  of  iece, n in n licatin i  mar of fuble (r unfurbl ag Mden ractice ie  welt f  orm o te deice f  itinl crice  arial, and tu bren ur ntin f  rlai u

53

Befe einin te cmle quetin f te middleme, we ll conider te le ment of iinl ly;  eae cae will en be eted  roblem f te cente n  it riou rucue

p 3 Foundatins f Psitin Play Reaive aue o e Piece   layr,  w kow, h ar of h larig roc i faiiarizaio wih h cal of i a of h ic. Wih yor ry r  i ch yo lar ha h aw i ak   i of ar. A ior ic  biho or kigh  i worh roghly hr i , a rook i  or ad a half.  q, h rog ic, i qal o i i ad o o.  kig i a cial ca.  igicac i h oig ad iddlga ca hardly b d io h lagag of gr. Y i h dga, wh h kig i rarly hrad i ack ad bco a acily gagd ic, i rical qial i qi high    i.  cic, a layr ry qicy cocl d ha h graly accd ca ofal i ry ch  ioal ad id coc. i cal i ohl idiabl! I i wha roid h iary arig oi  for dig yor barig i  ay oiio. Howr, wih xric a  gi or ad or iigh io h fac ha ay ch oiio i a idiiibl colx   of h acio o f h ghig forc. I y oiio hr ar rog ic oraig i  oo of h bal, ad wak o ha ar iolad or  oilly rdlicaig ach ohr io  hor, h rgh of ry ic ad aw i a cocr warlik iro i i, ad ari wih ach o. ak a a whol, hi i wha coaly dabiliz h r ra of xchag" of h al o h chboard. i oiioa air coi rcily i h abiliy o gag h rai owr of h i orrcly drig h cor of h gh.  owr ar cibl of h o bl ad rab caio hr i ill a ochd d of iigaio hr. I i oibl o r a dyaic cal of al for h ic i ry cic iac i i a qio for   A r h dlica ak of iaio ha o b rford or or l accral   akd y", ad w ca oly idica h oi of darr for dloig hi abil    ixhaibl ock of xal, hr i lil oi i ryig o gi a corhi io of  h o yical ca. W wil co orl o idiidal illraio, wih  i i aor of oiio whr h arial o h wo id i diiilar ad h coarai  o h ic ad o i harr rli or,  ar wih h il l.

56

Set Cess Sttey

Open Fe or  Rook  Peneraion o he enh R Secue ssessin f n en le fr a rk s n imrtant guge f strategic success in the mlementtn f a lan Other thngs being rugly equal, dminatin f te sle en le will usually rmise yu an enduring lus and smetimes guarantee ictry n articular, ayers frequently emly a strategy that uses the en le t enetrate with a rk int the nent's cm (esecaly t the seenth rank  shuld like t recal a rnuncement by imzwitsc, deleed in his distinctie categricl manner e gal f al maneures in an en le is ultimately t enetrate by way f tis le t te seenth r eigt ank, tht is, t te enemy's e" n te fllwing gme, ite executed such a lan in energetic style

M Boiik   Bollav Mscw 1

22.b4 e6 23 .b3 gxd2 24.'xd2 b 25.b3 'e6 26.c4 f 27.c5 �c8 28.'d7



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e

f

g

h

e aim is achieed n the new se whic nw begins, ite exlits the adantge h s ganed ts inles gnzng n attac n te kng

28 'xb3 29.'xb7  30.�x5  31.'xa6 �e7 32.'b7 ge8 33.'d7
8  6 5  3 2 

Qute en t e en le sees s  singbr fr switcing the rk t anter nd mr imrtnt igway, n wich it cn enetrat t the nent's rear

 Sue  EvyViukov Vrshilvgrad 1 5

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ite's m ccutn f te sle en le in the centre denes is sitina adntge His ln cnsists f nadng te seent r eighth rank A reliminry mesure is a queensde ense wt the im f further cnstricting the black eces

8  6 5  3 2 1

 

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e

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un tin   Pitin P i his net me ite tt nting  ln t eloit Blck's wn nsses on the queenside  this end he s is ook on d3 fom the oen le   

3! h5 23gdl ged8 24gxd8t gxd8  cange of one i f oks has  inreaed ite's chnces s Black's biis fo countely e een moe 

25.�a6 1e 26b4 b7 27g4

 se nt 27  c6 c8 etc But g Black succeeds in holding the c6  r e resent his osition is deoid of s seing tht his weknesses on 7 n    rable

57

e thet ws 3 1 a6  immuing the bih on 8

31d3 e7 32gb4 g7 335 c8 34gb8! d6 35b4 d5 36d 5 374t d6 38ga8 4 39�xa6 t 8  6 5 4 3 2 1     e f g h 40e3 gb7 41 g e6 42g

27  2  f

Black esigned

e Minor Pieces: eir u Copared

  

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29.a4!  sart of the deciie oenie e rd arch of the rk's wn disognizes  fres and ceates new weknesse

29 5  9 a5 30  3 ite wul  ganize i resse gint the wn

30.a a6

It is well known that the two mino ieces  bisho and knight  ae of eqal wort" On eamining these ieces moe closely owee seerl ne oint ae faily easy o discen  Bihos ae ey owel in tei ong ange" action At te same i te ae many oitions whee knigts dl immns energy is emerges esecially clealy when battle is joined at close qartes A knight' lea ae as dangeros as ty a hard to foeee o whic mino ice is stonge ee is of cors no saight answer It all deen  on the caracr f  osiion  bisho ossesss geat ower in on sitions e ig wit its jming gait is stonge in handtoand ghting and in closed ositions We may oint to a few the conditions which ae sl to tke into accont when assssing the mta stength of these ieces

58

Set Ce Stte

1 T bishos strngth is dslayd wth ariclar clarity in ndgams with action on both wings Hr th knight with its short jms is noticably infeior t th bish Ts, a good" bisho is that mch strongr than a knight 2} In closd ositons with blockd awns, scially whn th bisho s imedd by awns of its own colour, th knights rol is nhancd A bad" bisho is that much eake than a knight, scily if th lattr is occying a scr osition in th cntr {blockading an isolatd awn, for instanc} 3} A cntralizd knight is qal in al to an acti bisho Finally, th s bjcti factor in th jdgmnts canno b ignord In many rects, a nchant for th bisho or the knight s a mattr of styl and tast Ts, tinitz and arrasch wr frnt chamions of th bisho; higorin and Nimwitsch, by contrast, rfrrd knights Among contmorary grandmastrs too, th dirgnc is n lss grat Ts, assky and al lik" bishos bttr, whil knights ar trosians rfrnc An acctd notion is that oositcolord bishos mak a draw likly In th ndgam thy do indd roid srios gronds for ac ngotiations Yt in th mddlgam, scially whn th king is bing attackd, th rrs is th cas; th oosit bishos, so to sak, forgt" abot thir clos kinshi and act lik totally dissimilar ics, ithr strngthning or wakning th attack or th dfnc

Dire Maeria: Copenaion or he Queen A frqnt occrrnc, scially in th middlgam, is th sacric {or mor eactly th chang} of qn for rook, minor ic and awn  and th initiati In th On Variation of th Ry Loz, th

system wrked out by Grandmaster Kees ha ben th bjct of de instigation

1.e4 e5 2.� �c6 3.b5 a6 4 .a4 � 5.0-0 �e4 6.d4 b5 7.b3 d5 8.e5 e 9.e2

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raring 10d, it aims for acti rssre along th dl against Blacks mo imortant cntl oint  d5  At rst, defending her by sal" method Black faild to achi a lly qal gam For amle in Kres  Ew, Moscow 1 948 ar 9 .e7 10Jdl 00  1 c4 bc4 1 2 c c5?! 13 3 3 14 % e3 % b 8 1 5  b  a5 16  bd2!  d2 17d2  b3 18ab c8 19c1 c5 20c5 c5 21 % c5 % b 22  d4, it controlled th central sqar and qickly rocdd t a forthright attac on th kingsid 22   % b 7 23h3 d8 24  h g6 25f4! tc oon, howr, oit rsarchrs discr some intresting dfnsi systm in whic Black sacrics his qn for a rook and bisho in the oening and btains th initiatie On of ths systms was disd by th Soi Mastr Grchkin 12dc4?! (in lac o 1 2  c5, as layd by Ew 13d8 d8 ractic showd, howr, that by continin 1 4  c3! Whit acqirs a ls

59

un tn f Ptna Py  h ida f t qun cric wic  brought u fr t rt tim in th in  tiond wd rmi It fund ication in t ariatin 10 ... �5!?

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 uing ay in this ariation bunds  cbiati i s Ent rc n forcd 

5 Axd5 12.�c3 4! 13xd8t lhd8 4.Ye3 b4! 15.b3! e6 1 6.�e4 gdl t  �d4 18.b2 �x2 19.Ye2 gxal 20•l �xa1 21.�x5 Ax5

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 irsting oton ariss in which c chanc r nt t l wor than to  bai with quit cntinuations ractic  how that h a sucint rsourcs to i hi countray

Wt t at m ad in cmmn was t chrctritic changing ratin f qun for rok minr ic and awn  imrtnt u w sud nt is wtr t minr c n t trnctin i a bih r  kngt   ru  b in ti cntt i cndrby trngr If in addtn tr r tw hlty" tr wns thn t qun i mr tn cmntd fr n  t sid wit rk us bis us tw wn   igncnt ntg  w  sn if t mtr bnc  qun ru rk bh and wn {r th in ititi  t cncs ar rougy qu On t tr nd in t cas of qun ru rok kngt nd wn" t qun uuy r trngr It mut b aid that unti rcnty uc cng wr rathr ctionl  strngt of t qun tndd to b orratd ayr woud xchang it for otr matril ithr wn ti brougt unquioca adantag r whn thy wantd to comicat th gam in a dicut siuaion In t mdrn dynamic strugg with its gnr tn ncy fr dimr cntingnt f ic to cnfrnt c tr t trd of a qun fr qunt matri i by n mn uc a rrity In th c (and i ndd gnry in c wt simr ng frc  s w s srty ) t bnc of mtri  not rcisy qu but i igty wigt in n yr' fur In rturn (uming f cur that hi itin is ib) th tr ayr wi s mr actiy crdinatd forcs or t nitt  tis ms for a gam not ony sary tactic but lso ositiny com in caractr 

 trad f a qun for tw ro occurs mr cmmony in sitions tat a rdy bn smd Atug th qun i th

60

Set Cess Sttegy

equl f tw rks ccdng t te scle of relatie alues of te ieces, rctice sows tat in general, esecilly in te endgame, te roks are mnfestly strnger tn te queen e cances of success fr te rok tandem" wll increase if tere is te ossibility to create a ssed awn In tat case te strengt f te rks stands out ey clerly ereas te roks will amost alwys secure te awn's romton, te queen wit  ssed wn wns only in ecetinal cses If te rks succeed n dublng beind te enemy awns, teir eectieness in defence is dequate een n a gt against te queen nd two cnnected awns is esuoses, f course, tat te wns are no t too f adanced and tat te roks ae managed to cut  te enemy kng e fllwing eamle is instructie

jo Portich - VUy Smylov Havana 194

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wn w Wite fils t reac is g wit 46b5 �e5 476 �bb5 48a7 �a5 49 d8  7 50 8= �8 5 1  a8 �e6, wen Blc constructs a fotess

6.Wb5 ge 7.b8t h7 8.b5 geb 9.b6 gb5 50.a7  A drw s netable In te mddlegame te ortunty fair oftn arises to ecange te queen fo tw rooks or conersely to wn" it for tat equia lent In tis connection we suld nte tat i a sa and cmle mddlegame stn,  mobile queen frequently roes stnger ta te sluggs ooks  esecially wen ttckin te ng, f te ltte is stred of its co and te roks are condemned to ssiity   rule, n tis case te queen takes command  te sitution

 Chigri - George Mackezie Vienna 12

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Wites assed awns seem to be adncng ineorably But wit sme recse, well lnned rook manoeures, Black laces a solid barrier in teir at

5 b2! It is imortant to ut a brake on te bck

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Wte launces  energetic attack wic as te aim f obtanng an actie queen fo is oonent's two rooks, wc e lttl moblty

17.�b5! c6 18.�xa7t c7 19.xd5! d

un tn f Ptn  P

2ob e6 21 .ct b6 22Jel xa7

     te wn with 23  d4   4e7  d7 5  c6 bc6 26  a7   7 a6

6

5.�c d6 6.c4 e6 7.0-0 a6 S .e e7 b �a5 10.4 0-0 1 1. b5

23x6 e6 24.et aS 25.at �a6 2ha6 bxa6 27.xa6t b8 28.b6t c8

    e f g h 12.e5 b7 1.exf!  14.e7 xe7 15J wh f4 ! to follow Or again

    e 294! geS 0.a7!

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l.d4 �f 2.c4  .�c d5 4.� 7 5.b dxc4 6.xc4 0-0 7.e4 b6?

 am s acheed Black s helless gnst  ace b4-b5-b6  i h more rarel ssible t obtain three i ieces for the queen en such an i does arse, the ece re strnger  he qeen een thugh the rereent   han it equlent n the numerc   comle middlegame ositions, the  msketeers" oer a layer much better ig chances thn the rdnl" e  of two bish and a knght s esecilly os, althugh tw knghts and a bisho,   , are al strnger than a queen  h ransitn stage from oening to igame, certan ostons where the queen i ss against the combined minr ieces  ihy considered unstisfactr  ame

.4 c5 � �c6 .d4 d4 4.�xd4 �f

    e f g h S.e5 e6 ! c4 10.7 x7 1l.c4 n bth these eamles, in addtion to a heth materi equialent, ite has a strong inttie giing him a ntable adantge Bu in sch stuations it s once agan the concrete

6


factors that lay the key rle   rius excetios to the geerl rule re

Copensaon or a Rook Lets csider scricig a rok fr me ther iece at e he i rctice i tht the exchage is scriced for oe r tw ws or the iitiatie I the edgme, f curse, there ca be iti were  chrt f ws sulie ee mre th eugh cmeti fr the bece f  rk, but i te middle game this is irtully imssible If a mir iece ad a aw are worth slightly les th  rok,  iece d two aw are worth mre us there is eer ay exact mteril cmeti fr te exchge, ad whe tg the deciio t crice, yu hae to weigh u the ther features of the ositio I ractice a exchage sacrice, just like a aw sacrice, i a ery cmm gmbi t deice ometimes this deice cquire rmut imrtace as early s the tritial hse from eig t middlegme us i my lies f the icili Defece a excge acrice by Black  c3 is tyicl For exmle

12...xc3! 13.bxc3 xe4 At  mll ct i mteril Black disrut hi et' w itio o the quees i d i te cetre, d tkes rm eio o the iitiatie   rule such sacrice re i Black' fur ite ha t be wry f the d aert them i gd time A rblematic ad mot iterestig trugg deel i e f the key riti f th Grfeld Defece, where ite crices th exchge fr the iititie, btiig ttcki chace d a werful aw cetre

1.d4 f 2.c4 6 3.c3 d5 4.d5 xd 5.e4 xc3 6.bxc3 c5 7.c4 7 S.e2 d 9.d4 0-0 10.e3 c6 11.0-0 4 12. a5 13.d3 e6 e critical ositio i reached

1.e4 c5  d6 3.d4 d4 4.d4 f 5.c3 a6 6.3 b5 7.2 b7 S.a3 e6 9.0-0 bd7 10.4 cS 1 1.£ e5 12.b3 

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At ti it, t frestall his et rjected actiity  the queeside ad i the cetre (4  c4 r 4  c4, Whit has a chice f distictly ucomrmii cotiutios, oe of which iles a exchge sacrice

14.d5!? aI 15 .xal e other such cotiuatio is the aw sacrice 4  xa2

n tns   Pstn Py  wa of comenstin or te mtera i ite reseres is strong wn centre  bais realstc caces o  a attack o i oes castled ston For a lng i ow te attetio of resercers s bee i o ts etremey nterestig sto i ich e cances or eter sde cn ny be  b eas of te most recise concrete i  icoscuous error ca oe lead  i efeat toug we laced  te   chaces at reset are balaced

6

 17 6 e8 18 b5 e5 19 ¥  e7 I Liares 2008 teir game cotiued 20 d3 c8 2f4  c4 22e5  e5 23 ¥f6 d5 24ed5  g4 25 ¥4  6 26 ¥6 ¥ b6 27    ¥ e3 28 ¥ 4 e5 29 ¥  ee8 30g6 g6 31 ¥g6  8 32 ¥ 6  7 33¥   8 34  f4 10] I will state some rter gudees I te ast majorty f cases a bso is better t a kig at comensating for oter material But te tis deends o te geeral stae of te struggle I te edg for eamle a rook is b o means ferior  ad ca be suerior  to a kgt ad two aws {uless   course te ostn s of e clsed tye ad te kigt occues a dmnatng st n te cetre}  e following edgame ca see as a good eamle

E Geer  I Bolla Mscw 1949

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 worth aratio s

5 ••• .h6 ge8!

 o 16   ¥ b6 17    d8 o  of 18b ¥ c5 19 d2 wt a e  atack s  Bronste  Boeslask w 950

7.�f4  18.e5 d5! 19.Ybl c4! 20. Ybt a rels te assaut ir ote Recet treds suggest tat  age sacrce s eqa but tat t is ir iractical for Black as e rus a  aout of rsk ad canot realstcally  or ore ta equality Recetly al  o ice games agaist iro diertig  e le gie b ueti wit 1 6 ¥d4

8  6 5 4 3 2 1

 

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For te sacriced ecage Black would seem to ae more ta eoug comesatio guarateeig im a draw But ite ds a terestg la  utlizig te ustabe ositio of te kigt e starts a eergeic oese wt s rooks aw

6


41.a4!  42. e2 h4 43.4 g

I Bolla  Ti Pei

Othis 45 is ey stng

Mscw 1957

44.gxe4! gxh3 45.ge7 �d3 46.5!

Bttr thn 46c7  f4 47 < d2  f6 48 < g5, with gd countecnces r Blck.

46 ... �4t 47.  d �h5 48.gc8  thrt of 49 e8 force Blck t incu  mjor mteril lss

48..  8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 

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

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e

f

g

h

Whit bgins by scricing two wns  succession in ordr to sustin th in ititi

12.Ve2!? Vxc3 13.Ad V2 14.d Va 15.gc1 �xd4 16.�xd4 Vxd4 17.b4 Blck, oweer, hd freseen thi turn o �

    e f g h 49.gee8 �f 50.t  51 .  e2 g4 52.a5 bxa5 53  5 54.gxa7

eents, nd now xtinguishes Wite's ttcki ossibiltis by  timly countrscric of th xchnge

White soon won On th othr hnd, ositionl scrices f th xchng for  wn r bcoming  frqunt dfnsie mesur in contmorry rctic  scric is lly rorte if the dfendr succds in rmly stblihing is knight on  cntrl outost  following xml is chrcteristic

    e f g h 17...d7! 18. g 19.b5 Axb 20.Vxb5 A drw ws greed With  scure st n d for his knight, Blck hs nothing t fer

n  tn   Ptn P torry rctce s me ye   dly not only int te ue f wn ying n quilnt for t ecnge, but  ito th fctor of nttie nd ttc, te iin of wic hs noticbly grown

opension or  Minor Piece  i of  mnor iec for one, two or  wn, secily t t oint f trnsitin   odrn ening t te mddlegme,  o  tyicl mns of deng n  (ririly ginst t  enemy ng), nd ntly lens towrs t relm f tctics  bintion is s  serte teme not ily onncted wit te ims of te rsent   jst considr some gnrl oints to  ih sssing te comnstion fr te i It is wll knwn tt tree wns itely cmenste for  iec, nd   og wen ou e  strong ttc   thr hnd tree wns for  ic re ly owerless if it is your oonent wo  tking  ollowing urely osition considr i r not to be ignored In  lcd nd  ition (wit no intruding tcticl i), it i muc rdr for tree wns to d with  biso tn wit  igt  tings bing equl, t lyer mng  i must f cours try to btin n i wn cn W sould not tt te i ry oen sulis  rnd solution  gic roblems drn dynmic metods e gien rise  rl nw frms f iec scrice On th  nd it must b stted tt te clssic iidr" trtgem of scricing  iec for  igty wn mss is nding comrtiel  ition in contemorry rctic tl the dnger of llowing  wn lh" must lws be bone in mind i i onrmd in conincing stle by te ig g

65

Reube e  Pa Ke Amsedam 19

8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a    e f g h 24.�b5?! �b6 25.b3 �xd5! 26�d4 �b4 27

27    f6 lds to n n ng were Blc is clerly better

27d5! is is te key t Blck's ln Keres scrics th chng but btins two frsom connected ssed wns wic dcide t rult of th gm

28Axb4 gxb4 29�c6 c4! 30�xb4 b3 31 �d5 �! 32g b2 33.gdl c5 34.gbl c4 35 c5 36e2  37.�e3 c3! 38.�c2 8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a

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66

Se Cess Sey

38... �el ! A sudylike mnoeure Blck losens h bockad of his wns, nd his quicky allows hm o aain his gol

1.e4 e5 2.� d6 3.d4 �f 4.�c3 �b 5.c4 e7 6.�5? 0-0

39.�a3 Ac5 4.xe1 h 41.dl Ad6 42.c2  43Jhl e5 44Jxh7  45Jhl 5 46Je1 f 47Jl 6 48.ge1 Af 49Jl 8  6 5 4  2 1 a b c d e f g h 49...4! 50.4 4! 51.5 d4 52Jdl e3 53.xc3 Al 54Jd6t 54  c2  g5 is holss for Wh

54 ... x5 55Jb6  56.d3 4 57Jb8 3 Whie resigned

 Types o Copensaion or Queen or Rook  Two Minor Pieces aains Rook d One or Two Pawns n h middlegame wo minor ieces re usu aly srongr hn a rook  n if h lar has wo awns o go wih i, ha is, more han ough i numerical rs Echanging h inor ics in hs wy is herefore nadis ab, ahough ooruniis for i arise qui frquy hus h folowig lin of hilidr's Dfnc, which has log bn failiar, is righly cosidrd bad for Whi

a b c d e f g h 7.t gx 8.�e6 e8 9.�xc7  10.�xa8 ed4! d so on  is rfcly obious ha i  comle middlege or an oenng osio ossibiliies lik his should be u side Of course her r ll sors of eceons  ransacion of his nd ay hae roab consequcs if  he coordi nd acion of h oon minor ices is disrued  weanesses arise in his osiion  his king's rocion is inadequa, c Mers re deren when hs nd of d ariss in n endgam Hre he rol of  rook incrses drmaically, secialy if ass awns are cread on dieren wings Qui o h minor ics ro qui hllss A rrr cse s he echnge of wo roo for hree mnor ices   rul he em  ices is a good deal srongr han h ro ir, whch is consideraby hrder o urn i a coordinad and omeies, in ndgam osions, a qu nd one or wo aws will b cofronin  rook nd wo mior iecs Oher hings b ing qua, h chancs ar lwys on h si

un tn   Ptn Py   combned ece, thugh etng  aatge  usuly  cmlicted, long ao ar.  sc cases, generl dce s ery hrd to i ch deends on the oston of the s h resence of sed wns and the iation of the iece tr". A reelng al is the Kro  Velmroc game tht  amind earler.  a sate  few bre  rule tht re reent  a osiionl contet wth dere mterl.  A  is slghtly weker than two rooks. ) A n is bout equal to  rook, bho  a, and slghtly stronger thn a rook, i an awn.    mddlegme a queen s weker thn  or ece by a derence of roughly   oandhlf mterl unts.  A ok and two mnor eces are sgncntly r han a queen.   mnor ece are omewht tronger a o rooks.  o mor eces are generlly stronger n  igame, but weker n the endgame, a a rook and two wns.    ndgme  rok s romtely  o a bsho nd two wn, nd slghtly r than a knght nd wo wn. In  iaio wth rk nd two bhos erus  rks and a knght, the chances,  a rule,  .  A soil deended centrlzed knight or is with an etra w, s a little weaker a a rook.   game ositions, a rook and n outsde as awn are not n eror to two mor is.

6

Cha pt er

e Centre Ti Paw Structures  obm of th cntr taks us byond th conns of th urely ositional lments, n  in many was it is closly associatd with thm. En chess layrs with ittl eerienc  that any ic acd in th cntr dos its maimum actiity and can asily b rns to any sctor of th battl; in othr words it has a high dgre of manoeurabiity   signicanc of controing th cntr. atr game w eamine, w can asiy i ourss that th issu of th cntr inariably has rim imortanc in any an.

Od d N Concepons o e Cen  asical understanding of th cntre inod, abo a, the acquisition of an idal awn  (d4 and 4, or d5 and 5 for Back , or at ast th stabishment of on ghting uni  say  wn on 4  nabling th ayer to siz some sac or rss forward dynamicaly with th rt o  ics and th adjacnt wing awn. i tinitz's thory cam to th for, th stratgy of th cntr was trmy straightforward  ackr would tyically stri to achie a numrical suriority of awns in th cntre t shrinking from oering wing awns as a sacric  ing's Gambit and Eans Gambit r ms of this. inc both sids would usuay b ursuing th sam goa, a blockd structur in  ntr woud rary aris; i was in th cntre that ndlss skrmishs would be fought or rs oud b hastiy rctd for attacks wih ics against the king.  atd skirmishing in the middgam tnded to make an on arna of the centre.  is mr intnsid the tactical lay but imited th stratgic comeity of th layers' la ns.  judgmnts, oicd in th distant ast, about th bnts of ossessing a awn cntr  o ony rod durab but hae undergone rther deeloment.  idnc of this, it  e to rcal th imIndian systm that w amind arir. One of th imortant mn ostuats is that the ostto of a powel paw etre dema diliget ad ep p preparato  work. In is connction, an integral art of stratgic thought now consists i n studying th other sid   oin"  th oonent's ossibilities for rssurizing th awn cntr with his ics. Whn



Set Ce Stategy

subjected t an enegetic attack, a awn cente which is ideal in aeaance may tun into a serious weakness, and the enemy ieces may found a stong cente n it uin Modern strategy is indeed characterized by its critical aroach to the mechanical occuation f the the cente with awn, awn, which in ealie times had seemed irtually an eential condition fo achieing an adantage at said, the concesion of a numeical awn sueriority to your onent is nly eer emisible when yu do hae te ossibility of adequate iece essue against the cente  n My ystem, yst em, imzowitsch wote ertainly, awns, as being the most stable, are best suited sui ted to to building buil ding a centre; neertheless neerthel ess centally ted ieces can efectly well take thei lace" t is this that gies rise to the concet of dynamic dynamic equilib ium, in which the ositional trums trums of one side  such as ssession ssession f a awn awn centre  are counterbalanced by ressure ressure exeted against the cente by the amonious action of the the oonent's oon ent's ieces

e Open Cene Accoding to an acceted iew, an oen centr is seiouly infected with a dawish" gem B this iew is most suercial and misleadin With the clearing of awns from the cent you alway ae to take account of the sco ened u f iece lay and all manner  tactical tactical oerations Of cuse, cuse, the oenin g ofthe ofthe centre deman fa-sighted and accuate calculation of all t eculiaities f the struggle e osition  the king is ey signicant here Attacks wit iece aer the cente is oened ae eecial dangerous when the object of the aggression i the king e following examle is instuctie

eder Koov Koov  Ia Ia  Bolelav Bolelav Msc Mscw w  45

Tica Pa u in i n he h e Cene actical exerience and theoetic inetigations hae reealed a ange of tyical awn tuctues in the cente which ae lagely detemined by the outward contou of the osition ee is no doubt that if you ae familia familia with the geneal geneal chaacte chaacterr of the struggle that goes with this o that awn structure, this makes it easier f you to nd you bearing in any secic oitin ee tyical structues, which oen take shae right at the start of the game, leae their long lasting imint on the deelment of the middlegame battle Let's rst look at certain tyes of game where the central awn osition is clealy dened

1 2 ...d5! ...d5! Exloiting White's oor deeloment a the harmonious lacing of his own force Black adantageusly oens the game in t centre and stats a ery strong attack again the enemy kng

13.e5 �xe5 14. 14.b5t E 15.exd5 g7 16.�e2 a6 17.c4 17.c4 geS IJl h3! h3!

e Cente Ce nte  yicl Pn Stuctues

1

wihout hindnce, nd sometimes to rere  libering blow in the cente ith ...dd5. ... dd5. e w  tough oening struggle deelos from the Mlle Ml le Attc Attckk in the Giuoco Gi uoco ino i s chrceisic

 e4 e5 2� �c6 3 c4 c5 4c3 � f 5d4 5 d4 exd4 6d4 b4t 7�c3 On 7. d2, Blck chiees equli b 7 .. . d2 8.  bd2 d5

a b c

d

e

f

g h

7 �xe4  �xe4 80-0 80 -0 xc3

A billi stoke, underlinig the disunit  his foces nd setting him insoluble obs.

9. �x 204 �4! 2x �e3t 22.l 2 i  won osition. l l,, n oen cente in he  he el stge stge of  e e will wil l most mo st oe n rise from one of he he os sstems in the Oen Gmes whee is im is he id nd direct seizure of  l sques. o o this th is end, relying on he h e  oecion of the d4squre, Whie ies ies the oit e 5 b b  ling ling d2d4 (or  .f . f4. 4 . i edency iidl emerges in mn iios of oeings tht e rrely used  ,, sch s ch s s    entre Gme G me  h wo Knighs Defence  he Vienn Gme, Gm e, Hungrin Hu ngrin Defenc Defence, e, iuoco ino, cotch Gme, etc.  oig oig systems of his kind it is minl b  s d ecien iece deeloment tht   chiees the hmonious inercio  is oces nd esists his oonents eorts  o he sme.  the conict roceeds, Blck Blck is he ossibilit to mobiliz quic nd

a b c d e f g h 9d5! f! 0el �e7 IIxe4 0-0 2d6 d6 3xd6 � 4d5 �e7 With  forced drw.

 we cn see, if Blck lys correctly nd energeiclly, Whites Whites ttemt to gi  cenrl reondernce usull usull culmines culm ines in  clering of he wn wn osition o sition in the cene nd leds to comlete equlit. At the slightest inccurcy, he initiie m ss to Blck. e oint is h with n oen cente  shr conict with ieces breks ou, demnding ecetionl ccurc ccurc in he mnoeures mnoeures of o f both sides. si des.

Nueric ui o Pas Pas in e Cenre In mny oening sstems  icl ste of ension between he cetre ws rises fom

Set Ce Stte Stte



te t few few me  f eme wte wn on e4 nd d4, bck wn n e5 nd d6; o wite wn n e4 nd d4, bck wn n e6 nd d5 It oen hen tht thi tenion tenio n i liquidted li quidted within  ot time, eding to  moe tbe wn tuctue in te cente e cente my be ced by te dnce d4d5 ( e4e5,  te wn my be ed by n ecnge with d4e5 (o e4d5 In tee ce the numeic equity of wn in te cente i eeed, but te ti bnce i often ditubed

e Cosed Cen  immbie, igid cent wn cin in  come middegme i ey fequenty een Unde tee cndition te y i ow nd of ten inle mnoeuing; te eentil weight f te tugge tend t be tnfeed to te wing ince in tee cae the cente i di cut to oen u, ttck wit ece oe muc of tei eectiene eectiene On te ote ot e nd, wn tom on te wing, wit te ctiity of the iece in uot, cquie get owe metime me time it i t mke ene to ee the kng in the cente whee no get dnge i thetening it

Buens res 954

 d

e



It i ey imotnt to weken te ig que in the oonent' cm

4  d8 l  xc8 xc8 xc8 16� m 8 7 6 5  3 2 1  b 17 17   e2!

 

d

e



g h

In te eent itution thi i the mo comfotbe comfotbe ce  ce fo fo the th e king ki ng

eeing tt tt 24    ef4 fil to 254, we m acetin tt Wite h cquied  decii u

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 b 

l4! �e8 11h4  12h! 4 B  g 1 4!

1 7g  g7 18gh4 18gh4 �d7 �d7 19hx 19hx6 hx6 20 20 e7 e7 21 gh8t   22h6 �m 2ghl 2gh l g 244!

Yi Averb  O   Po P o



Being in mind te ced ntue f t cente, Wite did not cte nd inte unced n enegetic aut n te kingide

g h

oue f te cente mot oen cm e bo thoug te dnce e4e5 o d4d5 (n gouy, e5e e5e44 o  d5d4 In thi wy  ce tin ti u i cquied i cicumtn mut be ten into ccount when lte u ing yu oetion on one of te te n u, wit  wn on e5, Wite obtin  itic cnce of eectie oetin n t kingide

e Cente  yc Pwn Pwn Stu ctue



Let' emne ech of these ce n more detil

        

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 is cs Blck must tri for ctie rly n the cente combining it wth rions on the queend i  w wnn on d5 the nk oertion gin  iicnc

  

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i t White uully tries for  wn  on the queende the mot ecti  r r Blck hre cont con t of  king id coun k  ing tht must lwys b born in i is tt the kngde oenie  more rous nd eectie n it reult thn t sonding oen on th queenside ug the ltte  usually eir to iz

1 A cloed wn chn wth  ngurd ot on d5 i sclly chrctertic of mny formton n the King' Indn Defence of which we my y tht the technique for hndling t h reched  ery high leel  following hr nd ceelesly toicl ng' Indn iton iton my see   n emle emle 1 d4  f6 2c4 g6 3  c3 g7 4e4 d6 5   00 6  e2 e5 700  c6 Wth thi lt mo Blck chllengs Whit to  the otion n the cntr  mot themtic contnution i d5 Utilizing the tmo (from ttcng th igh on c6 ite ntte cte oetion on the quenide whee he  gurnteed  t lu nd hs the obi o bility lity of rdly rdly concntrting concntrting hi force nd cying out n ectie ttck On the othr hnd Blck has  rlistic ootunity ootuni ty to lunch  counterttck counterttck on  kngde In  oton where th ln h lrgly bn sttled the ht of the bttl intnsis with ch mo nd th temo fctor grows in signicnce Ecetionl ccurcy of mnouring is dmnded from boh lyers e dculty of the tks fcing thm is due to the ncesity of combning ttck wth conomcal dfnc You mut on no ccount swtch or to  defene tnce yt some rohylctic defene meure re indnsbl Of couse the cloure of the cente wth d4 d5 n t Kings Indn by no mn lwys lds o nk ssult In mny ritions he lyes' trtegic ln re moe eble In suc sitution the rohylctic mesures r rmount te tie to dee Blck's rets on the kngide Blck ets u lines of defence on th qunside with 75 75    d7{6c5 etc



Siet Ce ss Strtey

Ten gin, te lyers' lns in sitins wit t centrl d wedge my smetimes b radicly ltrd. eir cice f ln is crucily inuenced by te wy te gting frcs r c-rdinatd. us yu may cm acrss seer ning sitins wer  in cntrst t wt we e sid  Wite cmbines clsure f te centre by d4-d wit an ensie n te kngside. Tis is en sen in te clsed systms f t Ruy Lz.

bert Je Ficher - Svetor Gligoric Zagreb 970

20.a5! c8 21. h7 22.  h2 Ae7 23.  A5 2.�5 5 25 g 2.�3  8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b 27Jhl!

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 imrtant raratry mneu Wit is aiming fr a dcisi sratgic sti  t -l. Black as  adquat defnc

27.. m 2S. g 29. �m 30.h  31.gxh gh7 32Jahl gxh 33.gxh g5 3.gh 7

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 tyicl clsd wn structure as arisen wit a wedg n d.  dcisin tat Wit nw tks is igly instructie. H suts dwn t gm n t quensid, trnsferring t wigt f t attack t t sit wing. Tis dcisin stms frm t gnral caracter f t sitin. Blck's ics r rady t dfnd t qunsid, but is kngsid is sigicatly wakned. is is wat nabls th wit ics, cncentrated n te kingsid, t launch a wrful attack tr (rmtd by a igt inading n [ fllwd by t adac g2-g4-g . T cntiuain was

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b 35.g!

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is cncluding cmbinti blw dcid te gam at nc. Black rsignd. Tus, in a numbr f cass wit is ki f aw structur, Black must b ra

 e Cente  c Pn tuctue  aci defence on te kingid, wer  ayrs my lter b focusing ir io. W sould no t on occsion c may reond it  counertroke  ad een obtin good cancs of n iiai.

)  w ha sid,  blocked wn osition i a fowd ot on 5 for Wite i, in  as, faourble o is oertion on te sid. i is ignicn, for instnc, in  bance of te Frnc Dfnc.  is cas Black usuly ndours o i Wit's cenrl wn btion. ad, any loclizd couneroerions   qunside re gnrly frug wi  suls  er ll,  tck on   is ar more dngrous. onsqunly, in i his kingid ck Wi is obiged to ac carfully for ossible counerroks   cnre; undresimaing m c iy bring gre consequenc. u for a  i h tenion of bo lyrs neds to  aind on t cnre, en toug t a struggl my be unfolding on e .  aiaion of te Frenc Dfnc wi n  csu of e cenre i illumining:

5

Wit  to del i te weness of  cenrl d4oint, wic in i oition is criticl. In order o defend ti n, by nswering 8 ... � wit 9b2 b4t 1 .  h hs o rrng is ics assily nd rnounc csling. ubsequetly, by breking wit ... £ , Blck may lien u e ly on e kingide nd in te centre to i on bent. Of course,  ciity of White's ics my incs signicntly   me im.  lay in suc cses tends o b doubledged. uc  ruggl fetu in mny itions of on of te key ytem in te Frenc:

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.�c3 b4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 c3t 6.bxc3 �e7 7.a4 �bc6 8.� a5 9 .d2 c4

.4 6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 �c6 5.� b6 . d4 7.d4 �h6 8.b3

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g

h

e oiion in  cnr s assumd a closd crcer, ltoug in ome circumstncs Blck my lien u e ly wi ...£ In ti connecion te folloing gme i of inere.

Vsy Smlov   Bo Mscw 19

1.�5 h6 11.�h3 �6! 12. d7 13.�4 �4 14.4 �e7 15.h4 xa4

Set Cess Sttegy

6

16.h5 Yb5 17.dl gc8 18  gc6 19e2 ga6! 20. d2 Black ws etening 2 . . . c2.

200-0 e kng is bette le in te cente, ltug he adnge f tis is ey d t detemine in actice.

21. a b 29 e5?!

c

d

e

f

g

h

Black in tun misses his chnce t win wih 29 ... c7 30.hf  b4 fllwed by 3 1 . . .e8, ting e queen.

30.e5? is is leady he decisie e. With 30.de5 Whie culd hae sed he gme.

a b 21...f!?

c

d

e

f

g

h

Fm this mmen the lay becmes much me fcing, as te ieces n bth sides gin subsantialy in actiiy.

22.e g 23.Yc7 g 24.Yd8t h7 25.4! Ya5 25 ... d7 was me cicumsec.

26.Yb8 �c6 27.Ye8 ge7 28.Y6t? t n bius miste, but a ey seius ne. ite suld ly 28.   d8 (theise 29.g5, teatening g5g6, is decisie 29. d8  d8 30.g5, bining ecellent sects n te ngside.

28 8 29a3

30 ...�xd4! 31.b4 Yd8 32.Yxa6 bxa6 33.d4 gb7! Blck sn w.

Fed Cenra Pawn Posion  Open e-e or d-e If he wn tensi in he cene is liquided thug an echange f e dwns  eawns, ne f the cene les is ened, nd squaes becme aailable as centl utsts f e ieces. A gea deal f mbility between he nks emains a feaue f hese siins he layes se gea se by mneuing hei ieces  gin cnl f cenl sques and les, subsequenly aiming  ansfe hei ciiies  he nks. When a ank aack is lunced in hese cicumsnces, i en kes he fm f a cmbined ssul wi ieces nd awns. is haens esecilly en in ius systems f e Ruy Lez. e success f such a lan

e Cente  ycl Pn Stuctue ds o ju cously combnng  wn  wt ece mnoeures on te centr ars. ak for emle one of te m lne of  gor ystm. er 1.e4 e5 2.� �c6 3b5 a6 4.a4 �f 5.0-0 e7 6Jel b5 7.b3 d6 S. 0-0 9.h3 �a5 10.c2 5

 7 12.�bd2 �c6 13.5 5

 sultg oton s of  relately closed ar, sc te furtr ong of lne s icut to accomls.



23 nd Blck  not ctled, but  n cge on b5  tken lce.

8 7 6 5  3 2 



a b c d e f g h 15 .� e6 16.�e3 0-0 17.�5 dS At tt tme te tecnque for lyg t kn  of oto d bee lttl tuded. A better moe ere w 17.  . g6, keeg Wt's kngt out of 

a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

ost oen Wte wll combn ct ations on t kngsde wt c rsur ast t ctrl squre d5. Black wll b a queens de aw storm wt c ssu along t dl med t brngg  t to d3.  followng gm eres   slendd dl of te kgde attck.

Vlod r  Nol  eningrad 1936

 e5 2.� �c6 3.b5 a6 4.a4 �f 5.0-0 7 6Jel d6 7. b5 S.b3 �a5 9.c2 c5 0.d4 7 l1.�b �c6 12.a4 bS .b5 b5 14.5 5  ae rcd  osto aalogous to t  i t lst dagrm. t as not lyed

a b 9.�!

c

d

e

f

g h

By n ucng an cang o , Wt sgncantly ncres te actty of s bso o c2. I addto, t transfr of s awn from e4 to fcltats t sult o Black's kngsde.




19... 20.e h6 21 .�e4 �xe4 22.e4 f 23 .e3 �e7 24. c4 25.3 Deied of ny countely, Blck i defencele gint te kingide ttck

25 .. Jd7 26Ja7 dS 27Jxd7 xd7 2S.h4 hS 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

�

a b c d e f g h 16.�h2!? gadS 17. e6 1S.�h  enlien te ly on te ngide nd in te cente, Wite  ecue t sme inticte mnoeue wic eentully enble im to ciee is uose

a b 29.4! �S

c

d

e

f

g h

IS ... �x4 19.hx4 c6?!

O 29     4 e  iece e 30  3 f6 31g5

i bely ecetible mitke lnd Blc in ey seius diculties He sould e tened t bing i knigt int ly with 1 9    b7 followed by c5c4 nd  b7c5

30.5

20. f 21 .5! hS 22.b3!

ite won e  few me me ubsequently tee w  mjo gowt in te tecnique f ndlng ti knd f ytem

Deiing te knigt of te imtn que n c4

22 ...gm

e moden esin f  simil ln f Wite is well illutted by u net emle

I Bolla   T Mscw 157

1.e4 e5 2.� �c6 3 .b5 a6 4.a4 �f 5.0-0 e7 6Je1 b5 7.b3 0-0 S. d6 9.h3 �a5 10 .c2 c5 I I.d4 c7 12.�bd2 d7 13.� geS I4.�e3 6 15.dxe5 dxe5 a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

  Cnt  ycl Pn Stuctus

3.�d5!? A isuci mou By scicig  w, Wi bigs is biso o c2 o i d ts ssu ll o  bod (s i h Ruz  Rumi gm, w Wi id simil bs wi o scic of rial so sog ws 23 gf6 d 24  g4

3.xd5 24.exd5 Vxd5 25.  .h6 S 27.e4 Ve6 2S.V Ve7 adl 7

a b e3!

c

d

e

f

g h

 rasfig  wig of is sgic g o  qusid, Wi obid a r adag aily skg, Blck mo l ds i cayig ou is ci sgic  for  osi o  qusid I h ssms  cif suggl usully ols d Wi's sagic dsigs, wic w a s amid    ls' fudma ls i h higoi ysm may also b ul dif r fom wa w a so f s Qui  Wi will go io acio o  qu i wil Black orgaizs kgsid cou , brigig is kig fom f6 i 5 o f4

9

W my s  i suc osiios bo sids  o b ady for aci oraios o i ig

Robert J Ficher  Ratmir Kholmov Havana 965

1.e4e5 2.� �c6 3.b5 a64.a4 �f 5.0-0 e7 6J;el b5 7.b3 0-0 S. d6 9.h3 �a5 10 .c2 c5 1 1.d4 Vc7 12.�bd2 �c6 1 3.dxc5 c5 14.� e6 15.�e3 gadS 16.Ve2

a b 16...c4!?

c

d

e

f

g h

Fo a log im i was cosidrd a Black ad o dfd r wi 6  g6 7  g5 c8 18a4 c4 How, b coiig 9ab5 ab5 20b3!  a5 (20 cb3 2 b3 os h gam u i Wi's faour 2bc4 bc4 22 a3 �f8 23 7 �x7 24�d �d7 25�xd7 �xd7 26�a4! a6 27  f! b5 28�b4  c5 29  b �b7 30 a4, Wi woks u sog ssur o  qusid is occurd i a ga i  Kamys, bilisi  95 1 

17.�5?! ubsqu cic ws o sow a a mo solid li my b 7  �f8  8 g5 (o 1 8  34, ig o ca ssu wi is ics agais  kigsid



St C Stt

17...h6! 18.�e6 e6

 fllwing systm in t un's Gmbit is illuminating

8 7 6 5  3 2 

l.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.�c3 �f 4.d5 d5  tnsin as bn lasd and t aw stuctu in t cnt is d Wit as obtaind t alfon cl; Black fo is at as t l at is disosal

5 .5 e7 6.e3 c6 7. �bd7  a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

H Wit layd t imudnt

19.? Wuon t followd

19... �d4! Wit a y stng cuntattack in t cnt But tn, nding a good lan fo Wit is not asy o instanc in t nt of 19b3 c5 20bc4 b4, Black again as cllnt lay All ts conct aatons stikingly dmonstat t ol layd in suc ositions by tactical outbusts" in t cnt y also sow ow dynamically t lay in t cnt combins wit oations on t ank * * *

uit on t awn stuctu in t cnt

\  \D  O\D  "D "D   ank awn on c4 fo t oonnt's cnt awn on d 5 In this way on sid obtains t alfon cl, wil t ot osssss t halfon l  awn cnguation in t cnt usualy mains ry stabl fo a ong iod

a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

Lt's consid t ossibilitis fo lay in t cnt  w can s, nlining t gam is not asy fo it sid  attmt by Black to undmin t d4awn wit c6c5 can lad to t isolation of is wn cntal d5awn It is nt asy fo Wit to cat lay in t cnt it, as t imlmntation of 34 coms u against majo dicultis tlss Wit as a wid cic f s sibilitis, on wic t t cous of t gam dnds A wlltid lan in tis o sition inols tansfing t wigt f t stuggl to t anks, laing t cnt un

t  t t U t' , utilizing t alfon cl, Wit stats a awn onsi on t quns id (t socald minoity attack"  is lan as long bn known and mains toical to tis day o all tat, t is still a wid ld fo instigation  is stuctu

 e Cente  y Pn Stutues l belongs to tose wic e roused oical controersies for ges For instnce  corse of eents in te gme Pillsbur  owtr lyed s long go s 1 89 8 is ealing 8  £ 00 9 c2  e8 1000       5  g4 12 e7  e7 13  g4  g4 a f 6 154 �e7 16b4 �e8 17b5  it eerted lsting nd unlesnt ssre on te queenside ic ten te tecnil inestigtion of is osition  s dnced  long w bt in icil Wite's ln s remined t e sme aic as sown oweer tt Black for is  shold on no count onne imself to assi dfence He must endeaor to go into io on te kingside sing e4 s a strong ost fo is iees

k Tov - d Netdiov ev 19

 d 2.c4 e6 3.c3 f 4.d d 5.i e7 6.e3 c6 7d3 �d7 8.� 0-0 c2 ge8 10.0-0 � 11.gal a 12.3  A shar stggle is under wy on te nks



to l 16e4 de4 17  d2 neutriing te ngside trets nd retining sligtly te better nes

16  17.�d2 �xd2 18.xd2 �h4! 8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a

b

c

d

e



g

h

e rets of 19    f3 nd 19  3 re ry strong and Wite decided to gie u  awn wit 19£ simly to e  gting cnce He eentully eld te gme bt only toug is oonent's generosity It is essentil to obsere tt te bredt of t modern strtegic otlook s considebl eanded te old concetions In tis sstem Wite sometimes stries to bild  a mobile awn centre c  lan can roe igl ef fectie if Blck fils to tke timel measres to oganie entrl contla

 Boti - Pa Ke Mscw 192

a b c d e  g h e7 xe7 14.4 4 I.4 �6 .?  isctie mistak Wite doesn't sense  ag and comes nd atack H ad

l.d d 2.c e6 3.�c3 �f 4.d d  e7 6.e3 c6 7.d3 �d7 8.�e2 0-0 9.0-0 ge8 10.g l � 1 l.c2 d6? Blck manoeres nsystematicl nderrating Whites awn oensie in te centre A better moe was 1 1     e6 so as to answer 12f3 wit te centrl beak 12  c5



Set Ce Sttegy

29c3 g 30!

12hl  13!

With dcisi thrats

       1

I the et gme, White cis out  oigil l of ttack i th cetre ad o th kgid

Semn Fu Alexder Knstnnopolsk 

Mscw 48

ld4 d5 2c4 0 3c3 f 4 5 bd7 5e3 e7  0-0 7 d3 a Sd5 ed5 9c2 geS 100-0  llacl c 12JUl!? a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Black ros to ha o satisfctoy atidot to Whit's la of buildig a owrful aw ctr

13 e7 14Jbel d7? 15e7 xe7 13 f 17  IS!  19 b 20e4 dxe4 21e4 dS 22e5!

Whit itds to o u th ctr wit 3-4 i th ight circumstaces

12  4? 13e5 h5 14b3! gbS 15 h3 d7 1e7 xe7 174 With Wit's last fw mos his la of attackg th ct ad kigsid hs tak sha

17 xe5 ISxe5 f        1

a b c

d

e

f

g

h

Haig bit his ctr Whit trasfrs th attack to th kigsid With th timly ad ac of his ctr aw h frs th 4-squar for acti oratios with his ics

22 d5 23e4!  24d c7 25e4 e 2h4  27d5 d5 2Scl d7

a b c d e f g h 19e4! e5 20exd5  21hl d5?

2      h4 with coutrlay was corrct

22xe5 h4 23xd5! b5 24J5! White acquird a dcisi adatg o th kigsid

e Cee  pi P Se

obe Cen wi Two Pas on e Fo R  old oio h  idel" pw ere  d pw o he orh rk) oer  poiiol dge i iel i reeied iily  he pree ime e olloig ory i propod i i ple A pw ere epee  igi rgh oly he i i olidly deded  riored y he piee d whe he ppo h iie me o ree ie prere gi i  he oher hd  pw er lkig qe piee ppor oie  dei  d   demolihd i h ppo eed i exerig oordied pr o i wih hi pie d dermi ig i re eire o he re wih pw i o oly iexpdie  ee dgero  h e   rle he ere pw d p big loked d i i he oppoe riig h ere wih piee who i wih  rel dge  oemporry regy poiio where  id h  pw ere ed o prode poxime eqilirim Oe plyer' pie  gi he erl qr more or  oerle hi oppoe' opio   I he eig ee rggle or he iiii he ide wih h pw ere rie o i i olidly d he grdlly dprie he  id o oerply oerely he ohr i  he k o oiely ireig he  o he ere rally i l h e he pw re  o b he hie o o eio or oh r I i here h he regi le i rly ogh o  y e or he plyer ghig i h ere i py o ore  de   o he pw i order o lokde i  iree he pere O he oher hd



hogh we hold oe h he plyer wih h re hold o ry  ll o o oid phig hi pw W m rmemer h  imely de o he er pw i eeil i i prore pe or he io o he piee O or hi kid o diio h o  weighed i  ore mer

Reube Fe - dor Le Moscow 1 97

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I he digrm poiio Wie poe  ere h gree him pley o reedom o more Weighig p h oree peliriie o he poiio Fi k  deiio whih i highly ommil ye i  prood ee orre

14.e5! A old de i he er Whie oider righly h h oeio o he rl d5qre o hi oppoe ply o il role i h rre iio Wh o or mh more i h poiiliy he qire o moerig hi kigh i he ed 4qre o d6 or  

14�b6

Ohei  3d6 ollow

84

Siet Ce Sttey

15.'e2  Blck reor o  wekeig  hi kigide pw poitio. he pie ctiti  5. . . d7 6.  e4 d my he ee preerle.

16.  17.�e4  18b4 d5 19.�e5 d8

 9. . . xe5 20.e5 xe5 21.  d 6 or 20.. . xe5 2 1 .  c3  wold e  d  Blck.

20.acl �d5 21a3 �e7

Agi 2  .. . xe5 22.dxe5 xe5 i o good i iew  23 . e 7 e 24.  6.

8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a

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25.h4! Hig chieed domice i he cere Whie deciiely trer he ttck to hi oppoet' wekeed kgide.

8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a

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I hi poitio i my iew the oy wy o keep the iititie i 13.e5 White tilie hi gi o tempo wihot erig  lockde o hi pw cete er 13 ... �b4 14.Ae4 �d5 ocree lyi how h he preee  diic pl wih 15.'b3!  Blck co dtgeoy cotl the d 5pit. I eliee hi i he oly wy White c pih Blck or hi low moere i thi lie ( .. .  c65c6). [Edio' oe rctice h ee ocig o 1 3 . 5 d 13. c2 th orig Whi Howee recely  yog Ukrii tr ued 13.e5? to wi  impor gme gi  yog Vietmee tr 1 3. . . e6 4.    c 5.d  5 6.  4 g4 7.e d7 .h3 

A poitio riig om the olowig itio o he Greld Deece i lo icie

l.d4 �f 2.c4  3.�c3 d5 4.d5 �xd5 5.e4 �x3 6.bxc3 A7 7 c4 c5 8.�e2 �c6 9.Ae3 0-0 10.0-0 d4 l1.d4 �a5?! 12.Ad3 �c6

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 9  x gx 20.  h5  c4 21. 3 6

e Cente  l Pn Stte    d1  xe3 23 xe3  h 6 24  �g6 d  g  26  g3 4 27  e4 h4 28d6 exd6 exd6 6 30  h 1  3 1  x4 d8 32  g3 b 33�d  g  34 e 4 3    36  e7 0 oroo  Ngye Ngoc ruogo cow 20 1 0]

8

iely pled piee i  hoee e ey rog d moie e iely onet  he olowig exmpe i oeohy

Vlav   Ior Bo Mosco 1946

One Mobie Pawn in e Cen  oe come ot tht oe ide oee  bie cete pw (o exmple o e4 o d4) i he othe ide h n extr pn o oe   wig  tue o the ght ude uh odion i ogo o he poition with  e p couple whih we he  exmined  i ttento o  oth ide h to e xed   cene e plyer wih he ente pw il empt to e hi pw o  ttk i i re In dditio to the cete pn n i role in the ttk will e plyed y the c k pw o the  o le  ohe lye will t to depie h ppo' cente pwn o moilty nd eke i iplitio in uch iumtne o  ide withot the etre pw  they mke i ie to exploit the pw moiy o the ig oped with  pw ople (e4 + d4) a ige cete pw doe le to hmpe the io o the eemy piee Howee with a rg umer o minor piece preent he prpodene o p in he ete n  ite tely el nd hold ot e reimed

e "Hanin Pawn Cene er omtion tht i u  equenty  i  moile ente conitig o  ee p d he den ihop' p the wo rig  epte  ilnd" c  cete geelly cie le weight   pwn ouple on e4 nd d4 With

a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

15.b4!  inteeting poitionl pwn cie ie rie o gin conol o d4 which i conution wih the open cle coud gie him  dngeo iitiie u  the eet o   x4 16 c7 �8 1 7  �d8 18�1   1 9  d4   20   White quie  igi plu

15...d4! A etl ouertoke typi o thi knd o tuctue Uexpeedly (d not withot eet o hime) Blck i up omintie omplexitie

6.exd4 gae8! 1 7.xc5 A oed deiio 17�e1 old e me y 1 7   x  when 18  x  il to 18   x e  

1 7...xe2 18.xe2 gxe2 19.c6! c6 20.�d4 ge6 21.�xe6 e6

86

Set Ce  Sttegy

 ritio idicted y Grdmter gi

i o itere 29 .. .h   30 .  g3  e4 31 .     32 .  e3  d6 33.x7  x5 34.xg7   35.d7  c6 36.de7  d6 8 7 6 5 4 3

a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

2

e complicio he lly led y orce o  edig hee Wite h rook d p gi hi oppet' o mior piece. e exr p  the qee ide hee gie him eliic drig chce.

22Jac1 Ad5 2Jc7 �e5 24.b5  25Je1 �d 26Je! gb4 26.. .  x i dgero i ie o 27.g3 g5 2.3.

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

37.g4   3.gx   x 39.xe6 e7 40.xe7  xe7 4 .h4  ih  dr er he oidle exchge o Blck' l p. [Edior' oe  3  .. .  d6 32.x7   ld e eter giig Blck he dge 3  .  g4 i the righ me he Whie proly h eogh coepy.]

e Piece-d-Pawn Cene

27.h gbl t 2S.h2 �

Oe o the mot imprtt prolem i moder che i h o the piecedpw cere.  yog plye perecig hi kl mt ot remi grt o  clic prdigm ch  he olloig.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a b 29.ga!



M Bo dor e Mscw 19

 c

d

e

f

g h

hie h mged o ei eogh coerply o eqlie he chce.

1.� �f 2.c4 b6 . b7 4.A2 c5 5.0-0  6.d4 d4 7.�xd4 2 .2 7 9.�c -?  tereoyped deelopig moe. e correc core  9 . . .  c  .3   7   . d5 erliig ie' cerl pl.

10.e4! �c6 11.e c

 Cnt  ca Pan Stuctu



d he 1 1 .. .  g4 wa bett, ndavoung o ipi th potio.

23 7 13. gd8 14gc1 gac8 15d2 6

      

a

 a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

xpoig Back' pave ad pa , hte ha but up a tog pic-and  cet. It' ittig to oow how  ehodc do o h opponnt' pt to  he b . ..b6-b5 o . . .d7-d5,  graduay dpiv hi o coutpay.

6JUdl �xd4

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

A w ad tuctv tage o he tugge begn. Havig depivd h oppoet o couepay  the ce, White ited o wich he atack to Back' kgd. eckoig ha paive dece oe itt hop, Back ak a dpat attpt to e hi by beakng o the qude, but th eey hatn h dat.

23 .. b5? 24.b5 b5 25.gdc1 ! gxc3 26gxc3 bxa4 Back had o deece agat the vao o the evth ak.

o 16.. . b5 1 7.cxb5  xd4, bcau o   x6 wg a paw.

27.gc7 b5 28bxa4 e2t 29. xt 30.x

d d6

i aiy expotd hi advatage  he dga.

 o 7...b5 woud b t by 1 8. cxb5 axb5  .x6 x6 20 .  d5 wth th that o 4-e5, s o a Back woud b  wth a wak ioatd  a he ve at. Back  theeo ocd to roect h 7-pawn, givng t tie to e the ...b6-b5 bak.

84! �e8 19�d5 gc6  9... b5 t coud pa 20. cxb5 axb5 .!

7 �x7 21.h4 ge8 22.gc3 �h5 d

c that te uch water ha owed uder th bdge. T gcace o a paw-ad pic cnt o th type ha be ubjct to vauato. I pevouy t wa condeed tha you ut ot aow you oppot to et up uch a cete, the oppote atttude ow peva. actc how that  any ca t do pay  you et you oppont cotuct a paw-ad-pece cte but at th ae ie xet co-odatd peu agait  ad thu obta adquate coutepay.



Svt C Stt

Pa Ker  Vily Smylov eningrad 1947

. f 2.c3 5 3. e6 .3 d5 5.d5 xd5 G.2 c6 7.0-0 e7 S.b3 7? 9b2 e5? 10Jcl f 8  6 5 4 3  1

4.cxd5  xd5 5. g2  c7 6.  c  c6 7.! 5 8. b4! (ad ow 8 .. .cxb4 9.axb4 xb4  bd  accout o 10.  xe5!). Udg Bck ptt cta bto o  c 5 te ubequety ha a eatc ba o ug h ow exta" pw  the cete  ay e he uccuy pet the tke wth d2 d4 pog h a tg tatve.  pw b o th bck d  a tot  vea vato  aov yte  the ca Deece. Fo tace:

l.e 5 2. eG 3.d d .�xd  5.b5 dG G. f 7.lc3 aG S.a3 e 9.e2 0-0 10.0-0 d7 1 1 .e3 Wa5 1 2.We gabS : a

b

c

d

e



g h

I cotuctg h cete Back ha ot a vub tpo ( .. .7-e6-e5 tead o .. .7e5). Utzg h ad  deveopet te cae out a pce pa to ude the ceta paw poto:

1 2. . .b8!?  o tetg  th 1. Back ha 1 .. . b5! 14.cxb5 axb5 15.  b  b4 wth adquate coutepay a  Gee  Bovky Mocow 1 967.

13. gdS 1.gcl eS 1 5W

I l.a! bG

Bett wa 1 1 ...  e6.

12.h d7

I 1 2. . .  b7 the 1.b4!.

13.e3! 0-0 1.d! exd 15.exd gS I G.dx5 b5 17.c3  IS.g2!  19.d2 g 20.h th a wo poto. e houd ao ote that apat o the ceta paw beak wth d2-d4 a udeg opeato o the ak wth -4 o b2-b4  equety epoyed. A vaato o the Egh Opeg  a cae  pot: .c4 c5 2.    6 .g d5

a b c d e f g h 15...b5! IG.b5 b5 17.�b5 d5! Back ha xceet popect. e othe e o the Egh ae wot otg: .c4 c5 2.  c  6 .g d5 4.cxd  xd5 5. g2  c7 6.d e5 7.    c6 8.0- e7 9.  d2  d7 1.  c4 6 1  .4!  ad te ha a tog tatve.

89

 Cnt  ca Pan Stuctu teatv 7.4?, o t 7.  h? wth  to oow.

Pawn eness in he Cenre (eped in  r ood Piee Pay)  et copex o pob  od e  aocatd wth oto wh o e cu a wakn  h cnta paw orato but edavou  etu to acheve  peo co-odato o h ce. T  ict concted w th th conct odac ibiu (whch w have etoed boe i t chapte). e cocpt o dac qubu i th gt o th ct ha tu evoutozed  oto about the tategc t.  oato hee oe de ha a cta  we have coe to b vwd  a opet dt ght. Te  o og tig paadoxca about the act that the eke" ca to b a t  copatd i  utab eaue b ueo ec co orto. et' ook at th oowg xape  whch  t o attack ad dc poved to b up o tdad.

ideo Sberg - Iaak Bolelav

W hav tak a tpca ddga poto ag o a k t  th g' da ece. Whte ha a ueca ad patial uot n th ct;  Back' cap th  what ook ke a ajo weake  th d6paw. actce how, howeve, that Back ha adquat coutpa. Not that at pt Wht' pc a td to th dc o h ot, ad that potectg h vaguad pot o e4 ad c4 dad o e eot tha Back' weak d6-pot.

16. b6 17. d7 lS.a3 uttg a  top to the udeig ov ...a4-a, at th c o a ceta o o eatcit  Wht' queed paw tuctu.

lS .. JadS 19.  h2 8 20.a2 bd7 21.2 f 22. 3 gd7 23. gde7 T goupg o oc ha pevd th dac equbu. Whte, a beoe,  tg to get at th d6-paw, but he ha had to ta hi kght o d4 to a odt poitio o  g . Back o h pat ha uct ouc to coute-attack agat c.

24.l d7 25.d4 b6 26 .7 7 27.gxd6 x4 2S.gddl e6

Zurich 1953

       1

a  a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

b

c

d

e

f

g h

At at a gicat taoatio ha take pace  the cete. Whte' ceta e4-paw 

90

St C Stat

 to advanc; n tun, Back ha pay on th qund qua.

29.V f 30.� A 31.e5!

accdanc wth th. H  a caacttc xap o th catv du.

JohnZertort -Whe Steii

Wht t to tp away th back kng' cov.

Saint Luis (7) 886

31. .. e5 32.�xe5 �xe5 33Jxe5 e5 34.e5 gxe5 nd n th nung vy pay t baanc wa antand. * * *

Lt' tun to o  th ot chaacttc pob n th dput o and agant" a cnt pawn wakn. hy ncud pob o th atd pawn, th bacad pawn, and nay doubd pawn n th cnt.  a u, a ga wth pawn k th  pcty payab and can b vy doubdgd  th wakn a copnatd by a gnay haonou and actv dpoynt o th oppong oc. n atd cnt pawn cnttut bth a tngth and a wakn, ng that on th on hand t actat th ganng o pac but on th oth hand t qu c t b dvtd to t dnc.  a u th pay pong uch a pawn w ty to attack on th wng (ot on th kngd) o to opn up th ga, whch  uuay achvd by an advanc o th a pawn (d4d5). T dnd attpt to nutaz h opponnt' ntat.  th nd t  uu to bng about pcaton  to xchang o th opponnt' actv pc. T countpay  coy nkd to ogan zng a bockad o th pawn and puzng t. T typ o dnv pa n ha bn vovng o a ong t now, v nc th Stntz  Zuktot atch. Whn payng Back, Stntz woud guay gv h opponnt an oatd pawn n th cnt and o h own pan n

a

b

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

g h

Lt' watch how kuy Stntz nca th pu agant th wakn n Wt' cap wh utanouy dang wth h opponnt' vad tactca that.

15...6! T waknng  ony appant, nc Back ha a bhop cuy covng th dak qua.

16.Ve2 Am 17.gedl 7 Wth h bhop anouv Back ha no ony td h kngd but a ntnd th pu on d4.

18.a �e7! Bockad!

19.V Va6 ayng th that o  cd5.

2.A � 21. Wht wt n th hat o th batt.  dtncty o tubbon n wa 2 . x6 x 22.  4 g7 2c8 xc8, though Back'

91

 Cn  ca Pan ucu ropec woud  b ca uo. he had pobab  no end h  r o h uaon.

nc ha  no on h deenv bu o h acv hod o ghng n uch oon hav ben ovd and eaboaed. acc ha hon ha  h a pn o ec on he boad and h acv d oce ae haonou deoed h  nav bcoe dangou hn a av ho . Mkha Bovnnk ad a ag conbuon o wokng ou h hod o aack n he  o oon  a xanng.

M Bo - Bay Lenngrad 191

a  c d e f g h  xd4! 22.�xd4 e5 23.�d5 xc xc1 exd4 25 .xd4 �xd5 26.xd5 xd5 xd5 Ye2! 28.h3 h6 29.Ac4  ck pc dona h boad h h kn o  kngd  paab.

e3 dl t 3 1.  h2  32 .e7 a



c

d

e

f

g

h

Back ha a c accab o on and a 7. . .  d5 8.  4 c8 9c8 xc8 he ga woud be abou equ. Howee Back  ae and ddn noc h hcknng o-coud aound .

17...c8 18.�x! x 19.xe6 

a  c d 32  . .e5t! 33.4

e

f

g h

 . x5 Back ha  . . .  h  4.  g g 5.  h4 x 6.  g g5 c. 33 4t! 34.x4 hl t 35.  3 l t

e regnd.

 un ou ha  9 . . .  d5  o 2.  xd5  xd5 2. xd5! xd5 22.xc8 and Whe win.

20.�e4 xc1 21.gxc1 �d5 Back poon  unaaco. T ha wa 22.  x   x 2. x  x 24 .  d6 ec.

22.�d6 a8

9

Sov C S In occupyng h oupo,   up a pngbod o n ack on h kngd.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

13 c6 14Jadl �b4 1 5h3! T qun cvy jon n  ck, k a a wo poan pon n h bck ca  6 nd h.

15 d5 16�xd5 �bxd5? 

a b 23Jel!

c

d

e

f

g h

Dcv. T  objc o  ck o n  nd  a ndnb.

23 ... 24� x 25xe7 Bck gnd.

A ou o. Back oud hv pay 1 6. . .  d5, anan ng  dnb poo W' ack now bco vu b.

174 gc8

On 1. . .  4 h oow 1 8.  x! nd hn 18..  1 9. x6 o 18. . . @ x 19.�d1!.

18£ ex 19Jx d6

Mik Boik - Mil Vi Nttingham 1936

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 a

b

c

d

e

f

g h

h daga poon  n any way anaogou o h ogong xp. L'  how pupouy Wh xpo h  o h poon.

a b c d e f g h 20�x! g 21  22gxd5 c 23gd6 e8 24gd7 Back gnd. noh xp au hp counpy  h odn y, copnng o  bckw pwn n h cn.

93

  Cn   Pn S

V Pe  Evy Svov ev 1973

 poton ha n o  hp nd oca vton o th n Dn:

4 5 2 c6 3d4 d4 4xd4 f

3 e5 6db5 d6 7A a6 8 b5 9  10d5 

b5!? b5 12xb5 Bk  hnd wh h dt uhng 1.  bc7. H h howv n ntng dn whch ho h h poton ontn no ony bundn ou or ontpy but o ondb v o od.

12Ja7 A orcd c o th xhng An ogn poton th dv t now  wh  ook nd to wn on h wht d r cng two bck no  p. [Edto' Not: Modn pc ho ht 1 2. . J�7?  ntng bu t  not od  utn . T wd 12. . �4  now ot popu gvng Bk t t quty.]

13xa7 xa7

a

b

c

d



f

g h

ou cn qut y  tht t hod  od poton dot" n th hp   opponnt' wn n th nt  otb xod pwn poton on h gd. c dontt, howv,  Back h  wh o pobt t h oa o dn obt. In ny n h d n wokng p tong countpy on  dark qu ( . . .   h ...  d4). T ortunt png o h knght on   o gcant. Bngng  no tv p w   w tpo.  t k o  vy tn tugg n i   no pc or opo. Wht'   to oodn h p  qu   c, utzng h tt dvntg. Bck vou to o h kngh on d5 nd igt dnc p.  th g Wht cho  tct n  obt. H dty cd  pc.

Fo Wt' pon o vw th  nohng wong th h t bnc o  o. Bt n th nung ddg  w h  th bck p opt honou nd t  Wht who  oon n th o o  dnd.

14 c6 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a 150-0-0?

� c



f

h

Anothr ua nd v  dcon  whch Bk' countpy wth h pc cqu p cop.

94

St C Stat

T  o dyg that th pot   th boad  hghy copx ad, ot potaty, ucovtoa T  jut wh a pay d ubt pota a, that pca kd o agao whch Lak codd a g o up aty By th h udtd th g o tutvy atcpatg vt t' chac ca oy   advacg h qud paw, ad th o o accout t  wth catg og Fo th vy ao Back woud b t a o pob by 1 5 c wd by 1 60-0  catg hot, th wht kg woud o t oy b  vuab but Back woud hav to cko wth a qu d paw ov: a2a4, b2b4 tc T ga cotuat wa:

5 ...h6t 6.b e4 7.Vxe4 0-0 8.4 h8 9.hl  20.  21.Vc4 Ve8 22.�e3  23.Vh4 4 24.gxd6 8  6 5 4 3 2 1 a b 4 . . .�d4!

dubg   h paw  th ct  o t ak (t o o th c) H a  that th coctato o h paw  cto potat pot  t ct  ot ab h to z th po wth h pc ut a o, t w act ctuctg a paw ct T wg poto ca tad a  tuct xap

a Bo - Ilya  Leningrad 939

8  6 5 4 3 2 1

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Back took ov th tatv o good T a pty oca wh doubd paw, cottutg a paat paw ad" o good au, aout to a ou pota w Dpt th,  a ub o opg yt o pay w voutay aow th

c

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A akab tuctu ha a   ct I th tuato Wt' doub paw o t c a ot a w, but o th ctay a gu tgth T pot  that  Back' cap th d5-qua  a papab wak  tak  ct o t, Wh d to puh h paw o  to 4 T th cpaw w b a tuty guada o th d4-pot, dpvg Back o th chac t tt th I th ga th oowd:

2 . h6 3.0-0 0-0 4.4! T ad houd pay pca attt  th ov It ght  a p ad o atua to go taght to wok ta

95

  Cnt  ca Pan Stct t kight to d5 b 14.4  c6 15d  1.   ad 17.  . Howv a ...  7! .  d5? xd5! 19.cxd5  c! od b bingng th knght to d6 th tg coud v tu out to b o Back' i. o th ont tho it kp i ic ttgic dg a ct ad pa out  irt tup  hi ad i dvopt. It i i i itt to opn th ga a uch  i d hi at ov v thi nd.

d  ...x4 1 5 .x4 woud y b uthig t' p.

 f

oi-  Su Sarav 195

8 7 6 5  3 2 1 a

tt wa 1 5. . .6.

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Back uxpctdy pad:

4!

6e6!? T ov ook atipotoa; to add to hi quid paw wak Back i icuig o damag to hi pa oito o th oth wing. I doig th hov I hd givn attto to th pcc poibiiti o coutpa with y pic  pcay th kight ttig o th tog outpot o d4.

xe6 e6 8�3 �b8!

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ot ubt poit ttig to poitioa try o  high od. T knght xchag r it a twad hi bihop y tih it o th citica d5q.

 d8 �xft xf 8,e4 gb8 dl b6 20h3 ,a6 2,d5 b5 22b5  234 ith  c pu.  oowg xap i otwothy.

Agai a pdoxica ov. I ait howv thi i a tia ik  a ipotat aouvr id at ptatig wth th kight to d4.

9�  �6 20�d2 �d4 2gal  22�4 5 23Jd2 a4 24b3 a6 25,e3 b3 26b3 4 2bx4 6! A pictuqu poitio . ov a th pic o th bod d Back' paw poitio i da; but i th codto o copx iddga" pay hi pw dct tat ito th backgoud  ath th paw ar hpg hi pic to cotro iportt poit i th ct.

96

Se Ce Se pbe ae:  t bee  coe he centr   x te pawn uctue whe penng o cent e? Back  ced wh h knd  pobe  nvetgted o age, but t to be ved  n the Sch Ste  the ng Inda Deence:

ld4 f 2c4  3c3 7 4e4 d6 5 00 6e3 e5 7d5 a b c d e f g h 2SJb2  29a4 c7 30Jal a5 31 dl b4 32xd4 exd4 33gb ! Othee  d -b2-d.

34a5 gdS 35 gd4 36e3 c3 37gbl gxa5

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Back h cheved a cea upeot n the endng

Wht ut Back bet? Shud he ce th ge n the cente wh 7 .  c5 (gvng Wht the cue o a kngde attckng pan wt 8.g4)? Shud he ee the queende untouched nd e  kngde cuntep  h ow, wth 7  .  h5 8.d2 5 9000  d7 etc.? O n, houd he pen ne o th queende e wth 7 .  c6 8 d2 cxd5 9cxd 6, ng  cete ctve p n both wng  oppotune e?

Eent, then, the oden teatent o pawn wekee n the cente  dectca We a tte tht the ae qute acceptbe  copenated b ct that can be pced unde one gene hedng  the dyamics o the poton In an ge, on tntn  the openng to the ddegae, an excucatng

Te chce beween thee ne   te o tate, but the tabzed tuctue that eut h ng-te conequence  t ge cpe bth pe to undetke ceta ctn nd eque the t kow the tpc ethd o p Edto Nte: Moden pctce ugget that 7 . c5  an ne ne, a 8 .g4, among othe,

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  Cnt   Pn Stt  oo tong On o th t GM uppot   c5 w Wogng hnn , but vn h od on co 1 /9 wth Bk]  th gn o  ptu tutu   cn  dtnd b th nn contnt   tugg Ou duon o cnt pawn c h  bn th p to th  copx th whh  h puu n  oowng hpt o th book Fo no,   ju not tht n pt ou  on o aco vou tp o nt  whth zd, o n  tt o tnon  whh w  o condd, nd whch woud nd o han a ng vou o h to  h Gn quton bout th  twn p n th nt nd nk aon a o  v potnt u In  oow, w ha oncntat not o uch  ng  th th a on tudng  ga thod pod n th tugg   cnt o tunng to quton o th dnc  oiona  (wthout whch t  ob to unock th doo to th odn o o th ddga), t u c out   

97

Ou dcuon o th nt o th poton tugg h qut on gon  outd t o t nd td nto th dp hnn o ontpo poton p T ct  tht t th ht o ch ttg th  ntt onncton btwn th opx nd th p, th obvou nd th pdox, t unng to th pt d o th nt w hv xnd, t u tt th concuon tht  ndtd: n potona p, oth thng bng qua, t  nough to gan an advntg o a ng t unt, o to obtn   pu n jut on potona a (o xp good knght gnt bad bhop), n od to onont ou opponnt wth ou dut d th pnc o two ognc wkn wthout obvou opnton  ot tn to condn a p to dat  w h oon , n th odn dn oton whch a  o tt d nd chatzd b th gt obt o th oc tc, oth aw on opat But onc th ga n caa chnn, th nt o  potona pa co  nto o

p 6 e Dyics of the Chess Struge oe eer Coces:  rie Hisory Lesso   i wh h gra payrs Morphy ad iiz showd i pracice how a chss  ops accordig o laws ad sabishd  basic pricips o sragy ad acics h pSii schoo o chess (ad corrspodigy  position se o play) gaid wid currecy. y bcaus o is criical ariy o logic i s syl is o calld cassical.  acordig o h iws o h posiioa scoo h aai o a advaag is prepard  icay xcuig a pa ha dris ro a appraisa o h ral sa o aairs o h   pah o is goa ads hrough a sris o sages: • obilizig o raioa lis ha is or xpdiey ha your oppoe • gradually srivig o icras your iial plus • xpoiig h adaag you ha accuad  siio a schoo achs a a aac ca be succssu oly i prpard by accuulaig a r o ior" adaags. Tus a aac rprss o o h hods o xploiig a plus. podigy a acica sri should so o spa crow a succssuly excud pa. Hc  s o acial play ar sricly subordia o sragic dsigs.  osiioal sye o play corrspodd o h stemtiztion o a s o ideas ad plas (ad  siay gav rise o  oio o pic positions) T hods o dc wer oieably  cooy o orcs was proposd as h os ipora desive pricipe. Various   xploiig a adaag ad ods o coducig h gh i so-caled balacd  wr cuiad.  psiioa schoo dos o dy he ro o oigcy i  chss sruggl bu you coud  a i sarply sparas h coige" ro h ordry" ad sois opposes he o   r. T iws o h posiioal schoo wr s ou o rpaed occasios i a daid  igy accssibl or i h widly ailiar chss reaiss o arrasch Eaul Lasr isc ei ad Euwe. In i ssias h hory o posiioa pay is udoubdly aid as i is oudd o h aws  i a procds ro aluaig h gui codiios o h srugg. e is rigorous



Set Che Strate y

pplition an urtail the rihne f life n th hboard. ith thi manner f ndutin  the  ht, th whol pre of the ame i runded prinipally on th outward ontour of th poition that our; the trate y and tati ari out of th  n f the potin.  poitional fator ntitute the hief underlyin method, the pivt f the ntet. e rmarable Ruian payer hi orin rolutly oppod th do mtm of tinitz' thory, demontratin  in hi e the immen rol of imaination in h. e pro re fthery i inrainly onrmin  th vaidity of hi orin' viw.  inxhautibl rihne of he annt be onnd within th framwr of ny mmutabl rul. ontemporary thry and pratie ar dilin  the bundle pibiliti fr btainin mplex pitin abundi  in potnti ombinatn. e play n uh ptn i ditin uihed y the weath d variety f ida that exed the bun f formal lo i.  a reut, poitinal ftor bme an auxiiary reure; and metim the trule to aquire them proed in way whih appar nowhr nar a lo ial a thoe laid down by th poitina hool. Frm thi it flow that the ytem f play whih eniae the aumuatin f mall pitinal adantae ha it limit, beyond whih it ea to oprat. e pitional prniple are appiab mny to the formation whre w maneuvrin  and the radu mutipliation f aet are inded the mt expedient plan. d yet n umeru ituation that an ari on the heboard, uidane olely by ener poitinal priniple i inadequate. onquently an eerinreain  r i plyed by the dyna fatr f the tru l, whih ditintly nrih th trate y and tati of h.

oe po F of e D po dhernt f the dynami apprh tart o from th t that in mny omplex ituation apart frm th xtrnl tabl fato determned by the ontour of the piton  majr re i played by tnt tor tht  hi hly volati.  larely impndrbl fatr inlude for intan th o-ordintin of th  hti fre, thr dipoition   partiular mmnt, and  on. Ultimaty, t amnt of uh poition rlie heavily n th individual uliari tht ah of th ontain.  traty baed on dynami i ditin uih by mimum ene t th atin; th pln doe not try t ubordinat th ation at n t ut ntantly adapt t t, abrbin th l weth f ida from th lif on t heard. n thi ne th trule in the fllwin am i illuminatin.

M T  VUy Smylov Bled 959

a b c  e f g  tin on nral pition onidration Bla plyed:

e Dyai  the Che Stru  e

 b5 

it the im f drivin  b is ppnent's iv lit-qured bisp nd strtin  nr-tt  te queenide Prbin  ly int t mplxitis f te psitin, it replid:

2! a6 is respne is n unbtruive but stntil errr  lter yi idited, l suld hve prefrred 1 2 4, settlin  smewt th wrs ndin er 13x8 8 14  b3 xd4 1 5 xd4

!



unexpeted s it is brillint! ite lns  hrp ttil eive  int t in, sd n sme i hly ri inl ids

" 14.4! hit wuld v d t sm nswr t   5 

"bxc4 15.



But t 16xh5 ! 17 5 x 1 8x x2 et

16... 8 17.x5 xa2? Bl suumbs t th het f th bttl  mu mre stubbrn rply ws 17, ltu nlysis s swn tht ite huld still win

.c3 �

        a b c  e f g  19.!! Bl d verled ti

19.at ptin the srie wud ld t  smtered mte er 1 9 J 20 J xd8 8 21x#  u i i 198 208! nd 21 #

a b c  e f g  "h5

m beutil vritins rie frm  8, fr instn 16xd8 x2 173!  1 8xd7! xd7 19 h6 8 20x!, n ite wins 

20. 2  21. �t  22.xa  23.�e5t e6 24.�x6 �e4t 25.e3 b6t 26 d4! 

Bl reined us t dymi lmnt in t s strule rty nhns th si nine f tti nd, epeily, mbitive methds In temprry prtie, fr ite,  psitinl rie f mteril t btin dynmi dvnts is sn vry frquntly



Set Chess Stratey

is ntworthy feature f hess whih Grndmstr pilmnn lled th onvrion of atrial into owr si niantly brodens th mns of htin fr pstinal ssets  follwin xample illustrtes th etienss of mbinative mens in th positional strul

Bl already hs rt diulty hldin  th bne For xmpl, 13d6 14a3  is bd on unt f 15J�xd6! �xd6 16b xe4 17xd6 xd6 18�d d4 19xd xd4 20b4 et In wht follows, it is instruti to s ho dynmilly hit's tt rows

I Bolelav - Gri ry Ravin

13 d4 14xd4 exd4 15e5 4 16b c5 17a3 b6 18d6t 

enngrad 949

        a b c d e f g  From the dirm psition, a lenthy positionl strule to aumulte n dnta ppers liely  manoeure b-d2-f-e3 sms indiatd, tan the mprtant squres d5 and  under ntrl A purely psitinl trtment n these lines would ie ite somwht th bttr prospts A depr, dynai investition shows tht dspit th lsd natur of th position, hit hs th pssibility of  psitinal sri t injet  ood del mor life into th play His dvnt in dvlopmnt, srly plpbl up to now, will thn om vry lrly to th for

8M! M 9M xM 10c3  Ib3 c6 1 2xe5 dxe5 13Jd! o th smll sri hs prod a muh mor powrful mns to ttin position ssts thn  slow r roupin of hit's fors

a b c d e f g  19xd4! is ombintion lrdy deides th issu

19 xd4 20t c5 hit wuld h  more mplx tas in th vnt of 20   8, thouh vn thn s nalysis hs shown, h should win  21d6  22  23�!

215t bxc5 22xd8 xd8 23t  24Jd e7 25e  26Jb hit rdully ondutd th m t vitory Undubtedly on of th most etiv tatil dis in th dynmi stru le is  oitional obinaon is onpt hs bn onsidrbly nrihd in rnt tims Hr is on of th hrtristi illustrtions of th modrn positionl ombintion

e Dyai f the Che Stru e ndin both on -rae auatio and tl vution of the reutin  poitin.

M T  Polu  Tbls 959

03

20 ..Yxt Bl ts th m into n ndin by for, ronin tht if h trid to hold on to th mtri with 20 . J�h8 h would b rushd by 21.x xf6 22.7 8 23.x7!.  shoud not tht whn b innin th obintion, hit ws oblid not ony to lult his ttin  posibilitis  lon wy hd, but lo to valut th probl trnsition to n ndin  with qul tril.

21 .x �4t 22.l �xe5 23.xe5 x5 24.�x5t 6 25.�e6 hit h mrd ith  lr position plus in t nd m

a b c d e f g  hit mbars on a vry interestin tt inst th n, folowin  ompex, many id plan.

e6! e6 16.�xe6 Yxc2 17.Yd4  l Ya2 19.e5! hit woud ahive nothin  with: 1 9. x7  7 20J7 e6 21.x x 22J�xe7 6

.xe5 20.Yxe5

n t fooin xpls th dynmi trtmnt nld  ply to xploit t hiddn positionl ssts   hivd. In this wy n lrdy xistin dvnt ws rouht into th opn.  should lso iv ttntion to th wy dyni ftors y funtion to th m xtnt vn in so-ld blnd poitions. n ths position th supulous umultion of n dvnt is by no mns lwys dvisb.  pth to suss on lds throuh n intnition of th ttil ontt. ur nxt xmpl i hi hly inditiv of th modrn strul to in  plyrs dvnt.

Mk Tov  Buu Gu



       a b c d e f g 

Tbls 959

        a b c d e f g 





Set Ce Stratey

17.Ae5! Tis looks purely poitina. Indeed, aer te nturl 17...6 .xd4 xd4 19fe, ite ieve a lkade f te lak pawn entre, turning it into te ojet of n enduring siege. However, in mng tis move hite so d to foresee te sarp omatve line tt ours in te gme.

17... ,e5!? By sriing is queen nd terey drmtilly intensing te ply, Blk otins te ne to gt tively for te initite.

IJx x 19.e3 A4 20.5 Aa6 21.b3 e 22.4 ad 23.5 d7? Te tension of te doule-edged positionl struggle proves too mu for Blk. He sould ve played 23 ..  nd if 24.6 ten 24 ..! wit  sound nd tive defene. Now wit n unexpeted ttil stroke ite satters Blk's sturdy positionl stion on te queenside.

e follwing example i alo araterist.

M Bo I Bolla 

Mscw 952

        a b c d e f g  Te douleedged struggle in tis position of dynmi equilirium is igl instrutive.

14.�!  15. �e5 16.e6 ,e 17.,b7   A very utle move. Blk is prepared to give up te exange to otain ounterply on t ligt quare. e naturl 17... . d x4 1 9.xe6 xe6 2 0.f4 would leve hite wit  ler plus.

I.A5 Aeptne of te srie would alo Blk a dngerou ttk er .x x 19.d5 6!.

I...4 19.a4?!

a b c d e f g 

 inonspiuous error. hite sould pl 19.2 wit some inititie.

24.b4! 7 25.Aa4 c 26.6!  27.bxc5 19 ! 20.c2  21.5! x5 22.£ 6 ,c5 2.Ab5 ,b5 29.b5 Ad4 30. c1! 

hite soon onverted is dvntage into  win

e Dami f te Ce Stru le



f time i nly permiible in ae were it lead to eure ontrl f vital pint n te board. ome trul immortl mdel f tis priniple re preerved in i games.

ld4 dS 2.� cS 3.c4 d4 4.dS � S.�xd4 a6?

a b c d e f g  eS?! Te pition i very mplex. No wnder  opponnts ommit unobruive errrs. ie suld ve plyed 23.x, s Blk uld now ve btined  ler plus.

       

 ..e3t? it ti mve Blk misses is ne fr  dvntge. e rig move ws 23 ..ab!.

hl AxeS 2S  xa8 

  resul of e lively struggle, equilibrium

is re-esablied.

e dnami treatment f te position s in ny wys enried our ppro o e bsi eleents of te ess sruggle  mteril, pae  time  by linkng tem lsel to nree ls for quiring pei pitional et. e ime element, for intne, i evluted  by te meanil ounting of mves, u in term f nrete aims tat tempo us be expended t ttain. In ti ligt, time reresents  form of invib oionalto

der ee  Heinri Wolf Psan 922

undly ondemning ny sensele le of epo in te opening, Alekine wrte: "Lo

a b c d e f g  Blk is playing te opening porly nd s fllen beind in develpmen  but w is is sluggine t be explited? Alekine nds n eetive solutin baed purely on middlegme metod ( ver rre ting at su n erl sge of te opening) .

6.e4! �xe4 7.at! Ad7 Inted 7 ...d7 fils to .b!.

8b �cS 9e!  lO.�!!



        a b c d e f g 



Soet Ce Strategy

ite eems to ave oended againt te priniple of eonomy of tempo Of te ten moves e a so far played, sx were wt s queen nd knigt Neerteless e a an overwelming position  te game is virtully won for im How ould tis ome out? Te point is tt Alekine as plyed in te only possile way to disorgnize Blk's evelopment and prevent i king from esping ure enoug, er:

10 ... c7 H.! 8 12 .e3 b6 13.�bd2 7 14 .d4 d4 15.xd4 b5 16.xb5t b5 17.00 a4 18.b4 d8 19.a3 �bd7 20.fel <

       

a b c d e f g  4.e4! �xe4 5.dxc5 �xc5 6.� e6 7.�c exd5 8.xd5 e7t 9.e3 �c6 10.b d7 11.00 �e6 12.�e5! �xe5 13.xe b5 14.�xb5 a6 15.adl d8 16.b xdl 17.xdl  18.!  19.�c7t
 a b c d e f g 

21.d6! ite worked up a deiie ttk against te lak king strnded in te entre n  way, tis kind of metod s eome typil

jo Portich Dad Brontein 

Mnte Carl 1969

l.d4 d5 2.c4 c5?! 3.d5 � At n erly stge of te game ite egins  very energeti oensive in te entre

Te onepts of stti nd dynmi quitie in  position, just like te onepts of strte nd tatis, n e interpreted in two wys n  strigtford ene of te word, te "tati elements of te position re te visile ones in te profesional ense, tey are te priniples of positional ply founded on a regrd fo tee visile fators Te onept of dynmi qualitie an  taken to emre te totlity of movin fore in te postion Essentilly, owever, ti onept implies studying te position's indiidual peulirities nd sertaining t mot important moving fore in tis or t onrete itution n every se wit ti ppro, te priniples of te positionl sool undergo a form of revision Only te dynmi ppro to te struggl enles us to estli te profound diletil relation etwen te individual nd te generl, te enduring nd te trnsient, te orderly n te ontingent in ess

e Dna  te Ce Stru e

e Reaon of o f LLoc oc o naon naon n Cs  is ompletely inrret to uppe tat te siion siionl l nd dynmi tretments re pposed  e oter. Rter tey omplement one ter. en en peakng of o f te interrelatin i nterrelatin etween sition and dnami fatr, we mut  for foret tt te dynai ppr re  positin fundtins, even toug it er eresented esented  protest n elf f livin livin  ess ugt ginst tse dogmti nons wi ied up es retivit. turly, neled indvidual fatrs not y an mens was ply te primry le in te trule. On te ntrr ntr r,, in prtie prti e u must e guided rst nd foremost y te eernl ftors of te psition. Like it or not, ere is mre tern proi o o i in es tn eleents of fnts.  al ptly put it: h



Blk's dvntage in develpent IS vius, nd ite suld ve tried t nis develping i wn kngside a on  psile. er, fr instne, 12. 3 0-0 13.2 e 14., wit 0-0 to follow, is psition is smewt wrse ut proal defensle. nsted of tis nturl pn e egin n tive tive ut wy unjustied demntratin n te kngde, wi eet wit imple and gy instrutive ins trutive unter-meaure un ter-meaure frm frm Blak.

12.4? 0-0 0-0 1 3Jb d7 d7 14J3 fe8 fe8 1 5.3 c4 16. 16.6  17.c1

ou ou othrwi b too bautl a ga!

ene te ttempt to "nd someting, riulrly t te expense f  ler pln, quite e omes to grie e fwing gme my ee s  rteristi exmple.

c Lipni Vy Smlov 

Mosow 1951

a b c d e f g  1 7...d6! ... d6!

is simple retrt pinpints te rtiilit of Wite' Wite's ttking pln. pl n.

1 8.f4 8.f4 a6 a6 Nt wever ... ...  on ount f 19.x! x3 20.3 x 21.f6, and Blak is fored to ive perpetul ek wit 2 1 .. .  22.d2 22.d2 (22. f f) 22 .. .2 23. e 1  1  et. Nw Wite's ttk quik peters out, nd Blk proeeds to te deisive ssult imsel

a b c d e f g 

1 9.e3  20.a6 bxa6 21.b7 ab8! 22.xc7 bt 23. 23 .  e2 a4! Wite resigned.



Set Ce Strate

n tis nnetion, an oeratin made y Alekine in is ntes to te follwing game is of inteest. inteest.

eer ekhe - Eugene Eugene ZnokoBorov ZnokoBorov Brmngam 1926

e 64  1 c6  1 8b4! 8b4 !  19J3! d 20xd xd 21bx gxS 22gxS bxS 23gbl gb8 24gxb xb8  knigt endgame  een eaed

        a b c d e f g 

a b c d e f g  Aekine Aekine played: played:

1 d2! d2! Hee i wat e write: "Ti e a te aim f exanging te ligt-quaed ligt-quaed iops and te ringi ng aout a futer weakening weakeni ng f Blak' B lak' queen queen ide pawn poition, wi wa ineure anyway. Blak annt preent ti. Of ue ti plan annot e aid t guarantee ite a deiive advantage, ut e doe tain a omfotable game wit wit winning anes anes  wile addling addling is opponent wit te eavy ligation to gt fo fo te t e draw. " am nined tat eery e mater ougt to take ti knd of opptunity and ty to solve te plem of winning witout fea' of simpliation. Playing to ompliate te position posi tion is an exteme meaure, to wi a playe playe uld rert nly wen wen e annt ann t nd  nd a lear lear and logial plan. 

1 2 eS 13i!  14 e4 Id 



In pite of te impliatin ite's adantage a ineaed, tank t te treats againt te a5-pawn and te ptenti tust g2-g4. Tee now followed:

428d 2 2 d26 d26e2b62 dl 428d d 29c2 eS 30 c3 4 3b x 32x4 £4 334 e3 34 d3 3 S bS! Ad te pawn  n a2 deided te utome utome of te te truggle. Tee example ividly demntrate tat in a ery lage nume of ae, position priniple ae eal fe. Te dynami teatment of a poition not only entails no ejetin of te poitinal element an priniple prin iple ele eledd y lng year f experiene experiene on te ntrar in taking aunt f te mos mos igniant and vital feature f te truggle, it deepen te undestanding f te pition indiato.

e Dnam  te Ce Stru e



t dnm de indeed ppe i the outine teretpe e i methd of ynmi i t nqui n quire re erhin erhin , , t e drn d rn  , to penetrte the true dept of  potion pot ion..

length nd purpel idel  true y the retive innvtr (Ch rin, ekhne nd othe) gint the nrowing f the horizon of o f he rt.

t would e  mite to ert tht dynmi ie were kn  in the p  te funder funder n dherent of the pitin hl e e e f  prt plyer i  n  rge meure ituitive nd in prte,  ure, the ottnding mte of the gme, endowed it ntu g, re ret rtit ve  ee, tever hol they eong to For thi very on, eement  dynmi d pl  very lge prt in the gme f teintz, Pillur, h nd other repreenttive  the oition hl  hl o o  he Where the neeity oe for  dynmi olution to the proem f te poition, the intuition intuiti on of thee eminent ter uel verme the dogmti liittion f their hool. Poeing tlent   high level of thought, they hd wht  my l  feel for he dynmi. nd in ti epet mny of ther gme re highly itutive

Bth in prtie nd in theoretil theoretil invetigtion whih ujeted  ujeted vriu pet f d d mtm t rigru itim,  new diretion n he  the dnmim dnmim rmy etihed etihed n the view of the ovet ho  grduly grduly emer emered

efre we n only y tht in me y eenttive eenttive of the poitio poit ion n r the the dnmi dnmi  ool,  prtiulr fore predominte nd i foe i determined  the ttlity f  lye' theoretil view on the ondut of  gme.  dheent of the poitinal hool hd  ling ling for for the th e dynm dynm  ftor ftor whih whi h emeged emeg ed i te poe of  gme independently of i i will. et the limited lim ited he viion vii on of tht im ment tht they ould not oniouly  metodil rete poition in whih t element of dynmim pedominted. eefoe their dynmi were in  wy otuitou nd ould not rdilly lter the ition their hool w ting.  ertion of te new ide equired 

Eentiy the dynm pprh dloe the pofund diletil nture f he etivit, whih ue the element of lgi nd imintin e mdern me ,  to pe, hrmnuy red everthing tht w et in the nting pitionl nd romnti hl. i did not me out in ny rtiil mnner ut eulted from  len th hitoril proe of he development e omintive rt whih wered n the middle of the 19th entury h een evived n  new poitionl i. For the mter of the 1 7th nd nd 1 8th enturie, omintion omin tion hd hd hiey een employed  the deiive toke in n ttk on the king; t the preent time, when the ttegi eoue of the truggle hve een immenely odened,  tyle tht loely unite the element eleme nt oflgi of lgi nd fnty fnty h een evolved. odern dynmi poitional pl i undoutedly moe omplex nd rened thn wht peeded it. A ontempory mte need  perfet ommnd of oth the rt of poitionl poitionl ply nd te kll of omintion; he h to e edy fo the mot vied tet t the ord in ondition of limited thinking time. In the following exmple  potion ontet eem to e tking ple, yet t the me time dynmi fto e of no ml ignine.



Siet Cess Stratey

22 g2 23Adl gc3 24   5

Vsy y Smylov M M  T 

hite aims to strengten is psition wit f f -e2, e3-d4, 1 -1 - 1 et, s Blk dei deide dess on n exnge srie to lter te urse o te gt

Bled 1959

 7 6  4 3 2 

25 d4 g 26 x5 x5 x5 2 2  e2 gxd 28 28  x xe4t 29  2 

Strategially ite as won te ttle, altoug it proved fr from esy to turn is advntage advntage into a win win 

a b c d e f g 



it te tret of e-e4, e-e4, Blk's position looks igly pomising Te following remrkle move, owever, ruptly lters tis ssessment

15d3!! Tis unonventionl ide demnded fr eing eing lultion, sine sin e te te ensuing ensu ing struggle in te ending inges lrgely on wi side will e le to tivte its rooks more mo re quikly qui kly hite voluntrily allows te douling f is pwns on te d-le, relying on  more sustnti wees weesss  te pwn on 7

15 J8 16gfc1 xd3 

Te tret of 174 indues Blk to go into te ending A etter ne my, owever, ve een te pwn srie 16 16ee4!? 17 17 xe4 xe4 xe4 1xe 1 xe44  et

It sould als e nted tt moments we dynmi dyn mi fatr fatrss an tke eet re en esy to miss, nd nd  mst importntly importntly  irreov irreover erle le Here is n exmple were one plyer misse a dynami slution to te prolems of te position

Aly Aly Suet Suet  Aleder Aleder tov ga 958

 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 



1 6 6 1 8gc3 gx3 gx3 19bx 1 9bx3 3 g8 204 204 e4 21 xe4 xe4 gx4

ite ite s very very good good ttking possi pos siili ilities ties o te kingside is piees e most moniousl deployed

Te positional struggle proeeds in n extremely lively mnner Hing tivted is ook, Blk migt seem to ve seized te inititive, ut ite's lultions re very deep

Blk's last move, 7-6, 7-6, looks provotive It ws possile to punis it only y potent dynmi mens, nmely: 16g6! g6 17, nd n d ite ite res res te te position posit ion open o pen



e Dynai f te Ce Strue  te ge, te ontinuatin was:

6? 6! 13? 6 1e3 �4 9�x4 bx4 20� b



 resut of ite's abby altoug twrdy unbjetinae pay, te inititive s unexpetedy passed to Bak.

24e5 Ony tu. e rigt mment i al important!

24xe5 25e5 d6 26� g4 2b2 gf4 2�e5  29ge2 e6 30c2 � 31b5 gc 32d Axe5 33gxe5! ge4 34g e

ere on te ter and is an exampe f te iey utiiztion of dynami sset.

 Bolelav - Bori Goldenov enngrad



a b c d e f g  35gxt! Bk resigned. 

a b c d e f g  ite's superiority is bvius. A pitin l to te possession of te we d5square it seem indiated. However, aer 24.f1  25.e3 e6 26.b2 5 27.2 xd3 xd3  Bak manage t set up a robut e. ite nds a dynami soution wi is deepy gt out. He abandns any onventional pts to expoit te bakward pwn on  on te ntrary, e rids i opponent  i. He is rekoning on te pssibiity of  en attak against te kng, faiitated y te exeent paing of is piees nd  lk of oordination in is opponent's tins.

Of ourse in prtie, and in onditions of imited tinkng time, we en me ro psitions were it is ard to deide wi way of gting is more orret  te pitiona way, subjet t gi aone, r te dynami way wi tes mre aount of subjetive temes nd ead to doueedged pay. It n e said of su ompex positin tat tey ontin sope for ogi nd fantay in equa measure and tat te oie of means is a mtter of te pyer's taste nd stye. e emergene of dynami fators y no mens onstrins a payer to one singe tye (exept tat te tinkng of a true master  t e uienty deveped to exude stereotype). any masters, even great nes, prefer a metod fsteering te trugge towrds

1


positions were te element f logi matter most. Oters seek an invled dule-edged struggle ontaining a multitude f diere ideas, were te element of imagination and ominatie reatiity predominates. Te latter ultra-dynami tendeny is espeially notieale in te game of al, Spa and ornoi. Te arateisti features f tis strategy are, aove all, te striing fr a sarp tatial gt, te reation of psitions were disparate material gives anes of initiative  and so n. Here is an example.

 T  A lov

g8 1 7.xf6 gxf6 1 8.�d3 !, wen tins learly turn out in Blak's favour.

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 

Reykavk 957

15 8?!

Blak's rst inauray e is not aware o all te omplexities of te position. He ad noting etter tan a draw y perpetual ek aer 1...a! 16.d2 x2 17.e d4 1 8. a .

8 7 6  4 3 2 

16  ? 

Te deisive eror. Te orret line was 1 6...x 1 7. e7 @! 1 8. 6 @g8!, maintaining te ane.

a b c d e f g 

!

 exeedingly sarp position, wi ite delierately strives to make even sarper. Plaid metods are already impsile.

10!? Later analysis estalised tat 10.d!? was stronger. But te dynami ongurations are su tat even tat analysis ould not exaust te prolems of te position!

10&0 11�x   12� g 13Vxd6 b4 14�d5 Vx! 15ghel! Te est ane. Not 1 .x xf6 1 6.e7

1g! VIt 18  d2 Vb2 19f4 b3 20�et  h8 21gxb3 V 22Vd5 g

8 7 6  4 3 2 

! a b c d e f g 

e Da  te Ce Stru  e



23�6t!  If23 ...xg6, ten 24.3 nd 2.Yx.

2�   25e5! �xe5 26Vc5t  8 27Vxc8t  28e5 V5t 29Vc3 gdt 30c1 Blk resigned f  prepnderne of fores in te relent setor w one f te requirements i i ted y e lssil metd of ndutig n ttk, e dynmi tretment gies mst ttentin to e ral ikingr u ttks re distinguised y prtiulr riginity.

Bori Sp imir Shihkin Tllnn 1959

a b c d e f g 

A er sl defene. e nturl 18.e6 is

met y 18...xe6! 19.xe6 g8!, nd Blk wins.

18Vxe6t Vxe6 19�xe6 e gme s entered  omplex ending wit unlned mteril, were dnmi nd positionl ftors re tigtly interwoen s ere.

19 �c4? Not n oious mistke, ut  ery serious one. e rigt moe ws 1 9...f6!, wit good ounterply for Blk.

205 g8 2 1gf4  22gx4 h6 23c5 �e5

a b c d e f g  3  14t!? Tis ttk nd srie my look like  l from te lue. ite seems o e ery fe piees prtiipting in te ssult. et n ng fore quikly springs up, s if t te e of  mgi wnd.

 1 5Vb3t e6 Te nly moe. If 1..  or 1 ...e8, en 16.f4! is deisie.

f4 Vd 1e �5!

8 7 6  4 3 2 

 a b c d e f g 



Set Cess Stratey

24!

3 h4t 4e2 d5! 5�xd5 d6 

Tis quicy decides the game. In his clculations Black ad praly nly foreseen tht he was emerging the exchange up he filed to ssess the resulting position.

24 �x4 25d4! And, setting his kngside pawns in motion, 'lte soon aChleveo tne w·. Representtives of the ultra-dynmic style aim the points of their spears especially oen t those players who re under the powerful inuence of the positional school. Te latter,  a rule, are nt keen to play a doule edged position with  pronounced dynmic tendency. Tat is why, when facing tem, ultr-dynmic plyers endeavour to steer the struggle towards formtions where the laws of custmary chess logic re not of primary signicance. It is no ccident that representatives of the young generation of oviet grndmsters are trying increasingly oen to resurrect old gamit systems. Of course, this type of ply involves  good deal of risk.

Teory recmmends 5 ...g4 6. c6! 7.xc7 d8 8.x8 e5! 9.e! x 1.xh4 x4, judging the position to e in Black's favour. o evade his opponent's prepration, Blck opts for another ojectvel good line, ut one tt is psition in charcter.

6�  d4 �c6 e5 OOO! 94 �e Black has played the opening excellently, ut does that mean he has proed into the essence of the struggle? passky played:

10c4!? Ad Furman, aer a large expenditure of time nd energy, failed to nd the est continution. In such situtions this very oen mens losing the game.

In this respect the fllowing game is chrcteristic.

Bori Sps - Semn F Tallnn 1959

Reckoning tht his experienced oppnent liked lying under the guidnce of  positionl copss, Boris pssky ws already working up ynmic coplictions in the opening.

1e4 e5 2£4 exf4 3�c3!? Te old nd very ris eres Gmit. Tis kind of ply proved inimical to Furman. At tis point he lredy took  long think.

a b c d e f g  10 �? 1 lexd6 �d4t 12d3! hite quicy and easily converted his dvantage into  win. Te result could have een dierent if insted of ...  Blck hd plyed the unconventional 1 .. .4!, with a ig dvntge. But such moves don't come esily to  positionl plyer, even one with a very sutle positional ir. Not even when it is the only wy to sve the ishop!

e Dyac f te Ce Stru le uc re me f te ener feture f emprary dynic.  e fllwin  ectin I all pecily fcu  reder' tentin n tw mre fctr t ly  lrge rle in mdern dynmic ce  frm f c-rdnatin etwee te ting frce, and  udden wi incree in  initiatie wic en ecme  igru ck. In ery many ce ti inle uing e uu ntin u mteri nd  pitinl acrice f it.  i pint we will ie jut ne example f  precie and pprtune trnfrmatin f iin fctr.

Vsy Smylov  Rene eler Vee 950

 7 6  4   

5

tke te game int a cmplex ending wit ip f ppite clur. Bu i  ding e eriuly weken i ppnent' pwn rucure nd cquire  numer f qure fr inin.

1!  18 g 19Jabl h 20Jb5 e 21gebl g 2el £4 23 5 24�d3! ite me pprune ue f e wekne f te qure c nd e, wic r  mjr defect f Blck' pitin.

8 7 6  4  2  a b c d e f g  2�b4! �xb4 28gxe! Ti well-prepred cminie rok el e ucme f e gm.

a b c d e f g  ere i n dut t ite' piece re mr ively plced. He  w migy ip, sure n  drk qure nd  pil ls. Bu w i   uilize ee dvnge? lck, fr  prt, i iming t pen e f-le  tin ditinc cunerply.  deciin tt Smyl ke i m isucive. He ndn te fmu vge f te ip pir. Furermre 

28gxe 29gxc8 �c 30a! A very imprtn mve. Nw t l ie ge  te d-pwn nd in tw cnnced ped pwn in e cenre.

30bxa 3lJct  32gd �e 33 b4 � 34Jd5 �e3 35gd8 �x2 3d5 ie on cnduced i dvng o vicry.




Co-onaon of e Fo e priniple of trategy an e dided nt ial nd gnral type peil priniple, we my y, re diretly linked to te preie rter of te poition nd terefore ave a loazed onrete meaning Among tem, for intne, i te prnple tat te et ntidote to a ank aault  oen a ountertroke in te entre Or again  a  rule, tere i no douting te prinple tat in poition wit loked pawn ain t i uel to exnge o te iop tt reduplite te work of your own pwn; and o on As te reder  redy ad more tan one ane to oere, te tok of pei priniple i ontntly eing inreed y te fruit of pratie nd teory But te alidity of tee priniple pplie only to poition of  prtiular type Aside from tee, tere re priniple of  more generl order, temming from te im nd rule of te e truggle itelf ey ve more of  univerl vidity In ti tegory we my ple tivity, mnoeuvrility nd reiliene in te deployment of te gting fore e ould note trigt wy tt tere i n eentil ditintion etween te element of te trtegi ontet wi we ve o fr sytemtilly exmined nd priniples of te niverl type e former require knowledge, or more exatly tey require you to mnge tem, to kow ow to ue tem A e mter  to ommnd tee element of trtegy wit  mu urne  n engineer wo rpidly mke ene of lueprint; wen time i ort e  to t lmot utomtially, like n experiened driver woe r i in troule e univerl priniple tt wy operte in  poition (ometime inviily) re mu le plinly dened In e individual e, position ir i required to e te power nd eetivene of te oopertion, te

pole atty, te manoeurilty, of  player' fore  and o on Undoutedly one of te mot importn priniple f ti type i te priniple of armony or oordination etween t gting fore It  only if your pee re ating n onert and purpoelly tat yo n uelly exeute tatial operation n a trategi plan In eene, ordination of te fore  n ineprle ttrute of  es game In prti ply  w i a trggle etween two mp  ieving full rmon, ll ordinatin of your fore, i reltivel diult e onept of te diOion of te fore, rter tn rmony, i more applile to a pratia gme Bt ti of oure y no men leen te igniane of te rmon priniple Eentily ti priniple i lwy  onomitnt of  gme of e (toug no lwy n oviou one) It ould terefore be tken ontantly into ount e prinple of armoniou oordintion i ontinualy developing It evolution is diretly linked to te genera development of teoretil ide A long go  te end of te 1t entur, te great Fren plyer Pilidor propounde  et of intereting trtegi idea on te o operation of piee nd pwn, ording to wi te piee ould dvne under ove of te pwn in "Generl priniple (inluding tt of o ordintion) egn developing wit partiulr rapidity one te view of te poitionl ool ad een etalied e will now look t ow tee view pply to te oordintion priniple In te oure of  poition truggle in wi immoile ojet (wek pwn nd qure) re ujeted to lating preure, te oordintion of te gting fore ow diretly, o to pek, from te outwrd form of te poition nd tke pe grdlly nd logily

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e Dynac  te Ce Stru e

ba Rub rg Swe 

dz 908

8 7 6  4 3 2 

rdinatin f the ack ne, tied t paive and tankle defence, i grdully deteriorating. Tis enale Wite to del the decisive tctic lw.

a b c d e f g  n Black's camp a long-term wees has erged  the ackwrd pawn on c6. Wite' tsk i t deprive it f mility (lck it) and tn metdically increase the preure n it. e rt stage f hi pln therefore cnit in gnizing the conceted ction of hi piece ginst the c-point.

d4 gee 19 Ti piece i nt participating directy in te ctin againt c, ut y elping to didge t lack queen frm it imprtant defensive st, te isop t makes a key cntriutin  co-ordinating Wite's foces.

a b c d e f g  27Jx6! x6 2x7 g 295 ite son won. n thi lat example te psitional concentr tion f Wite's forces against his pponent's weak pints led t cmplete dishrmony in the lack rank. Tis enaed Wite t acquire a large plu and suequently decide the game y cminative means. Te follwing example i als chaacteristic.

achlav zin  Bo 

enngrad 940

9 gec8 20�5 �x5 2 1gx5 ite ha xed the weak lack pawn n c6. is next tak i t c-rdinate te action f hi gting units against thi point.

 b6 22e3 g7 23gf2 gc 244! wns also ply n ctive role in the positional odinatin f the force. Nw the tret f  is vey strong.

6 25g5 gb 263 g7 ile the white forces are cting mre rmoniously with every mve, the co-

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 





Set Cess Stratey

A onerted tin y ite's piees (3, 4) s ten sape, direted gainst a key ojet in te lak amp: te d5-pint ite's strtegi task is t turn tt pint into n enduring wekess Blk for is prt s to try t rid imself f ite's pressure ginst te key squre ite's next move, owever, underlines te diulty of te tsk is oppnent faes

13b3! Not nly inresing te pressure ginst d5 ut lso tying down Blk's fores on te queenside Interestingly, if Blak now tries to free imself from te pressure wit  mve tat loks tempting, 13e4, tis fils to te tti refuttin 14xe7 xe7 1 5x7 � 16xd5! d6 17e7! xe7 1xe4 and ite wins y fore at mes strkngly t te fore n tis line is te minative ptential f te  pertin etween ite's fres: 15x7, 16xd5 nd 17e7 wit 1xe4 t follow Te vrition lso sws tt te lk piees re pssively plaed and lak possiilities for -rdinated tion f teir wn Btvinnik ad t play:

13�b 144! �e4

8 7 6  4 3 2 

 a b c d e f g 

15e xe 15 �8 1! �xc3 18bxc3 c 19�e5 hte aieved is im Te examples I ve given demonstrate tt in te exeutin of a strategi pln,  paramount role is played y te -rdinatin f te fres direted against sme prtiular jet In a struggle nduted in psitional style, te ttinment f armnius -rdintion is filitted y te presene of  long-ter wekess in te pponent's mp onersely, te defene of tis weakess mkes te pponent impar te -rdinatin f is wn fores in t its positinl and ominative spets u indeed  in rod terms  ws te ntion of -ordintion nd its role tt ws implemented in gmes y te follwers of Steinitz's psitinal sl Tey nsidered tt it ws wek immile jets tat uld e mst nvenently sujeted to -rdinted pressure Nturlly te pratil results uld nt el eing reeted in te wrks of terists nd ess eduatrs Tus in is k Coon Sn in Ch rst pulsed in 196, and a little lter in is Manual of Ch Emnuel Lasker was already drawing severl metdlgilly vlule onlusins aut te priniple of o-ordintion Te trust of is rgument is tt piees and pwns suld mplement e oter's ation nd not duplite it He illustrtes tis propsitin wit  wole series f examples f -rdinatin in vrius frms: o-opertion etween piees nd te pwn in, or involving te two isops  or two knigts, isop nd pwn, or rook nd pssed pwn; or some omintive devies of o rdinatin Generalizing from te vrius spei forms of o-ordintion, Lsker propunds  s te ore of tis priniple  te ide of  hanx



e Dams f te Cess Stru  e i an e applied equall t te atin f te pees and tat f te pawns A panx, in Lasker's use f te term, is te strngest nd mst exile frm of deplment f te gting fres asker als examined sme prlems f te coordination priniple tat g end te connes f Steinitz's ter One f is ver interesting ideas is tat th valu of a nubr ofi  not quivalnt to thir hanial total In evuating tem, u need t take

into aunt not nly te fatr f pwer ut lso te fatr f -rdinated pla Frm tis sker nluded tat tere tends t e an element f extra tensin in te position, wi is far frm simple t aunt fr Ts Lasker t sme extent antiipated w e priniple f armonius -rdination ould e develped e indiated its majr independent rle in te assessment f a positi e next signiant ntriutin to evelopin tis priniple, t in pratie n in explanatr writings, was made y palana reatin te -rdination piniple dynamially, e tok a reat step forward frm te psitional sol apalana regards te armnius atin o e piees as te mst imprtant and at e sme time te most diult priniple an leent f te ame He expressed mu mre conretel te independent signiane of coordinatin, elarating a numer of new stegi preepts  te expulsin f piees om strong psitions, te isolatin f piees o te rest f teir fre e follwing example is arateristi

Joe  Capablca Em Boljubow 

odo 19

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 



ite played:

21.h3 ereupn Blak inautiusly retreated wit:

21...Ah5? Tis allwed apalana t sut te enemy isp out f play fr a lng perid and rilliantl exeute an riginal strategi plan

22. A 23 . 'x 24.a4 Having ut a piee  n te kngside, hite pens up te game in te oppsite attle setor Fr ll Blak's ingenit, hite is und t ave te advantage

24...c4 25.bxc4 �c5 26.'e3 bxa4 2.£4 'e 2.4 A6 29. Ah 30.� 'e5 32 gab 32.gabl ? A mistake, aer wi ite aquires a deisive plus A nsideraly etter ptn was 32  2 33x2 x2, altu  even ten hite wuld nslidate is superirit wit 34e2!



Set Ce Strate S ite as creted a paed pawn o te d-le wile is pponent' lgtqured bip till remain ut f ply e fate f te game i decided

8 7 6  4 3 2 

45�bl 4g  4dt  d 4�d4 gb6 49�det xe 50e6 gb 51e  e 52�x6 Blck regned

a b c d e f g 



3�d4!  intructive mneuvre, underlining Blck's powerlessnes essentilly Blck is plying wit  piece less If for instnce e ccepts te pwn scrice wit 36 xc4, ten er 37e6! �b 3xc dxc 39�d2 �b3 40 te ped pwn on d decides te issue

3xe3 3e3 gb 3gc3   39  gb2 40�e2  41�e! �b3 Here to, cceptnce of te pawn scrice is tl: er 4 1 xe4 42xe4 �xe2 43@d4 �d2 44�d3 �2 4c! Blck lse quicky on ccount f te bd psition of is bisp

42c5! c5 43�xc5 �d2t 44    e 45e1



8 7 6  4 3 2 

Prctice keeps on supplying new examples conrming te trengt f tis ntewrty trategic ply  tat f cutting  a part of te pping frce

 Pol  Ti Poi egad 1960

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 



Expltng te fact tt i ppnent' drk quared ip is ut of ply, Wite executes n attrctie trike ginst te kingside

14e4! �xd 1 5�5 gd 1t Undubtedly te most orcing line

1g 1�e A pretty device mng use of te pin on te dle

a b



d e f g 

1c 1�xd 



e Dna f te Ce Stru e A prat hane. If 1 8...xd8 then 19.e5! is qukl deiive, a there is n dequate efene aganst te tret f e5-e6. [itr' note: Althugh this is true, it es not mean that 20.e6 wins the hue. er 19...e8! 20.e6 �f6!

a

b

c

d



f

g



hte  n troule. Blk is threatening �g6 and smp to keep the pee. Ad aer 1.exd7 xe2 22.d8= � and Wte h o py 23 . e3 to e ae t ght fr a drw, t even thi is not neesaril uessful. is doe nt mean tht Suetn's postinal ints are rrelevant. White ould hve won it 16 .5! 

a

b

c





f

g

h

17.f4!! wth  wnnng ttak nw te ooks re onneted. e tw main lines are 17 .xf4 18.x! and 17...e7 18. x! 8 19.h3.

It i ntae tat Wte ndut te attk wth very enmia mean. But th f urse i fltated y the ft tht Blak i eentiall plyng all the time wthut his drk-qured ishop, whih is shut out of the game.

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g  9e3!

Smplet; 19.xa6 xa6 20.x is not so lear, although even then the wte rooks are stronger thn the enemy queen.

9Je 20b3t c4 2 c5 22e3 xe4 23xc5 xc5 24 Blk resigned. 

odern theo is inresingl hrterized  ts reognition f the great indndnt rol of the hrmonous o-ordintin of the fores. s as a gnant rdened ur oneption f the jets gint whih the co-ordnted fores re ireted. Attention is eing paid not nl to the outwrd chrter of the -ordinatin ut aso to ts neaed tatial frms.   one feture of te dynai f the contemporr hess struggle for the ontrl of postion set. e following gme, whih went the rouns of the world's press, remins  super exmple.



Set Cess Strate

Frtiek  Dad Brontein

1Jl! ! 18Jl ! 19Je3



19@xf2 ism by 9 xb3!, wile 1 9x lses t 193!

Page 1956

193t 20h2! 2e4 Blck s ac  wn psiin

a b c d e f g  i s  nicl ppnnc, b in  cn n in vll cnl f spc n ppnc Blcks psiin is vy cnsic F  snpin f ply psiin sss,  vng ss  b i i F  vlin f is psiin, v,   signicn fc is  Blck's fcs  cing vy nisly i's pics, n   n, g ply in n ly civ nn,  ping i nity

In ts cse  mnis c-intin f Black's fces (a c-intin ing mc  is cncee cticl fcs) m n cmpens f is ppnn's tw psin mps   esl, s ppnly sy cn pv vid f  strengt n becm n bjec ( get!) f Blcks ggessiv cins T fllwing xmpl is ls ms insciv

15b3 1 6b3 4! 1h3? Wi is nw f  ng n es n snse e cicl fcs ineen in  c-intin f Blacks fces A cisive cmbinin fllws:



8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 

a b c d e f g  In e igm psiin ie ppers  v gne sme istinct psiin vnges, s is pesse gins  cenl pin  is igly unplsn (N  psiinl c inin 4+c3+ 1 ) Tis ws emns, f exmpl, in  gm en  onn scw 1940, ee t psiin s ccue  8  0-0 9dxc xc3 1 0xc3 g 1 1 g3 4 1 23 e6 1 3f3 xg3 1 4xg3 f6 1 e3 c8 16@b 7 17e2 xc 184 6 1 9b! Blck  pi  ig pice f skng   pess gins  ciic pin 

e Dnai f te Ce Stru  e is kinide wa eriu weakened, wie in n cae te d-pint ti continued t e  lsting weakne in i cmp. owever, in tat gme Blck made  ver iportnt toug fr from ovious mitke. iving excluive ttention to te concerted ositin ctin f Wite' piece gaint te -point, e verrted it ignicance. Paing om genera cnideratin, e fe in wit i oponent' plan. Botvinnik rectied ti mite in a ae it Kere. is time, in te critic diagrm osition, e found a very interesting pln of counterpa:



In ti exape, wt prved more ignicnt wa nt Wite' viu-lkn  poitiona co-ordination f frce againt te d-point ut te conceled tactical co ordination of te lck force aginst te enem kng. e ltter fctor d not et ten ape in te pitin we tarted from, ut came tgeter in te dnamic of te true. It cief prerequiite were White' undeveloped kin  ide and te poiiit of opening te gme on te queenide were te wite king ad taken rege. A mt iprtant circumtance (tug utwardl not at all n oviu ne!) wa te pprtunit t drive ack te iop n 4  ... 7- ! at te requiite Pa   Bo moment. aking ue ofl tee premie, Back carried Absolte UR Champonshp 194 1 out a ver energetic peration (8 .. .xc3!, 9 ... g! and lO ... cxd4!), co-ordinting te c3! 9xc3 S! lO3 d4! 1 1xd4 actin of i piece at maxium peed and c6 124 ! not cring aout poitinl conceion nd weknees. e exmple sows ow eective some covert poiilitie of co-ordintion, emerging in te course of te gt, can e. t is terefore oen necer to te a i l criticl view of te overt poitional for of co-ordintion. e foregoing example of te dern treatment, testiing t te gret independent importance of co-ordinating te gting force, do not t al pl dwn te quetion a to te oject of te peratin. Co-ordination cannt f coure e n end in itef; it mut e a b c d e f g  directed at ome ject, nd it entire value ite' kn  ecome te taret of  ver oen depend on wt te ignicnce of te stong ttck. It turns out tt tnks to te oject is. t i not out of plce to recll te clssic olly undeveoped stte of i kngside, te o-ordination f i frce i deciive cripped. principe wi tte tat n attack on te Blck' frce,  contrat, are pertin  agint kng oen proceed wit greater dicult te enem kn  in a mt armniu faion. tan attack on mre minr ject, Hs sp ws s pwr  te  ut in it coneuence it i te most  igon, cutting o te wite king's pat to dngerous. Let's look t te following exmple. selter from te princip trust in te c-le. 

Set Cess Strategy

4

Mk Taimov - Miul Najdo h 1953

8 7 6  4 3 2 

a b c d e f g  a b c d e f g 

ie's piees re iming  e queenside in  igly o-ordined mnner Blk's opes n only e pinned on  kingside ounter k Bu  e momen is ging fores re fr from rmoniously rrnged Neereless e susequen unfolding of eents demonstres t Blk's ounter k is more eeie n ite's ply on e queenside

203  213 �hS 22h2 e 23�b1  24el S 2S� e3 2  hl S! 2 g 2Jdl bS 294  30bS bS 31Jc g 32�b3 �h4! Blk's tk is lredy irresistile In te next gme te appers to aompls te mimum pssile n te queenside, ye wi e wite kng oming under tk, Blk is le to o-ordine is own fores more eeiely

Ludk Pachm - Nikola Padv Desde 1956

lSJc1 g Blk trnsfers is rook to e seen rnk were i nt only defends e key poin 7 on e queenside, u also jins in e k on e kngside At te sme ime te  squre is freed fr e important mneure g7-

1Jc2  1d d 1d2  19fc1 3! I is interesting to sere ow quikly Blk's ging fores on e kingside iee rmony is is filited y Wite's king ing s  mgnet

8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c d e f g 



lS�bS ! Blk is no frid of e piee srie

e Dya  te Ce Strue 16 xd6 5 1 7d7, n aunt f 1 7..d7 1.4 e! 19x x 203 d6, aintainin  unterplay ere 15.  wuld e a gd deal weake in view f 16a5!, wi indue te eius eakenin  7-6



At any mmet, eerally peakig, ne partiular frm f -rdinatin will play te paramunt rle in te psitin, wile ters ae eiter jut takng sape r, n te ntay, fading away

Dad Brontin  atoly Lutov

.�

Legad 960

ite suld pray ave saied te iece all te same,  Bak nw deterinedly ests te initiative rm im

...4 1.el ! 18.x3 �h5 19.4 4 20 .c3 c3 2lxc3 �3 22.el 4 23.d hl t 24.   h2 25.xc �4! 2.l

a b c d e f g  In te diagram psitin ite as set up te active crdinatin f is gting units  3+d 1 +d5+d4  direted aainst te queens ide were te ppnents fes are largely tied up. ising t free iself, Black played:

a b c d e f g  Here Blak uld ave tained a winning attak wit te ne minatin:

2...�xe4t! Intead Padev se 26 ..3.

2.e4 ! 28.cl e2t 29. xe2 �! In te mdern treatment f te -rdinatin iniple, te time fat i als f vital signiane Frm te example we ave just lked at, te reader an ee tat te nature f te rdinatin is ntantly apt t ange

...e5 eemingly disupting tat -rdinatin But nw, expliting te deetin f Blaks piee frm te nside, ite delivered a migty lw t tat part f te ard

18. t! e start f te winning minatin It is remarkale t wat w a armnius  dinatin f wite fres me aut n te kingside,  if y a wave f a magi wand

8 ... 9.�x  If 19.x6, ten 20.g5.



Set Cess Strate

20Jd8t i 21�xe5 xc5 22ih6!

Yuri Sharov -Viktor Korchnoi egad



a b c d e f g  Te new nd igly ttrtive o ordintion of wite fores s een formed  3+d+6+e  te ojet of wi is te enemy king. Te tret now is 23.xf#!.   result, Blk suers a desive loss of mterial.

22 c4 23x gx 24�x  25J8 2 26g1 ib 2gxt g 28  29g5 

Blk resigned.

Te reson for Blk's quik defet ws tat wile gting ginst te pressure on te queens ide, e le ite's kingside prospets totlly out of aount. Of ourse te priority must e to gt gainst your opponent's most sustantil onerted tion t any given moment, ut it pays just as mu to tke ount of te overll dynmis of te struggle. Tis purpose would ve een served y 1.. e6!, not only esing te pressure on te queenside ut lso removing te dnger to te kingside. In tat se ite would retin no more tn  miniml plus. 

Te following exmple is noteworty.

a b c d e f g  Among te vrious ses of intertion etween piees in te digrm position, w strikes you aoe all is te ative o-opertion of te's rooks direted against  Tis is opposed y te o-opertion of te lk rooks, seurely oering te ritil point. Blk's knigt nd isop, for teir prt, re tively iming at 2, wi Wite s defended wit is knigt on d3 and is king. A deeper investigtion into te position reveals tt Wite's attak ginst  is in  lind lley and doomed to failure. oreover, s  result of tis, is rooks will e ut o for  long time from te min sene of te struggle, wi is te queens ide. Blak's treats ere re very potent. At te moment te diret ttk is eing onduted y Blk's minor piees, rmoniously pressurizing te 2point. Bu unlike Wite's ttk on te kingside, wi is not supported y te rest of is army, Blak's ttk ginst te ng will reeive powerful reinforement. By ttial metod utilizing te o-ordintion of is minor piees, Blk lears  pt for is main fores to enter te ttk:

e Dnacs  te Cess Struggle

1xb2! 32�xb2 �c3t 33 l 4!



Vior rchnoi - Bori Ivkov Hastngs 1955

a b c d e f g  Tis pawn is destined t deal te second teul lw t Wite's psitin n te ueens ide Lines are nw forced pen fr te invsion f te mjor pieces

�cl Yd4! 35Jh2  36�bd3 �dlt 7 bl �c3t 3 l �e2t 39  bl �xcl 0Yxcl b3! it  winning ttck Tis example sws w muc  prticular co rdinated actin gains in strengt if it cn e supported  te remaining pieces connecting it it Te true ssessment f an cordinted ction cn e rrived t only  studing all its concrete peculiarities in te given psitin In te Zita  Brnstein example, we saw a case f coordinted pressure  Blck's pieces ginst ite's centre e measures Black took are igly tpical of suc psitions et wit even just a sligt lteratin to te rrangement  te gting units, ite's centre culd prove to e a rel frce nd te lack ieces culd lse te cordination of teir ctions

a b c d e f g  In its gener utward cnturs tis psition resemles one frm te Zita  Bronstein gme, ut in te present case ite's pieces are muc mre activel placed is enales Wite t egin a frtrigt ensive and utterl wreck te crdinatin f Blck's pieces

19Ae3! Yb4 20Yd2! It emerges tt ite s te treat of 21c2 t is disposal (answering a queen move wit 224) is plces Black in insuperle diculties

20Yb6 21b4 �e4 22�xe4 �xe4 23Y � 24 Yc 25Jel Black sn resigned us te coordintion of te gting frces is  ver importnt fctr in te assessment f a psitin rdinatin takes varius specic frms, surdinated to te fundamental law f cess  te law of struggle  dout for tis reson, pprising te coordintin in ot cmps is te mst dicult part f frming yur assessment Oen a single minute detil in te arrangement f ur ppnent's frces




can totly ater the verict f yur overall co-oination.

x Sutin adimir Librzon





Te threat wa 49.xe7 xe7 5.x.

49h5 �c 50h4 �

Legad 960



8 7 6  4 3 2 

43h3 h  6t  45g h 46h3 h 4 6t  4g h

Black a loses with 50 ...8 51.! x 52.x7 x7 53.xe6. Now the issue i ecie by a piece sacrice.

a b c  e f g  Te co-orination of Whte' piece, recte at the knsie, look very menacin. Black has no actie counterplay. Te moe 34 .. .8 , which looks invitin at rst siht, pove to be ba on account of 35.xh7!, when Black loses at once. Howeve, aer the simple:

34 Jd 

It turne ut that Wite woul nee to abanon the hamoniou c-orination f his pieces, since thee was no way of ecsively inceasin the attack. Te nly way t mantain a plus wa t tranfer active peratin t te queensie. o  thi, Wte imantle the hamonious formation of his pieces on the othe win.

35h2 �c 36 h5! gx3 3gx3 g 3Jc3! � 39t g 

39 ...xf6 40.exf6 wul lose quicky.

4Jc2  41gc3 h 42h4 h6 thewise White wins by withawin hi bihop to e2 an machin his hpawn t h6.

a b c  e f g  51xe gxe 52!  53g6 �c 54gxh6t  55gc6 ge 56 5!  so on. Let lok at the followin notewothy example.

J Timm  Ljubomir Ljubojvic stedam 975



8 7 6  4 3 2  a b c  e f g 

e Dynac  te Ce Strue Te utwar crinatin  ite htin frce k mt impreie He ha an iea pawn centre an hi piece are nequicaly eyein the knie Howeer, Black ha qite a few cnceale reource fr coorinate action, which are etine t lay a majr roe

9Jxe5! 2?

Te rit continuatin wa 20  xe xe  b4 22J�ae 4 23@, wit bleee pay

20J5!

rination come abut We u rt o al bere that te prce cannt be articial It i etermine by the pecic aim  te true Irrepectie o te type o crinatin in quetin, tactica eice ten t pay a are part in aciein it  a te reaer a repeately een A ntabe cae, fr intance, i te kn  tactica eice whic brin a piece uenly into actie pay

Rudol Silm  David Joi

A uperb retrt Back repn t te attack n f6 with a countertroke aaint 3

8 7 6  4 3 2 



Calsbad 907

    e f g      e f g 

22�4! Another f Black latent combinatie rerce, trnin the ame ramaticaly in i faour n 23 x4 e pay 23 4 h x4, an there i n efence aaint   h

23d6 d4t 24 h l xd6 25t  h8 ite reine e wil conclue ti ectin by cnierin oe quetin a to w ariu type of c

ite aantae lie in i pwery place rk n e7 et thi rk pitin cannot be coniere ecure, i ny becaue Black i threatenin t trap it with a kiht me t e f coure if the rk retreat, te aantae may quicy eaprate Hence ite tak i t utain the initiatie by etablihin intercmmunicatin between the rk an hi oter piece Ti i achiee by a pawn acrice

19d6! By clearin the qare fr hi kiht, ite trenthen hi pitin ubtantially




Em Gr Mk Tov

19 xd6 Relatively bet er 19.cx6 20.5!, followe by -4, a  -e an if appropriate £-f4, Black loses quickly; while 19.x6 i rete by 2b5!.

2dS  2el d 22h4 gS 23g x 24!

8 7 6  4 3 2 



egad 960

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 

    e f g  Te knihts are immune 24 ... x 25e8 xe8 26xe8#, or 24 . x5 25e7 etc Te overall reult of the combination is a major mprovement in ite's poition

24 eS 2Sfet h8 26b4! g 2f4 6 28x6t  29e e8 30 S 31 S 32d2! bS 33xS g6 34ge4 gh6 3! 6 36d8t h 3xd ghS 38g4 gS 39gh4t

Black's kn is in the aner ne. But at the moment ite's forces are isunite, an it may seem that Black has time to efen However, the unexpecte conti nuation was

23cS! As it turns out, White do succee  all at once  in co-orinatin his forces for the attack Now 23  xc5 is ba in view of 24f1  8 25f3!, an the attack is ecisive.



Black resne. ommentin on thi ame, Ruolf pielmann, that remarkable master of the attack, wrote "It is instructie to follow how the white pieces acquire scope for harmonious action thanks to the powerl psitn f the kniht on 5 In the followin ame, events unfole just as swily.

23ge8 24xb6 xb6 2Sb6 Axe4 26  2xt 

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 





e Dyaic f te Ce Stru  e

28Jxd6 ite a acquire a wii material avatae. An w e mre intructive example t cnclue with.

Rudolf Silmn - Olich D Osted 907

a nte tat ti  f trike as becme typical in analu situati.

6 ... 7.hS! e4 Black cant f curse play 1 7...x5 ue t 1 8.ex 7 1 9. f6! etc.

8J  9.Axe4 dS 20 .d3 'd7 2.d2 � 22.'S �e7 23.�e2 �e6 24.'2 S 2S  26 ! Axe2 27.'xe2  28 .eS  29.'hS 

    e f g  ee White struck with

6.6!! In his bk T Art of Sacrc in Chess, pielman wrte abut thi mve a fllws. "White's attack acquire freh frces as the htin pwer f the majr pieces n the le is substatially increae. [ ... J "White a ha me ther  mve at hi ipa uc a 16.5 but the aer 16 ..6! 17. f4 5! the -le wul remain clse an White wul nee t witch his ieces t ew squares in rer t exert eal aresive presure n his ppnent's psiti. iven that the attack hul be cnucte ecnmicaly it is better t icreae its ecacy  a small acice than t unertae time cnsumin maneuvres.  thank t the acrice ite's fces acquire er a harmn in their actin. We hul

    e f g  White's pieces ae harmniusly place. Te mate theat can be averte nly at a reat cst i ateial.

29...   30.'h8t �8 3.h7  e8 32.8 Black reie. Te ccuin i eviet i te prcess f pla it i imperative t try t act with yu pieces a pawns in cncert  t eek the shrtet that i the quicket way t achieve c-rinatin between yur frces (an isrupt yur ppnent's c-riati at the same time) utilizin a well-stcke arenal f tactical mean. We shul nte that the eective c-rinatin f the hti frce is attainable nly when it crrepns t the prfun aim f the strule.




e niiiv Te initiatie i an inalenable ctr f the ae. Te ht fr the initiatie bein frm the penin me. Te riht f mn rt (the -calle "aantae f the me) ha a majr nuence n the cure f the penin trule. It rant Wte me initate in the penin pae Ti initiatie mean tat White ha rather mre cpe fr chin between ariu plan Te time factr in che play a crucial rle n the prre f the ame. It unt i a temp  a me mae by ne e. Other thin bein equal, a ain f time ten t be a majr achieement in telf Een jut ne extra temp can ratically alter the cure f eent. T tan ut with particular clarity n the mt crucial mment f the ame  when there are mutual pawn trm, cmbinatie cmplexite an  frth. Te imprtance f temp can be bee in almt any ame. We will cnne urele t ne mall an wiely knwn example.

lo Torr  Emul kr Mosow 95

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



It lk a f te cae are tppn n Black faur Wte ha lane in a unpleaant pin aln the h rank. But it i hi me, an ti raticaly alter the whle cmplexin f the t

2S !! 

Te tart f a brllant cmbinatn  it turn ut, Black perhe fr the ery rean that h queen i n the ame rank a White's  the cnfrntatin he a eliberately been playin fr. He tuht he wa pinnin the white bihp, but cme uner attack himel ruly, "l they that tae the wr all perih with the wr.

2S VxhS 26x7t h 27t  2J7t h 29.xb7t  30J7t h 31t h7 32xhS 6 33h3  34xh6t S 3SJh3 

Wite ha acquire a ecie material aantae Hw en it happen that yu are jut ne temp hrt! Ti ery circumtance can ecie the reult f the ame, it can etermine the ucce f a tactical peratin an an entire trateic plan. What lk like the mst harmniu c-peratin between yur piece can, if yu lack ne temp, be ery quickly irupte an iranize Te cnict f iea an plan in a ame f ce i incmpatble with empty, inipi me. It eelp in accrance with the trictet rear fr eery unit f time. Te iniave tor i equialent t the eree f preparene fr executin an actie plan (r a particular peratin), an i f paramunt imprtance in the ynamic f the che trule. It i eay t ee that the initiatie i clely aciate with the time factr. Pein f the initiatie en inee epen n the aailability f an extra temp. Te rle f the initiatie in a ame f che i ery reat. It i nly if yu pe it that yu

e Dyac f te Ce Strule ca realize yur pla a make yur ppet o over t paive efece. Tery a practice are reveali the iicace f the iitiative factor i ever reater epth. A hihly characteritic pit, fr itace, i that i may cae the iitiative a  propeity t evelp, t rw. Te evelpmet f the iitiative i the followi  ame i illumiati.

Vy Smlov  tor ubl Mosow 1949



7 23.2 c6 24.� �e8 25.Y7  26.c5 �e7 27.Yx8! x8 28.�x8 7 29.�x8 �x8 30.xe7, White wi (aayi by Smylv).

8  6  4 3 2      e f g 



2l.Ad5! I rm pei f te iitative, Wite trive t limit hi ppet cuterplay.  befre, the i ht acrice caot be accepte: 2 1 . .. hx5 22.hx 5 6 23. x!

    e f g  Wite piti  ticeably mre active, t it my eem that ce the iht ha bee rive back t  r h3, Black will have the chace to eply hi frce a lly equalize. hite i face with te tak f evelpi i iitiative. It i itereti t watch w he ccee.

8.h5!

mi t awer 18...hx5 with 19.h 5 e7 20.Yx6, reaii the piece. Black i force t witraw i ki t t a paive poiti.

8.../h8 19.xe5 xe5 20e3 e7 ce aai it et pay t tae the iht. er 20 ...h5 21.x5 6 22.Y4

Nor i 21...c6 a  iea, a aer 22.xc6 bxc6 Black queeie paw tructure i everely weakee. Black i therefre cmpelle to occupy c6 with a paw a eprive i bihp of thi imprtant quare.

2l. c6 22.Ab3 d7 23adl ad8 24.d Ac8 25.edl xd 26.xd c7 27.c5! 

Wite iitiative i rwi  a beci very pwerl. He will w awer 27 ...x5 with 28.x, wile  27 ...e7 tere fllw 28.xe7 Yxe7 29. �e8 30.Yxe5! Yxe5 31.xe5 �xe5 32.�8 h7 33.�xc8, a Black cat tae the e4paw becaue of 34.c2. It i itereti t fllw hw White threat icreae i umber with eery mve, while Black efeive reurce raualy imii.

Set Ce Stratey

3

27.. Jd 2Jt Axd Te culminatin mment in the wth of White' initiative  it turn nt a harp combinative attack.

Wite' ptn i cnierably mre active. Te followin maneuvres inceae his avantae.

26.! a6 Tee i n impvement in 26 ...7 27. xf5 28.b6 e5 29.exf5, an Wite wins.

8 7 6  4 3 2 

A more tenaciu me wa 26 ...c5, thuh even then Wite's avantae woul be uneniable.

27.b6! d7 2.5 4 Aother foce move. If 28 ...a8, then 29.f5 is ecisive.

    e f g  29.! �x 30 . b6! d7 e 30 ...xb6 Black i mate one way o another: 31.x  h7 32.8  6 33.e8  h7 (33 .. .  f6 34.#) 34.8  h8 35.  h7 36.8#

3 .d h7 32 . xd 33 .6t Black eine. I will nw ive another instructive example.

Tir Ptroi - dr Kotov Mosow 1951

29.4 x4 30.e5! d5

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  3.e4!

All this i fce. Black ha t ive up the exchane in view of the theatene 32f6 or 32.6.

3...dxe4 32.xd7 Ax5 33.5 �x5 34.d4 e6 35.2! b6 36.d6  37.4 White has achieve bth a materia an a position plus, which he soon conently convete into a win.

    e f g 

Te rwth an evelopment of the initiative is cloely connecte with impovin the co-

e Dynac f te Ce Stu  e odinatn in te actin fyu htn  fces and cespndin ly dianizin the foces of yu oppnent. It  f tis ve pupoe  en imply fo the ae f the initiative  that pitinal cncessions and eve mateial sacice ae admisible. Te baic tak cnsists in apidly achievin  hamniou c-peatin between you fce and cmpellin yu ppnent t ubmt t ou active plan  t  ve t the defence. In the next example thi pinciple was implemented in a stkn  manne.



wit divee mateal n wic the baance f foces miht eem t favu ite. Hweve the fact that Black hld the initiative i vey imptant f the aement f thi psitin. Te next phae f the stule in which Black's hamniuly cdinated piece etct the whte queen's mbility i vey intuctve.

Mil Najdo -alav ozin Saltsjbaden 1948

    e f g  20.id2 e4 21.ie3 �d6 22.c1 � 23.if4 id5 24.ic4 c4 25.xc4 e5! 26.i5 Te deciive mitake. White wuld etan hpes f a daw ae 26.xc6! bxc6 27.xe5 etin some mateial at nce but simpliin the positin.

    e f g  With his last mve ba White has set p the tactical theat f xe7 fllwed by a aptue n d6 and ha appaentl btained stn  peue n the dle. et e ha failed to allw f Black' enuin  cmbinatin ivolvin a pitinal sacice f the queen.

7 ... xe4! 18.t

White is fced t accept the challene s otewie he wuld imply be le a pawn down.

8 ...  19xd8 d8  Black ha caied ut his cmbinatin and the ame ha elved itself nt a cntet

26 ... dl 27. h2 h6 28.c1 d7 29.ie3 e4! 30.�el ad8 31.ic5 ie5t 32.3  33.c2



8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



Siet Cess Stratey

33  t 34 Ae5 35 xc 36�xc dl t 37e b l 38M b

Black has achieve a ecisive plus. A revealin fact is that thouhout this enaement te white queen i not make a sinle move.

 we can see, the problems of the initiatie

ae intimately connecte wit the moen methos of attack an active efence. Tese issues will be specially examine in the next chapte, which will iscuss cetain cmplex foms of positional play

hapter 6 oern Position Play avin examined vaious elements and novel featues of positional play, let us ty to appoach it afesh by focusin on some of its complex contempoay foms. om the mateial aleady examined we may conclude that in the moden positional ame, both ethods of play a equally indispensable the csc postonal method, and the dynamc one, hich is linked to independent and shap tactical pocedues. Te method depends wholly on the natue of the individual position. In numeous cases the poblems of statey can be solved only by applyin the ion loic of the classical pinciples. At the same time, the poess of theoy inceasinly eveals the unlimited scope fo obtainin complex positions eplete with tactical possibilities. Hee the play is hihly dnamic and distinuished by the oiinality of ideas which exceed the bounds of fomal loic. nly the dynamic method can enable you to ovecome the naow connes of domatism and bace the full wealth of ideas in positions of this type. e can see fom this that the moden teatment of stateic plans is emakable fo its ceative eadth and demands a tuly univesal outlook. namics is by no means opposed to stict positional play but oes hand in hand with it. At times stict loic sets the tone, at othe times you must entust youself to the estless but fascinatin aves of dnamics. Always be eady fo a sudden chane in the methods of stule. In many ways this synthetic method has also deepened ou conception of the basic factos of ositional play. With this in mind, let's examine the followin concete poblems.

Te ode dersd of Cerzo u  eso  e Cer In pesent-day positional play, the poblems of tension o uidity in the cente play a pominent le Te moden closed openins tend to ive ise eithe to a state of tension between the cente ans o else to an elastic fomation that lacks an shap delineation. Tee is a maked dieence between these two types of fomation. A state of tension between ans in the cente cannot as a ule be maintained fo lon; and on tansition to the middleame




(o aleay in the openin tae), an exchane of pawn  the cloue f the ptn wll ive m contu t the cental tuctue. In eneral, the actie ie pein the intiatie o eate pace will not want to eleae the tenion pematuely. In a numbe of cae, by the lic f the tule, Black ha to make certan cncen by ben the t to elve the tenin an abann h cental tronpint. Tu, in the ol lne f the teinitz efence to the Ruy Lopez, ae  .e4 e5 2. f3 c6 3.b5 6 4.4 7 5.c3 f6 6.0-0 e7 7Je1, the time ha cme fo Black to urrene the cente with 7 ...ex4 8.x4 0-0. Te attempt to maintain the e5-pawn entail eiou conequence. he point i that ae 7 ...0-0?

    e f g  8.xc6 xc6 9.xe5 xe5 1.x8 Whte win by foce a) 1.. J�ax8   .xe5 xe4 1 2.xe4 xe4 13 .3  1 4. c5 1 5.xc5 xc5 1 6. 5! 5 1 7.e7 e8 1 8.c4 b) 10...8 1 1.xe 5 xe4 1 2.xe4 xe4 13 .3  14.  c5 1 5.f1  16.@e2 Hence the uene of the cente with 7 .. .ex4 i eential, althouh it e nt

invle any maj concein. Wt the typcal cental tucture that emee (pawn n e4 veu pawn on 6), White ha a cetain patal aantae, yet thee ae no vulneable weaknee in Black' camp, an the mbilization of hi piece i eentially cmplete. Pactce how that Black ha ucent euce f raualy equalizin the ame. Te liquiation of the cental tenion i alway a cucial tateic eciion fo eithe ie. Fo Black, a a ule, it i aociate with feein hi ame. F ntance, the follwin line of the ienna Game i chaacteitic

1. e5 .c3 c6 3.c4  4.d3 M 5.e

    e f g  5 ... 5! 6.ex5 x5 Black ha uccelly le hi pblem of evelpment a well a the poblem of htin fo the cente in the openin. f coue, the efenin ie' attempt to liquiate the centa tenion i by no mean away ucceful. F example, take the poition in the aon aiation of the icilian efence ae

1. c5  d6 3.d4 d4 4.xd4  5c3  6.e3 7 7.  c6 8.

Mer itia lay



iteet, White  hi pat caot a t leave Black' cuteplay ut  accut. I oe t etal it, he i e ce t take a pamatic ecii  whethe t uphl the tei o cloe the cete.

    e f g  Hee Black attempt t ee himel i the cete with 8 ...5? appea pematue i view f the very t eply 9.b5!, lai Black i a icult ituati. veall, the claical pecept till emai i fce: it pay the eei ie t maitai  paw utpt i the cete a lo a thi e ot bi ay clea iavatae. ake te pitio ae:

e4 e5  c6 3c4 e7 4d4

8 7 6  4 3 2     e f g  o the mmet the juiciu cue  Black i t uppot the citica e5-pit by layi 4 ...6, withut ea o 5.xe5 xe5 .x8 x8. ile maitaii the teio i hi ow

Let' lk at e aily cmplex example, amely the Kee ytem i the hioi eece t the Ruy Lpez: 1 .e4 e5 2.3 c6 3.b5 a6 4.a4 6 5.0-0 e7 6e b5 7.b3 00 8.c3 6 9.h3 a5 10 .c2 c5 1 1 .4 7!? With thi "myteiou maeuve Black i pepai t bi the ceta paw piti amatically t life. Ti i illutate i the ollowi ame.

M T  Pa r Caao 162

le4 e5  c6 3ib5 a6 4ia4  50-0 ie7 6Jel b5 7ib3 0-0 8 d6 9h3 a5 10ic c5 1ld4 d7!? 1b d4 13d4 c6 14a3?! exd4! 15b3 de5 16d4 i 17i xd4 18xd4 d! 19c6

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  19  ! 0 xh3t 1h ie5t! xe5 xe5 3Jedl f4! Black acquie a eciive mateial plu.




Te cae f White' trle wa that e obvily nelecte the piility f Black' powerl cnterplay ae n freein the poition in the centre Where i Wite  wo? hol he have pt a aical top to Black' pla y xi o cloin the cete in o time?

8 7 6  4 3 2 

Here we encte e rter ptioal element the over-potection of citcal pit imltanely with thi, White clear te path fo hi ihp n c1, ot helin the poblem of nihin hi qeenie evelopment In thi cae, incientally, ae a continatio c a 14 a 1  a6, the avance 16 eay lok mch me appopiate, etti p lon-term prere on the qeenie Releain the paw tenio at the iht moment contitte the theme of the eat majoity of mern (an nee claical) ytem i the cloe openin 

     e f g 

Well, practice how that Black ha o icltie aer either 12xc xc 1b2 ! 14f1 6 1e2 a7! 16e e6 1 7 e8 a in aikov  Glioic, Hatin 1966,  122 cx4 1cx4 c6 14 4 1  1 a 1 6a a6 174! b6 1 8b 7 1 9 c7 a i eti  al, Kiev 1964 Te line that et Black the mot iclt prolem  one in which the teni i maintaine aer all 122 cx4 1cx4 c6 14b!

Let' take a look at oe pinciple of impotance A typical mitake conit in pematrely emvin the tenion from a necre centre with the hrt-term aim of pin opeatin o the ak Te followin ame may eve a a illtatio

or ubn Yi Arb 

Go 1940

1e4 e5 c3 c6 3Ac4  4d3 Ac5 5£4 d6 6 e7

    e f g  Hee ite committe a typical eo

    e f g 

Me ta ay

7? Luby' pla vlve tafe te cete f avy f te tule t te kse. But t wll t cme t tat Explt te's pematue swtch f attet away fm te cete t peatons  te ak, Black  te st to  t act n te cete an  te queee.

11

Abve all tey ae st becaue, ae a lo tme "z, te cente paw ca be et  mot at te pptue mment. Hee' a example tat a become a clasc.

ch R iba Rubintin 

Calsbad 1923

7. �d4! 8 .5 c6 9J b5 10 b3 b7  1.�4 d4 12.Ve2 h6 13 h4 a6 4�d1 d5! 15c3b6 16�e3Vd6 170-0-0 0-0-0 8 b1 d7 19.d5 d5 20 Ve7 2.�c2 e8 22de1 c7 23d4 e4 24.a4 3 253 c6 26�b4 Vd6! 27c2 gb7 28a1 d7! 29a5 c7 30.b1 b7 31 f4 a7 32a2 Ac8 33.a b7 

Black a a clea avatae.

ee Nmzwtsc's apm eem apppate: "Te cete  te mnat pncple, te ak  subnate.

Fud uao  he Cere ne f te otable teeces  cotempay statey s te ceato f uable elatc paw fomats wt  sceble "lamak. ch fmats aleay take shape n the ope a ca occu  ay moen system. ey ae met wt especally oe  the lsh pe, Ret's pen, the Pc efece, etc. at caactezes tee fomats  that they lw eat exbly  the subsequent coce a mplemetato f a statec plan. A stk tn abot tem s te tenecy to avo skmes  the cete a ve pefeece t pelmay act wth peces o the ak. It e happe that te cete paw ema umve f a lo pe  oly avace to moest stats.  lon ao as te 1 920s, Ret emstate te eat ptetal tet f suc ptns.

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



Nowaays such postons have become ypcal, a ae tly jue to be n te's favu tank t s pwel pawn palax  te cete. Te paws cmmence te ecsve avace ae a pelmnay cease f te's pece pesse n the cete a  te qeense.

5.Val! Follow Ret' example, t maeuve has become chaactetc of uc pts Te pessue  the a1-8 aal cmpels Black to seek smplcat.

5... �e8 6.7 �7 170-0 �e6 8. gb Ac6 19.d4! e4 20Jd1 a5 21d5! �c5 22.�d4 Now Wte's kt btas st outpsts on 4 a c6, v hm a clea ascenancy n the cete.



Set Ce Strate with peatins n the ank becmes an important issue. Te statec eice f quickl tanfein peatins fom one sect of the ba t anothe is continuall anin un. ***

    e f g  22  23 x2 fd8 24�c6 d6 25e3 e8 26e5  27b2 e5 28b5!  29bl �d7 30 c8 31! Peentin 3 1 . .. b8 on accunt f 32. c5!.

31e4 n 31...c5 Wite wul hae the er ston 32.xb6!, not hinkin frm an exchane sacice.

32e4 �e5

In a ui potion, choosin the iht momen to et up a favuable stucture in te cente becme a ke poblem. Tee is no enin the wealt f tateic prpect that open up fr Wite when, for intance, he pst a kiht n  5 n font f a bacwa pawn on 6. e mern practce ws that th ha enuine value nl when the commanin post is uner m cnt. thewse the knih look to peumptuus an will be expelled fom its uninvite station, to the opponent's aantae. e the position ae

1d4  2c4 c5 3d5 e6 4c3 d5

8 7  4

      e f g      e f g  33xb6! �xc6 34c5! White achieve an ovehelmin plus. In moden sstems with a u cental position, the blenin of pla in the cente

Hee an elementa question aises. Wh oesn't White (in maste pla, of couse) take the seeminl favouable oppotuni to settle a piece on 5? Wh es he pefe t x the cenal pawn stuctue immeiatel, with 5.cx5 6 6.e4 etc.? Te answe is simple. In this case the queen



Mer itial lay in it ly piti feel like an uinite uet rather tha the wer f the hue er 5x5?! x5 6x5 c6 7f3 6, with 8 e6 t fllw, Black quickly cmplete hi eelpmet an can cut  eizin the initiatie

Sto Gric  oimirz Schmidt Bat 973

 the mern ccept f centralizati i bae nt  pawn frmally t er the cetre, but n practical ctrl f it  thi ay a prnucement by Nimzwitch remai a trikin mtt "Te imprtat thin i nt jut the ccupatin f the centre by pawn Te iterrelatin f the tw ie' frce in the centre i much more imprtat!

Te Cere ad pace Cross e Demo Le 

Te lie abe the furth rak, iii the bar in h may be calle the "emarcati line  cr thi line with htin unit uitably reifrce i to ain mre pace tha our pponent An thi, a a rule, mean reater maneurin freem for yur piece A atial preperace i e f the element of a pitinal aantae We will nw lk at an example i which an impin patial plu i achiee i the centre arlier we illutrate in etail a typical tructure with a pawn cuple n 4 a e4 If thi tructure cme uner ucient preure from piece, pitin f yamic equilibrium arie But uppe that me carele play frm the efenin ie lw the centre pawn t avance t 5 an e5 hen a crii ituatin eult

    e f g  Black' irrelute pla ha allwe White t arrane hi piece faurably a create the cniti fr an eectie aace f hi pawn centre

7d5! b6 8 a6 c7 9d3 �b7 20 f4 �d6 2e5 



White' aantae aume ii ctur Hi central aalanche (an a patial plu eerally mean prblem fr the ppet i the centre) irreitibly tear apart the efenie am

    e f g  Black went in fr a tactical line, but aer




2   22exd6  23x7 xd5 24d3 x 25Jl! xe2 26d8! e5 27 d a6 28 b4 4 29 x7 30.e7t! e ended up in a hopeles positin .

Te cntinuaton in liic  Petian, Bled 1959, i notewothy:

  �b6 1 1 . . . d7 is pobably bette.

aasch once said that o cnnected passed pawns on the sixth ank wee woth a ook. Pactice hw that in many tuatin a pawn couple on d5 and e5 i also woth me than an ininicant mateial decit. At the same time we should note that in a numbe of cases a hasty and unmotivated seizue of space can lead to unsatifactoy reult.

Te Ce d e F

 we have obseved aleady, moden positional

play attache key impotance to numeou ubtletie bund up with the inteconnections between ank opeations and play in the cente. hap ank attacks beun in the vey openin, aboundin in poweful tactical ploys, account fo a majo pat of this issue. How intently and constantly events in the cente need to be watched! A chaacteritic cae, fo intance, is the amazinly wild play aisin fom one of the fashionable lines of the Fench efence:

2� �xe5 3 5! � 56 At thi pint, in place of 14.e7 &xe7 1 5.cxd4 d7 a played in the ame, Wite culd hae inceased the pessue with 14. ! fllowed by h2-h4. metimes the lontem aim of a complex ank opeatin i nt t acqure puely lcal ain but to weaen the opponent's inuence in the cente in ode to achieve supeioity thee. ae the position aisin ae:

 e4 e5 2& &c6 3b5 a6 4a4 & 50-0 e7 6Je b5 7b3 d6 8.3 0-0 9.h3 &a5 02 5  ld4 7 2.&b 6?!  3& ge8  4&e3 7

e4 e6 2d4 d5 3�c3 b4 4e5 5 5a3 c3t 6bxc3 7 7  8 3 �e7 9x7 8 07 d4 l l   dl!?



8 7 6  4 3 2 

    e f g  ee the coect appoach i not at all a local oenive on the kinide with 1 5.dxe5 e5 16.4?, which is just what Black is well pepaed fo, but a supisin blow on the queenide with 15.b4!. Tis enables White to stat an eective attack on his opponent's cental stonpoints afte 15...cxb4 16.cxb4

    e f g 



Me sta ay c6 17 2 Ts k f pla has ecme pical of such siuains

I Geer oesavs scw 1952, he cniuai was:

Ineelatis etween cee a anks occup a special place in posiios whee he playes have casle o ppsie sies Te mos eest a polemac fmaios ae hse whee muual ak atacks a cenal pay ae cmie I hese cases he paw stucue e emas u, wih  eomiace f eithe sie Alhuh f cuse the esu play s u o focus o eos  aack o he ak, he layes must als cstatl eck wh a shi n the weih f he sule was he cene Wh a ui sucue i he cee hey have  ake special cae i wachin f ossible aciviy hee

12.�b3 Yc7 13.xe5! dxe5 14.c5! � 15.Yd6 �e6 16.ic4! i 17.Yxc7 �xc7 18.�a5 gb8

e poess of eves i he flw lie of the n's Inian efece may seve  a example:

    e f g 

.d4 � 2.c4  3.�c3 i7 4.e4 d6 5. 0-0 6.ie3 e5 7.�e2 c6 8.Y �bd7 9.0-0-0 6 O.  bl Y5 1 1.� c ge8



19.�a4! A y ai the ame ino a favouable ei, ie aaine an ovehelmin plus in he cene an on he queensie 

If he playes casle on oppsie wis wih a close awn sucue in he cee, he ensuin sule assumes a iee, less focin, chaace In such siuais, quie oen, suy efesive aes will e eece an he ale  the aks ecmes a leh manoeuvin pcess

 Moonov dr Tolh 

P 1947

    e f g  In his posiion he mos eecive plan fo hie unouely consiss in acive pla in he cete Tis is the bes way f him o paalyse Black's coue-aack aains his casle psii

l.d4 � 2.c4  3.�c3 i7 4.e4 d6 5. 0-0 6.e3 e5 7.d5 �h5 8.Yd2  9.0-0-0 6 10.�e2 �d7 1 1.  bl �d 12.h3 A chaaceistic expeie: Whie povokes his opponen ino he followin avace, ae which he ame is clse o he knse




1 2 ...f ...f4 theise 2-4!, with an attack n the kinsie, is npleasant.

Let' examne the fllwn chaactetic example.

olr N limir Sim 

1 3 . d7 d7 14.c5! 14. c5!

Coespodee 1964 1964

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  Tis type f pawn beak chaacteizes many close fomatios whee the playes have castle on opposite wins. Utlizin hs space avantae on the qeensie, White beis an active avance avance in i n that sect.

14 ...¥e7 ¥e7 1 5.d6 d6 1 6.�c1 6.� c1 b5 17.b4! � 1 8l 8 l a5 19 .d3 b4 20.�3e2 20.� 3e2 8? 21.¥xb4 a4 22.¥d2 b4 23.�b3 gca8 24.gc1 ¥e8 25.gc2 ¥b8 26c1 26c1 �5? Bette Bette was 26 .. . xe2.

27b2 b5? Te exchane of lhtsqae bishps meely plays int White's hans.

28.b5 ¥xb5 ¥xb5 29.gc6  30.gb6! 30. gb6! Whte has achieve an oewhelmin position on the qeensie. qeensie.

Paw Paw Couner-sroke n he h e Cenre Te classic stateic pecept of a conte stoke with pawns in the cente in answe to a ank attack emains nshakable an is meely eniche by takin new fms.

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g White has state a pawn oensive on the kinse, tstn n the solity of his cental fotications. Black nevetheless ns an eective means of openin p the ame with the a f cnte-blws wth hs pawns.

16 ... b5! 1 7.b5 d5!! 1 8.exd5 8.exd5 e4! Black sacices thee pawns ne ae the othe, bt btai the chance to lanch a vey stn attack on the white kn.

19.¥xe4 Instea 19.e4 wol be met by 19... 19 ...e5!. e5!.

1 9 ... ...4 20.¥f4 20.¥f4 Black's theats ae al aneos ae 20.Yx4 �xe3 21.@ c5.

20...h5 ... h5 21.  �e5 �e 5 22 .2 d6 23.¥a4 gc8 24Jd2 24J d2 ¥ ¥

Mer ta ay

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



l Black' piece are participati i the atack atack;; White' White' pitio p itio i hpele. hpele .

2S.S  26. �f4 �f4 ! 27.h3 r 27 . xf3 xf3 x 28 .x . x c3 29. 29 .  c5 30.@f  3 .@2 4 32.@h2 3#.

27... .. . 28.  2 g2! Whie reie.

Pn Pn Chns  Pn Pn Resn Resn n bth the opei a mileame, pawn halaxe are a mt imprtat areive force fr aii pace. Teir avace create cope fr he action of he piece, at the ame time a rericti the mobilty f he opnet' hti force. Iee, i the aority f cloe frmati frmatin, n, how ele ca the forticati be hattere? Let' examie examie e f  f the characteriic pla for a pawn enive o the qeeie.

Em G Gr r - Ir Bon enngad 1963

 .e4 eS 2.� 2. � �c6 3.bS 6 4 .4 d6 d6 .-  .- d7 6.d4 �e7 7.dS �b8 8.4 �6 9.e3 e7 10.�b 0-0

1 47

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  Uilizi hi pace avatae on he qee ie, Whie Wh ie oe for for a atack atack i ha ector of the the boar. boar .

1 1 .b4 S Black e t want t wa paively fr White' breakthrh with c4-c5-c6. Bt ow he icr a weake  the half-pe b-le, while White' White' pawn  5 becme b ecme a prtecte prtecte pae paw.

12.bxS! dxS 13.d7 �xd7 14.4  I S .gbl b6 b6 16.gb3 � 17.bl 17.bl gb8 18.b2 18.b2 7 19;bl �d7 20.2 h6 21.� �f4 22dl 22 dl d6 23.cl 6 24.�e3  7 2S.3 �hS 26.�4 26.�4

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



Set Ce Strate

It isn't har t see that White ha btaine b taine a clear plus n bth win

26..?! 27.xh6 f4 28.4 gbe8 29.   d88 30.b2 5 3  bd3 6 32 . c3 h d h  33.  34.h3 gh8 35.e2 7 361 3 37.3  38.g ite has incease his avantae an poceee in conent stle to convet it into a win win Te cnclusin that suet itself i that aainst an active pawn unit on the enem sie, ou shoul t to ppose one of o f ou own ou mustn't alw ou oppnent opp nent t fm fm a miht m iht pawn phaanx Lets conier a few examples f psitins with locke pawn chains, whee mutua estaint is eecte b the simplest of builin mateials mateials  the pawns themselve themselve In these situatin, a factr acquiin ke sinicance is the attack aainst the base (or founation) of the pawn chain, that is, the bottom link on which all the uppe units, so to peak, pea k, ae restin restin  Fequentl the weiht weiht of the trule shis t the anks, an thi in tun is bun up with the eots eots iecte iecte  to moe imprtant bjects Hee ae some chaacteristic examples of a stule involvin pawn chains and the unerminin of thei bae

j o Poch Wr H 

Skopje 1972

  2.e4 d .  4. fd7 5.f4

c5 6.c3 c6 7.d a5 8.   b5 9.d b4 Te stateic pictue takes hape Blacs aim is to attack the base of White's chain on c3 ite pepaes to ecipocate b uneminin Black Black's's base  the e6-pawn e6-pawn  an attackin attackin the kinsie

    e f g  1 0.e2 0. e2 b6 b6 1 1 .4 .4 6? 6? Not onl a pointless weakenin but ao a waste of pecious time Te iht continuatio is 1  bxc3! 1 2bxc3 2bxc3 a4 a4 as in utma utmann  V Zilbertein, helabink 1 975, 97 5, stivin stivi n to to ceat ceatee a irect theat aainst c3 without an ela ela

12.h4 bxc3 13.bxc3 d4 14.d4 b4 1 5 .b bll a4 16.xa4 1 6.xa4tt xa4 17.a3 1 7.a3 c6  c6

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  1 8.  1 9.x a a 20.7  d 21.c2 gxh5 22.h5 b6 23.! Wite's kinsie operatin has pve fa moe eective In the follwin ame Black unoubtel shwe fa reate accurac in hi hanlin of an anaoous anaoous situation

Me Pitial Play

 Maoc Maoc - jo Poch Poch

149

disel the thickeni tom cl. A majo simlicatio followed:

Ljbljaa 1973

20 d7 21.d7t xd7 22.xc5 c5 23.b4 23. b4 b6 24. 24.  e2 d7 •••

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.d2  4.e5 fd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 c6 7.d 5 8.e2 8. e2 b5 9 d2 •

With eqality a a aw. Te blem f etaii the paw chais, i moden pactice especially, ae cloely conecte with timely ophylactic meases. Fo it qite oen hae that the fomatio of a aw hax (o the etcti f a oosi one) comes abot ddely, by tactical meas. I the followi examle White eeds to te eat cae.

    e f g 

1.e4  2.d4 2. d4 7 3.f4 3.f4 c5 4.d5 d6 5. 5 .c3 c3  6 e2 e2 00 00 •

9 b4 10.b 10 .b44 xb4 xb4 1  .c3 . c3 c4! c4! •••

 atte decision. Potisch aea to be easi White' ame by eleasin the ese on d4. Howeve, Howeve, in i n the t lace the d4-oit d4- oit has bee mewhat weakened ayway by the emov of it bae, a secodly Black' decisio i like to a ecic la fo active qeeie play. We hol te icidetally that Ptich had thhly ivetiate thi ositio a fa as move 20.

12.3 12.3 c6 c6 13.b3 b3 b3 14.xb 14.xb33 gb8 gb8 15. 15 .c2 c2 b6 It's eay to detad that by (tempaily) takin away the impotat d3-sqae fom he white bisho, Black's ...c5-c4 ...c5-c4 eectively eive White of the chace of a eective kinie aw tom. Ti mea that Black stateic iea ha ted ot vey well.

6.gbl xd4 17.xd4 xd4 18.gxb8 xb88 19. xb 1 9.xd xd55 c5 c5 20.b5t! ly l y thi tactical esoce esoce eable White White t t

    e f g  Te atal move 7.f3 is met by a ha contestok contestokee o he qee qee ide: 7 . . . b5 !? Black' Black's qeenside aw exectely cme to life ad ae ae eneetically et i motio moti o.. It ts ot that the vaiatios 8 .xb5 . xb5 xe4 ad 8 .xb5 xe4! xe4! 9.xe4 a5 1 0. c3 xc3 1 1 .bxc3 .bxc3 xb5 ae aeeable to Black, beaki  his ooent's cente. Te alteative (if White doe't wat t foce evets) is that Black acqies a qeeide awn halax, which aain aain is most welcome welcome to him. him .



Sovet Ce Stratey

Wte' error conste n not tan rohylactc measures aant ths counter oesve. Intea of 7.f3?! he ha to lay 7.a4! clamn own on . ..b7b5.

nce ten, 9.4 ha not been een any more n the ames of serou che layer. Wte refers the crcumect 9.f4, foretalln the lan that we have just seen.

ou more rarely have occaon to ee a mlar exloson on the kne. For that reason the next examle aear truly enatonal.

Conneced  Paws rs a Cena Pr he K Roe of ockadn

Yri Sov  Ti Ptroi Kev 1957

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.�c3 b4 4.e5 c5 5 . �e7 6.a3 c3 7 c3 d4 .Vxd4 � 9.V4 •

8 7 6  4 3 2  Tere woul seem to be no n of any aner to Wte. et all of a suen there followe

9 ... h5 10.Vf4 5! 1 l . b5t �c6 12 .Vd2 d4 13.b4 Vd5 It turns out that Black's attack wth hs awn avaanche has brouht hm slen vens he omnate the centre an ha clearly surasse Whte n eveloment. er

14.Ve2 Vx2 15.V Vx 16.�x d7 17.�x5 �xe5 I.xd7t �xd7 19.0-0-0 a5 20 .d2 g Black alreay ha a won oston.

A conuraton wth connecte wn awns aant connecte centre awns occur qute frequently n ractce. Its evaluaton eens on many factor  rmarly, the mutual ossblte for blockan. In a mle oston or ename tuaton, te ar of wn awns, remote from the enemy kn, s at to be more anerous than the ar n the centre. In a comlex mleame the matter s erent. Here, as a rule, ynamc stuatons are n whch a mere ran s enouh to t the scale. Lets look at an examle n whch the ank blockae trumhe.

Svto Glioric - zlo Sbo Helsnk 1952

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  Whte seems to have had success wth hs queene lay. But as the result of a recsely calculate oeraton, h anerous-lookn awn are ubjecte to a ol blockae.

Mer t a

14..Jb8 1S  •

Not 15.b5 xc5! 16.bxc6 �xb 17.xb b6 a Black has a stro attack.

IS...Ad7 16.00

Aa 16.b5 a7! etc. is ba for White.

16... �a7! 17.el �e8

8 7 6  4 3 2 



     e f g 

Tu the rst part of Black's ra esi s accmplhe. Te blockae ha utterl shackle White's queese play. All the same a very tese strule stll lies ahead. Te seco a ecsve stae of Black's l mportat cetr oesve w commeces

    e f g  avi take cotrol of 5 Black prepares to occupy t securely. Te eed for over protecto  cases lke this was somethi that Nmzowtsch pote out repeatel i his wrts. ate to occupy the blockade square with 17 .. .b5 woul be correct o accout of 18.xb5 xb5 19.4 fllowe by 2-f driv the blck pece awa.

8.Ac1 A 19.if4? By provok Black's paw cetre ito advac Whte  merely pour ol o the ames. Better was 1 9. f4.

9 eS 20.Ad d4 21.�dS Ac6 22.�t  23.c6 xc6 24.f4  2S.b3t  h8 26. �c7 27.c4 �abS •••

28.bel h6 29.4 be8?

A serous tactcal slp which coul have reduced Black's prevous eorts to othi. Te rht move was 29 ...�fe8 to be followed b ...e5-e4 with a overwhelm plus

8 7 6  4 3 2 

     e f g 

30.? Aer 30.e5 e5 31.3! Whte  tur coul have blocke up the cetre




an equalize the ame Te pnt is that 3 1 xf  32xf e4? fails t 33xe4! �xe4 34, with 35  an 36xe4 t follw

30 d5! 31.c1 h7 32.  33 f4 e3 34.dl c4 35.h4 d5 36.5  37. g8! •••

•

 essential efensve measure, parryin White's threats n the -le

38.h5 ge4! 39.6t h8 White resine Tis example, shwin the triumph f a blckae that paralyse the white queensie pawns, vivily illustrates the benets f that stratey Tis is a suitable mment t recall the riinal mims set frth y Nimzwtsch, whch hae retaine their vue t this ay Emphasizin the serius missin f the blckan piece, he bsere that the blckain square becmes a weak pint fr the oppnent; mrever he asserte that the very cncept f a "weak pint arse ut f the cncept f blckae squares Te blckae will en fetter an entire cmplex f enemy frces Tey will rst lse their freem f maneuvre in particular areas f the bar, then the entire enemy positin will becme immbile In this cnnectin, here are Nimzwitsch's relevant assertins 1) Te blckain piece creates threats frm where it stans 2) If neceary it may abann its pt while retainin verall cntrl f the key square 3) Te blckain actvity is enhance by the summnin f reserves t ai it; the reseres in turn must ccupy secure psitions 4) A enuine strenthenin f the blckae

means reater elasticity in the eplyment f the pieces an an increase in the threats fr the ccupie pint Nimwitsch s presente seeral examples f te ht against a blckain pece Te mprtant thn aboe all is t reuce the number f pieces efenin the blckae square Tis is achieve by exchanes, by eictin the ppnent's pieces frm key pints, by ivertin them, an s n Te apprve stratec meth cnssts in trasferrin the attack frm the blckan piece t its efeners Unubtely our unerstanin f the blckain principle cntinues t rw, thanks bth t new frms f blckae an t the crrespnin theretic tenets trataems inlvin the psitinal sacrice f material, playn n a weak square cmplex, etc, arse ut f the principle f blckae But the classic prpsitins I hae cite form the basis f this principle

Paw ces

In arius ynamic situatins the issues f tactics an stratey are linke particularly clsely In this respect, pawn sacrices are characteristic; in many cases this tactical peratin has prfun implicatins Te specic aims an frms f psitinal pawn sacrices are exceeinly iverse ypical examples are sacrices t pen imprtant lnes, t ain space, t weaken the ppnent's verall pawn structure, t ain cntrl f key pints, an s n Tese bjecties are uually clsely interrelate, an en ne will be replace by anther Let's examine ne characteristic mern eice cnsistin f a psitinal pawn sacrice t ain cntrl f a strateic pint in the centre

Mer tal ay

Hrm P E6m Gr



Te peece of a exta pawn  the whte ie i ot felt  o the ctay, the icipiet avalache of black paw o the ie i what will ecie the ame.



Gothebg 1955

8 7 6  4 3 2 

26Jd h4 27.dl g 28.c2 5 2.c3 g 30.h3 h5 31.e2 4! 32.gxf4 g4 33.gxf4 gxf4 34. �t 35.   xh3 36.4

    e f g  Black ha a excelet poitio in the cete an hi quee ie foce ae actively place. At peent White ha o active couteplay. But what pla houl Black aopt in oe to evelop hi initiative? Te followin tafmatio, ivolvi a paw acice to ai a imptat cetal tonpoint, i ihly ituctive.

22...e4! 23. x 24.e4 f4! 25J e5!

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



Te peation i cclue. Black ha acquie a pemaet pot f hi kht.

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  36...3t! 37. 2t 38.   h2! White eie. I ou ay, paw acice fo pitioal ain have become a ma pheomeo. Numeou tataem which patly involve pawn acice ae employe to achieve a moe active co opeatio of the piece, t evelop them quickly, to ehace thei maeuvrability  i othe wo to ai yamic objective, o imply to obtain the iitiative fo executi ome pecic plan. ay yamc ambit have becme jut a mal a ccept a, let u ay, the metho of exploitin paw weakee which we examie ealie. et i the 1930, any uclea pawn acice f thi type wa till viewe a methi f a evelatio. Hee aai, the ervice pefme by Alekhie wa ivaluable. He opee up bule pibilitie fo wiei che playe' h, by hi ue

1

Siet Ce Strate

of a stateic eice whic at tat time was novel  a pawn acice acice f f the initiatie i nitiatie an fo switchin switc hin a uen attack fom fom ne  ne pat f the boa to anothe. Like any initial steps in a complex el of actiity, many f Alekhine expeiment may stike u toay a ubius. et thei pactical success at that time is the bet tetimony to the powe of the pawn sacice a a tateic evice. Hee is a paaim which ha become a classic.

dr in - Rubn Rubn Fin

Alekhine Alekhine wa late late t t ecmmen 20.a 20. a !? followe by a2-a3 an 3-b  -a2. -a2 .

20...Yb7 ... Yb7 21.3  22.�h6t ixh6 23.ixh6 �d4 24Jcdl b4 25.f4! exf4 26.Y4 Aekhine pesistently look fo way to puue the initiatie. At peent, hweve, Wite can only easonably hope t hol the balance. But Black still face a weaisome efensive task, havin to cope all the time with specic theats.

26...bxa3 ... bxa3 27.bxa3 3 28.Y �e6? Te heat of battle battl e poes poes to much fo Black, an he stats on a api slie to isaste. Ae the coect 2 ...c6 ...c6 29 . c e5 3.f , his psition wul be soun enouh.

Hastngs 1937

29.a4 29.a4 gac gac88 30J g3c7 3I Jbl J bl Yc6 Yc6 32.a5! �c5? Tis aleay aleay is the ecisive ecis ive mistake. mis take. Te least of the evils was was 32 . . . a.

33.ic4 Yd7

8 1

6

a b c d e f g 

7

6

In this poition ite has one in fo qite a isy pawn sacice to ain a in the ini i nitiative tiative with his pieces.

15.�!?

A quiete quiete line is 1 5. cx4 cx4 ex4 ex4 1 6. 6.  xc2 xc2 17.xe7 @h ., as playe in a late ame Foltys Foltys  E. chte, encianske encian ske eplice 1949.

a b c d e f g  34.Ya2! �xe4 35.g 35. g Yx Yx 36 t gx 37.Ye6 •

5 ...x ... xc3 c3 16.Yxc3 1 6.Yxc3!! 8! 8 ! 17.Y3 1 7.Y3 White woul of cuse ain nothin fom 1 7.xe7 7.xe7 xe7 xe7  .xa5 x xc2 c2 etc. etc.

7 ... i  8.id3 8.id3 �c6 19.i 19 .i55 �e8 20Jac1 20 Jac1

Black esine. Te followin ame wa playe nealy a quate of a centuy centu y late.

Me a lay

David Brontei Bronteinn  Pa Pa re Bdapest 1950

 .e4 e5 2.� 2. � �c6 3 .b5 a6 4.a4 � 5.0-0 e7 6.Ee1 6.Ee 1 b5 7.b3 7.b3 0-0 8.d4 d6 9.c3 

A his his poin p oin ie ie ook ook an oii oii  saeic ecisio:

0.h3?!  1  . .

55

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  24.! 24. ! d4 25.3 2 5.3 � c4 26 .h6 7? Te lesse evil was was 26    xb2 27x 27x x xff

27.7 x7 28.t  h8 29.5 b3 30.b3 b4 31.bxc4 xa4 32.Ef4 c2 33.h6! Black ee, a few mve befe bei mae: mae: 33  xb 34h2  35xh7!
    e f g  F he sake f he iiia i iiaive ive a a wealh of piece play, Whie oes a paw sacice which objecively is wholly uclea

 l ... ed4 ed4  2.dl xc3 xc3  3.�xc 3. �xc33 �a5 4. 4 .c2 Ee8 I wa lae lae esablishe esablishe ha 14    c5 woul be bee Ae ha, Whie haly ha ucie compeai

5.f4 5.f4 b4 16. 16.�d5 �d5 �xd5 �xd5 17.xd 17.xd55 c6  8.d 8.d   9 .  hl  20.E 7 7 I wa wa wh coiein 20    b6  20 c5  c5 By aci ielue ieluely ly,, Black help help hi hi  oppoen's iniiaive o evelop

21.d2 c5 22.a4  23.Eabl b6

An hee hee a impoveme impoveme was was 23    c4 wih coueplay

on' on' he ieas of he he Ae Aekine kine  Fie ame ovelap wih hose of his las example?

eak u Compexes In a numbe nu mbe of pevious examples we saw ha he secue eploymen a acive peaion of he h foce wa helpe by aii m col co l of weak pis i he ppe p pe' ' camp (f example ouposs in fo of a bacwa o isolae pawn, ec) A faily common siuaio is oe ha feaues a complex of weak squae f one colou Te emeece f such a cmplex epens no only on he chaace of he pawn chain bu also o he pesece a posiioin of any mino pieces (an f he queens!) A paiculaly impoan quesio is whehe hee ae bishops o he ba, a whee Is hee a efenin efenin bishop bish op o cove he colou colo u of he weak squae complex? compl ex? Is hee an aacki



Siet Ce Strate

bihop, preurizin ti ame bject (wic i rater unuu in bein an "empty one)? Naturay te trent of te areie biop reaty increae if it ha n oppite number on the efenin ie. In that cae te weak quare compex i l te more keeny fet. In aition ai tion te t e weake weake i epeciay papabe while queen are on the bar, an, of cure, when te kin i threatene with attack. Te ame ien below, in which a full-cae plan for payin on a weak quare complex wa broacat ou an clear for te rt time, appeare a a veritable trateic enation.

Reuben Reuben Fe  M Boinn Amstedam 1938

1 5 .0-0 0-0 16 .c3 dxc dxc33 1 7.\el a5 1 8.\xc 8.\xc33 a6 19.gfal 19.gfal b b55

    e f g  20.gd4! Refuin to be tempte by the unneceary 20.xa5 xa5 21.xa5 xa5 22.xa5 8, wen Black a put te wort behin im.

8 7 6  4 3 2 

20... 20 ...\e \e77 21 2 1 .gd6! a4 22.\e3 22.\e3 ga7 ga 7 23.�d2 23.� d2 a3 a3 24.c4 a4 a4 25.e 25 .e \ \ 26.gxa3 26.g xa3 ge8 27.h3 g8 28.� \b2 29.�e5 \bIt 30. 30.  h2 \ 31 .\3! .\3! Black reine.

13 ...c3t ...c3t 14. ?

Te n phae of te ame wa tranforme into a powerful attack aaint the black kin. Te threat of a3-f3, wit  to follow, was unanwerabe. In thi example Wite a n arkquare biop, but the weakne of te ark quare wa unerline by the action of i other piece, with the leain role le not only by te mity knit on e5 r te queen, but ao (quite a rare cae!) by te rk tat performe miracle wit it manoeurability. Te power of te bckae n Back pitin i wrty of attention.

Ti alreay brin efeat in it wake. A more tubbrn efence wa 14... 14...a5 a5 15.xc3 xc3 16.a a6! 17�xa5 c8, with fair chance of o f uri. uri.

Te iue f  f utiizin utii zin a cmpex of o f qua quare re wa expune, albeit albe it in ery enera term, a ln a a the en of te 1 920, 920 , by Nimzwi Nimzwitch tch

    e f g  12 .c6t bxc6 1 3Ja4! 3J a4! A remarkable manoeuvre. If it oent yet ecie the outcome of the true, it oe et te opponent ome hihly unpleaant trateic problem in connection with ite' conquet of the ark-quare complex. Te white rook outwary riky but very eective journey to 4 an 6 i alreay preure!

Mer itial lay in My Syt By a iry f te, te, Nimwitsch N imwitsch himelfha himelf ha t experiece all the unpleasantne of efein a weak square complex in the follwin well-kown we ll-kown ame.

on Nimzowitch Nimzowitch -Joe - Joe  Capabl New Yok 1927



8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  33..e4! .. e4! In our prei preiou ou example example (Fine  Botinnik) we reay saw what power a rook can exert on breakin breakin  throuh to the enemy rear. White White can't preet Black from from rther rthe r strenthenin strentheni n the position positi on of his pieces. p ieces.

    e f g  ite's poition i ery icult in iew of the irreparable wees of the liht squares an Blacks resolute preure with his hi s pieces pi eces on the queenie. Althouh Black ha no liht square bishop an is basically operatin with his major pieces his "white ke performance procee procees s inexorabl inexorabl

30 ...�! ...�! 31 .�t White White ca't aoi aoi exchanin. exchanin. er 3 1 .e2 x4 32.x4 x4 33.cx4 b5! 34.  Black woul een more quickly penetrate to his opponent's rear.

31.   32.' 32.5 32 .5 woul woul loe at once to 32 . . . h8 33. h4!. h4!.

32.. .6 33ed2

34.d4 c4 35.' 'b5 36. 3 d4 37.d4 'c4 3.  2 b5 39.  l b4! 4O.b4 b4 41. 2 'c1! 42.  3 'hl! 43. ge l 44.g 4.g  dl 45.b3 45.b3

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  45 ...gc1 ...gc1 ! 46 46e3 e3  !

White resine. n 47.e2 Black plays 47... ...1 1 t 48.h3 48 .h3  (or ee eenn 48 . . . e).

Te scpe of thi issue wa immeasurably increase in the 1940s an 50 when such



Siet Ce Stratey

openin  the French efence, the la, the NimzoInian, the aoKann etc., bean to uneo intensie eelopment. A number of systems in thee openins lea by a irect route to mileame pitin where the leitmtif is play on a weakene complex f quare. In our ay eeral new an imprtant mims hae been etablihe. Accorin to one of these, play on a weak quae complex can smetime more than compensate fo the loss of one or two pawns r the exchane. In uch cae, where a player utterly ominate one clour of squares, the result is a seee limitation of his opponent's play on the other colou too. Tis reeals a close anity between the weak squae theme an the pinciple of blockae. Te explitation of a weak quare complex is, then, intimately linke to two characteistic an ery imprtant strateic plans: an attack on the opponent's kin, an the raual estiction of hi play ue to a tihtenin of the blockae on the citical squares.

hapter 7 e Attack  ni between Strategic d Tactic ethos  Co Attack, ogeher wih defence, is undoubtedly he most universal of srategic conceps. T notion of the attack is above all associated with suc attracive quaiies as unfettered boldness, iaginaion, resoueness in acion, breadth of scope, and, especiay, acical precision.  te omen of attack, he entire ight of he blow is concenrated, so o speak, on a narrow spatial sctor; he attacker is sometimes "burning his boats hat woud have enabled him to rereat from is intended goa. I atack, the elemens of strategy and actics are extremely tighly interwoven. t is often hard to dcide whether a paricular atack (especiay against te king) shoud com under e heading o  srategic plan or a purely actica operation. e concept of attack should on no account be narrowed down to include only the ing as its bject, which is what som chess tachig boos do. n atack on other objects is qually possible. ts spearhead is oen pointed at the centre, the queenside, mobile objects, and so on. Such ttacks frequenty demad just as much resolution, strategic risk and resorcefulness as an attac n the king. I Steiniz's posiionl theory, h attack was rgardd primarily as a mans to exploit a adatage. It was supposed to crown certain other oensiv operations: pressure, initiative, siege, rsriction of the mobility in the hostie camp, ad so forth. Perhaps this was wha gave rise to Stinitz's dictum tha the payer with the advatag is obliged to attack! At the present ime, our undersanding of the atac is much broader. n many cases it represents ot te utimate aim but an essentia means of ghting for some paricular positional trumps. Smeimes, rather than conclude the game, a attack will merely begin a new stage in the strggle for th advantage. In the modern view, th genera aim of the attack is ot th obligatory sruction o f the enemy camp bu he attainment of a tangible p lus. We wi j ust dwe on some dynamic contempo rary methods of conducting the atack.



Set Ce Strate y

nc oen  unchn he ssa In many ae the unleahin of the irect a ault i hihly ynamic hooin the moment for it eman reat kill What heitatin aict een the mt experence mater on enin that uch a mment a come! Hw icult thee moment metime ae to e tect, an hw irrecoerable they are! Te pycloical factor of matery are a theme little inetiate up to now Let u jut nte that the takin of rik, in the face of a poible tactica retatin,  alo a frequently eectie weapon in the practical trule

Te udden n Coup Such actin ae cme t caracterize the moern conception f te attack, epecially aaint the kin A uen blow aaint the kin reult from a weakne in the latter' helter or from the opponent' wi concentration of hi attackin foce

Bori Sps  bert J Ficher Segen Olympad 1970



8 7 6  4 3 2  A

Objectely, Black ha te better prpect White, howee, ha a lit but unpeaant kinie initiatie Black ha t efen ey carelly Probably 27 6 wa appropriate hee atouh aer 28� �8 29�3 it till woul not be a pe matter t neutralize Wite threat Black faile to ene the aner, howeer, an alwe hi opponent to cncentrate hi force rapily n the kinie

27.. Jd4 28.t  h8 29.Vxe6!

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g   unpleaant upie fo ue an Fiche' tate of min wa eiently quite aecte by it; hi ubequent play wa not a ucce

29 .. Jd6! Te tue powe of Wite' threat i reeale ae 29  ?! 30Y!! �xe  3 1 2 e3 32! Yc6 333 �   34h4 �x4 35hx4 Yh  35 an Black ha to play 36  x4 iin up a piece fo inucient compenation to ay in the ame e 36 �c8 37�e2 Yh3 38! win, aoiin the raw with a check on c5 an acrice on 

    e f g 

few moe earlie Ficher ha quite reaonably accepte a pawn acrice

30.Ve4 lm

Te iht way i 30  a8! 3 1 5 �2 when Black ha no concern

e tta  ity eee Strate i a atia Met

31 5 d2 32e Vc7?



3t

Ti lea to efeat. By w ie' pii i early beer, ut Blak ul ill efe ubrly, fr itae wih 32 .. .8 ! wih he iea 33.e7 V7 wih even hane. hie a ill puh wih 33., bu Blak i no withu uerplay.

33.d2! �d2

Bla rei e. ai a weakee truure ru he atle  , a ue ata i taly luri  .  a rule hi i f atak invlve pwerl aial meaure. Tu in the fllwi  example he uome f the ht wa eie y a ue ata o weaee quare i he ale pii.

 Sue Vm Faibio 

ga

    e  g  34.Vd4! Fiher mu have mie hi maoeuvre. Now eve aer he e reply, 34 ...V6 35.Vxb6 axb6 36J 4 37.a4, Bla i in a ba way.

34 d8 35.�d5t  8 36.! �c4 37e2 gd6 38ge8t   ••

 �

8 7 6  4 3 2      e  g 

ite raher eem o be eyei he queeie, bu a atak  he ther wi i hi hief unerlyi ein. In anwer o:

2 �c5 ••

Tere follwe:

8 7 6  4 3 2 

30Jt  31Vd4 Ve5 32.Vc4t!

     e  g 

 i beame ear ha 32 ...Ve6 woul be me by he immeiaely eiive 33.a7!!  (33 .. .Vx4 34.7  h8 35 .x6 an mae) 34.a8  35.V4 Ve5 36.Vxe5 e5 37.x  x 38 . a3. Bla herefore reie. Te pibiliy f quiy erai your fore on he vulnerable eor i wha e o imulae a uen aak o he in.

Siet Cess Strate



A suen attack is pssible nt nly aainst the kin but aainst ther bjects. Here is an example f a suen attack n the centre.

M Bonnik - VU Smlov Mosow 954

l.d4  2.4  3.3 7 4 .2 0-0 5. c3 d6 6. bd7 7.0-0 e5 .e4 6 9 e3 4 10.i5 b6 

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  22...a! 23.gxb2 x5t! 24.  h2 t 25. h3 b2 26.xa7 e4 27.a4  7 2Jd1 e5 29.e7 g 30.a5 g2 31.  2 d4t 32.   33.gb1 6 ite resine.

    e f g  In answer t the natural

11.h3

Black bean a suden sharp an risky attack n the centre.

uch imprmptu attacks ha als been seen in earlier ames but t execute them was nt t emply a methd rather they were viewed as an utburst f creativity an intuitin. uce it t recall the followi remarkable ame.

Joe  Capablanca - exder ekhine Benos Aes 1927

1 l ... exd4! 12.a4 a6 13.hx4 b5 14.xd4 bxa4 15.x6 x6 16.e5 x4 17.a xe5! 1J1 b4 19.a3 xb2 20.xa4 ib7! Better than 20 ...x4 21 .xa7.

21.gbl? uch suen attacks have a pwerful eect n the efener's mental state. Te riht cntinuatin is 21.xb7 xb7 22.3  23.xf3 x 24e7 c8 25x6 when a raw is the mst likely result.

21 ... t 22.  h1

    e f g  Black has sacrice a pawn but seems t have fettere ite's kinsie evelpment.



e ttac  ty etee Strate c a actcal Mets Hweer, apalaca s a eectie plan which iles sacrici the pawn back in orer to attack the black k  Te attack is ery anerous espite the small number of forces participatin  in it

19.i3! x 20.  2l.ie4 h3 22.2! ie6 23.c4 a5 24Jl! x h2 25.ghl c7 26.b2! Te threats are cotinuus a eastati White now threates 27¥a Q8 28h7 h8 29 Q 8 0�h4

preominate in the examples we hae just looke at, here the strateic aspect f similar plans is more ponounce At the same time this kin of attack oes not arise sptae ously but results from the deelopment of an oensie beun on other parts of the boar ery oe this eice amounts to the ri htl trasformatio of a pstioal aata e; for instace, superirity in the centre is utilize in orer t shi the weiht f the assault ot the opponent's kn 

Robert Je Ficher - Sveto Gliric

26 c5 27.5! 

Nw the threat f 28xe6 e6 29f4  8 0¥c2 rears its hea

Havaa 964

1.e4 e5 2.� � 3 b5 a6 4   5.0-0  6.d4 i4 7.c3 exd4 8.d4 d7 9.h3 e6 lO.�c3 0-0-0 1l.f4! •

27 Ja6 

A more sturn efece was 27 a8, thouh aer 28xe6 White woul still hae eey chance of winnin

•

ite has acquire a pawn centre an plainly reeals his intentions for queesie actio Alreay i the eent of 1 1  5 12 h5 15 cx5 14, a ery sharp attack on the enemy kn  coul arse:

           e f g  28Je4! g6 29Jh7!  e7 30.x7  d8 31.e6 e6 32.xb7 White wo

rrrn he ack o he Kn is strateic eice, closely linke to the fore oin one, is perhaps merely a more complex case f a sue coup If tactical factors clearly

a

b

c

d



f

g

h

Te ariations ien by Fischer are reein: a) 14  6 15a4 Q8 16c5 ¥e7 17xa6 bxa6 184 7 19¥b Qa7 20c7 xc7 21xc7 b5 22c6 xc6 2¥b6 Qa8 24¥xa6# [Eitors' note: 1 6xc5 is oo for Black, so 16e5 with an initiatie is better]



Set Ce Strate

b) n 14...xe4 Wite win te ae n fantastic style with: 1 6Jxc7!! x 1 7J8!! a7 (7... xc8 1 8. b6#) 1 8.b8 a8 19.b6#!

18.. 3 19.e5! �xe5 20xe5 e5 21.�c5t  b8 223 e4 23.�xe4 e7 24Jc3 b5 25.c2

1 l...�e7

metimes suc a transfer of the assault is facltate by weanesses in the pawn coer roun the kn that were create at an early stae n the ame. Initally tee weakesses may not play a majr role in the trule, yet becaue of them the kns positin i always to some extent uncomfortable. f curse, you may point to plenty of positions where this last factor ha practically no inuence n the fate of the ame. Nonetheles this kn f strateic resource shoul not be forotten. In the followin example Blacks "Achilles heel turne out to be the h6-point, which for a lon time ha been a wholly insinicant weakess.

1 1 ...6 is safer.

12Jc1 �6 13. d6 14.�a4!  er this, Wite outpot on c5 ains noticeably in strenth. Te correct course was 14 .. .b8 1 5. c5 e7.

15.3  b8 Whites attack, initially irecte aainst the centre, is increasinly chanin its character an switchin to te enemy kin. Tus, 1 5...b6 is ba in ew of 16.5!  17.e2 etc.

Black resine.

16.�c5 d6 17.a4

 Sue - Viy Tov slovodsk 1973

    e f g  17...  a7? Leain to the enouement. Aer 17...c8 18J3 ! Black coul still efen stubbornly.

18.�xa6! Te ecisie strke, emlishin the black ins coer

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  For the moment the actie operations are unfolin in the centre:

22.d2! e8 23.�d5 �xd5 24.xd5t  h7 25.xc5 But not 25.xc5 a5 26.f1 c6 27.xb7 c7 etc.

e tta  ty etee Strate a ata Met

25...5 26.5 b2 27. e6! Althuh the e has been tansfomd ino  ompex ending, Blck's poston s gown more a mo dcut Hs  coms unde an unxpectd and vry shap ttc

27..J8 Foced; a 27  287 8 29x8! xe8 307 h8 3 1 x7, te a a w ostion f course 27 ? s aso unpayable own  o 28g5

28Jd5!  29Jhl ! e ony way te keeps h6 rmly in his sight, wherea 29f4? wuld ve Blak some counter-hncs er 29 g wih h id f  -g5

29 ...6 30Jd7t 7 31.c5! ab8 32 .4 e8

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  33.x7t! Blc sns er 33  xg7 34 h8  6, he is matd



hapter 8 Methods of Defence - Stching om Defence to Attack I meos cases at the ed of a oesive which has boht mateial o ositioal ais some iitiative o attacki otetial asses ito the ooets hads  a le extiishi the oteattack eqies accate defesive actio I shot the switch fom attack to defece is a efectl omal occece. Accodi to the mode view of chess a eqall hih level of skill i attack ad defece is of aamot imotace. alities eeded fo the defece ae esistece teacit meticlos ecisio i execti o las ad of cose activit. It wold be wo to sose that defece eqies less imaiation than attack. Imaiatio hee takes a secic fom which cosists i divii o ooets itetios i ood time.

Sue Re - igr Petroi Zurich 93

   d e f g h hite has two bishos ad a mobile aw cete. e is theatei e5-e6. Bt Blak taes a eisio which comletel sets Whites las




2S ..Je6!  exeet ea Purug  ba am (a bae  the ght quare), Ba er a pta exage are  a e whh,  the preet tuato,  both mma a hghy opprtue. te wou prbaby  better t gre the are a try t mut a atta o the ge wth g3, 2-h4 et.

taty have to fae te prpet  your efeve eoure mg tep by tep, whe oveey your oppoet' reoure fo atve pay are reag. I t repet the foowg exampe  reveag

 Bov  ol 

26.a4 �e7!

gad

But ot 26  .b4 27.5! x5 28xe6 e6 29.x4, a the tuat tur  te' favour.

27.e6 e6 2.V �dS



l.d4 � 2.c4 cS 3.� d4 4.�xd4 �c6 S.�c3 e6 6.e3 dS 7.dS dS .e2 Ad6 9.0-0 0-0 10.A AeS 1 1.�xc6  1  e2  better

1 l bxc6 12. Vd6 13. 3 14 .  IS.  x cS

8 7 6  4 3 2 



    e f g  Ba pee have ome to e a f at the wave of a mag wa. hte' matera pu  purely aaem. Bla' hae are o wre Let' exame the mot mportat moer efeve prpe.

Perssence Pertee a reee are eeta  may tuato. Every mater ha to poe thee quate th the moer trateg approah, however, tae f patet pave efee are ry rare. I prate uh efee  very ut. I the abee of outerplay, you

    e f g  16.f4? te ommt a typa eor, autouly weaeg te ght quare  h ow pot. Ba out the folowg phae f the game wth the utmot pre o

16 ...xc3 17.xc3 �e4 I.V  19Jl Vb6 20Jacl gad 21 .gc2 d4! Ba reate a etral pae paw whh te ow hte' fre eve more.



Met  Deee  St  r Deee t tta

ampp  1 95 3, a he a y jut ixtee Payin  aaint xpereed ate was not ay fo him, but it was his exeptoa tenaity i defene that t ut  perhap mo than his at of attak whh was ate o bom famous  a ul, tnaity is inxtiaby bound up wth an eve moe mpotat quaity  i nuity Fishe to dist uishd himslf fom the utet by outstadi  efesv naty

    e f g  22.exd4d4 23 .e1 'a6 24.'b3 h5 25.'c4 'b7 26.'c6 'e7 27 .a5 d6 28.'c7 'e6 29.'c4 d5 30.b4 a5 31.

obert J Ficher Em Geer 

Caao 962

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 

    e f g  31 ...h4! 32.'c6 h3t 33.  l  34.'xe6 xe6 35.c8t  h7 36. ee5 37.c4  38.b4 �c3! White esi ed

Whit's situation is unnviabl Blak ony nds to pay 16a6! to m th post tia, in viw of the thateed 17b5 But he hesitats ad Whit saves himsf

16 ... e8 17.dl �4? eac

Fom my ow obervation I may ay that naty i df i just a ood a "litmus tst fo nui hes tnt (and fo a chss  ht, of ous!) as th abiity o attak I annot hep eai  the t tim  met kha a It wa at the USSR ea

oth mist It wa essentia to pay 1 7e4 Now White oes ove fom defen to attak

18.h3 'h4 19.d xd4 20.'xd4 ad8 21.�xd5! xd5 22.xd5 � 23.c4! d7 24.e3 ed8 25.'e5 h6 26  

With pis play Wht onvtd his advanta into a win

Set Che Strate

7

he foowing game  a pendid mde of ingeniou defene

 Schmid I Bollav

32Jb7  33.�e2 gc8 34.gb8 gxb 35.'xb8t  h7 aw



Hambg 196

    e f g  I ooks as if Bak's posiin is hpeess, as hee s no defene to he heas on he e- and f-e Fom this mment on, hwever, Bak nds some aonishing defensive resoues

7 d5! 8Jxe7 xc4 19.' h3! •

One moe Bak gains a tempo fo he defene

20  2e5 'h3! 22.d8 gxd8 23.ge7 g 24.gxb7 Bak ha fended o he dret attak n hi ing, bu i nw ks a f White has gained a deisive plus on he queens ide Blak's piees, moeove, ae hooughly ied up on he ohe wing And ye Bak's ingenuiy oninues to wok wondes

24...2 25.gxa7 'xh2 26.b4 b3 27.b3 'hlt 28.  b2 h3! 29.b4 'c6 30.'d4 '2 3.'e5 '! Wih amazing si Bak keeps on wrying his opponen wih ouner-threat

Defence d he emen of ae e eements of trategy ae the insepaable aompanimen o plans for aak and de fene ake, say, he noion of impaion In mos ases simpiaion i unweme  he aake, bu i is a dieren mae if e s exhanging o hi ppnent' key defensive piees is i an impoan tage in the devel pmen of the oensive Le u ea, fo in sane, the typia aak againt Bak's aled position on he kingside in he ragon aia on of the Siiian efene An integra pa of te' pan  exhanging the bhop on g Whu this, i is had o imagine he aak sueeding onvesey, hough as a ule he ineess of defene ae seved by simpiing, i is im potan o peseve ome pariuar piees fom he genea exhanges Smeimes he whoe defene is hed geher iteay by one piee ake ha same Siilian agon su ue In he ineess of defene and oune aak Bak sometimes needs o peseve his dak-squaed bishop a any s, even tha of an exhange saie O ake he eemens of he pawn foma ion e aak most inevitably equies pawn advanes Wihou hem i is had o open he lines ha ae esseni fo mouning he deisive assau onvesey in defene i is vey impoan to eave you pawn shied un ouhed fo s long as yu an Even a sligh weakening of he pawn posiion ound you opponen's asled king eates ondiions fo siking he deisive bow he mehods of a ak agains vaious weakened pawn stuues have beome sandard Unde a brade oneption of pstinal pay, sevea vauabe geneaizations an be

Met  Deee  Siti  rm Deee t tta mae abut te priipe  efence. Fr h fei sie, a  rul,  closd sucu is mor congia, a it makes i h fo th  ckg rce to deply hir activity. But his only hs if the efeer hs nough spac fo maeuvrig! Oherwi  graual pyi f his ow frs my st i.



19.. Ja6 Tr is o futur a al i 19.� 20.�! whn i incrass h pressur unhier.

 he  heme of he Defence 

efece is very aciv by ture; i cmprises  wi rae  preept  ti ay the folwig exampl e a istructive mel f ativ efec.

M Euwe - eder eine Holland 937

    e f g h 20...a5! 2 1.b4 b4! A ming siuion. it is uab o expi Bak' "ha ig pi 22.�xa6 xa6 23xb4 xb4 tc. Bu he he wa  atualy cuti   n immdi win. His x mov, howv, sms to o irrparble amag o Back's pw sructure.

    e f g h hit mes up with an nretic thrut:

19.a5! e houl o tha th win of  paw wul give him nthi o pa of 19.x b3 20J�b g6 A n: 21d4 xd4 22d d7, or 21 3 7 22J� �c8 23e4 xc 24�bxc �xc 25.�xc 6! 26.x5 �xb2 I a is Blck  quat compntion in he shpe f his br plce pie.

22.b2 a5 23 .7 g8 24.e5 r 24.4 �a6! 25g3 b6 Back has dqut play

24...�b3 25.ga4 Oth rok moves oul t brig ay rl gi ith. Fo xampl: 25Jb 2 26Jb8 8 27c7 7, r 25Ja3 2 26�fa c4 27�a4 �a6 28g3 b6, n i hs o signic dvne.

25 ...ga6 26 . b6 27.gf4 h5 28.gh4



Siet Ce Statey hite lat e wa e5-e6 ee fllwed:

21.. 122.d2 L 23.gel gd8!!

A emakale countete, not nly extin uishin the attack ut takn  ve the initiative Ply poceeded:

24.gxe6t e6 25.i6t b 26.c3 ie4 27.e5 id5 28.7 g 29.x6t  d7 307t ie7 31.a4 �c6 32.b5 b5 33ih4 g8 34. ga8 35.gxa8 gxa8 36.h3 b4

    e f g  28 ...a5! 29.gxh5 gc6 30.�a3 d4! 31.exd4 �xd4 32.gelt  d7 33.  gc3 34.�bl gc2 35. gdl  c6 It isnt hd to see tht Blcks esoucelness has ouht denite esults By now the chnces e even oden methods of active defence ae extemely vied e nswe to  diect ttck may, f intance, e a counte-attck aainst dieent ojects in the opponent camp is device oes f eyond the ounds of tctics in numeus cse it ha  stateic cntent

en Griori  adimir T makov B 972



8 7 6  4 3 2 I     e f g 

Black dually exploited his mtei adnte us, actie defence i an eectie way not nly t equlize the chances ut lso, not infequently, to chieve  plus efendin  cn e one way of winnin the ame e whole question is how to defend, nd how to ttck!

nerreaon beeen ehods of ack d Defence In chess, as we sw fom  nume offoein exmples, the inititive cn oen pss t and f in the coue of the same ame It fequently hppens tht ae cquiin   specic ain of n enduin ntue, the ttckin side needs to o ove tempoily to the defence (in ode to peseve tht in e defence will oen e  lenthy i  an instance of thi, we my tke the situtions tht ise fom the shll Attck in the Ruy Lopez: e4 e5 2f c6 5 6 44 f6 50-0 e7 6e 5 7 0-0 c d5 9exd5 xd5 10xe5 xe5 1 1 xe5 c6 etc Hee, as a ule, ite nds himself in the ole of defende in the vey openin In the mden dynamic stule, the switch fom ttck to defence (nd vice ves tends to e  most delicte mtte, demandin cute positional ai and deep calcultion

Met  Deee  St  r Deee t tta et' oo at the owg eampe

chn om ack o Defence

 olmov Mk mov 

Tbls 1959



was 9  h 304  315 th doubeedd pay

30.Yc4 Y 31 .�d5 Y 32.ge5 g e that was 33! 

33.h4 gd6 Not 33 h5? 34!  35  3g t

34.h5 o

    e f g  Ov  ong piod Bck hs hd  stong inititive At this point howv it pps  shoud hv contntd himsf wih h inimum gn by hnging quns nd yin to poit his supeio quensid pwn suctu tubbony he tis to chiv o

21.  22.Ye2 Yd5 23.  bl �d4 24.Y o 25.Ye2 �d4 26.Y2! ••

A this point noth sttgic peept stnds ou vey y  th swith om dnc to c (this wi b dicussed h on) W shoud not ht th two pcpts  cosy intd

26 �e6 27.5  •••

I wasn' too t to nd  wy o compomis y pying  g5 8g5 g5 9g5  30e5  ith  tn dw

28.�c3 Yd2 29.Y! Yx5? Tis has mentabe onequencs Btte

    e f g  35.Yh4!  36. Yx6 37.Ye7t  8 38.�t  h8 39.ge6 Yl t 40.  a2 Bc signd

From Defence o Couneraack If switching fom ttck to dfenc is th  goomy ncssity vn in th most uspicious cass th switch om dnc to ttc is wys iumintd in osy tons outpy is th bst wy o ghting ginst you opponn's inititiv nd tc If nutizing th ths by puy dfnsiv mthods my vnuy hiv stic quiibium countpy mns connding fo th dvntg In my viw in modn chss th  of countttck is indd th mos widspd dnsiv souc It woud not b much of n ggion to sy tht this t is th ony



Set Ce Strategy

thing tat an genunely wden yur rative sop. In our xampls of ative defn w alady saw what ih pssibilitis th w fo going er t the enie. Ad f ure th mst powful mans of asymmetril dfn  and ountplay  is untattak lading as a ul to an xtmly sharp ght.

Eivind Poulon  van Fa Gasdal 1976

l.d4 e6 2.� � 3.c4 dS 4.�c3 cS S.dS �xdS 6.e3 �c6 7.ic4 d4 .exd4 ie7 9.0-0 0-0 10el �xc3 1l.bxc3 b6 12.id3 ib7 13.Yc2 6 14.Yd2 i IS .h4 gc 16.hS

Blak went n t wn aer

I.Yxc3 d4 19.Yc2 l 20ia3 YS! 21.ie4 gc 22.Ye2 e4 23.Yxe4 i7 ountr-attak has bom te leitmtif o many a ontmpoay pning systm.  this vaiation of th iilian fn

Albin Plinec  Doljub M jbljana 1973

1.e4 cS 2.� d6 3.d4 d4 4.�xd4 � S.�c3 a6 6.i5 e6 7.£4 �bd7 .Y Yc7 9.0-0-0 bS 10.eS ib7 1 1.Yh3 dxeS 12.�xe6 e6 13.Yxe6t ie7 14.bS bS IS.�xbS Yc6 16.�d6t  d 17.eS Only a fw yas ago hadly anyon wou siously hav takn up Blak's aus Hi king is vitually un  fom th nti whi amy. Ad yt in viw of som markabl unt-ataking sous Blak's dfn is by no mans bokn. T following gam svs o onm this.

    e f g  Tis position psnts th momnt of tansition fom opning to middlgam. Wat sms to b vy muh a statgi stuggl is in pogss. At this stag Blak's usual plan was to play "fo points on th quns id with 1 6. a5 t. Wit in tun would stiv to wok up an attak with his pis against th kng. But now a ompltly nw tatmnt of th position o mo xatly a nw solution to it was vald. Lik a blt fom th blu th followd: ..

16 ... �xd4!! 17. �xd4 gxc3!!

    e f g  17... 7!

o show th full siusness f th pblem of ount-attak I should point out that this mov is an improvmnt of Blak's dfn disovred duing hom analysis.

Mets  Deee  St  r Deee t tta Pevusly 17e8 18ex x 19x7 d een plyed, wt a slght dvntage to te  Bste  clte, slovdsk 198

18.xe7!? Peps t sould ave settled fo qualty wt 18x gxf 19xe7 xa2 20x7   2 1 \d2 xg2 22\c3  tc

18..Jxa2! 19Jd4? It was ssnta to ply 1 9xf gx 20 x 7, evt t te lie n te last nte

19 .. Jalt! e stt of te deisiv countttk

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g h 22 .. Ja4t!! 23. xa4 c6t 24.  b4 hit could not sav imslf wit 245 t: 24  x5  25 \x5 c 2\4 d5

24..Jb8t 25.  c4 �d5 26.�e8t gxe8 27.d6t  b7 28.gxd5 xhl 29Ja5 e4t 30.  b3 gxe5 31.d8 t 32.c3 t 33.c4 ge3t 34.  b4  Blk soon won



aec ms of acc perons In  num of css  sttgc pla as its soc, so to spk, in  puely tctc ope tion o instnc n xcng is ndotdly one of t most wdesped tctic dvcs In most cass t ts pl f einntly tctcl sons t t  ccumstncs w t excgng opton s pofound sttgc mplatos Lt's etun to t issus of ttck nd defnc tt w hve just exnd In t vst mjoty of cass t ttcking sd voids smplaton {unless of ous t ings conct dividnds}, wl t dfnd convsly looks fo wys to xcng pics o t xplotton of  mtil dvtg o  cl postionl on, smplction cn  t most tol mtod  ll, wnv pcs of equl sttus  xcngd, ts n css t ltiv dispity in vl twn t nng focs is pincipl is linkd to som sutl tctcl dvics tt v  sttgic impot n pticl, t tt of n xcnge my e ptly utlzd to compl t opponent t nd som stong outpost o ot n ot wods, y ts dvc you pusu t sttegc m of impovng t position of yo own pics {wil tt of yo opponnt's pcs s wknd} y oen, tn, postonl tms  ftd y xcngs iml tms lso ni som ot dvcs tt migt s ly tctic is ppls pimily to t p. ost on, of cous,  pin mks  sios impct in momnts of puly ttil conict t in numos cses  pin in t onng phs wll logclly unc t wy t ply dvlos  sttgic signicnc of  in s tt soon o l i indcs t opponnt to mk movs wc wkn s postion in  wy tt cts t wol cos of t gm  Nimzowtsc sid,  n dosn't v to lst




fo ge. A prac p (or te teat of t)  n sef n mpotat postona fco. How may ue f t  are e by te Ruy Lpez! O by te Fou Kgt Game:

1.e4 e5 2.� �c6 3.�c3 � 4.b5 b4 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 c3 7.b3 d6 8.5 e7 9.el

at  bet for Bac ow? Sou e ve te bop away at oce wt  ... 7 . 4 g, r u e pay  ...g4 wt a cutepn Su e pary te pota treat of7. wt  ...e, o sou e gnoe ts tet y payg  ... o eve catg? I a tese cases e w, pmary, be gg attet to puey pta a sttegc cetns.

Te  of oeun n ced Posons

    e f g  9 ...�d8!? 10.d4 �e6  so o. O te te foowg exmpe, fom n eay fogotte e of te Guoco Pao:

I mater pay yu e ave to cpe wt "psc tuatons  wt pyg baced potons tt e bong n ppeaace.  we bee befre, bace post n mer py ae ot ymmetca  caacte a are by o me syoymus wt  quc w. Pyg suc postos emns gea maoeuvng s. Fequenty one of te pyes w commn  goo e more space. But f te costcte se a pobtes fo exbe mnoeuvng, uc postns e o ony defene but vbe n evey sese.

Ti roi - Bori Sp

1.e4 e5 2.� �c6 3.c4 c5 4.�c3 � 5.d3 d6 6.5 Te ne peps meely pesets us wt  compex of cractestc es tt ways accompny te pobem of png.



8 7 6  4 3 2 

Moscow 1966

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  Bac appes to be suocng fo c of

    e f g h

Me  Deee  S  r Deee  a spae, bu up ser peo he provs to have exllet spe for manouvrng Intrestnly passky vn ratd hs poston as th pleasanr of the two Ts s prbably an verptmst judgemnt, but the rther ourse fthe ame demonstrates tha Bak does have a wealh of rsours for ounterpay

41. e6t 42. <  Ah6 43.l  44.b2 7 45J  6.t < 7 47. ge 4Jbl 

Whte mses he tr es otuaton of the attak 48b2! T da s to mt 48 Ye6 wth te eve 49xe5! xe5 50Yx6 6 51 f6! et

4 e6 49.xe6 gxe6 50.b4 M 5 1.gxM ga7 52.gb2 

Bettr was 52  , to brng ths rook to b 1  Te ntatv s gradually passng to Blak

52 ... ge 53J <  54.a5 < e6

1

56.ge2 A4 57. < h3 g 5.gl g 59. < 2 g Blak uld aready have sed te ave wth 59g5!

60.e1 5 61. h4 62.xh g4 63. g 64. < h3 g5?! Blak ha be maneuvrng suprbly, deplyg th oeed mhansm f hs rape p w rea l But here he fal  d a eetve way  ae the ntatve: 64 h4! 65xh4 f4 

65.gbl gxe 66.gxe4 g 67.ge2 g 6. <2 g3 69.g2 ge3 70.g!  71 .Ae1 x5 .A

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  ...gb3

    e f g  ov by mov passky mprovs th plang of hs pes by ndng seure psts for them Te pso of hs kng on e6 s very omfortabl

55.Ab4 Ae3! r a long slumber, th bshop too starts to lay a atve re

Now t s Blak who needs to for th draw If 72  d3, then 73xd4 x4 74xb7! xb7 75a6 and Wt wns A rook exhange s thrfor unavodabl

73Jxb3 xb3 74.g 5 75.4 ex4 76.g ! 77. <  raw

W should note that on transton from the opnng to th mddlegae there are a good many restrted ps whh nnethless ontan onsderable potetal, thanks to thr onvenent manoeuvrng possbltes




atoly pov - jo och

e the pitin ariin  from thi ariation of th Enlish Opnin : l.c4 cS 2�6 � 3.�c3 dS 4.dS �xdS

S.e4 �b4 6.c4 �t 7.e2 �xc1 t Jxc1 e6 9.d4 d4 10.xd4 Better i 

10...xd4 1 1.�xd4 a6 1 2J:hdl

Mla 1975

T

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 

    e f g  Even thou h hit is i tmpos hd in dvlopmnt nd hs noticly mo spc his dvntae is vry li ht  point i tht Blck hs no wk spots nd this enales him to mnouv ily nd complt his moiliztion uccsslly Of cous such lif-sustainin soucs  y no mns vill in vy constictd position  mples we hv lookd t should not  confusd with tht l  oup of cmpd nd folon positions to which aschs dictum pplis: ' constictd position contains th sds of dft! ontempoy practic yields  nly dintiated sc to msu th most minut dvntas in positions whe th opponnt hs no possiilitie fo active countply

It look as if the esouces fo comt  vry limited and th m mut unvoidl nd in  drw However hit hs a smll plus in th shap of slihtly t spc in th cnt nd this pmits him to wok up  kin sid inititiv

17 J:e lJl ge6 19.c4 Ab7 20. gbe •

Black hd to think out eakn  with   to ain moe spce on th kin side o this nd it was worth considin 20 .. J�.

21.d2 c6 22.b3 e7 23.f4 gb 24.c3  2S.    26.h4 gee?! A much mo ctive move was 26 h Blcks toul is tht he put o ny ctiv count-masues nd dully nds up in  thoouhly cmpd position

27. gb7 2.gb2 geb 29.gebl g 30.g1 Ad7 31.e3 e6 32.d3 c6 33.b4 b4 34.b4 e 3SJ:d2 gb6 36.d4! tatin  solut onsiv

36 ...eS? is leds to th loss of  pawn But in th

Met  Deee  St  r Deee t tta



vet 36 e7 37g5! 5 38x5, Bla game  stll vry dult

8 7 6  4 3 2 

    e f g      e f g 

37.xb6 h2t 38.  e1 xt 39. xd2 b6 40Jal  41.xa6 b8 42.  d3 h5 43.b5!  44. c8 45.a4 e6 46.5  47.e t 48.  d4   49.b4  e6 50.a6 b8 5 1.h5 4 52.h6! h6 53.h6  It snt ard to see tht th ndgm is lost fo Bla

54. 8 55.f4! b8 56.a7   57.7 e6 58.c7 h8 59.c6 8 60.xd6   61.xb6  62Jxe6 xe6 63.  e4 l 64.b6 Bla reed Wth ths we onlude our examat of the objetive ftos n moden psitonal play

Conclusion e example dued  th b hw hw da eru t  t verrate the  ae of bvu-eem advatae  a pt I have tred t demtrate that  the vat majr f ae a mt mprtat re  played by vert ad prmarly tatal feature f the tru le ey me t l ht ly  the dyam f the ame e ept f he dyam  tatly be elabrated ad erhed It   equee f th that uh tr a the -perat of he fre the tatve the trafrmat of pt advatae ad  frth have aqured reat mprtae th the temprary evlut f pe  thery the vet at f may mddleame prblem  tmately eted wth the tudy f pe truture e rle f dyam mmeaurably reaed ha bru ht r mre mplexty t he thuht I umeru ae where mplated pt are t  uet t be uded by eera ptal derat ad the varat that upprt ad lar them e budare f rete thu ht  he have bee meely wdeed et t mut t be upped that he  bem  drer ad mre uteret  a a reult f th Far frm t  the rete th  f ur tme  dreted aat the a f frmal l  ad  baed abve al  the elemet f ma at  the art f he; ad th tatly ehae the ubtlety ad teret f the he tru le Hee the everrea  demad  a he player' ll Aqur  th ll mea t jut ll yur baae wth wlede ad tr f the trade It al mea be  able t freee the rete develpmet f the trule fr a  way  ad th  aded by pe f a wde ra   areal f trate ad tatal dea ad f ure a h h-level tehque fr ulat  varat Exer  he ll al mea t be  afrad t tae a healthy r ad w  hw t apply the prple f the he tru le exbly Al th hw that the ame f he le all reatvty  faat  ad te

Append From the Book "e ilege in Chess Te ave oden sttegy ccods pime impotnce to scices fo te inititive contining te est tditions of sc nole mstes of te ttc s ndessen opy igoin osek leine Beye Reti nd pielmnn ee is  cssic emple of sc  scice

E nfeld - Rudolf Spielmn Sopron 1934

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g h Bck s  led in development t ow is e to eploit it in sc  closed position? Te folowing soltion is of get inteest

2 ... e5! 13.e5 xe5! Blck scices  piece otining  stong inititive wic tetens to gow into n ttck Te specic im of te scice is to keep te enemy ing in te cente It will ten ecome n oect of ttck fo Blck's developed nd moniosy-woking pieces



Sviet Cess Statey

Of couse this opeation equied fa eaching clculation. But no matte how it was pefomed concete calculation could not have exhausted this positi n hen embaing on the combination Black was guided st and foemost by his faith in the initiative and his condence that it would gow at the autho of the combination himself said on this subject is notewothy: Te cectness of the kight sacce cannot be poved anaytically and in a coespondence game it might have met with a etation et in an ove-the-boad game with thinkng time limited to one hou fo 1 8 moves such sacices ae almost bound to lead to victoy. (Rudolf pielmann Te Art of Sare in Che)

14.dxe5 d4! 15.dl 1 5exd4 was a bette choice  not feaing a queen check on h4 in view of 16d and 17@c2

15...e5 16.e4 At the cost of anothe pawn hite holds up the opening of lines

16...e4 17. d5 18.h3 e7 19.e2? Not an obvious mistake but aleady decisive. hite should have played 1 d   when the position emains vey double-edged

19...d3! hite had not foeseen this Hs kng is now stuck in the cente and comes unde a devastating attack

2.xd3 gfe8 21.@

2 1 .0-0 loses to 2 1  .d4t

21...b2! 22.gel t 23. d4 24.3 ge4! 25.h4 On 25 .f3 Black wins wth 25 ..xe2! 26xe2 c4!.

25...gae8 26 .b5 gxel t 27.el ge3 28.5 gxel t 29.@xel xt 30.@dl 2 hite esigned ae a few moe moves. e must obseve that to assess the initiative facto coectly it is impeative to tke its stability and duability into account and to conside the active esouces of the defending side. It should be bone in mind that in many cases one playe will have cnceded the initia tive to his opponent delibeately in exchange f some positiona o mateial factos of an enduing natue He will be counting on the possibiliy of gadully neutlizing his op ponent's initiative and utilizing the positional tumps he has gained Te following example is chaacteistic.

Semyon F ey Suen 

Kev 1954

    e  g h



8 7 6  4 3 2      e  g h

r te  "e Me ae  Cess



lak s the exa e up, ut te holds he iniiaive. His heas ae vey dngeous.

17 J8! ••

Possily the nly move. Blk gives up  pw u taes ue measures o otain ve unteply. I would only ae a sn le pssive move, suh as 17..d7, to iu an iesistile attak e 1 8. e5.

18.d4 d7 19.xa7 4!

    e f g 

8 7 6  4 3 2 

40.f4? Te deisve thouh arely vius miste. White hastens to y ou his plan of tk in the ete ut does so peuely, ivin Blk the hae to ativate hs roos to ood ee and seize he iniiaive.

4O g4! 41.a3 ga8 42.ge3 gd4 43.h2  •••

    e f g 



a is willi to ive up anothe paw t west the iititive fom his opponent. e 0 .x4 x4  1 .x7 he wuld hve  very ive position; Whie would aledy have numeous hres o y.

White is tied dow defedin  the key poits i the ene. He ano pevent the he sten hening of Blak' poiion.

44.h5 h5 45.e5 4 46.ge1 e5 47.e5

20.h4 e5 21 bl b5 22Je1 ga8 23.e3 a5 •

By mes of vaius theas, Blk hw Whie's asi plan of n oensive in he ene (f4 nd e4-e5). Ove a lon  seie of moves  ee le fo he iniiave s fouht ou, demandig pid nd ue alulaio.

24.d4 ge8 251 d7 26.b3 a7 27.el a6 28 .e3 a4 29.5 a5 30. 4 31.d4 b6 32.e6 d7 33.f4  34.e2 a4 35 c3 e3 36.e1 b5 37 b4 d6 38.c3 xe1 39.gxel d7 •

•

    e f g  47 xa3! 48.g t e8 49.e6e6! 50.e6 gt 5 1.l gxb4 •••

Blk soon won.

Se Ce Srae

4

s exampe shws that t e wth the ppet's tatve  uh uats, t s mst mprtat t tre t ta uter pay. cut stuats wth ee psstes f uterpay are hae wth remarkae sk y ktr Krh.

or rcnoi  Bo Sliwa Baest 954

8 7 6  4 3 2 

19.bd2 xh3 20.xc7 

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 



23!  upeasat surprse. ht sezes the ttve frm hs ppet a hs cete ecmes a frmae fre.

21. 3 22.0-0-0 ? ••

22 ...g4 23.e ab8 was much strger.

    e f g 

23.g d3 24.e4 gac8 25.f4 b5

O the whte se f a w Kghts efece, Krch has ge t a cu varat. He has w a paw bu cced a agerus tatve t hs ppe. me very tructve mpas arse,  whch hte geusy s resures fr cuerpay at the same tm as presrvg hs matera pus.

1 l e3!? •••

By sarg ather paw, Bak pes es fr the attack.

12.e3 e3 13.e3 e4 14. h4t 15.3  16.c3  17. 5 18.f4 6? Bak has st h way  he mpextes. He ha t pay 18...xh3, maag the tatve aer 19.xh3 xh3 20.xf6 gx.

    e f g  26.dl!  astute mve. e threat s 2. a Bak s frced t a serus weakeg f hs pst. Essetay the game has ee ee.

Fr the  "e Mie ae i Che

26  17.e5 bx4 18.d6 Wd5 29.Wd4 We6 30.gel g 31.b3 b3 32.b3 a5 33.c4 gd7 34.ge3 gb7 35.Wd5! Wxd5 36.d5 •

White eaily exploite his dvntage. t the egiig of the game a i ompelled (to ome extet) to uit to White' iitiative. His ow plan are i a meaure depenet o the partiular itentio of the attaig ide. i doe ot of oure mea that la i oee to efee a eprive of ativity. He jut ha more i the way of diultie ad may have to tae more reponiility for his atio. If  ior error o White' part uuly lead to o more tha lo of the iitiative there are plety of ae where a imiar error y a a have muh wore oequee. Naturally i the opeig stage White houl edeavour to osolidate d ireae hi iitiative. Bl onversely will try to neutralize White's endevours n if the oaio oer eize the iititive for himel I mater py it i oniered  distit hievemet if you aa e to gain rm poeion of the iitiative uaranteeing  small ut latig plus. I the moder opeig the iitiative fator play a ot importat roe. i iee i what otitute the ew approah to the role of time in he n approah whih rejet the mehanil ountig of tempo. e mai thig i to oier the i etwee a tempo nd a onrete iea ie it i oly on this conditio that a partiular pla an e arried out uely. Of oure the trugle for iitiative in the opein  most oe revolve rou poeion f the centre squre. e method of ghtig for the iitiative in the modern pei  are otiuay ei  ree. Ative method (for playi  with hite) a well a defeive oe (for la) are elorate i etai a thi i wht uppie



the rivi impule fr the eveopmet f opei  theory. e edeavour to oraize oitent lon  term preure o the etral quare reai the daetal moder opeig trategy for Wite. It  vivi expreio i uh urrety ppuar peig a the Ruy Lopez ad the HalfOpe ad loed Games. Avoidi ay rapi impliati of the game or premature liquiatio of the preure o the etre White' hief ta here i to prevet la from eveopig freey  a rauay to deprive him of ative play. Propuded ever sie teiitz' day thi tratey for Wite ha uderoe uh moditio ad it otet ha ee greatly erihe. At the present time it open the way to a pex dyamic truggle rather tha to the aumulatio of mall advatage ( we iue earlier) . In the moder opeing White odut a extremely ative ght for the iitiative a to thi ed he oe olly unertae to harpe the play. e hage to Wite' trategy i favour of agreio ad dyamim have ee indued to a lare extet y the i iat inrease in ativity y Bla who strives for outerplay at the very tart f the game (thi may e oidered hi ai oteporary trategy). In thi tye of pay a oe't one himelf to paive efee of the etre square in the opeig ut onitetly trie to thwart Wite' pa oppoi  them with pla of his ow fr outerplay i the entre. Give la' apiratin to ative ounterplay i the opeig Wite i oliged to tae orete eaure ad ot rely omplenty on the avntage of the move. With routie play he i liale ot oly to loe the initiative quily ut alo to la i evere diultie. Let' loo at the folowig exaple.



Set Cess Strategy

Mk Tov  o 

Tbls 95

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 

    e f g  Pocdng fom geneal consdeatons, ht slcts wht looks lk th ntua plan fo  ngsde pawn stom  castlng long. Ts could hv bn a good plan f Black hd not ben able to ognze ctve counteplay. In ths cs, howv, Blck very stutly xplots th pecults of th poston stong pssu on th h-a  dagonal; th possblty of qucky opnng th gme n th cent nd on the queensde), and shows tht hts steotyped desgns  unfoundd. T gm contnud

9.4 Blck would hv found t much hd to ognze countply  f1-d3, g-2 nd 0-0.

9 ...a5 10.h6 h8 11.h4 e5! 12.h5 e6 13.0-0-0 exd5 14.exd5 d7 15.5 a4! 16.xa4 xa4 17.bl b5! 18.6  19 .  20.b5 c4! ht hs ndd up fcng nsumountbl dcults.

T sttgy of countply pdtmns Blacks choce of opnng system. At th pesent tme w my stt tht mny wll-stblshd defensv systms a bng -xamnd fom the stndpont of schng fo countplay, nd a bng notbly nchd wth nw contnt as a sult of ths teatment. In postons whee Black has countply ganst ts bd fo a lstng nttv, wht s last of l pmssbl s the mchncal mplmntaton of commonplac pncpls. In th stuggl fo th cnt t th stt of the gm, both sds  aleady stvng to dsupt th co-odnton of ch oths focs wth th conct mddlgam pospects n mnd.  th ght fo th nttv pocds, complx postons s nvolvng ch nd ved stategc plans. Appoxmat quty of th chncs dos not pont towds smplcton and n ly dw. It mly mphaszs tht both sds  lly nttld to th undtngs n th comng stuggl. ummng up, w may conclud tht counteplay s th bst mans ofghtng agnst th wokngs of th opponnts nttv t all stags of th gme. If neutlzton of th nttv by puly dfnsv nd pssve mthods nbls you, n th n ckonng, to achv statc qulbum, countply mns ghtng fo th dvntg.

r te  "e Mie ae i Ce Hee a payer hu rert t paive efee y i a ae f extreme eeity

rsfoao of Posoa Faors I the trugge fr matey f the pitia fatr in the ure f a game there are ueive hage f ee e ae t peaig f the mir a e iubtatia aterati t the piti tat are baiay happeig a the time but f the ruia mmet i the trugge whih radiay rediret it utwar ure i ea i the rt pae the mmet f tranfrmati frm e phae t ater (peing t miegame  miegame t egame) ajr perati uh a fre attaing ine r pex exagig equee variu type f mbiatin (perhap the mt triing f thee ruia enari) and  n. at appe in tee ae i wat he writer tend t a a trafrmatin f pitia fatr It i by  mea frtuitu ut  the trary uderie the trit gi f the he trugge I thee peia mmet the pitia a materia fatr are trafrme i arae  t pea with te uderying trategi a tatia tet f the partiuar game Hw thi me abut wi be euidate in ur ext exampe





te reut f a peing errr  i ppet' part ite ha attaied a ear prepderae i the etre. ith i ext few mve he trive t nidate hi avatage

12l b7 13 b5! I rer t trengthe hi etre ite a t et it i mti with d4d5 e mve he pay i eetia preparati fr thi eeig that the immediate 13d5 i bad  aunt f 1 3e5

13Jc8 14a4 aS 15d5!  te etre ha tarted mving tritig Ba' piti ti rther Ba therefre mut endeavur t udermie the entre at ay t but at te met 15e6? fai t 1 6.dxe6 e6 1 7d7!.

15d6 16 d2! Again preventig 6.e in view f 7 b4 ad at the ame time treateing t win a paw wit 7.xa5

Semn F Vsy Smylov 

Mosow 1949

8 7 6  4 3 2 

    e f g h A ritia mmet I hi earh fr uterpay a ge i fr thi ri brea i the etre It' iteretig t te what wud w happe if hite attepted t maintain hi pair f entre pawn {whih up

     e f g h




to here hae ee h hef er} at ay pre aer 1 8? Bak woud ota exeet uterpay y 18e4 19e4 e5 20h3 f Terefore  order to reta h adatage, hte has to sumt to the uderyg eessty of the posto ad raday ater h strateg pa Bearg  md the ew ondtos of the trugge {the kgde weakeg whh Bak's £-5 oeded}, hte ow tart a attak wth hs pees, utzg ther greater freedom of maeuvre He gores Bak's outerpay  the etre ad aow h ow paw etre to e rke up, e ths etor of the atte  oger s the ma, esseta roe

18.d7! Ue5 19 c3! •

Proeedg to the deve attak o the kg hte's threat grow quky ad eome rresste

19 ... Uxe4 20.e6t h8 21.7t x7 22.Ua3!

    e f g  Te threat f 23xe7  ery pwer If ow 22  f, the 233 e5 24d4, ad Bak ha o defee to the threat f 25 e 1  O 22  �e8, hte ha 232 h 24 �3 wth a matg attak

22 ... Uh4 23Jc7 h8 24J7 U 25J a6 26.f4 Ual t 27Jl U7 28.gc3 gd8 29.Ub2 hte ws, se there  o satsfatory defee agast the threateed 30xg I ths game Bak's error n the opeg gave hte the hane to aheve superorty  the etre uequety hte mpemeted a atve, aggressve pa (  5d5! ) whh ramped Bak's pees eve more th a ew to otag outerpay, Bak urgety eeded to orgaze a udermg f the etre wth 1 7 ... 5. Atg o h orete perepto of the dyams of the strugge, hte aadoed the etre, ad, gorg Bak's outerpay, tarted a eerget attak o the kgde wth 18 d7! ad 1 9 3! Te ue of the attak was predetermed y the eary uperor pag of hte's pee a we a y hs spata adatage Te path hte took was the on way to retan hs advatage ad susequety rease t Hs advae  the etre ad h wthg of the attak to the kgsde were the a stages  the trasformato of the adatage  the aove game Ts exampe shows that there are momets  a game whe the ga oure of the truggle requre ertan potoa aset t e repaed y thers {that , trasformed} Usuay ths ours whe a payer needs to ater hs plan ad arry out a eetve tata operato Tese arupt outward hages  the poston are a eparae feature of the dyam hess strugge Te proess f trasormg the postoa fators hghghts the doul od that exsts  hess etwee the poston ad dyam fators of the test  wth the dyam oes havg the eadg, drvg ro Te mot arel atteto mut e gve to the tata features of the trugge  these trastoa momet Oe, for tan aer attag some postoa {or mater}



r te B "e Meae  Cess avatages, yu  tat  accrng t the logc of the struggle  the partcular stuaton  the tatve temporarly passes t your oppet (smetmes for a log pero) It s mprtat n suc cases to swtch over to efence n tme, an serously atte t the prpylactc measures necessary t sarm yur opponets threats ou can only then cout  expltng your avantage successly In ths connectn, the prgress f events n the followng game s characterstc

24  25Bx4 

A new phase of the struggle begs; n rer to captalze on hs materal plus, Black must now go over to exble efece

Ti eoi -Vaily Smylov Bled 959

    e f g  25 c4! 26 xh6 g 27 xc4 c4 28d7 Ba6! •••

    e f g 

 the result of an nterestng contest n the

openg, Bac has succeee  acqurg a clear plus He has not only wo a pawn but has go attackng prospects Wth the followng nergetc moves he ncreases hs avantage

19 4 20 c5! 2 Ba7 22 h6! 23f4 a6 24B 

Black woul meet 4x wth 4 xf   xf a8!, nt only wnng the exchage but retanng the ntatve Te move n the game s tes oly possble attempt to sharpen the play He maages temporarly to seze the ntatve an create some threats aganst the black kng

•

•

Not oly efeng hs pawn but also parryng the threat of a rook sacrce on  In the event of 9x  x 30Y7 e7 31g g8 3Y  h8 33Yxc Y 34Yxc4 8 3 Yh4    36  g Yc6 37  h3 Y7 38  g Y 39  h3  g8, Black successfully nulles hs opponets threats an has o trouble achevg te w  analyss by G. Ravnsky

297 d6 30f4 d5 3d7 e6 32.Bxe6 e6 er the queen exchage, Blacks task s perfectly smple

33gc7 b6 34gb7 c3 35bxc3 bxc3 36 gd8 375 g 38.x gx 39.gxb6 g4! Whte resgn n ths last xampl the stronger se successlly cope wth realzng a materal plus espte the temporary loss of the ntatve But many a game cclues  a r less lgcal way It oen takes no more than a sngle naccuracy




to mbue the oppnents threat, whch oe easy to parry, wth formabe trength

M T  E6m Geer ga 1958

    e f g  At ths pont, eventy succumbng to the pychogca stress of Whtes ntatve, Back bunere wth:

25 ?? •••

    e f g  Wth hs at move Bac toan mportant pawn on b4 wth temp In appearance he ha not ny secure the ntatve but gane a cear pstona pu azng tat mng h ro frm e 1 oer no prpect, Wte te the se crrect ecsn  he acrces the exchange for the ntate

18Jbl ! e1 19Jxb7 ge8 It wa serouy wrth cnerng the countersacrce f a pece wth 19x5! 20x5 x5 21xe c3! Whtes ntate wou be y neutraze; the game wou enter an enng that s very peasant for Bac

20.d6! c8 21.5! ge2! ng the secn exchange acrce wth 21xb7 wou be ba on account of 22 xf6 gx 23 g4  (23  h8 24) 24  xh7 x 25 h2 an mates

22.gc7 e6 23.xe1 gxe1t 24.h2 gd8 25  •

Wch e t an mmeate  aer:

A gca cncun t t gme cou have been 25 x 26x gx 277 wth a raw Whtes strong psse pawn compensates for the mater ect Naturay, n those moments when the pstona factors are ecsvey transforme, the cnsequences of the change n the poston nee t be evuate wth speca accuracy Among uch moments (an certany among the mst cut of them) are the socae trantns from one phase t another We w now emnstrate sme features of the transton from megame to engame

r te  "e Me ae  Ce

Joe  Capabca Frederi Yat 

    e f g h

bxa4 28.3xa4 gc6 29.b2! By evetually cvet  hs advatae t  mte plus, pblnca acheved the w.

New Yok 1924

8 7 6  4 3 2 





hte executed n exceptaly pecse opetn nvlvg  queen exchnge nd tast t  complex endng.

18.xc4 dxc4 19.d4! c7 20.c5! xc5 21.xc5 b6 22.5a4 gb8 23.000 b5 24.c5

I ths last example, the tnstn t n endn  was udubtedly the mst eectve slutn f te, and pehps even the sole cect one. It ws pecsely n the endgme tht the advatages f hs pt, acqued n the peced trule, culd be explted. B   abut mplcat n ths way s ptculaly expedent when one sde has a mteal plus. But f cuse ths ule shuld not be datzed. Te prblems f chess ae exceedngly dvese d exble. d e the mst natul method f ealzn   matel plus  by smplcat  may pve  clse nspecton to be mstken nd meely ffet the dvntge. In  numbe f cases, c  the cect pth to explt a plus s  easy matte eve fo the wold's stget playes. Ts s cnmed by the follwn  example.

Vily Smylov  Boinn 

8 7 6  4 3 2 

Moscow 1954

    e f g h te hs ned contol of the only open le nd nduced  substntl weakenng of hs opponent's queensde. th some enegetc stkes he beaks up Back's pawn chan.

24...gb6 25.a4! h5 26.b3! b3 27.b3

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g h hte has n ext piece. Blck dmttedly hs thee pawns fo t, but consden  tht hs pwns on the -le ae tpled, t s pefecty




obvou that the atera bae  ery uh  hte favour. te tak therefore  to expt th avatage. Beg a very ubte egae oeur, ylv hoe the eegly pet eth of expotato, tg the gae to a eg.

27e6t xe6 28Jxe6 However,  th pot Bak ha a athg way t ave hef, whh eve ylov ha fae to foreee  the heat of the battle.

28 29Jfel 9.e5 wu o t atta hte goa ether: 9 .. .fe8! 30. �x5 �e3! 3 1 .b 1 �e, or 30.�fe1 7.

29 . J8 30gxe8 gxe8 31gxe8 T lea to a fore raw. But 3 1 .� 1 woul o have allowe Blak aequate outerhae  vew of 3 1 ...�e3 3.  �h3.

31...xe8 32 c3 d7 33.a5 d8 34b4 b6 35.a6 !

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  Blak ha otrute a fortre whh hte has o way of breahg. er a few ore move a raw wa agree.

Returg to the pt before 7.e6, we houl ote that the orret etho of expotato lay  a attak  the kge. Tat wa jut where the extra pee ou have playe a eve role. Te folowg ovg vaato, reoee by Botvk, how how quy hte oul have aheve h a: 7.g!

       a

b

c

d



f

g

h

7...�fe8 8. h3 a5 9.�e5! wth a rretbe attak. Te above example have llutrate varou mea of traformg a avatage alreay aqure; they have how how a avatage unergoe a ueo of hage before the game a be wo. But  a wholy aalogou way, the traforato of potoal fator may be apple to bae poto. Tey too, aer l, are ll of geue ght. T  epeally true of poto of dyam equlbrum, where the avatage on oe sde are outerbalae by the opponets avatage of a eret type. I the proe of th ght, atang the baae  far from mple. o o so, however paraoxal th may eem, you oe even have to are materal! But ultmately, f both se play purpoelly an orretly, ew poto of yam equbrum are reate. Te followg exaple  otable.



r te  e Me ae  Ce

Evny Viov  Bori S Tbls



1.e4  2.e5 d5 3.c4 b6 4.c5 d5 5.c4 e6 6.c3 d6 7.xd5 d5 8.xd5 c6 9t  10.d6 ite ha three pawns fr the aried piee Bak'   ant aste I additi, the paw upe d6 + e5 ks mst impresive Neverthee a hane are  wre e pit i that he a he hi mment t return the piee fr the suitabe equivaent in paws, aer whih hi fre wi devep their ativity Of ure, he eeds t pay with great are t maitain the baae

10...e8! Bet e atura 1e6 wud be wrse i view f 1 1 h3!

I1.t 8 12.e3 e6 13.e2 d7 14.0-0

    e f g  14...xe5!

A rret untersarie e game nw eter a very sharp tatia phase

15.xe5 c4 16.xe8 gxe8 17.d3! e ny way In the event f 17d7 �d8 1 8�e  the endin wud eary favur Bak,

with his tw tr bishp ad uperir devepmet

17...xd3 18.gdl! xe2 19.d7 gd8 20. xdl 21.gxl e7! e na ink in the mbinatin that was essentiay beun by 14xe5 It tur ut that hite ant maitain his pawn n d7 e ame eter a dead eve endin, with a draw rapidy apprahin  

22.xe7  23.xd8 gxd8 24.£4 e7 25. d7 26.gxd7t xd7 A few mves ater the draw wa a reed e fwin ame i an eve mre tri  exampe f suh dyami equiibrium

M T   Aronin Mosow



    e f g   this game, as we a see frm the diagram, the strugge has tae n an unmmny sharp harater ite has reated sme very strng threats n he kingside, but Bak's threats, with a imutaeus attak n hi ppnent's quee and rk, k eve mre nviing e further ure f events shws, hwever, that in thi piti, with it



Set Ce Strate y

wealth f cmiative theme, either player c ups h quilirium o his w e n h follwi cmitive cmplexitie, th quilirium mrly che i frm

26.hx6! gx No 26 hx6, o accou of 27%x! x 2x %x 29h! x h 30x <  31x,  th i  i clarly i its fvour

27Jxd3 hx6 28.gh7!

Evry jucture where pt factor r rasform emas a ir e re of rsolus from te player It i oe har o rouc me uwar mrit f a poiti (such  a o cetr, tro  pic  so forth) fr the ake of ome oher propects Bu w shoul rmmr at a m of chss is  ymic procs Howver arctive w may  this or hat pot i the prcs of h srul, i will othele hav to e moi or ha hat  the uar mris of h poitio r oly ral whe hy can  succsslly rsfom A playr has o n his ort to h imly uilizati of the mrit, or they my  lot for   tranformio of piioal facors is o of the mot importa pricpl of th chss rul o ms his pricipl is o coquer various prjuices coisi  i  r of omaic ruls

Te Concre proach o vuan a Poson

    e f g  28..Jc8! Oly hu Whie mi thr wa 29! h5 307! or 29 6 302!  31h2 Blck woul alo lo with 2   29 x %x 30h! c

29. gc6! is mov s Black salvatio  th ev of 304 xf6 31h3  323 %6, hr coul  wii  chcs oly o his si

30.g  31.  32.4  33.gd7 gb6  qual rook am ha  reache, which quickly  i a raw

he touht  t milate all at oce A playr r hs o sor variou pricipl, schme, typicl cticl a trateic vic A h sam im h tart acquiri  the kills of comiiv visio, s h prrquiit for h furhr vlopmet f h tu ht  oo i a complx prce o i with, th plyr oic oly impl hras, th h eis to  comiaiv srokes ally h sars o pprci ha hrmoious co oriio wich  coucive o comiaio t i ly y fllw  thi lear cure hat h i h etil fouio li  him o utiliz hi kowle  skills exily He  is to  a hikr oc h ecom awar of h irl cocios tw  various factors f th am, twe the ojective a sujciv ccpt A cheplayer cl thi the concete appoach to the posion {i  roa sns of h rm, you

r te B "e Mie e i Ce uert}.  ti retely e, bve , t rp te feture f y iven piti i  preeive er nd t be be t rete te t eer priiple. Of ure it i ly ru the rete ppr tt yu  peetrte t te eee f te true ti pe i  piti. e den i f he nrete pprh i t iveti te the dyi f te piti   te t eetive pt,  irute perit. I ti pre e iiviu ve, i eepi wit te eer p, ut  te t vit t tt te piti preet.



23.Wh7 a6! rivin the it fr it tive pt t  vey pprtue et. Nw 24.3 wud be e by 24 ...e6, evepi B' queeide fre.

24.Wt qd7 25.%x4t e6 26.a3

eder N Semn F 

Tbls 1959

    e f g h 26 Wh! •••

Hvi bete  te tt, B preed t  eiive uter-enive f i wn. It i intruive t fllw w urely he de wit the eentil prble duri  e nludin  t e f the e.

    e f g h I ti pitin Bl' bi t i t fend  he preure n the iide, then deply hi fre d et but expliti  i teril plu. e t uret prt f ti p i t neutrize Wite' thret l  the -le, nd te bet wy t   i by te bld ve

19 ! •••

Wi require fr-ite utin. e evet evep t  fre ie.

20.x4  2ht xh 22.Wh2 

27.% d4 2.xd4 %xd4 29 We3t 30.qbl ! 31.%c2

er 31.x  d3 t , Bl rein i eril with ineret.

31. I 3.%dl %e4t 33.qal  34.%x d4 35.% %hl t 36.b 1 Wl! ••

Wini  te pwn n f4 fr d eure.

37.%d %e3! 3.%dl %xf4 39.c3 W 40.a3 WeI ! ite rei ed. I the ure f te e tru le, dependi  n yur ppet' ptiul tin, it n be neery  ler yur trte i p r the



Se Ce Srae

tatal mean to ts aomplment Su an es n te ure f te  t are ometn ele w an only be andled by a onrete appra  e potn Amon  oter tn s we sould note tat only onrete tou t an rd a essplayer of tose overst  ourrn   frequenly n prae  wi nvariably stem from onventionalty from assessin a poton uperally by eneral rteria alone It mus be remembered tat lterally up untl te na move, a ame of e abound n ta reats  so tat auray is essental even in ompletey won postons Every move n te ame requres a onrete roundn  Here s one example of punsment for a non-onrete appra to te poton

e only lne  keep me avn ane for Wte wud be 37b7 2 38x2 x2 39e5 xe5 40x7 Wn to avod te penetraon of tes rok to te sevent ran, Blak reled on enera onsderation and played

6 d6? •••

In  e wa faln  to take tes onree treas nto aount ere followed

7 bt! @e4 •

Not 37 d4 38d   d3 39  2 et

8Je1 t @ 9 ct @e6 4O bt @ 41 ct @e6 •

•

Vior rcoi  Sue 

Legrad 960

    e f g      e f g  s positon s learly favourable to Blak wo n eet as an extra passed pawn, and a powerful one, on te -le Wit 36  a3! Blak ould, as a mnmum, ave won a pee for two pawns e natural 37 for instane s wolly bad on aount of37 2 38 b2 d3! 39  @4 40  xa3 x 41x b8 42f4 b 43@ a5! followed by 44   =

Blak's punsment now mmedately be an as Wte elmnated te -pawn wt

4Je And ten exploted s advanta e to wn All tis sows tat for advaned tnkn , a esplayer as to ommand a i  level of tenque in alulatin variatons and to possess a well-stoked arsenal of strate i and tati deas A wole rane of postons require inexaustible fantasy and nventiveness to andle tem, and for ts you need to

r te B "e Meae  Ce cutvate a ree aetetc che air. Fy a payer wth advaced quaite of thought shoud never se that "cpass whch coit i matery f the gene pincipes of the stugge. ere are compex positos ric n ieas whc oer a numer f ways f gt  ojectivey equa in worth ut varying  caracte. Here the chce of pan depeds maiy n a paye' tye h creatve ea . But ccrete thg is esseta a the sae  t when chos any f tee pat and even more  the uequent coduct of the ht. Hee are a few utation.

ad en  B. Lebed Tbls 1941

8 7 6  4 3 2 

197

e uequet pay s ofa excuvey cncrete (or as ches payers say forced) nature.

17.£4! e3t 18.hl cl 19.5!! ite foces an opening of nes on the ngde n the qucet way wtut shrig frm  ncant materia acces.

19 5 20! ••

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g  On 20 ...xf6 2 1 .%d3 the attac is immedatey decive.

     e f g 

 advantae for ite ha taen shape o

the igside and in the cente. His forces are muc ore actvey depoye ad  atn the paw fratn  frt f Bac's cated ng ha een smewhat weakeed. ang accout of thee factor ite caried ut an uexpected and very sharp attack on the  se wc ave a requred a hig deree of agnato as we a o rage cacuatn.

e prdty f te's pa and the extent of his cacuatio ae strngy iutrated y the foowig vaiato: 20 ...%5! Pay Blac' et pto. 21.g4 But not 21.%c2 %x! 22.%x xf6 wen  retur f te queen Bac has two s an a soid poston. 2 1 ...xf6 22.xf6 g7 23.4 %c4 24.e4 e5 25.h5 But  t 25.%e  in vew of 25 ...4 26.x4  25...g8 26. ith a irreste attac.

20 7 21 .! •••

e k cannt e ten as hite gve

9

Set Cess State

a chck o g4 Now fllws a eautl comato

2. ..h5 22.h4! 

T ight ctuat was 1 5f4! d3 1xa4 xa4 17xa4 c5 18xc!,  dcatd y Bk Black might ow sm t   a vy dcult psto owg to th stg theat f 1 xc5 t h ds a makal ccet pla volvg a ucovtoal pc sacc

8 7 6  4 3 2 

T followd:

 5 b3!! •••

uch a mov ca oly  mad y a play dowd wth outstadg cativ imagato

16.5 x4 7.cl bxa2

    e f g  23.4! hx4 24 .e5! xe5 25.4#

eder tov E6m Geer

 v mo dcisv l was 172!  Bost

I.xa2 a5 19.x4 e6 20.cl 5



Mosow 949

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g 

    e f g  it has achvd cosidal postiol supoy Howv, falg to dlve dply ito th pculaitis of th posto ad allowig hmslf to  gudd maly y gl cosidatos, h playd:

5.de2

Black has saccd a pic fo wo paws ut otad a stog tat I pactc th task of dfdg agast th advac of Black's qusd paw phalax is vy dcult

21 .ac3 b5 22.bl?!  ths Black's tatv develops umpedd t shuld have slvd o tuig th pc wth 22f4 3 23d 4 245!, otag coutplay

99

r te  "e Me ae  Cess

Ar  M T

e attept t preserve hs atera pls lads te qkly to defeat

-

Lenngrad 1956

22 4 23f4 b3 246 

24d2! xd 25Jxd was soewhat better

24  c4 256 c3 26d5 xd5 27exd5 xd5 28f4 Bd4t 29hl g 30 gb2 31 e5 32e1 gd8 33e4 7! A sbtle dea Bla prves  t gve tata refreet to the g6-pt

34t 8 35ga6 h5 36ga5 h4 37x6

8 7 6  4 3 2      e f g h It looks as f Blak wold beet fro xhagg the dark-sqared bshops, as he wld the rea wth a strng kght aganst a bshop wth lttle oblty, and wold obtan strog pressre o the dark sqares n the etre

    e f g h A pretty obato oldes the gae:

37 gxh2t! 38xh2 t 39x 3t 4Oh3 

However, orete anayss shws that aer 1 9xd4 20xd4 (of orse not 2x? h8 2 1 xd4 ) 20  e5 2 1 3 e8 22 2 there s o lear way for Ba t tlze hs postnal trps, whle Whte exerts otg pressre  the kgsde



Whte resged I the foregog exapls the strggle was rh  obatve thees, ad the rete approah to the psto owed, so to speak, fr the atre f the strgge Now let's osder the follwg exaple whr the play s aly postal  harater

19ge8! lak oers hsef wth the tatve above all else, strvg t g nt ato o the e-l

20c3 ge7 21c2 xd4 At ths pot the exhage f ark-sqared bshops s tely Blak s  sere pssesso of the ope e-le and s well prepared to parry the threats on the kngsde

22h4  23xd4 ge2 24 e8 25gb4 gd2 26e4 Be7

ov Css ragy

200

8.0-0 or 8.c3, Black caris ut  mptant brk .. .-f5 with quit god countplay.

 

hit rdy has t arch fr h mt ctiv pln ht urp thr poibiliti. nct invtigtin vl tht h ha t hi dip  highly ctiv mthd f ply, giving him  lating inititiv:

     

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el ? xd5! Black quicky turnd hi advntg int  win. In thi gm, ftuing wht lkd lik  puly pitinl tuggl, th mt imptnt ol w till plyd by th conct apprch t sing th poition that aros. Yu nd t think cnctly t vry tg in th pgr f  gm, trting with th pning. Althugh th ttgic pln t th tt f th gam  xtmly vid nd xibl, thy n cquir conct ubtnc fm th vy t mv. A m pic r dvlopd, th cnct tasks fcing th ply kp incring n cmplxity. Ti ppli pcilly t ttckng ytm.

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84! In thi gm 8.g4! ccud f th t tim. A thi, th cmplictin iing in th min variaton, 8 .. a5 9.d2 b6 0.g5!, tun ut clly in hit' fvu. 8... Blck ndd up in gv diculti :

T fllowing xmpl i chrctritic.

Aex Suetin - adimi Simin Tula 50

1. c5 � �c6 3d4 d4 4�xd4  5c4  6�c d6 e �h6!? 7.. .f5 and 7.. f6 8.c3 0-0 ar quir ptin. 

Ti i th Vv-Simgin Sytm. In nw t ntul dvlping mv, uch a

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rom te ook e idde ame in Cess 9h4! � 10h5  1lie3 Te stuggle in ne of the shap viatins f the Ruy opez is so instuctive: 1e4 e5 � �c6 3ib5  4�c3 �f 5 �d4

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  If ite nw plays t h his ext pwn in the cente, this pises hi litte, s ws shown by two aes f Mscw 1957: Boleslavsky  lush n l  Spssky. 



nly eective plan can be one that indes Black's evelpent f his kngside initiative. With this in in, it is wth cnsiein  the vaiatin: 6�xe5 ic5 0-0 0-0 8�  c6 Up to hee as in al  Spassky, an now:

f

Te fome cntinued with 6.4 c5 7.d3 0-0 8.0-0 5 9.xe5  1.g5 6 11.e1 c6 12.h4 ae8. Black hs  lasting initiative n the kin  side which cpenstes f ite's odest teial plus. e 13.g3 d8 14.e2 xe5! 15.xe5 g4 16.d2 xe2 17.xe2 xe2 18.xe2 e4! it tk ite a reat deal f tuble t aintain the balance. In the second of te games entined, Wite cntinued 6.xe5 c5 7.0-0 0-0 8. c6 9.x4?! xd4 10.3 d5 1.e2 e5 12. 3 e4! 13.xe4 xe4 14.d3 exd3 15.xd3 xd3 16.cx3 g3 17.hxg3 x, which simiy led t coplete equality. hite shud nt try t aintain his exta centa pawn t ll csts. In u view, the

     f   9b4! �xt 0x ixb4 11id3! Wite has evey eason t cunt on intaining the ipotnt pint , n which ll Blck's kngside cunteplay funes. Tis anysis was pefoed in colabatin with Grndmaste Isaak Bleslvsky. [Russin Eito's Nte: Tis late eceive cnrtin in the ae Shatne  Zhuavlev, USSR 1963, which went 11...d5 12.b2e8 13.ae g5 14.xd5! cxd5 15.xd5 @h8 16.b5 e7 17.f4, an Black esi ned.] Tese examples testi t the fact that the stu le in the moden penin  is highly dynaic. In any cases, within a vey sht space of oves, we aive at coplex positins ich in cbinative pssibilities, whee it is nt enugh t be guie by genel pinciples lne. Tis is whee the nee ises f  cncete ppac to te applicatin of opening principles  an appoach that takes account of ll the cnceled tctical pssibilities of this o tht pening fatin.

ovet Cess tategy

202

Te following is anote caacteistic exaple.

executing his basic plan (a beakthough with d4d5!).

I Bolelav Ade tov

Fo that vey eason he pefes tis developing ove to a dieent one  2.ad  which Zurich 53 looks no less stong and natual.  concete calculation shows, ae 2ad c6 Wite In the ueen's Gabit Accepted, ae: gains nothing fo 3.d5 on account o 3...xd5 4. xd5 (4.xd5 xg5!) l.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.� �f 4.e3 e6 5 xc4 4... exd5 5.xd5 c7. c5 6.00 a6 7.Ye2 d4 8.exd4 e7 9.�c3 Black ade the istake of playing a Tus 2.fe is essential as pepaation fo peatue: the d4d5 beak, as it sets up a genuine theat along te ele. 9...b5? Tis was to involve hi in seious diculties, 12...�c6 13Jadl since owing to the undeveloped state of Black's It now becoes clea tat Black is helpless queenside, White has the poweful tactical against the theatened d4d5. On 3.. . b4 theat of d4d5! at his disposal. It is instuctive Wite plays 4.d5! egadless, and if Black to watch how ite utilizes the advantages of takes on d5 he loses a piece. Tis is whee the his position, cobining specic theats with signicance of 2.fe  ! coes acoss. the the obilization of his pieces. Te gae continued: 



10.b3 b7 1 l.5 0-0

13...�a5 14.d5! �xb3 15.dxe6 Yb6 16.b3 e6 17.�d4 And Black eeged a pawn down. It's inteesting to note that Black could only have defended against the tactical theat of d4 d5 by playing 3 ...e8.

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12JUl! Te accepted view is that such developing oves ae played fo puely positional consideations. But in this case White is piaily esponding to the concete deands of the position when he concentates on

 b   e f  h Ten 4.d5 achieves nothing in view o 4... exd5 5.xd5 xd5 6. xd5 xg5

rom te ook e dde ame n Cess

203

17.xe8 xe8 18e8 xe8 19.xg5 sacices can hadly be pove anaytically. But then, nytic cectness at all csts d8, with an equal game. is nt wat playes of the dynaic style ae Teefe ae 13...e8, in accance with stivin  fo. Tey ae piaily counting n the concete cnditions f the stuggle, White the practical dcul f the tasks facing the wuld need to alte is basic plan and play opponent. 14.e5!, theatening t explit the weakenin  Tis facto in cess thougt is constantly f Black's kngsie by takng n  gowing in signicance. It is a wholly natual Tis wuld enable hi to keep his opening phenenon, seeing that in chess the objective avanta  e even against Black's best pay: and subjective fces ae inexticably linked. 14... xe5! (14...xd4? 15.e3 c5 16.g3! Hee is a chaacteistic example. is bad fo Black) 15.dxe5 d7 16.f4 c7 17. c2, an ite has excellent pspects fo  T- O Pno attackng the king. Portoroz 5 In this case the cncete theats wee entiely depenent on bingin  te eseves int play. But as we have seen oe than nce aleay,  thee can als be the cnvese sceni  when  ut f cncete cnsideatins it pays t execute soe aneuve in the pening in ppaent  negect of evelopent.  As the last few exaples shw,  fetue f the  pening ght is tt the tw sies' fces will  en ce int cntact vey quicy. Ten,  with bilizatin still unnishe, the battle begins, an natually the pinciples f the  veall chess stu le, which we have exine      f   befoe, will ce int fce.   esult, the specic penin  tasks (obiizatin and the Black played: ght to cntol the cente) will en be e  less elegate to the backgun. 18...�xb3! hess thou  ht is cntinully evlving. A  which White, ae lookng deeply int chaacteistic f the den chess style is the the position, eplie: quest f a stuggle that tanscends the cnnes f n l ic. Tis tendency is assciate 19.�c6!? with healthy isk and  paticul ynic With this ve he initiated se quality of play. Unde these cnditins the exceptinally shap cplicatins. ght en tes n such  "cncete chacte ht, s chess plyes say, eveything ests n Wht wee ite's guiing thughts in the clculatin of vaiations. evaluatin  and chosing tis ine f play? Aheents f this kin f play ae fnd f In the st place e was nt stise with te sacicing ateial f the inititive. We shul ntual cntinuation 19.xb3 f6 20.xc4 nte that in ny cases the cectness f such bxc4 21.xc4 h8, ae which Black obtains

204

ovet Cess trate  y

pwerl positonal pressure fr the sacriced pawn. Secndly, such a ntabe master f cmbinative play as al wil undoubtedly ave seen a lng way ahead int the cmplicatins which nw ensue, and will have fund them alluring. If his designs culd have been reted by pecise analysis, he wuld nt f curse have embarked on them. But that was nt the case, and al's extremely keen combinatve air wil have hinted t him that he and hs pponent were risking just as much here. nsidering that al was going t be in his element, and this in a game with lmited thinkng time, his decisin becmes pefectly easy t justi.

Tis very circumstance determned his choice in the psitin we started from. Te attack against g7 fms the pivt f his llwing pay. 23.. Jxd4 24.Y4! 6 25. Ye6t  26.Y �c2 On 26...g6 ite had prepared the combination 27xg7! xg7 28.6! xh6 29.x, followed by 30.xc5 and 31.xd4.

27.b3 6 It may have been mre judicius t pay 27 .. .d  28.

     f   A mind-bending positin to assess! Black's chances lk clealy better, as he has tw minor pieces and a rk fr the queen. rue, his knight n a is ut f play fr the mment, and his min pieces are geneally disunited in their actins. On the ther hand the white bishp is pinned, which gives Black cunterplay.      f   al fresaw all this f curse, but reazed at the same time that he had the ptin f a 41...gxe3? cmbinative attack against the g7 -point, which Black has nt withstd the tension. er 41...e6 42.e4 c3 he culd count n drawing was hard f Black to defend.

rom te ook e dde ame n Cess by constuctin a fotess ut we ust not fo  et wat a storm lack ad to live trou in tis ae! 42. t me4 43.xc4t m 44. t me4 45.xa6 md4 45 3 was oe stubbon 46.d6t Wite quckly conducted is advanta  e to victory

205

22.e7 Tis looks crusin  Wat is lack to do now? He cannot play 22 xe7, on account of 23x 7 and ate ut Gandmaste Kochnoi, the vituoso of counteplay, nds an in  enious esouce, akin  it a ood deal moe coplicated fo his opponent to exploit the assets of his position 22 t! Te sole counter-cance 

One other fact I would lke to emphasize 23.mx2 �4t s tat youn  practitiones of te dynaic Te wite n  has no convenent moves teatent ae anythin  but one-sided in thei undertakin  s Tey not only sacice aterial 24.g4 g4 25.gdl for te attack and te initative Fa fo it 25 3 could be et by 25  in any cases, with just as uch success, tey delbeately incu an attack, countin  25...c6t 26.m3 a4 27.c6t? White wilts unde the heat of battle Now on repulsin  it and exploitin  the ateial saciced by the opponent It all depends on his initiative is quicy extin uished by lacks counteplay Te i  ht ove was 27J�b1!, te equements of the position etainin  the advanta  e Hee s one example of inventiveness in 27 bxc6 28.7 uneathin  esources fo counteplay 

onid Sbovicb -Vo cbnoi nin grad 0

       

     f   28 gt! Tis is the "point of the position Now, to his opponent's supise, lack has at least a daw 



     f   Wite's attack sees about to decide the ae

29.m xdl t 30.me3 c1t 31.md3?

ovet Cess trate

206

No doubt shaken by the tun of events, hhly complex, and Black still faces quite a ite collapsed. He had to nd the only move few diculties on the way to victoy. In such 31. ! when Black has an easy perpetual, but cases you have to make use of any opportunity to ain the initiative. With this in mind, ite no more than that. played: 31..bl t 32.e3 6! It tuns out that if the queens are exchan  ed, 27Jh7 Black eplied with a wholly natural move. White loses one of his pieces. 33.b2 xe7 34.b7t xd6 35.xa 27..JU Yet this vey ove poved to be a faulty l t 36.d3  t 37.c2 c4t Black condently exploited his material decision. Te correct esponse was 27... c5!, followed by .. d8-d7 and an oensive on the advanta  e to win the queen end ame. queenside. Indeed I am bound to state that the "dynamists do not lose hope of salvation even in the most White now starts some in  enious counteplay: dicult of positions, they literally make use 28.4 d8 29.d3! gh8 30.gxh8 of every chance, strivin  to wea down thei Of couse not 30x e8. But now, in opponent's sten th as fa as they can. Tis riddin himself of the intrusive ook, Black  faith in the wealth of defensive methods, this fo one moment emoves his queen from the psycholo ical esilience, is undoubtedly a defence of his castled position. the enichment of chess thou  ht. Te followin  example is characteistic. 30...xh8 31.a5! Supisin ly ite tuns out to have a wealth M 1- M Boi of counte-chances. Moscow 0









  Black has achieved a clea advanta  e. He has an extra pawn fo which White has essentially no compensation. But the position emains 

f

     f   Now 31...b7 is met by 32.xb5!, and White saves hisel

Black's best winnin  ty was 31... b8! 32. x h 33.a2 x, but even then White can

rom the ook e ddle ame n Chess draw with precise play. Tee ae tw dawin  lines with a cmmon theme  divetin  the e7bishop t allw a pepetual check.  7 6   3 2  b   e f  h Te simple slutin is 34.d2  35.b4! b4 36.d8 b7 37.axb4. More stylish is 34.h6  35.! x 36.d8 b7 37.d7 b6 38.b4!. In eithe case the white queen's checks ae unavidable.

Black was in time tuble and had little chance f wokin  ut all these variatins. 31...'hlt 32.a2 'x 33.'a6t b8 34.'xc6 '4 35.xb5 'xe5 36.'e8t b7 37.'c6t b8 A daw was a reed. All these elements of chess thught, clsely linked t the psychlgical stuggle, ae nt smething ttall new bt stand in a pfund historical cntinuity. Tus, in the past, the sacice f ateial f the initiative was a favuite state ic device f such outstandin  masters f the attack as higin, anwski, Aleine, Spielmann, Beye... By cntrast, Laske was fond f fCing an attack, defendin  with exceptinal stubbnness in state ically the most dicult f psitions. In an aticle published ae the New York 1924 tournament Gandmaste Richard Reti wte:

207

"Hee is what Lasker's secret consists £ F him, the main thin  in a ame of chess is the wa f nerves: he stives abve all t break his pponent's psyche, t bin  about that neus cllapse f his frces which fllws fom a weak mve, and theeby t induce the decisive mistake. [ ... J He ties t play nt the bjectivel best moves, but those that are the most unpleasant f each of his opponents individually. He stees the ame int what, to his pponent, is a fei n channel. In this way, oen deliberately makin  weak mves, he takes the gae i  ht t the bink f the abyss.  a esult, Laske's ppnent has n chance f keepin  t psitins that suit his style. Instead, in a supei {indeed bjectively wn} psitin, he is cnstantly faced with slvin  new pblems which ae dicult f him in paticula. Tis makes him use up t uch time, he is foced t mve quickly in a dicult situatin, he be ins t  et cnsed in the cmplicatins  and this is whee Laske stats playin  with all his clssal, authentic sten th. Ten the ppnent, who still stands bette, suers that nevus debility, that psychic catastphe, which leads stai  ht t catastphe n the chessboad. Since Laske's time, the psychl ical elements in the stu le have neve been denied by anyne. With the apid gwth f knwled  e and technique ve the last few decades, it be an t appea as if the bjective psitinal facts wee inceasin ly dinatin  the chess stu le, while subjective psychlo ic elements wee playin  an eve-diinishin  le. And yet the innvatin f the yun   eneatin f Sviet playes cnsists precisely in a evival f the psychl ical mti in chess thu  ht, within this cntext f immensely me advanced knwled  e and technique. Tee is no doubt about the viability and poise of such a style. What ecently seemed implausible, even to



ovet Cess trategy

the most dstngused cess tnkers, s now becomng a reaty Te chess umnaes aske and Ret consdeed tat the human ban was strcty mted n ts capacty fo cacuatng vaatons Of course, no one envsages educng the game to endess cacuatons n ou own day ete Yet t s aso ndsputabe that the orzons of concete thnkng n ou tme have been sgncanty wdened Te vson attaned by chess payers s becomng eve shape, wt esuts of a vetabe X-ay quaty Tus t s that thougt based soey on genera postona pncpes (as a metod!) as become decdedy antquated Te moden psychoogca stye s above a bound up wth fath n te mmense weath of concete deas n chess Its cuttng edge s dected st and foemost aganst conventonaty, the outnes of chess thnkng In opposton to tese outnes, young payes pace fantasy, ong-range ccuaton, and the couage for heathy rsk  ths sgncanty enches the game of chess et us now tun to some pactca questons eevant to evauatng a poston Fom the extreme weat and dvesty of the foms taken by the chess stugge, we must concude that to pont to a genea cteron, appcabe to assessng any poston, s scacey possbe

be exausted neter by anaytca cacuaton no by an appoxmate assessment based on puey postona concepts Te dcuty of evauatng them s due t the fact that they contan a ch seecton of tactca and stategc deas, gvng wde scope to a chess paye' tought But the systematc foundatons on whch the assessment of a poston shoud be but ave aeady been very deepy nvestgated Te assessment s based on objectve factos that ave been tested by the practce of centues Hence t s ndspensabe fo a paye to know the basc genera noms and prncpes of chess whch aways opeate n one fom o anothe In the chess stugge, apat from the most genea pncpes, thee are a whoe ange of speca ones Mastey of the atter depends to a age extent on a paye's ndvdua quates Of couse, any chess paye as hs own expeence and hs vews on how to conduct the game Everyone aso has hs favoute postons that e undestands best One paye, et us say, kes to go n fo smpcaton, amng to expot hs opponent's bad bshop Anothe, by contast, w stve to attack, countng chey on the moe actve pacng of hs peces when the attack s aunched Ts s as muc as to say that the fome type of paye beeves above a n the pncpes of postona manoeuvng, and the atte n the pncpe of aggesson

Tee s an ente ange of postons that ae eatvey easy to evauate Some of them can be Te methodca assessment of a poston s whoy exhausted by anaytc means (take fo best begun by suveyng ts outwad (statc) nstance any chess probem o study); othes featues; speccay, ts means consderng can be assessed wth compaatve ease by usng the matea baance of foces, the pacng of genera postona consdeatons At the same the kngs, the centa stuctue, the pesence of tme, though, thee s a whoe cass of postons weak and stong squaes, and so on of a compex crtca natue Suce t to te Expeence shows that ae the mutua some stuatons arsng fom probematc possbtes ae weged n ths manner, a openngs  for exampe, e4 c5 2 d6 3d4 deepe anayss of the poston s ease to cxd4 4xd4  5c3 a6 6g5 e6 7f4 perfom Bea n mnd that statc advantages b6!?, o 7b5!? Tese knds of poston can (meanng the conto of postona eements)

rom te ook e idde ame in Cess are ony important en they enhance the prospects for te dynamic stru le It follos that the static evaluation represents, so to speak, the preiminary sta  e in the assessment of a position Without studyin  the position in its dynamic aspect, it is had to aive at its true evauation Only a dynamic assessment os you to te account of the various underyin  features of the position e assessment, of course, as more tan just to stages Sometin  ike te foloin  rou  h account of those sta  es, from A Romanovsky's book Te Migame, undoubtedy comes coser to a chess payer's actua tinkin :  consider the materia factors  consider te positiona factors  consider the baic principles of strategy and tactics that operate in the given position  consider the combinative motifs In penty of cases in practice, tis cassication of stages proves distinctly arbitrary It merely emphasizes that the position ou  ht to be assessed accordin  to a denite method, hich must take account of the various combinative motifs as e as the materia and positiona factors It is ony on acquirin  such a systematic approach tat you can rid yoursef of unthematic pay in hich moves are selected fom casual motives Of course, in practice a chess payer's thinn  by no means alays proceeds from statics to dynamics It very oen happens that you are initily struck by some sarp variation  other, hich cuts the Gordian knot in the position in question It is only then, on analysin  te resutin  complexities, tat you turn your attention to specic positiona  considerations

9

emn F A uen 

Tlinn 5

l.d4 dS 2.c4 dxc4 3.� �f 4.e3 e6 S .4 cS 6.e2 a6 7.dxcS c 8.00 �c6 9.e4 S 10.eS 4 11.  12.xc4 6              f   Black has deiberatey alloed a sharpening of the play, mainly on the basis of concrete variations His main idea is that on:

13.�c3 Wic ooks very dangerous in vie of the threatened c3a4, he has te savin  retort: 13...4! Te compications arisin  from: 14.e2 Were deat ith as follos: 14...e7! Te threat as 5d5! IS.h3 o deprive the queen of the g4square IS .7 16. aS 17.4 g8 18.3 hS 19.el gd8 20.gadl gxl 21.xdl �d8! 

10

ovet Cess trate

position, Black gave his initial attention to the concrete efensive ploy 13  b4! 14e2  e7! It was only then that he tune to gener consierations, corecty juging that  the ening aer 14xb4 xb4 woul tun  out in his favour He ha two strong bishops, pressure on the g-le an a copact cente;  with the queens o, his kng woul not be in  any anger; n so on It was these very circustances of a general  ore that playe a very iportant though  unseen ole in the events that followe Te      f   point is that  queen exchange was favouable Te "point of Blck's sttegic esign His to Black in all cases He cou boly hea fo a pieces are now wokng ve honiously Fo nuber of vriations in which such sipliing the oent his knight is eely occupying a possibilities arose o White, conversely, a efensive position, but it too is going to pay queen exchange on ove 14 was eciely inauspicious n late even oe so  which an active ole signicantly reuce his concete options In this case, then, the positional avantages 22.�e4 d5 23.a4t c6 24.d4 e5 Setting Black's cente in otion n feeing wee taken into account ony ae a concete investigation into the ynaics of the ght the ipotnt e6-squre fo the knight In practice this happens very oen Hence the avice to young payes is tht in  position 25. �e6 26.ih which intigues you inly by its concrete tctical scope, your choice of line ust still be checke by reference to geneal positiona concepts Te "copass ust aways be hel ly in you hans However sharp a player's tactical vision ay be, it nees to be goune in the objective factors of the position Tus it is tht the evaluation of a position tests  plye's entie equipent of knowlege, expeience an abilities 

Mddeae Mery a o or o prove       f   26 ! 27.�xe5 d5! Blck soon conucte his vantage to victory 

et's retun to the citica poston e ite's 13th ove In heaing for this

In workng to perfect their astey, young players shoul give special attention to eveloping their abilities of concrete thinkng Aong the basic fetures of concete thought we shoul count, above all, the skills of cobinative vision n the art of clculating

rom te ook e idde ame in Cess

211

variations. Tese quaities are ar  ey amenabe cari their true wrth and receive objective to education and coacing. Tus f exampe citicism, heping yu t rid your tinking of te tecnique f cacuatin can be evelpe any specic efects. by e uar and purpose tainin . et me ecount an expeience  not an Te basic means f taining n these entiey successfu ne, but instuctive  in the ines is anaytica wk, the fms f wich e f chess anaysis. can be i  y diverse. We may say tat te eveopment f a payer's anaytica abiities In 1948 I became interested in a critical an is irecty proprtina to te stren t at the same time topica position in te Meran f is cncrete tinkin . Te fin  Variation f the SemiSav Defence: pnuncement by tvinnik is nt irreevant Bo Euwe ere: What oes a cess master's art cnsist  Moscow 14 asicay, te abiity to anayse chess positins. o be sue, a master sittin  at te boar as t be abe t analyse fairy quickly an witut l.d4 d5 2.� �f 3.c4 e6 4.�c3 c6 5.e3 moving the pieces abut; but utimatey, te �bd7 6 d dxc4 7 c4 b5  d3 a6 cacuatin f vaiatins  the assessment f 9.e4 c5 10.e5 d4 11.�xb5 nb5 12.exf te psitin is what makes the at f anaysis. 'b6 13.77 14.0-0 �c5 15 £4 b7 naysis carie ut at hme has its wn 16Jel  17.kl :d5 I.e5 pecuiaities: the maste is nt iite f time and can mve the pieces. Despite these ieences between anaysis an pactical pay, the tw as have much in cmmn. It is we knwn tat neary al utstaning chess payes have als been supeb analysts. Te cncusin frm this is sefevient: thse w wish t istin uis themseves as payes must as perfect themseves in te dmain f anaysis. F yun  payes wh want t aise the eve f thei game, it is essentia t make hme anaysis an integra part of thei training. Te      f   best psitins t seect f analysis are fm cmpex middegames abuning in tactic I...e5? 19.:xe5 :xe5 20.�xe5 �xd3 pssibiities. Wk n such psitins improves 21.'xd3 f 22.'! bt yu cmbinative visin an yu With the pwe theat fg3g7, he was accuracy in cacuatin. quickly crushe. Of cuse it quite en happens that espite a yu erts, these analyses fa a ng way On the basis f this, sme authrities suggeste shrt f te trut. It is terefre use to sw that in pace f 18... xe5? Back cou impve the resuts f paticua anaytica aburs t with 18.. 0-0, nt fearin  the vaious attackin  mre expeience payers  pubish them in ties n the ngsie. the chess press. Tis ives yu the cance t Anaysing the position aer 18.. . 0-0 greaty 

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

ovt Css trat

intrstd m Hr ar th main ns rsutin  succdd n ndin  a major improvmnt from my anaytc abours: for Whit in 20b4! (instad of th xchan   sacrc) r ths mov Whit raly dos hav th bttr chancs Yt vn this coud not  aay th bttr flin  from my ori na uty 7 anysis 6 A hi ar hn tim had xtn ushd  my immdat raction to this dfat  I  mana  d to pac a drnt vau on th 3 ork I had don Ys it had bn lss than inib But in th rst pac my abours 2 had not bn for nothn ; I b an to anays bttr a round I frd mysf to som xtnt  b   e f g h from suprcity cody this anaysis had 9xh7 Q xh7 20xc5!? And no: opnd my ys to th  compxity and substanc of contmporary opnin  thory a) 20 xc5 2d3  22 5 Q 6 And nay vn tat bttr fn  ad not 23 7 Q x 7 24 3   25h4 h bn an ntirly bad on If you ar dissatisd 26xd4 5 27xc5! xc5 26 and t mans you ar sarchin  you ar improvin  29xc5 Ts indd is part of th carm of chss Youn  payrs I think shoud b last of a afrad of b) 20xc5 2d3  22 5 Q 6 suc cha rn T hardr th arnin  cours 23 7 b4 24x6 Q x 7 25 3! tc t asir t pay of th am I snt my anayss to th ditors of he in the T bst tachr is practic But study taks USSR Soon arards it as pubishd ith pac not ony durin  pay or in postmortm minor cuts in th pa  s of th ma azin anysis of a nishd am Work on adjournd About haf a yar passd thn suddny in positons can do much to dvop our on of th thortca suys by Pau Krs anaytca sks Som youn  payrs approac ikis pubshd in he in the USSR, I sa tis ork prnctorily Ty vi adjournd th miiar postion from th dia ram onc postions as a knd of pointss chor on hich a ain Ar thorou  hy famarizin  himsf xtra tim must b squandrd Such playrs ith my anayss Grandmastr Krs had sirk spndin  pnty of tim anaysn  tir discovrd a fary conspicuous ho in it Tis adjournd ams Smal ondr that on as in th variation 9xh7 Q xh7 20xc5 rsumin  pay surpriss vry on aait thm xc5 2d3  22 5 Q 6 23x 7 costin  thm ponts x 7 24 3 No instad of 24 ? Yt hom analysis of adjournd positions Krs and I or Bondarvsky in coaboration should not b r ardd soy from th found th in  nious 24 5! tippin  th scas practica vipoint of th  in qustion By rathr in Backs favour mastrin  this task a payr raty nhancs his concrt thinkn  Evry lanaysd Hovr much I ookd for attackin  ns position adds somthin  to hs skils hovr hard I trid to rt this advanc of T folon  xampl is most instructiv th cntr pan nothin  cam of t atr I

rom te ook e dde ame n Cess

iachlav Rz  Bo 

213

41...ge3

nin grad 130

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42.�c6?!      f   Te rst inaccuray  althouh ouardly Te ame was adjourned in an exceedin ly sharp end ame position  which looks more the move looks stron  White is evdently promisin  for White, who has the possibility overestimatin  his chances of quicky creatin  a passed pawn by b4b5b6 lack on the other hand has actve counterplay, Instead he ought to have forced events with as he too acqures a passed pawn by pickin  up 42a2! c8 43b4 e6 44b5 e5 45b4 (45a6 a8) 45e6, drawn  by the pawn on  It should be observed that in such situatons repetition the stru le abounds in concrete points and therefore presents extremey rch matera for 42 ge4t 43.�4 Not 43b3 xa4 44xa4 ! 45xd8  analyss It s no accident that players cl such 46b7 f=% 47b8=% %a , and Back wns postions analytic At that tme otvnnk was stll a very youn  master, with relatively little experience of 43 8 44.ga2 gc8t 45.b4! y now t s te who keeps havn  to pay chess battles Te seriousness with which he set about anaysn  this ame s all the more the only move l other n  moves are bad noteworthy Over the next twelve moves, Botvinnik is On 45d3 or 45b3, Black h 45e7 46xb7 followin  hs adjournment analyss! 

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3.b5  39.b6 b6 40.b6 gdt! Te only move In the event of the natural 40e3 41b7 d8 42c5  43c4!, Black would lose by force 41.c4 Not 41e5 xc3 42xf4c5! 43b7b5 etc

If 45d5 e7 46x, then 46d7! 47e4b7 is decisive Finy in the event of 45b5, Back wins by 45e5 46b4b8! 45 gel 46.c4 g 47.c3 ge3t 4.b4 ge4 49.c3 gd! 

214

ovet Cess trate  y

only very inadequately worked out. In my view the signicance of outside help ought not  to be oveated. Analysis by a lage number of heads quite oen turns into analysis by  hands, which merely ceates turmoil and  weakens the eot. In the couse of the pactical game, especially  in the h and last hour of the session, even  the best tacticians sometimes fail to fathom the hidden tactical esources of a position. en  anysing adjouned games you must always  take this into consideration and seek out the      f   conceed possibilities, even in the appaently A subtle idea which ite fails to gue simplest of vaiations. Pehaps the episode that most stands out out. At this point his sole path to salvation was 50.b3 e2 51.a  52.  53.b7 b8 in my memoy is one that occurred in the last round of the 19th Soviet hampionship. 54.a5, when a draw is likely. Te outcome of the game Aonin  Smyslov was of exception importance. If he won, In the game, thee followed: Intenation Master Aronin would gain the 50.�c6? ge3t! 5b4 ge2 52.gal ! ight to play in the World hampionship Interzonal ournament. On the othe hand if 53.�xd8 53. so ils to save him: 53... 54.b7 Smysov won, he stood a chance of victory in the hampionship of the USSR. b2! Aronin had Wite, and the game was going his way. Up until the adjounment, no one 53...gel 54.ga  = 55.�c6t m7 doubted that he would win. Black easily realized his advantage. 

In his annotations to this game, Botvinnik wrote: In the adjourned position ae move 37, I caried out a very thoough analysis and poished up' the whole sequence of moves as far as the 48th. I found 49 ...d8! ove the boad (aer missing it at the adjournment). l the same I was vey pleased with this polished' line, since before that time I had been a good deal weake in anysis. It was no accident that within some ve o six yeas, Botvinnik was to gow from a young maste into one of the strongest playes n the wold. It must be said that a methodology fo analysing adjourned games has as yet been

L onin  sy Smlov Moscow 11

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rom te ook e idde ame in Cess



onin seaed. At tis point 42.xc6 coud Te main ine tt e had in mind went as quicky ave ed to victory, but he wote down foows: 45.g4 @ 46.e2 @e6 47.@d3 @d6 a dieent move wic objectivey so wins 48.@c4 a5 49. @d7 50.@ c5 @c7 51.c3 bxc3 esiy: 52.bxc3 @b7 53.@d6 @b6 54.c4 @b7 55.c5, nd ite wins. 42.g8 I ws ssisting hi duing the djournment, 45.4 so ntuay I ws te st to know about Howeve, ee Smysov unexpectedy is secet ove. I confess tt I didn't ike pyed: 42.g8, even though I coudn't see ny concete ettion of the vitions ssocited wit it. 45...3 46.3 ! Aonin's intention, er te foced 42...@7, In ou nysis we dn't examined this t ws to go into the pwn ending whic (at st l. It ooks s if Wite, obtining n outside sigt) was a win fo ite. pwn, soud win easiy: It was ate in te evening when te gme ws djouned. Resumption ws xed fo te foowin  dy. We decided to anyse in the moning, but s things tuned out, it  wsn't at  sipe to cete  good woking  environment. Aonin d  ge numbe of fns who wee ege to congtute hi on  is success, nd of couse they de it hd  to concentrte. o te, te outcoe of the gme ws cer!   42 @h7 Aonin did not eturn to the oigin position  wit 43.c8!, but insted enteed the pwn  endgme with:      f   It ws ony hee tht ck's shewd ide becme ce. Te ntual 50.@c4 oses to 50... ! 51.ex e4!, wen the white kng is in   tp  it cn ony go forwd, but ten the  bck epwn dvnces to queen. If insted 51.@d3, then 51...f4 52.gxf4 exf4 53.@e2  h5 54.e5 @g6, foowed by 55.. . @ nd  56...@xe  nd gin Bck wins.   instuctive cse. Wite ws foced to te   dw.  50.c3 a5 5l.b4 b4   Te nl position is vey petty. It is notbe      f   

ovt Css tratgy

216

that Grandmastr Smyslov had alrady sn it n adjurning th gam T adjournmnt on coms at a momnt whn a tactical ngagmnt is in full swing. uit n, t, th lgical curs f t gam will just hav bn vrturnd by a "fvrish tim scramb. n adjurning th gam, a playr's imprssons ar frquntly dminatd by what had bn th cas a fw mvs arlir. In th USSR am hampinship, playing it against Isaac ipnitsky, I ran int trubl in th pning and cnductd a dicult dfnc l thrugh t gam; but by adjurnmnt tim, ar sm tim-trubl vicissituds, I managd to obtain quit god cuntrplay In th diagram psitin I sald my mv

Aey Suetin Ic Lipni 

Vrshilv grad 1

             f   Lipnitsky l th bard in th mst radiant md, rckning t psitin was clarly in his favur; but whil immrsd in his analysis, h suddnly nticd a pssibility that was unplasant fr him: 4d4!  I discovrd ards, h spnt th whl night analysing this mv, giving n attntin at all t it's thr cntinuatins

ipnitsy succdd in ndng an adquat antidt t tis tactical strk, but n rsumptin h discvrd tat  had sald: 41.  3 H was ttally unprpard fr this H spnt a lng tim thinkng at th bard, but culdn't nd anything bttr than giving up a pawn. 41. e4 

        

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  42.t!  43.x c8 44.xc8 xc8 45.c2 d6 46. d s n 

f

Anlysing adjurnd gams is a tranng in bctivity. A chssplayr striving t mastr his art ust t b bsssd by any n particular pssibility, spcially in th mattr f his ppnnt's sald mv Nt infrquntly, a playr adjurning in a dicult positin wil writ  his chancs t sn, instad f makng th rt t unarth mthds f slvatin. Tis is wrng if ly bcaus in th tughst f situatins yu ught t ght n t th nd Yu mustn't frgt that yur ppnnt t, bing cndnt f victry, may rl t sn and fall int a hiddn trap. In practic this happns all th tim But th main thing f curs is t trust in th walth f yur dfnsiv rsurcs. In chss

r t B "  a n Css a prfund cnct f idas n lis bnath utwar smplicity Fr this rasn ptimism is far frm bng a scndary factr n th analysis f adjurnd gams

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Hr ar t main aratns dscrd n analysis  4d4 d 423 a3 437!, and nw:

A Suetin - Daid Bontein Lenin grad 0

 b   e f g h a) 43b4 44�a7 �b2 If Back pays 44Jb tn ar 4  46g2 c4 47h4 b3, it sas imslf wit 48�a4! al t sa 4g 4x 46g3! r 46 46g2!      f   46�a 4 47g6!  47xg6 48c In this ry dicult psitin th gam was ajurn I thught fr a lng ti abut whih 48g3 a2 49g4 b3 49 h m t sal At rst I fcus n 4 g3, but thn, ar abundant (thugh nt ntirly clar) �a4 d3 x An s n calculatins, I sttld fr 4d4 T rst hurs f analysis "at hm wr nugh t stablish that ar th sipl b) 43a2 44�a7 �b2 4g  Or 4x 46x �x 47g3 and 4 it wul b ry hard fr hit t Whit draws sa himsl£ h pint is that h sn't sucd in kping his bishp n th a-h diagnal 46h4 b4 47h b3 48g6 �b If Blac plays 48 �x!? 49x b2, Fr xampl, 42 (thr ms n th lng it still saps th wrst by g7 g4 diagnal ar n bttr) 42x 43J7 g2 h6 2�a c4 3�xa b= �xh3! 44�x3 xg4 4g2 x, an 4�a4 d �g4! it has n dfnc against th aanc f his 49g7 ppnnt's pawns 49g4 is n bttr: g2!  On th thr han if th bishp dparts fr g th main highway, th black passd pawns will g2 �g x b2 prss fard quicky Or �xg7 2�a! and 3 c hs gnral cnsidratins ar cnincing f curs, but analysis is ssnti I had t 2g! it's chancs ar n wrs spnd a grat  f tim bfr nding sm sang chancs


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Such, mor or ss, as t substanc of my anayss n that brantasr of an adjournmnt poston But no t day for rsumpton cam Naturly noug, n ansr to: 41.d4 Bronstn qucy playd: 41...d5 42.e3 But hr h payd: 42,..4!

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  f   T only ay! ht hs to conqur th d4 squar, from hc s bshop can onc agn jon n th ght aganst th black pans

46..e6 On 46c4 t cpturs th 4pwn th chck, ganng an mportnt tmpo 47.d4 c4 48.h8 b2 49Ja6t  50.xb2 �xb2 51.6 c8 52.h4 And t s bl to dra th gm 

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  Strng s t may sm, I hadn't analysd ths mov at al I no hd to labour th mght and man t th board larly 43xa4 s bad n vw of 43 3! 44x3 bxa3, nd th pan quns by forc 

f

Tr as nothng for t but to play: 43Jxh7 c3 Tus Bronstn as optng for a totally drnt plan  h as tryng to qun th bpan rathr than th apn T dfnc s fr from asy Nonthlss th anayss I hd prformd as not n van: ts das turnd out to b appcabl hr too 44.5 c6 45.a7! b3 46.a5t!

Intrstngly, ar th gam Bronstn tod m tht h hd gvn most attnton to th poston ar 4g3, aganst hch h hd found  vry dcat forcd n! Ts xmpl rthr dmonstrats that th basc am of any analyss s to pntrat th dpths of th poston Evn f not l lns hav bn forsn, t s much asr to cop th unxpctd rpls from your opponnt f th fundmntal ds ar undrstood T xamps  hav xamnd tst loquntly to th way n hch hom nyss lads to an ovrall rnmnt of  plyr's concrt thought, mpartng th sklls of combntv vson and th tchnqu of cacuatng varatons Yt  should rmmbr that for th practcal playr, anyss th th ad of th hns s not n tslf sucnt as  tranng mthod  sng

rom t Boo " i am in C

9

tht ovr th oar  a to work out th it himf (n incintally accompishd vrition in hi ad, nd mrovr with th th phnmnl lap from rt-catgory minimum xpnditur of tim Yung plyr payr to Grnmatr in a yr!), Axandr huld thrfor try to mk sur tht thir Kotov indicat tht "y gradually prfctin  hm prprtin is s cls s psibl t th yur clcultin yu cn chiv stonihin  prcticl gm In thi rspct, th mthd f rsult trining propos by Grndmtr Kotov is Hr is on of th xmpl from i crativ vry much to th pint lbortory Unr ti trining chm, t plyr  Chi - Sieget Trch ndvour to clcult all posil varitions dply nd ccurtly without mving St Petersbur g 13 th pics on th ord, wi limiting his thinkng tim (that i, rticially crting th condition of tournamnt py) T poitions  lctd for thi analyi r ll of tacticl  conict In  nrl, Kotov would tk thm frm gm by higorin T "fruits of th  plyrs lbur (th vritins calcultd) r  thn crlly chckd by plying thm on th ord or compring thm with uthorittiv  nnottins   Tis mnt nlysis rquirs purpsful dirction Grndmtr Kotv quit rightly  points to th following im tht you mut try      f   t chiv (Esntilly thy pply jut s much t nlysis in ny frm) Plying Whit in thi xtrmly hrp  ry to go s dply  poi into th poition, higorin committ an inaccuracy utltis of th poitin nd xmin in th ttck H continud with th vrition  mny mov hd  you cn 48. •  ry to b slctiv in th lins yu r ny, nd invti t th rtst psibl numbr tht hv prcticl 48  49.Yh3  50.� Y 5 worth ! 5t   Work out th vrition using  littl H urd dft tim s pssibl Subsqunt nalysi hwd tht th truggl  lmntry nd indispnsbl conditin could hv tn  compty dirnt f this work is t puru th nyis f ch cur if intd of 48gx Whit hd plyd vition to it logic cumintion, whr  48h3 t nc Knowing out this bic ugmnt on it cn b md id, Kotov rdully unrvlld th "tngl Undubtdly such lbour i fr from y nd indpndntly wrkd ut th following  yt it prvs it wrth Hving prfrmd vrition, 24 mvs ong 



ovt C tratgy

4h3 a3 49h g5 T trat wa 50h6 50f6! xf6 5xg5 a2 527  53hxf6 xf6 54h6 6 55xf6 gxf6 56g d7 57g7 7 On 57c6 5a hit frcs mat 5d5 c If 5, thn 59g f 60 59a d7 60b7 c7 6x7 x7 62xc7 6 63c! 7 64f5  65d7 g6 66g7 h5 67h6 g4 6h4 f3 69g3 2 70g2 xd3 7xb2 it win [Editor's Nt: Modrn cmputr can imprv n part of this anys, but that in n way dtracts from th gnral pint abut larning t improv ons calculation In fact, in tactical postons computr can nw b usd t provid th "authoritativ anntations that Sutin suggsts w compar our own rts with Fr tho intrtd in t pcic imprv mnts, ar 4gxf6 xf6 higorin culd hav playd th winning 49a! stppng th a-pawn and wit th ida if 49 xb4 thn 50h3 with th attack h intndd during t gam so, in Kotov lin, intad f 53f6 hit has matin5 with 53x5 In wrking lik ti n th tchniqu f caculation, it i most imprtant t larn t x th rlvant positin in yur mind r vry mntal movmnt of a pc, yu mut try to cmps a nw diagram in your mind's y It is nly wit this kind of ddicatd work that yu can liminat th ptcal illusin wic ar mt with quit frquntly in matr play T fllwing is an instructiv xampl f an ptic illuion

Pete Romov Gen Kpi 

Lenin gra 13

     f   In th pitin which clarly favurs Black, th Svit Mastr Kasparian, wishing t conclud t ght bautly, "annuncd mat in thr mvs with

5 e1t 53.h gxh3t 54.3# A trribl halucinatin! Black frgt that his knight was pinnd arrid away by th notin of a prtty mat, h cmmittd an uttrly gross mscalculatin T tournamnt struggl invlv hig nrvous tnsin, and in th hat f battl thr is mr ptnti fr such vrights than in a quit hm nvirnmnt Yt fr this vry rsn yu must systmatically dvlp th art f caculatin and strngtn your asociatd skills T lving f studis and xrcis frm diagram (without mving th pcs about) can b f grat us in prfcting yur tchniqu f calculatin Tis mthd f training is als attractiv in that it hardly rquir any pcial matri condition Slving ndgam studis is particularly usl , fr instanc, wuld not b dligtd at solving t fllwing (far from impl) tudy by th slf-am Gnrik Kaparian? ••

ro t oo   a  Css

221

  pi 15

     

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 



     f   1.! It ss as thugh ite's pieces ar stpping ito troubl with a pin  th way.









f

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

4h2!! A stuig wr, but why s t th oly mv? T problm with 4.g2 is 4.. . g8! 5. g7 \ when 6.g5 n lnger wrks becaus aer 6... xg t ght is pnn.

4 8 Stppng th thr way is o bttr, as ar T obvous .b7 was nt good enugh ue 4... e 5.g5 xh 6.xh7  7.g3 t ...7 followd by ... f6 and the f5pawn g6 . f4 xh7 the white ng arrives just in drps. Rook and ight versus rk shuld time t win the pawn nding, with any mve just b a draw. t the h rank. 

1.  2h7 T clumsy 2.f6 trows away the nal pawn, and thus th wi, ar 2 .. 6.

5J7  6.5! ite escapes with his extra piece and the vital nal pawn.

2 Jc7 3.! Dspit the limtd atrial, a matg thm appars just in tm to sav t ght.

6 Jx7 7.e6  8.7

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3..J7! T bst try, frcing hte t nd an nly mve t win. Rather less tsting was 3 .. x 4h8#.

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If yu examine diagrammed pstns frm chess bks withut using a boar, aalyse psitions blindfol, an so n, this can serve as quite a god mthod f dveloping cncrte thught. I wuld pint ut that chss masters, as a rule, are supremely gd at reading chess literature withut the aid f a board.  already indicated, in practical play yu mainly have t cntend against yur opponent's tactical dsigns which ta xcdingly varid frms. Te special attentin f yung players shuld be drawn t the fact that many frced



ovt Css trat y

peratns ar asscatd wth scalld "qut arrd away by s own actv plans, a player moves r, for nstanc, ntrmdat moves wll n l t notce hs opponent's very uch movs can b wolly unobtrusve n stng ntevenng mvs spct At rst sght thy don't t n wth any S Joheen - Rudolf Techne tactcal da, but n realty they frequntly play a decsve rol Ri ga 

Tin Petoi - Mk Tov 

nin grad 60

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 �

     

     f   Black playd a mv that loks natural and strng:

     f   Wth hs last mov (64), attackng th knght n d5 and strngthnng hs cntre wth temp, Wte wuld seem t be acqung excllent prspects Yet Blacks brllant ntrmedat mve abruptly alters the cmplexn f the ght

29 �e5 H nw thratns e5-d3 wth the 16 W!! ntatv But h has faled t tak account f Althugh bth kghts are en pre, nether th followng "quet rply whch dashes all hs can b takn On 7%xa5, Black dcds the hpes gam wth 7% 8g c2 9d2 % 20@d3! 2x3 %x2# 30.! It suddnly turns ut tat Black's actve er 7exd5 he wns by 7% 8@d pstn s cllapsng by frce, snce e4 and a4 e5 are ndfnsble In vew of the treatened 3e4 Black had t play: In the game, there fllwed: •

•

30...e3 But aer: 31.xe3 �c6 32.�e4  33.�5 W 34.�xe6! Whte wn easly

17.�4 �x4 18.4 %6 19.We3 W2 20.

ro t oo " ga n Css

223

H sms to b wnning th pc back ut a dp study f th position als that Wt has a vry strong ntrmat mov at his disposa  4b4!, which uttrly rts th ntir variatin

     f   20 xc1t! 2x W Black won wt is matria advantag ••

In practic suc intrmdiat mvs ar ncountrd vry n thy nd t b anticipatd in gd tim t fstall the unplasant cnsquncs

 b   e f g h f, instad f 3 xc5, Black shuld nd 3 dxc3!, which tuns th cmplicatins int his fau

In training, attntion sould b paid t such plys, which rais th lvl f tactical skll  this nd it is usful t daw systematicaly n 1e4 f 2e5 d5 3d4 d6 4c4 b6 5£4 both yur wn xpinc and ntabl xampls xe5 6e5 c6 7 e3  8c3  frm aster pactic (that is, t cmpil a kind f album f diagrams)  that, ach 9l c5 lOd5 e6 113 psition must b throughly xamind, and th apprpiat cnclusins drawn '  Of cus yu shuld nt dwll xcssily n th study f tactics Yung playrs wishing  t impr shuld try t dvlp thi abilitis  harmniusly, giving du attntion t th stratgy f chss  Mthds f wrk n th stratgic lmnts  a a littl dirnt fom th work n tactics that w hav bn cniding  main thing  h is to nhanc yu fl for th psitin  Sm yung playrs adpt a frmalistic  attitud to such wrk y think it wholly adquat t mmoriz various stratgc      f   prncipls such as "th playr with th advantag  cntinuatin xd5 2b4 d4 is bligd t attack, r "avoid unncssary 3bxc5 xc5 lks y tpting f Black pawn mvs and s fth

 an xampl I will gi th fllwing cmplx psitin arising frm Alins fnc



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milar pcs of advice, c av bcm truisms, can asily b picd up from any css boo or magazin, and of cours ty stic vivdly in t mmory I o quite a fe rst-catgory playrs o av copious extracts frm teacing manuals at teir xpert ngrtips, and apply tem assiduusly n practic In ct, vr, tey quit on gt vryting mxd up; suc mmorization mrly leads to strotypd tining I cannt lp rcalling t folloing amusing cas One young player, o ad conscntiusly studid Alin's books, ould endavour to ta th onsive in keeping it t latter's favourit stratgy  attacing n bot ings In one of is crucial games  managed t btain a splendid postion fr attacng is opponent's ng By concntating vrting against t ng, e culd virtually ave on t game by forc Yt instad of ts straigtfoard and natural plan,  prsistd in trying t strie n bot ings at nce, " la Alein Not surprisingly, as a rsult of tis blnd imtation, e vntually lst not only is advantage but t gam o mastr te stratgc elmnts, it is not enug to no basic patterns and devices Ts falls a long ay sort of gnune positional tining Lt's ust tae te cas f t attacking stratgy on bot ngs Tis as indeed ne f Alekine's favurite strategic precepts, and it constituted is contribution t te rtr dvlopmnt of mddlgam tory But of curs such attacks re by n mans fortuitous ty conformd abov all t an obective assssmnt f t position Alekine at n time "trid t be clver; e to t dmands of t position as is starting point, altoug is stratgic cnceptins r xtremly original and prfund

A vry usl ay of dvloping a playr's positionl air is (for instanc) t "sensatin metod, c Nmitsc rcommndd in s day In tis rspct, t assessmnt f te folloing position  for xampl  is caracteristic

  on Nio 

New York 

             f   At rst sigt, ite seems to b in quite good sap His ro ave scurd pssssion f t dle In time, Black's waening of is on ngside by pawn advancs may ma itslf flt

In actual fact, it's postn is virtually lst Essetilly it is not it but Blac w dminats t cntr, ping all t y squars rmly undr control Tis enabls him t rk up a winning attac on is opponnt's king in n tme it provs t b lplss gainst tis dirct assault 22...e4! 23.e1 Alas, tr is noting bttr 23  24.c3 e7! 256d3  26.2 2 27.

ro t Boo " ga n Css

    e f   27 B! 28J:U2 3 293 4 ht rsgnd ..

Tere is no doubt tht systemtc exercises in valuting such unconventionl positions re very usel for chess plyrs whos position ir lvs somthing to be srd

225

In Place of a Postscript Dyaics should be Dic I thi nt , my find? I thi nt , my find? Tugh hd t iv with in thi wd, T i n lif withut h But Okuhava T b i nih,   g i un  t t u n b in  hu t u it Lt u t   t hw utin id w in u w dy ld4 d5 4 6 � �f 4� e6 5e �bd 6  d dx4   x4 b5 8 d a6 9e4 5 10e5 d4 11�xb5 b5 1exf  100 b6 14e b 15 xb5 T

        

  d  f   Ti itin ccud twic in th d hmpinhi mtch btwn Vldimi mni nd Viwnthn Annd nn 200 Lt u y  m n f it, bing uv t n th ttic chctitic, thn  th dynmic n T i qul mti n th bd ht but th itin f th ing? It i d t y nything dnit T whit ing i ctd, th bc n i m   tuc in th cnt ut thi hdy mn tht th whit ing i m cu Lt u ictu hw c intnd

228

ovt Css trat

t cnduct th attack. Hs bshop s rady n b7, and a rk n g8 wll shortly connct with it: tgth thy will xrt strong pssure n the g2-point. If Whit barricads th dngus l with a bishp n g3, Blacks f-pwn will advnce lik a battring ram; . ..  will pbably b fllwd by ... f8-d6 and ... -f4. T bshp on g3 wll b unstabl but thr wll b nothing ls to sheld th ng. It fllws that bing castld ds nt guaante the kings safety  which in tun means it ds nt ncssily bing any advantage. But then, th blck ing fls uncmftable to. Its hps ar all vstd in th 6-point, but this may be xplodd by sm sacrce, whrupn pspcts f mate may bcme  rality. Wht but the geneal develpment f th pieces? it is clse t cnncting his rks   sur sign that his dvlpmnt will be cmpleted psently.  cnnct his ks, Black wll nd t xpnd m tmps and meve h will pbably have t lave his king n e7. Des this mean that White is ( will be) bette develpd? Again th answr is n. T k n a8 has yet t mak a singl mve, but it has aledy cme int play n the ther hand its rk n a , ven whn united with his thr ne is nt participating in the game  and the is n telling when it be. And the pwn stuctue? H t things re by n mans unambiguus. T psitn f the whit pwns is pleasing t the eye whees Blacks "ciure n the kngsid has been spilt by the g7 -pwn shiing t f6. Yt it is this very defect which  padxically  enbles Black t stt an ttck with his pieces gainst g2. If the attck is successl, the ugliness f Blcks pwn stuctue will be cuted as a plus fr him. If the attack fundes, it is pefectly pssible tht th shtcmings f the pwn stuctue will tell. And w,  ther nunce. In the digm

poston, te has passd paws n t quensid Black in the cntr In an ndgam the passed pawns n th wing ar consdd mor dangous than cntal ns. But as th saying gs, thee is still the need t suvive until the endgme. W could take thse gneal cnsidratins futhr but only with th sam amount f "succss. Ts positon obvusly cannot b solvd in trms f statics. It is by dynamics that all will be reslvd. Suetins bk abunds in theetical antith eses. Te uth sets sttics gainst dynamics, the psitinal stuggle against th tactical th stable fctrs f  psitin against the transi ti nes  nd ls, i  glbal sens ste etyped dgmatic thinking against thught which is uncnventinl nd innvative.  this list f antithess I wuld like t dd n me itm: th bjctivity and subjctivity f the tsks cnfnting th players. A gam of chss is not playd in a vacuum. Te plays lk fr th best mv  but nt in fiendly cnvesti, rthe in cnditins f rce cmpetitive stuggle. Tey hve t slve pblems "hee d nw which mes that t add t the bjective diculties the will invitably be subjective nes: shtge f time; discmft t being less well acquainted with the psitin thn yu ppnent; physi cl ftigue twrds the end f the game; and s n. Let us cm back t th diagam psitin. e viatin ccuing in the game hd been peped by Aand at hm. What des that mean if we ar talking but a mtch f the Wld hmpinship? bviusly  bigde f distinguishd grandmstes and highly pfes sinal theists will hve bn at wrk. ei analytc calculatins will hav ben chckd by cmputr and delived t nds "dsk. Tere will thn hve ben a cncted et f plishing f painstakingly wrking ut vry dtil. Finally th variation ws rady f us.

Dynaics shold b Dynaic

229

T variation is on th board At Anand's ...7! Aand taks th curagos dcision to back, thr ar many hrs f prparatin In front of anik thr ar srious problms cntinu th gam whil kping as mch Vladimir racts crditably t his pponnts matrial as possibl n th board Tr ar innovatin h cnducts th gam n th vry not that many pics l and hit ds hav highst lvl But h uss up a vast amount of tw xtra pawns Objctivly, in sm "idal tim and xasts his strngth By abot mv analytical nvironmnt, this dcision might b 30 h has nithr strngth nr tim l Tn cntstd, bt hr and nw, in th cncrt situatin of th gam it provs sbjctivly t his ga tumbls dwnhill b most nplasant for Whit 15...d6 16.d 8 17.3 4 18.4 3.x7
    e f   ust as w prdictd hit has sacricd a pic on 6 and pnd up th nmy king H nw thratns to swing his qun acrss t h7 Mat is n th hrizn Howvr w ought nt t vr-dramatiz th sitatin

Black has a combination at his dispsal t "calm things down  ar 22xg3 23hxg3 h4 th pawn n  is pinnd, and thr is th thrat f a dadly captur n g3 In rply hit wld no dubt hav t xchang quns n d6, with a draw

5... 6 6.< 8 7.a4 t 8.
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9.a3? A highly signicant mmnt Frm th static point f viw, this mov looks splndid Ar bing idl fr ags, th rok nally coms into play On a3 it spports a passd pawn attacks th black bishp, covrs all th pints n th third rank It sms impossibl to dmand mr f a singl mov! Yt th cncrt variations shw this mov t b wak T rok is inctiv on a3 and shold hav gon to d y thn

230

ovt C trat y

did amnik play thi way? Fr n of tw rasns  h had ithr n tim r n strngth In any vnt th dcin Anand tk n mov 22 ha utid tl H had a srius ttack, and nw it grows into  dcisiv n

th cns Gnr cnsidration md lk mpty pattr th utcm of th gam hingd ntiry n cncrt variation Yt all of a ud dn, at th dcisiv mmnt of th gam, what smd to b  cndry sttic factr mrgs int th forground

9... E t 30. d4t 31.c 4  ovr-rnmnt an unncary zwischeng hckng on f5 at onc wuld hv bn bttr

Unfortunatly by nw mnik had com pltly lost control of th potion:

            e f   Yu rcall that right t th strt of ur discussion w ntd that th qunsid passd pwn culd bcom a ral frc in th ndgam At that stag this circumstnc smd f scondary imprtanc  th ndgam ws such a lng way way Nw, hwvr th pssd pawn fctr culd hv tkn full ct if it had playd 32d3, nd if 32f5 thn 33b3 xd3 34xd3 Blck is th xchng up, but th pawns ar vry dangrus T outcm f th ght wuld rmin unclr ht ds this tll us? It tlls us tht th sttic and dynamic charactristic of a psi tin r nt in confrntation but r cn stntly linkd in  crtin cmplx nd lusiv unity In th prsnt gm ovr  lng strtch f mvs, th sttic charctristics r "stril sitin ns, rmind smwhr bhind

3.? t 33.d3 h3 34.a5 E 35.a6 Exet 36.e t 3.b3 e3t 38.a xe 39.a 4t 40.a  t 41. bt hit rsignd A fw dys ltr, whn amnik had it again th playrs cntinud thir thrticl dul .d4 d5 .4 6 3.� �f 4.�c3 e6 5.e3 �bd 6.d3 d .4 b5 8.d3 a6 9.e4 5 10.e5 d4 11.�xb5 nb5 1.e  13.0-0 b6 14.e b 15.b5 At this pint th arlir gam saw 5d6 Obviusly Kramnik nd his tam will hav bn workng to rfut thi vry lin But Annd is th rst t dvit 15...E8 16.4 d6 1.         

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Dynacs sold  Dynac

231

Black's attack dvlops accrding t the Kramnik's fotstps will b ale to dmnstrate scnario w forsaw T -pawn is usd an advantag for ite in t diagra position as a attring ram: its job is t disldg th Fr thm it will b asir! Ty kow ow the bshp from g3 and thus clear th path t trtcal dl twn Kramnik and Aand turnd ut; thy knw what prblems lie in g2 Here again I wld like t return t the wait fr ite in tis variation Furthermre main ody of this bk Suetn uss t phras th work of tr analyical laorators is not "armonus c-rdination f t frcs as restrcted by anything G aead  analyse, th chif trm t xplan th ascndancy of consult wth yur cmputr, invlv yur dynaics vr statics T position n t cllags in yur wrk, ceck and r-chck; diagram culd serve as a good illustratin f the clck is nt ticng! th athr's trtcal argumnt Kramnik n th tr hand was forced t In trms of statcs, t's positin looks very work it all ot at th oard His ppnent attractive Black's, on th contrary, is "ugly had excllnt prparatin, his oppnnt ws But in dynamic trms, th black pics and playing his prpared line  wile Kramnik had pawns ar in harmny wheres ite's ar nt t nd everything himsl here and nw And Te black pics ar attacking, and in a vry een if h fund an acceptabl slutin, thre natural mannr t, with majr frcs Te wuld still be plenty f play in the psitin, two isops, t rook n g8 and the pawn n and the ert and time xpnded cold nt  ar th vanguard f this attack; the queen, be recered th knigt and the rk n a8 are a ery clse line f resees, and the ipressin is that the 8Ul 4 9 4e70a4x4�x4 attacng frces are abut t unite Black's next e7 a3 gac8 3gxc8 gxc8 4al c5 fw mos ar easy t predict:  -f4, e8- 54 e5 6� f 7gel gc5 8b4 e7, prhaps the rks will dubl n t g-le gc3 A fair numbr f mves hae ben played, and (t rok n a8 might als e transferrd along th  rank), and t kngt will b rought nithr side as achived a clar advantage Te or twards th kingsid at t s to psitn is in a stat f unstabl equilibrium, do is non to clar, for all the "bauty of hs xcpt that the Black sid, as bfr, is a little easier t handl positin T initiative belongs t Black But ds this man that th adantag is n his Fr amnik, tim shrtage was makng side? Of curs nt Between initiativ and itself felt He decided t frce eents, and advantag thre is nt by any mans an equals began an xchanging cmbinatin Alas, his sign hite may bat  th attack, and cmbinatin met with an uncmplicated then th defcts f Black's pawn frmatin, refutatin cupled with his inscur king psitin, may 9�xd4? tell hite culd have maintained the tensin Lt s onc mor giv attntion to that mst with 29%g8 imprtant antithsis in mdern chss: th bjectivity and subjectivity f the prblems 9 xd4 30gdl �f 3gxd4 �4 t be slved Perhaps thse wh fllw in 3gd7 f 33gxb7 g l  34  •

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een Topov G  

Sfa 009

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e

f

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Hr is n mor xcllnt xample  th link btwn statics and dynamics  and o th vident cntrast btwn thm. In static trms      f   hite is vry wll placd. He has two "sel prplld passd pawns (while Back has no 28Je How ar we t evaluat this mve? passed pawns at l), as wll as the advantage  bishop against knight in an opn position, and Objctivly it is wak, taking hit's gam to a rk n the seventh (th "glutton's rank). th brink  deeat. ubjectivly it is brilliant, But s much or statics. In dynamic terms but t arrive at this verdict, the verall pictur hit oss in lmntary ashion, litrally in has t be precisely visualized. Tis was the sventh and pnultimat gam tw mves.  the andidates Match. he rsults rm th preceding six wr 3- 2 in palov's avour. 34 e3! 35.e3 e3 hre is n dnce against 36... e2, s But in the ighth and na gam Kamsy would hav th whit pics, and h would Kramnik rsignd. be striving to vl th scor. o opov, this t us leave th and  Kramnik match or a mant it woud b a good thing to nish o mmnt, t illustrat th "bjctiv/subjctiv th contst straight away, by ging two pints up, that is out o his pponent's rach. antithsis by a dirent xampl. Tat is on act. Hr is a scond: during th vnts w ar dscribing, Kamsy was in svr tim truble. And a point o som importanc in contmporary chss is that th tim cntrl r this match did nt allw or a 30-scond incrmnt aer ach mv playd. And nw anther act: in the preceding phas  the struggl in this gam, thr wr some occasions whn Kamsy could hav playd mor strongly. Instad he miscalculatd som variations, usd up a larg amount  time and vntually made inrior chices. opalv  

Dynacs so  Dynac

233

cours will av snsd tis inscrity n is 28...i2! 29.Wd7  30.d6 b5 opponnt's part. So far Kasky's play as bn faultlss. On ct, a scond, a tird... And ten Te cnnctd passed pawns, spportd by again it mst b born in mind tat a matc t qn and bisop, constitut a trribl is a cess contst of a spcial srt. During te fce. Bt te gt is still far fm vr, and ti spnt at t bad  as has repeatedly Black is going to ned t play sme accuate ben strssed  te ppnnts will so t spak mves. pentrat ac tr's psyce and acquir t most rn mutual mpaty. Ty wi pov 31.Wb7 geb8 abl to anticipat not nly ac tr's mvs T rst mistake. Te straigtfrward bt als eac otr's tugts. Tre is no 3...b4! 32.d7 �eb8 33.d8=% �xd8 34.xd8 kind of mysticism ere. If two css playrs ar �xd8 would av dne t trick. But wen te sitting at a bard, in oter wrds practically in scnds bfr yu ag drops are numbered, contact, for a long strtc f tim day ar day, yor ands coos a mv tat y would tn clarly at som mmnt ty will dvlp nvr mak in nrmal circumstancs. a unid systm of beaviour wit a cmmon "rytm. One of tem starts t play wrse, 32.W7 te ter at nce starts t play bette. One Te ent f trut aives. permits imslf sme lity  t ter, like a bast f pry, snss tis straigt away and  strivs t xploit it, relying less n the bective  critria of te positin tan n is ppnent's psycolgical stat.   Incidntally aft t gae, wen askd w  ratd Wite's 28t ve, palv candidly  stated tat against Anand  would nevr ave  playd tat way. Anand dsn't gt into tim tuble, Anand calculats variations suprbly  and fast.... In sort, Anan wold av bn  almost crtain to pnis opalov for tis bl.     e f   Yet against Kas te risk paid o, bringing victory in t gam and te matc. Back can no lngr pus is b-pawn, as  culd av dn a mv arlir  is quen is Obectivy, Wit suld av playd fr a une attack. Hwever, the draw as nt yet draw wit 28.�xa3. slippd away. er 32...d3!! 33.�xc4 bxc4, Even tn, as it appens, Black could ven wit is xtra quen, it is frced t still av gone wrong wit 28...c6? r "bail ut wit 34.%xb8 �xb8 35.4 �b 29.! Wit treatns mate from all sides  36.2 �xa 37.d7 �! 38.g3! (but nt 29 .. 6 30a8, or 29... �xa3 30.%xe8, 38.xh a=% 39.2 %5 and 40...%xe7) r 29.. . x5 3.xg7! xg7 3.�g3. 38... 6 39.d8=% 7 40. f6! gxf6 4.%7 and perptual cck. Ndss t say, nding Howevr, t simple 28...b3 forces a draw suc a complicatd lin in tim troubl would 29xa8 �xa8 30.%x %xd5 etc. be incnceivable

234

vt Css tratgy

32.. k8 33.Wxc4 c4 34.d7 b  35;d 8 36.d8=W gxd8 37.xd8 c2 38;dcl b4 39.gx b3 4O.g  41.gb8 Black has cm ut f th tim-scrambl a rk dwn and withut any cmpnsatin fr it. Ar mang a fw mr mvs ut f inrtia, Kamsky acknwldgd dfat n th gam and match. Tus whn w spak f th prblms t b slvd at th bard in cntmprary chss, th catgry f thir bjctivity r subjctivity cms int th frgrund. Objctivly wak  at last risky mvs may nntlss cnfrnt th ppnnt with such subjctivly cmplx prblms that slving thm "hr and nw will prv bynd him. Evn if subsqunt analysis casts dubt n an incrrct plan, th lsr, as thy say, has "missd th bat, s that th risk has bn fully justid. But lt us rturn t ur basic thm  th ppsitin and intractin btwn statics and dynamics, th variabl and th stabl factrs in a psitin. Again w will lk at an xamp frm th Anand-Kramnik match fr th W hampinship. 

T Russian Grandmastr has th wit pics. A fashinabl mdrn pning lin has bn playd, but n that has a classica, vn smwhat antiquatd apparanc. it has th advantag f th tw bishps. T ar pawn waknsss n a7 and c6. T b and d-ls ar frmally pn (that is, cmpltly clar f pawns), but it is still t arly t cal th psitin an pn n. Black is succssfully maintaining a pic blckad n th b-l  and as fr th d-l, it is whlly unclar which playr it will blng t. If th black bishp gs t 2, Whit will b frcd t mv  th l. But ths ar dtails. Ovral, th imprssin is that w ar ging t s a avy psitinal cntst with a minimum f tactics. Statics will prvail vr dynamics. Is this raly th cas? Ys and n. It wuld f curs b a blatant xaggratin t say that this psitin cntains as much in th way f dynamics as th sharp Mran Variatin f th Slav Dfnc which w lkd at bfr. T dynamic factr hr is und cvr. Yt it cntinus t play an imprtant and ultimatly crucial rl. amnik playd:

8.gel  Tis was a nvlty; prviusly nly 8.3 and 8. f4 had bn sn. Lt us ask urslvs  what th pint f this mv is. In what way is it  stngr than th cntinuatins tstd arlir? W will th s larly that this qustin  cannt b answrd within th framwrk  f a gnal iscussin prating slly with cmmn ntins abut th psitin.  I happnd t rad n xprts xplanatin,   which statd smthing alng th fllwing    d e f   lins: it is nt yt crtain whthr th whit In th xampls w hav xamind s bishp will b bst placd n 3 r f4, whras far, dynamics undubtdly prdminatd. ar th almst invitabl ... c4-2 th rk Tis tim it sms that th struggl will b will hav t mv asid t  anway. Kramnik thrfr mvs his rk in advanc and cnuctd in a dint ky.

ynacs shoud   ynac

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will aards dcid what t d with his 18 c5 19.Ya5 8 dark-squrd bishp, dpnding n hw his atr, 9  0f4  was trid r ppnnt cntinus x c4 a6 x 3J�x xc3 Such a fancy xplantin will hrdly stis 4, it cam bius tht Black had th radr It wuld b r r lgicl t k not qualizd, Ianchuk  Grischuk, inars a dirnt assuptin, nly that s a rsult 009 f dp analysis (which ntils th clcultin f cncrt ritins) rnik and his ta 20 e3 e2 21.4 e5 22 e3  23.Ya6 had cncludd that in trs f dynamics th f 24.a4 Y 25. e6 26ab rk  was strngr than a bishp m at that nalysis auntd to, nly tur  pulicatins and nw gas will ral  Nw anthr qustin hat ds Blck's countrplay cnsist o H is nt actually ging  to stand arund in apathy, cnning hislf t  prphylactic s Of curs nt hat ac tion ds h h in ind, thn?   ky pic in th psitin is th blck  knight n b6 If it succds in shckling it, his adantag will incras nd k itslf flt  is ans th knigh ust b gin suitbl  "mplynt  nturl blckding squr     e f   fr it is c4, but  knight nur t d3 (i d7 r 4, thn c), thugh lss prbbl, is nt ithut akng a singl nticbl istk, ntirly fancil ithr Blck has drin hislf int  dicult, Hw, thn, will Black anur? And prhaps alrady hplss, position  knight gainst any f th plausil lins, hw will hit is unal to o in iw f it's thrat to rct  how will h cuntr his oppnnt's pntrat to 7 with his rk plans? ll, th nswrs t ths qustions li in dynics! Black cannt initiat xchangs with 6  c4 is initbly clls t ind a prdxical 7xc4 xc4, n accunt f 8x6!  thought f E Gllr's H intind tht again w rcall Gllr, and w s that h was psitinal play was nthing thr than a chin prfctly right Finally, n 6 a8 it f shrt ritins with n bligtry tcticl incrss th prssur with 7 "lling In thr wrds, it wuld b  grss rrr t think tht psitinl ply ws cnnd In n rt t scap hit's grip, and t  dp fr f "rsning nd cnstitutd aks n ipulsi  and thry nly  lrg-sc rigid structur  sthing hstns his wn dft lik  ling cbint, th drwrs f whic r crd with sts f ruls nd lws fr 26 c4 27a5 �a4 28.gb7 Ye8 29Yd6 cpulsry riztin ith ll trial qulity, Blck rsignd Dynics r alwys cls t nd, nd if th On 9xc3 it wins with 307, whil sttic factrs in  psitin cn  cprd t  9 d8 is t by 304 nd th black cpss, th ribl ns r lik th ndl pawns start falling n y n •••

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ovt Css trat

   exp f  xtrcs f t is cptd  nik,  p ws s Annd  Knik c, w  sn wt ppxits   unisal. cpex, ucuting inecins k pc  pss g, is n is not  al wos wn stics nd dnics. I is  s tn n cp ns.  iptn  is ings us n cos to n git fo ng, ug, is n  st up s tic seeing e s e in is   siutin cnstucts s sus, ut t undsnd  n  d. e n cquin uss wi t if f t iing is was  cpx nd css s  g nd n , w n t s  utifctd n n ortic doctin. In undeing gic nd u in i. Bu s n it tis ,   w, is ws prfct cssic gue diing sid, "I isn' nug  w undestd.   gd p  u s    e  Le us ec l's g wi s (Mscw p we 1964) wic d fqunt pprncs in css Incidnl, n ding  ss f vige ecus f e cssic p, nd ds in cncening is "incin nd suc s, ks f  e. In e pning f t g, es f css s sking, "ic css s it pd just  it cssl. Bck put is es? e nswe is, nne t . O any se. i unde pssu nd sized  iniii, F if css is t, n  s eeon knws  wic d utiatl o a bsop-sus-knig  genes  gd xcp  ing n. And ndg wit pwns n t wings.  tn if cess is sp, e s se is  n  cncd ws n stounding nd intic ings ic. u f xpiing Bck's inia pus.  ius qustin n iss, w se  es f inging ic? t is  cpin's  se?  In ie ies, e s wide cceped e ws  f  ccic pcess. e ge  ss f psiin p  gdul used  nd pcd  ge sts f cini p.  n,  cc cncuds nd n  ne gins. e s ing ppns n   sui f  css Opus. , s w s, is  cpin ping in  cinie  "ke. Ps in is n dn of  psiinl  ping s. Kpo is  "stticis. Kaspr     e f   is  "dnis  n, s uin ig s, n "u-dnis. And s n. 3...  33.d  34.� a 35.a4 In is s cop fultin, is a5 3. 8 3.b3  38.a3 f pesis ss  c  dcin f Hg, 39.b3  40. h5 4.h3  xcpt t e id "sis, nisis, snsis 4.b3  43. f 44.b3 8 is epcd   id "psiin p, 45.� h5 4.  4.�l  48.� ini p, unis p . A  49.�5  50.�xht  5.�5  nd Psin (t us s), t "unisl  5.d  53.l  54.d h5 pe pssk scnds  css n. e 55.�  5.� 4 5.�d5 x3 cinie genius, Ksp, suppnts  58.� d 59.�d5 4 0.�xb 8 in f psiin p, Kp  nd t id .�d5  .�  3.� a4 4.�x5

Dynacs sod  Dynac  6S.�b3  66.c2 4 67.b2 3 6.�aS s 69.S £4 70. o 7.�x  72.�S  ite resigned. A wnderl ending but we suld vid n exggerted rpture Smslv ws fmed t ll times fr is exemplry tecnique nd  god mny endings like tis re fetured in is cllected gmes. But tis is were te lecture (r bk utr) wuld pull  mster trump frm up is sleeve: te trut is tt l ws te ne pling Blck... In cntemporr prctice t tee e plenty f suc curisities suc gmes wit mixed-up rles. A gret mster must be ble t d everyting in cess  never mind tt tere e lws certin preferences cerin tpes f psitin tt ne pler is nne t fnd  weres nter w is rnked n ige ps tem wit virtusit. ese re nunces. e min ting I repet is tt te gret mste needs t ve te bility  nt te ws  preference but te bility wen neede  t "ply ny tune n te cessbrd in eite  sttic r  dnmic key. In tis cnnectin revic's gme wt Krmnik frm te rld mpinsip c unment (exic 2007) cmes t mnd

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3.xS!? S 4.bx4 x4 S.dx6 i6 6.bS  7.7 4 .Wa4 �7 9.i3 d6 20. g 2.i£4 W 22.b6 �S 23 S w 24.Wdl W4 2S.b7 g 26.=W id 27. Blck rsigned. •

I suspct tat  dtaild nlysis of tis gme woud ll all th spc in th prsnt ook wit  contents table and reference ids for gd mesure. But te generl impressin frm mrely pling troug te mvs is unshabl:  tns struggle boundng in tctics nd xtreme nconvntionlity  wic is no surprse when te nme of Moroevic ppers t te hed f the gme score;  gme certn to b ss than faultless but cumnting in  Blirieg Mntall ou start ppnding  conclusion t te bottom f t firly shrt column of movs: mnik jst couldn't cop with tis "unconventionl ply e couldn't wrk ut te vritins. t's wy he lst s quickly. But the wle point is tt it was Krmnik pling te.... How cn tis b? er ll the mn-in-te-steet of t cess wrld views t Kramnik of te 2 st century  since is matc wit Ksprov tt is  s th "dri st of t dry  s  plyer wo in principle shuns te lbour of ccultion nd endvours l.� �f 2.4 6 3. dS 4.d4 d .  to dcide t gme by exclusivel technicl 6.�S b4 7.�c3 �dS s 00 9.2 bS mns. 0.�xdS xdS l .b3 0 2.4 f But tis is hw it ws: wen Krnik s tey s ws up ginst it he mnged to fetc out t tcticl dvices nd sklls fom te  bck room of s rsnl.  d not rustd  tey d just cllected  littl dust. It turned  out tt e d nt yet forgtten ow it ws dne: scricing  pece intuitivel cculting  te mst cmplex tcticl lines t every  move keping up e initiiv. "You nds rmmbr things yur nds mmber!  s  ws sid by Yuri Nikuln's crcter in te lm  When the ees re Big       e f  

ovit Css tat  y

238

ife is mo complx tan any pilosopizing, mino pic sacicd, Black is ppad to ich than th most cunningly concoctd add a ook  2.7 h 29.xg6 g6  thtical hypothss. T a no such ust s tht th dynamic cts (in this cas things a winning styls, and th living pocss the ctivtin f the th ook, on £) should f cgnition cannt be squezd into the pedinte. pcustan bd of cyclic dvlopmnt and schmatics. Anand ss th nw gi. H may quit possibly hav bn aiming fo th vaiation a d L o 2.c3  29.g3 h5 30.h4  3.d3 g2 32. 2 g4 33.g3!, at th end Liaes 00 of which th dynamics a xtinguishd by th xchang of th main activ pics. And indd, f sm tim Black seems t be walkng in his  oppnnts lding stings...  .W3 g 9.3 5 30.W4   3.gd3  3. xd4  At the lst mmnt, howev, h tuns o  th pth intndd f him!          d e f    Black has  wtched psitin. His k has gn astay n g6, his bishp is lnguishing n  b7, th is nthing t cv th ky squa 5.  hit has tw bautifu bishps he hs the  upp hand in th cnte nd n bth wings His psition ovall is a plsue t behld. ts  hamny is vidnt ady, and whn his k    d e f   on a and his bishop on c2 coe lly int play, it's supiity will b ttal. 33.g3? Black ds hve n xt pawn, but this Anand is a get champin, n f the is small cmft. His pics e disunited stngst of all chess plys living n u sm ae id, sm  styied by th white plant. And yt h is human, which mans he fcs. In tms f statics, Black has lst the is nt f fm s nd ctin wsss. ght idembly. T mains th facto of In tis paticul instanc his sangfid has let dynics! him dwn. He has nt ben bl t eadust nd cntinu th ght n th sme lvl. 5 x!? 6.4 4 7. ! In such psitins Bis Spassky likd t c hite had t ply 33.xd4, lthugh e the sying,  begg fas n bby. o th 33...5 Black cud still sh f sme -



Dynaics sou  Dynaic chancs Now th situation swings thoug 80 dgs 33 gx 34Wx gxe4t! 35d 35x4 dos not sav Whit ith ae 35 x4 36d2 x 

35 g 36x gx 37me c5 it signd 

hss as a gam is nit  is no doubt f that But th pocss of gaining knwldg f chess is a pocss f systmatically pning a lag num of doos  we quit nugh such ds in Suetin's cntuy d th a nough in ou cntuy too 1M Ilya Odss, Wint 2009

239

Index of Gaes A1atortsev, V 29 A1ekhine, Aexder I I  2,  5 , 2 3, 3 6, 5 0, lOS 08, 54, 62, 7 and, Vianathan 227, 230, 234, 238 Aronian, L 238 Aronin, Lev 32, 95, 86, 93, 24 Averbakh, Yri 32, 72, 40 Bagirov, Vadimi 68 Batuyev, Adrey 9 Bernstein, Ossip 4 Blackburne, Joseph 22 Bogojubow, Em 2,   9 Bolesavsky, Isaa 9 , 46, 5 6, 6 3, 64 , 70, 78 , 89,  02,  4,   0,  45 ,  70, 202 Bondarevs, Igor 85, 47 Znosko-Borovs, Egene 08 Bovinnik, Miail 2, 4 , 27, 36, 56, 75, 8  , 86, 9  , 92, 94,  04,   7 ,  23,  5 6, 62,  9  , 206, 2   , 2  3 Bonstein, David \06,  22, 2 5,  55, 2 7 Capabanca, Jose Ral 4 , 50,   9,  57, 62, 9 Chigorin, Mikhai 60, 29 Dementey 23 Dur, Oldrch 3 Euwe, M 49,  7  , 2   Faibisovich, Vadim 6 Farago, Ivan 74 Fne, Reuben 49, 65, 83,  54,  56 Fischer, Robert Jaes 43, 74, 79, 60, 63, 69 Frieman, S. 5 Furman, Semyon 82,  4 ,  82,  87,  95, 209 Gele, Em 3, 33, 63, 30, 45, 47,  5 3,  69,  90,  9 8 Gipslis, Aivars 42 igoric, Svetor 24, 74,  43, ISO 63 Goldenov, Boris   0 Gigorian, Kaen 72 Gnfeld, Ernst 8 Gugenidze, Bkhty 03 Hug, Werner 48 Ivkov, Boris 40, 27 Janowsk, David 29 Johannessen, Svein 222 John, W 39 asky, Gata 232 K, ya 94 arpov, Aatoly 7, 78 Kaspaian, enikh 220 Keres, Pal 4, 20, 25, 26, 65, 8, 88, 23, 39, 55 hasin, Abram 99 Kholmov, Ratmi 79, 73

olarov, taas   2 onstatiopolsy, lexader 82 orchoi, Viktor 3, 34, 39, 26, 27,  8 4,  9 6, 205 oto, lexander 8, 25, 4  , 70,   0,  34, 98, 202 ottaer, enek 3 anik, Vadimi 227, 230, 234, 237 are 6 ser, Eael 32 Leedev, B 97 Ltelier, Rene   5 Levesh, regor 29 Lierzon, Vadiir 28 Liliethal, Ador 83, 86 Lipnitsy, saac 07, 2  6 Lisitsi, eorgy 27 Lilisky, Viktor 33, 40 Ltikov, natoly 25 Ljbojevic, Ljbomir 28 Mackenzie, eorge 60 ogonov, Vadiir 45 Mataovic, Aeksanda 49 Minic, Dragoljb 74 Mie, Vadas 97 Morozich, exander 237 Najdor Migel 24, 35 Neergaard, olger 46 Nezetdinov, Rashid 8 Niiti, lexader 95 Niwitsch, ron 3 ,  57, 224 Novotelov, N 8 Pachan, Ldek 24 Padevsy, Niola 24 Pano, Osca 72, 203 Peresypn, Vadiir 93 Petrosian, Tigra 20, 63, 20, 34, SO  67,  76 ,  8 9, 222 Pili, erman 53 Plainec, bi 74 Polgaevsy, Lev 03, 20, 68 Portisch, Lajos 60, 06, 48, 49, 78 Polsson, ivind 74 Rgozin, Viacheslav 46, 85,  7, 35, 2 3 Razer, Vsevolod 77 Ravisy, rigory 02 Reshevsy, ael 43, 67 Reti, chard 4 iin, Nikolai 77 Romaovsy, eter 220 binstein, iba  3,   7, 4  haov, Yri 34, 26, 50 Sawe, eorg   7 chlechter, ar 39 Schid, Lothar 70

Schdt, Wodziie 43 Saoch, Loid 20 5 Sharter 20  Shish, Vadiir   3 Siagin, Vadiir 46, 200 Slia, Bogda 84 Sslo, Vsil 9, 3  , 40, 60, 75, 88, 0 \07, 0, 5, 33, 62, 87, 89, 9 2  4 , 2 36 ools,  2  , 23 Soron, N 2 Spass, Boris   3,  4 ,  60, 76,  93 pielma, dolf  29,  3 ,  8  tlerg, ideon 89 Steitz, Wilhel 90 etin, exey 2 , 28, 56, 95,  0,  28,  6  ,  64 ,  8 2,  96, 200, 209, 2  6, 2   veshnikov, vgeny 93 So, szlo  50 Szabo, Stefan 39 Tal, Mikhail 24, 42, 78,  00,  03,   0,   2 ,  39 ,  90,  93 ,  99 , 203, 206, 23 Taiaov, Mark 8, \03, 24, 30, 73, 86, 222 Tarrasch, Siegert   , 2 9 Teschner, dolf 222 Timan, an  28 Tolsh, lexader 26, 27, 27, 45 Topalo, Veselin 232 Torre, arlos 32 Tseshovsy, Vitaly 64 Taov, Vadiir 72 Unzicker, Wolfgag 4 Viov, gey 56, 93 Vatniov, I 33 Veliirovic, Dragoljb 7 Veresov 6 Vida, Mila 92, 22 Vistaetsks,  28 Wol erich 05 Yates, Federick 23,  9  Zhravlev 20 ita, Fratisek 22 Zkertort, ohan 22, 90

Alexey Suetin & Ilya Odessky - Soviet Chess Strategy.pdf

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