AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGN
TAXIWAY DESIGN TAXIWA AXI WAY Y DESIGN DESIG N
TAXIWAY:
Taxiway provides access to the aircrafts from the runways to to the loading apron or service hangar.
Taxiway Runway
Taxiway
Runway and Taxiway Taxiway
Factors controlling Taxiway Layout Arrangements : Taxiways should be arranged that the aircrafts which have just landed & taxiing towards apron should not interfere interfere with the aircrafts taxiing for take-off. Busy airports : The taxiway should be located at various points along the runway so that the landing aircraft aircraft leaves the runway as early as possible. Such taxiways are called “exit taxiways”. •
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High turn of speed: •
Exit taxiways should be designed for high turn off speeds of aircrafts so that runway occupancy time gets reduced.
Route : •
The route should be a shortest distance from the apron to the runway end.
Crossing: •
Intersection of taxiway & runway should be avoided.
GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS •
Length of taxiway
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Width of taxiway
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Width of safety area
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Longitudinal gradient
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Transverse gradient
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Rate of change of longitudinal gradient
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Sight distance
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Turning radius
Geometric Design Standards For Taxiway Length – should be as short as practicable. Width – lower than the runway width. This is because the
aircraft run on the taxiway are not airborne and the speed of
the aircraft on taxiway is lower. Hence pilot can easily ma oeuvre the aircraft over a smaller width of taxiway. Width of safety area – it includes width of taxiway pavement
plus shoulder on either side. The width of the shoulder is 7.5m on each side and are paved with light strength material.
Turning radius Whenever there is change in direction of a taxiway, a
horizontal curve is provided. The curve is so designed that the aircraft can negotiate it without significantly reducing the speed. Circular curve with larger radius is suitable for this purpose. The radius is given by R = V 2/127f where; R is radius in m, V is speed in kmph and f is 0.13. Subsonic jet transport – min. 120m. Supersonic jet transport – min. 180m.
According to Horonjeff the radius of the taxiway should be so
provided that the distance of the oleo strut of the near by main
gear is not less than 6m from the pavement edge. Horonjeff formula:R = (0.388W2) / (T/2 – S) Where;→R is the radius of the taxiway in meter→W is
the wheel base of aircraft in meter→ T is the Width of taxiway pavement in meter→S is the distance between midway point
of the main gears and the edge of the taxiway pavement in meter.
If the existing airport has to be upgraded to accommodate
supersonic transport, it may be feasible to widen the pavement rather than increasing the radius. Widening is done by providing a compound curve of radii
R 1and R 2. the value of R 1and R 2 is obtained using;
R 2= R – ((0.388W2/ R) + S) If exp. ((0.388W2/ R) + S) < T/2, no widening is needed. If it is > T/2, the radius R 1 is R 1=(Dr 2+(T/2)+0.3R- R 22-RT/2(R- R 2) where Dr = 3W-0.4R if Dr
TAXIWAY GEOMETRICS AS PER ICAO Classifica tion by ICAO
Taxiway width
Max. Longitudinal gradient (%)
Mini. Transverse gradient (%)
Max. rate of change of longitudinal gradient per 30m (100ft) in %
Meter
Feet
A
22.5
75
1.5
1.5
1.0
B
22.5
75
1.5
1.5
1.0
C
15.0
50
3.0
1.5
1.0
D
9.9
33
3.0
2.0
1.2
E
7.5
25
3.0
2.0
1.2
Safety area width
Turfed or paved shoulders are not mandatory but are suggested if need exists.
EXIT TAXIWAYS Factors controlling location of exit taxiways: Air traffic control •
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Location of runway Number of exit taxiways Exit speed Type of aircrafts Weather conditions Topographical features Pilot variability
Optimum location of Exit Taxiways:
E T A R E C N A T P E C C A E G A R E V A
ARRIVAL RATE
WAVE-OFFS BALANCE PT. ACCEPTANCE RATE
ARRIVAL RATE
The acceptance rate of runway with a system of exit taxiways = Arrival rate of aircrafts
The point beyond which the acceptance rate deviates from the ideal relationship of equal arrival and acceptance rate is “balance point”. Balance point occurs when the runway is loaded to its full capacity and such situation is “runway saturation”. At higher arrival rates, the runway cannot accept all aircrafts and hence few are waved off. For a given set of conditions, the exit taxiways should yield the highest possible rate of acceptance. Such location of exit taxiway is “Optimum location”. •
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Design of exit taxiways: •
Angle of turn
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Compound curve
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Exit speed
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Length L1 and L2
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Occupancy time
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Shape of taxiway
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Stopping sight distance
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Turning radius
TERMINAL AREA PLANNING
TERMINAL AREA PLANNING
TERMINAL AREA-GENERAL CONCEPTS •
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Terminal area includes terminal and operational buildings, vehicle parking and aircraft service hangars. Serves as focal point for activities on the airport. The airport entrance or access road from a highway must be located in such a way to accommodate future development. Loading and unloading of passengers and cargo is done in Terminal apron. Aircrafts can be fueled and parked in Terminal apron. Provision of hangars will also comes under terminal area planning.
BUILDING FUNCTIONS •
In a commercial airport, building can be categorized into – Terminal and Operational.
Terminal building: Mainly used for passengers, airline and
administration facilities. Offers the enplaning passengers a convenient and
direct access from vehicle parking area to booking room, waiting room & finally to apron. Deplaning passengers are provided a direct route
from aircrafts to baggage claim counter and then to vehicle platform.
Operational area: Control tower, weather bureau and other
government services related to aviation comes under operational category. Mostly, terminal building will itself fulfils the
function of operational building also.
Facilities provided in airport buildings: Passengers & baggage handling counters for
booking Baggage claim section Enquiry counter Space for handling & processing mail, express and light cargo Public telephone booth Waiting hall for passengers and visitors Toilet facilities Restaurants and bars First aid room
Cont……. General store and gift shops Space for magazines, news papers,
advertisement display. Office space for airport staff Weather bureau Post office and banking facilities Custom control Passport and health control Control tower
CHECK IN COUNTER
ESCALATOR
PUBLIC CONCOURSE AREA
SERVICE COMPLEX AREA
GLASS PARTITION FOR DOMESTIC / INTERNTIONAL - DEPARTURE
PRE SECURITY HOLD SEATING AREA
RUNWAY
SITE SELECTION The selected site should be in accordance with following requirements: Sufficient area for the first stage of building development with possibility of future expansion. Sufficient area for roadways Adequate car parking area Layout of above items providing functional relationship with each other Convenient access to the main highway Central location with respect to runway Proximity & easy installation of utilities such as telephone, electricity, water, sewage, etc. •
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Cont…… •
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Favourable orientation with respect to the topography and prevailing wind Good subsoil water characteristics including the natural drainage.
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TERMINAL BUILDING PLANNING PRINCIPLES •
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Passengers walking distance should not be more than 180m from surface transportation to their boarding into the aircraft. The airline passengers should not have to carry the baggage by more than 22.5m from the road transportation to the check-in-point. Passengers should be able to check-in without waiting.
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The maximum check-in time should not exceed 3 minutes. On arrival of aircraft, the baggage delivery speed should correspond to the walking time of passengers from the aircraft to claim area. If volume of cargo is large, a separate building for handling and storage of cargo may be required.
PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING CIRCULATION DEPARTURE CIRCULATION D1 DROP OFF AREA ARRIVAL CIRCULATION D2 ENTRANCE BAGGAGE CIRCULATION A1 TICKETING ARRIVAL GATE D3 B1 BAGGAGE LOADING GATE) A2 (DEPARTURE BAGGAGE CLAIM D4 CHECK C1 SECURITY VISITORS’ LOUNGE A3 B1 D5 C2 A4 D6 C3 B3 D7
ARRIVAL CONCOURSE BAGGAGE UNLOADING CHECK-IN HALL VIP LOUNGE (ARRIVAL GATE) EXIT CHECK-IN CIP LOUNGE COUNTER BAGGAGE HANDLING SYSTEM SECURITY CHECK
D8
DEPARTURE LOUNGE
D9
DEPARTURE GATE
LEGEND DEPARTURE ARRIVAL BAGGAGE LOUNGE
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
North 40
DEPARTURE FLOW-GROUND FLOOR LEVEL-BENGALURU AIRPORT
Check-in Counters
To Departure level for security check Passengers proceed to check-in
Meeters and Greeters Area -Ticketed Entry
Passenger entry - Departures
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DEPARTURE FLOW-FIRST FLOOR LEVEL-BENGALURU AIRPORT
Swing Gate Area
Domestic Boarding Lounge
Domestic Commercial Area
Domestic Security
Domestic
International Boarding Lounge
Duty Free shopping
International
Security Immigration
Departing pax from Check-in at ground floor to Security at departure level (1 st floor)
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION AND PARKING AREA •
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Ease of passenger unloading and loading at the terminal building. One way traffic wherever possible A minimum of driveway intersection. Adequate driveway width to permit overtaking. Sufficiently and clearly defined parking and circulation routes. Well lighted routes for pedestrians and vehicles.
CAR PARKING LAYOUT-HYDERABAD
DEPARTURE LEVEL IN HYDERABAD AIRPORT
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ARRIVAL LEVEL
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TAXI WAITING AREA
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PARKING CONFIGURATION IN NEW BENGALURU AIRPORT PARKING
NUMBERS
Drop off area
213
Pick up area
202
Short term parking
283
Long term parking
1093
2 wheeler parking
182
Bus bay
10
48
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Runway of 4.43 kms, the longest in Asia & 2nd longest in world which caters to Code F aircrafts with 25kms of taxiway-DELHI AIRPORT
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6.4 km of Baggage Handling System(BHS) at basement level which handles 12400 bags/hour with sophisticated mechanism for power saving purpose-DELHI AIRPORT
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HANGAR SITE SELECTION •
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The site should be such that there is a convenient road access to it from the site to the aprons and terminal buildings. Proximity to and easy installation of utilities such as telephone, electricity, water, sewage, etc. Reasonable proximity to the loading apron. The site should not be along the direction of frequent storms as this is likely to damage the hangar doors.
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Sufficient area to provide car parking facilities for working personnel. Favourable topography providing good natural drainage. Adequate site area for future expansion of hangar facilities.
