Aircraft Landing Gear Design Project

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AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR DESIGN & DEVEL DEV ELOPMEN OPMEN T A PROJECT REPORT REPORT Submitted by

LINUS C.X ENROLLMENT NO: 13771FDME0041

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree degree Of   

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING JUL JULY 2016 2016

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GUIDE’S GUIDE ’S CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE I here certi! th"t the re#e"rch $%r& e'(%)ie) i* the )i##ert"ti%* e*tit+e) ,AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR- h"# (ee* .*)er t"&e* "*) c%'/+ete) (! LINUS C .*)er '! .i)"*ce "*) #./er3i#i%* I "+#% certi! th"t he h"# .+i++e) "++ the re4.ire'e*t# .*)er the c%3e*"*t %3er*i* the )i##ert"ti%* %r "$"r) % DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

P+"ce5 P"+" D"te5 12 J.+! 2016

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DECLARATION

I here(! )ec+"re th"t the re#e"rch $%r& e'(%)ie) i* the )i##ert"ti%* e*tit+e) ,AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR- h"# (ee* c"rrie) %.t (! 'e %r 'ech"*ic"+ e*i*eeri* St A*t%*!’# e*i*eeri* c%++ee P"+" I "+#% )ec+"re th"t thi# )i##ert"ti%* h"# *%t (ee* #.('itte) %r the "$"r) % Di/+%'" i* Mech"*ic"+ E*i*eeri*

P+"ce5 P"+" D"te5 12 J.+! 2016

LINUS C ENROLLMENT NO5 17881FDME0091

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A(#tr"ct

Landing gear i# %*e % the critic"+ #.(#!#te'# % "* "ircr"t The *ee) t% )e#i* +"*)i*

e"r $ith 'i*i'.' $eiht 'i*i'.' 3%+.'e hih /er%r'"*ce i'/r%3e) +ie "*) re).ce) +ie c!c+e c%#t h"3e /%#e) '"*! ch"++e*e# t% +"*)i* e"r )e#i*er# "*)  /r"ctiti%*er# F.rther it i# e##e*ti"+ t% re).ce the +"*)i* e"r )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e $hi+e 'eeti* "++ the re.+"t%r! "*) #"et! re4.ire'e*t# M"*! tech*%+%ie# h"3e (ee* )e3e+%/e) %3er the !e"r# t% 'eet the#e ch"++e*e# i* )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t % +"*)i* e"r Thi# /"/er /re#e*t# " /er#/ecti3e %* 3"ri%.# #t"e# % +"*)i* e"r )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t c.rre*t tech*%+%! +"*)#c"/e "*) h%$ the#e tech*%+%ie# "re he+/i* .# t% 'eet the ch"++e*e# i*3%+3e) i* the )e3e+%/'e*t % +"*)i* e"r "*) h%$ the! "re %i* t% e3%+3e i* .t.re

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TA:LE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER

6

I*tr%).cti%*

;

Aircr"t L"*)i* Ge"r#

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A* O3er3ie$ % L"*)i* Ge"r De#i* < De3e+%/'e*t

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Ch"++e*e# i* L"*)i* Ge"r De#i* < De3e+%/'e*t

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L"*)i* Ge"r Tech*%+%ie#

1=

C%*c+.#i%*#

6

I*tr%).cti%* L"*)i* Ge"r #!#te' i# %*e % the critic"+ #.(#!#te'# % "* "ircr"t "*) i# %te* c%*i.re) "+%* $ith the "ircr"t #tr.ct.re (ec".#e % it# #.(#t"*ti"+ i*+.e*ce %* the "ircr"t #tr.ct.r"+ c%*i.r"ti%* it#e+ L"*)i* e"r )et"i+ )e#i* i# t"&e* ./ e"r+! i* the "ircr"t )e#i* c!c+e ).e t% it# +%* /r%).ct )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e The *ee) t% )e#i* +"*)i* e"r $ith 'i*i'.' $eiht 'i*i'.' 3%+.'e re).ce) +ie c!c+e c%#t "*) #h%rt )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e /%#e# '"*! ch"++e*e# t% +"*)i* e"r )e#i*er# "*)  /r"ctiti%*er# The#e ch"++e*e# h"3e t% (e 'et (! e'/+%!i* ")3"*ce) tech*%+%ie# '"teri"+# "*"+!#i# 'eth%)# /r%ce##e# "*) /r%).cti%* 'eth%)# >"ri%.# )e#i* "*) "*"+!#i# t%%+# h"3e (ee* )e3e+%/e) %3er the !e"r# "*) *e$ %*e# "re #ti++ (ei* )e3e+%/e) The /.r/%#e % the +"*)i* e"r i* "* "ircr"t i# t% /r%3i)e " #.#/e*#i%* #!#te' ).ri* t"?i t"&e@% "*) +"*)i* It i# )e#i*e) t% "(#%r( "*) )i##i/"te the &i*etic e*er! %  +"*)i* i'/"ct there(! re).ci* the i'/"ct +%")# tr"*#'itte) t% the "irr"'e The +"*)i* e"r "+#% "ci+it"te# (r"&i* % the "ircr"t .#i* " $hee+ (r"&i* #!#te' "*)  /r%3i)e# )irecti%*"+ c%*tr%+ % the "ircr"t %* r%.*) .#i* " $hee+ #teeri* #!#te' It i# %te* '")e retr"ct"(+e t% 'i*i'ie the "er%)!*"'ic )r" %* the "ircr"t $hi+e +!i* The +"*)i* e"r )e#i* t"&e# i*t% "cc%.*t 3"ri%.# re4.ire'e*t# % #tre*th #t"(i+it! #ti*e## r%.*) c+e"r"*ce c%*tr%+ "*) )"'/i* .*)er "++ /%##i(+e r%.*) "ttit.)e# % the "ircr"t The#e re4.ire'e*t# "re #ti/.+"te) (! the Air$%rthi*e## Re.+"ti%*# t% 'eet %/er"ti%*"+ re4.ire'e*t# "*) #"et! The +"*)i* e"r #h%.+) %cc./! 'i*i'.' 3%+.'e i* %r)er t% re).ce the #t%$"e #/"ce re4.ire'e*t i* the "ircr"t F.rther $eiht #h%.+) (e "t 'i*i'.' t% i*cre"#e the /er%r'"*ce % the "ircr"t The #er3ice +ie % the +"*)i* e"r# #h%.+) (e #"'e "# th"t % the "ircr"t

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

Aircr"t L"*)i* Ge"r# A L"*)i* Ge"r #!#te' c%'/ri#e# % '"*! #tr.ct.r"+ "*) #!#te' c%'/%*e*t# The #tr.ct.r"+ c%'/%*e*t# i*c+.)e M"i* itti* Sh%c& "(#%r(er :%ie (e"'B Tr"i+i* "r' A?+e T%r4.e +i*&# Dr"B Si)e (r"ce# Retr"cti%* "ct."t%r )%$* +%c& 'ech"*i#' ./ +%c& hee+ Tire etc The #!#te' c%'/%*e*t# "re :r"&e .*it A*ti#&i) #!#te' retr"cti%* #!#te' c%'/%*e*t# T!/ic"+ M"i* L"*)i* Ge"r MLG "*) N%#e L"*)i* Ge"r NLG "re #h%$* i* Fi.re 1 The *%#e e"r $i++ h"3e "))iti%*"+ e+e'e*t# +i&e #teeri* "ct."t%r  "*) #teeri* 'ech"*i#' I*%#!# i# /r%3i)i* 3"ri%.# #tr.ct.r"+ "*) #!#te' /r%).ct )e3e+%/'e*t #er3ice# %r 3"ri%.# c%''erci"+ "*) 'i+it"r! "ircr"t /r%r"'# "cr%## the +%(e The#e i*c+.)e )e#i* "*"+!#i# '"*."ct.ri* "*) te#ti* #.//%rt %r +"*)i* e"r# Thi# /"/er /re#e*t# " /er#/ecti3e %* c.rre*t ch"++e*e# "*) h%$ ")3"*ce) t%%+#  /r%ce##e# "*) tech*%+%ie# "re #.//%rti* t% 'eet the#e ch"++e*e# i* the +ie c!c+e %  +"*)i* e"r#

!

 N%#e +"*)i* e"r

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M"i* L"*)i* Ge"r 

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A* O3er3ie$ % L"*)i* Ge"r De#i* < De3e+%/'e*t The +"*)i* e"r )e#i* "*) i*ter"ti%* /r%ce## e*c%'/"##e# &*%$+e)e % '"*! e*i*eeri* )i#ci/+i*e# #.ch "# #tr.ct.re# )!*"'ic# &i*e'"tic# +.i) 'ech"*ic# "*) r.*$"! +%t"ti%* The e%'etr! +%t"ti%* re4.ire'e*t# 'i##i%* re4.ire'e*t# "*) %/er"ti%*"+ re4.ire'e*t# % the "ircr"t %3er* the +"*)i* e"r c%*i.r"ti%* The c%*i.r"ti%* )e#i* i*c+.)e# ch%ice % *.'(er % $hee+# tire #ie# /re##.re# t!/e % #h%c& "(#%r(er# +"*)i* e"r +"!%.t retr"cti%* &i*e'"tic# "*) ("! e%'etr! )e#i* Air$%rthi*e## re.+"ti%*# /+"! " cr.ci"+ r%+e i* "rri3i* "t the +"*)i* e"r c%*i.r"ti%* #.ch "# #i*& r"te "++%$"(+e +%") "ct%r# "*) r%.*) '"*%e.3ri* c%*)iti%*# #ti/.+"te) i* the "//+ic"(+e "ir$%rthi*e## re.+"ti%*#

C%*ce/t De#i* The c%*ce/t )e#i* #t"rt# $ith " #t.)! % "++ )e#i* #/eciic"ti%*# "*) "ir$%rthi*e## re.+"ti%*# A c%*ce/t i# the* e3%+3e) $hi+e 'eeti* the .*cti%*"+ "*) re.+"t%r! re4.ire'e*t# M"%r )e#i* )ri3er# "re /er%r'"*ce #"et! c%#t ti'e r"'e tech*%+%! "*) re#%.rce# The +"*)i* e"r +%c"ti%* i# "rri3e) "t "*) t!/e % +"*)i* e"r i# #e+ecte) The +"*)i* e"r e%'etr! i# )ei*e) "+%* $ith &i*e'"tic# Steeri* c%*ce/t# "re "+#% i)e*tiie) i* thi# /h"#e The r%.*) +%")# "re e#ti'"te) .#i* )!*"'ic #i'.+"ti%*# %r  '"teri"+ #e+ecti%* "*) /re+i'i*"r! #ii* % c%'/%*e*t# The "ct."ti%* 'ech"*i#'# "*) +%")# "re "+#% $%r&e) %.t i* thi# /h"#e >"ri%.# tr")e@% #t.)ie# "re /er%r'e) t% e*h"*ce $eiht 3%+.'e "*) c%#t :"#e) %* the#e tr")e@% #t.)ie# " (e#t c%*ce/t i# #e+ecte)

Pre+i'i*"r! De#i* I* the /re+i'i*"r! )e#i* /h"#e )!*"'ic #i'.+"ti%*# "re c"rrie) %.t %r +"*)i* t"&e %  "*) retr"cti%* &i*e'"tic# t% "rri3e "t )"t" re4.ire) %r #ii* % c%'/%*e*t# "*) '"teri"+ #e+ecti%* Pre+i'i*"r! )e#i* % c%'/%*e*t# i# /er%r'e) "*) $eiht e#ti'"te# "re "rri3e) "t

Det"i+e) De#i* I* thi# /h"#e the )et"i+e) )e#i* % "++ the +"*)i* e"r c%'/%*e*t# i# /er%r'e) "*) "* i*ter"te) +"*)i* e"r #!#te' i# )ei*e) $ith "++ i*ter"ce# "*) "##%ci"te) #!#te'# C%'/%*e*t +%")# "re e#ti'"te) "*) '"teri"+ #e+ecti%* "*) #ii* "re )%*e i* thi# /h"#e Re).cti%* i* /"rt c%.*t (! '"&i* c+%#e) )ie %ri*# %r c%'/+e? #h"/e# i# )%*e thr%.h 7D CAD '%)e++i* th"t e*"(+e c%'/.ter c%*tr%++e) 7D '"chi*i* D!*"'ic "*"+!#i# "*) #i'.+"ti%* i# c"rrie) %.t t% i*e t.*e cert"i* )e#i* /"r"'eter# %r e*er! "(#%r/ti%* #hi''! #.//re##i%* "*) retr"cti%*Be?te*#i%* I* thi# /h"#e )iit"+ '%c&@./ %  the +"*)i* e"r i# )e3e+%/e) $hich i# e##e*ti"++! the 3irt."+ /r%t%t!/e % the +"*)i* e"r Le##%*# +e"r*e) "*) (e#t /r"ctice# e3%+3e) %3er the !e"r# "re .ti+ie) i* the )et"i+ )e#i* t% re"+ie " re+i"(+e )e#i*

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Stre## < F"ti.e A*"+!#i# Fi*ite e+e'e*t '%)e++i* "*) "*"+!#i# "*) c%*3e*ti%*"+ h"*) c"+c.+"ti%* 'eth%)# "re .#e) %r +"*)i* e"r #tre## "*"+!#i# L"*)i* e"r i# )e#i*e) "# " #"e +ie #tr.ct.re "*) "ti.e "*"+!#i# 'eth%)# "re .#e) %r /re)icti%* % +ie S"e +ie re4.ire'e*t# )e'"*) "# hih "# 60000 +"*)i*# %r " c%''erci"+ "ircr"t +"*)i* e"r $here"# 'i+it"r! "ircr"t re4.ire'e*t# "re %te* *%t '%re th"* 10000 +"*)i*# L%$ c!c+e hih #tre## "ti.e "*"+!#i# i# e'/+%!e) %r +"*)i* e"r +ie e3"+."ti%* D"'"e t%+er"*t )e#i* i# *%t  /r"ctic"(+e i* '%#t % the +"*)i* e"r# (ec".#e % the .#"e % 3er! hih #tre*th '"teri"+# $hich h"3e critic"+ +"$ #ie# t%% #'"++ t% (e )etecte) (! /re#e*t )"! NDT tech*i4.e#

Re+i"(i+it! < M"i*t"i*"(i+it! A*"+!#i# Pr%/er "i+.re '%)e "*) eect "*) critic"+it! "*"+!#i# FMECA i# /er%r'e) t% "##e## re+i"(i+it! D"t" %* "i+.re '%)e# "*) "i+.re r"te "re c%++ecte) r%' /re3i%.# )e#i*# t% c%*).ct thi# "*"+!#i# "*) re+i"(i+it! i# /re)icte) (e%re the )e#i* reee ."+it! re+i"(i+it! "*) '"i*t"i*"(i+it! "re i'/%rt"*t t% c.t )%$* %/er"ti%*"+ c%#t# "*) t% e*#.re "ircr"t "3"i+"(i+it! %r #er3ice The )e#i* "i'# "t i*cre"#e) 'e"* ti'e (et$ee* "i+.re# MT:F "*) re).ce) 'e"* ti'e t% re/"ir MTTR Peri%)ic /re3e*ti3e '"i*te*"*ce #che).+e# "*) %*@c%*)iti%* '"i*te*"*ce re4.ire'e*t# "re #/eciie) "# re4.ire) >"ri%.#  (e#t /r"ctice# e3%+3e) "re %++%$e) i* )e#i* t% e*#.re %%) '"i*t"i*"(i+it! He"+th '%*it%ri* #!#te'# "re (ei* e3%+3e) t% '%3e t%$"r)# c%*)iti%* ("#e) '"i*te*"*ce  /r"ctice r%' #che).+e) '"i*te*"*ce /r"ctice $hich $i++ +e") t% e*h"*ce) #"et! "*) re).cti%* i* '"i*te*"*ce c%#t#

M"*."ct.ri* < A##e'(+! The +"*)i* e"r '"*."ct.ri* i*3%+3e# )e3e+%/'e*t % '"*! c+%#e) )ie %ri*# '"chi*e) c%'/%*e*t# r%' .+tr"@hih #tre*th #tee+# tit"*i.' "*) "+.'i*.' "++%!# Preci#i%* t%+er"*ce# "re re4.ire) %r c%'/%*e*t# +i&e "ct."t%r c!+i*)er /i#t%* #h%c&  "(#%r(er /"rt# "*) "?+e He"t tre"t'e*t % /"rt# i# /er%r'e) "ter r%.h '"chi*i* %++%$e) (! i*"+ '"chi*i* /+"ti* "*) /"i*ti* Re+i"(i+it! % the /r%).ct i# e*h"*ce) thr%.h #tri*e*t 4."+it! "##.r"*ce re4.ire'e*t#

."+iic"ti%* Te#ti* The 4."+iic"ti%* te#ti* % +"*)i* e"r# i*3%+3e# .*cti%*"+ te#t# #tr.ct.r"+ te#t# %r  #tre*th #ti*e## "*) "ti.e +ie te#t# "*) e*3ir%*'e*t"+ te#t# P+"t%r' )r%/ te#t# "re c%*).cte) %* ri# $ith +%") ce++ /+"t%r' $hee+ #/i**i* "ci+it! "*) +it #i'.+"ti%* )e3ice# t% 3eri! #h%c& "(#%r(er /er%r'"*ce F%r #tr.ct.r"+ #tre*th te#t# % the +"*)i* e"r +%")# "re "//+ie) thr%.h +%")i* "ct."t%r# i* re4.ire) )irecti%*# "*) #tr"i* )"t" i# "c4.ire) thr%.h #tr"i* ".i* F"ti.e te#t# i*c+.)i* i'/.+#e "ti.e te#t# %* "ct."t%r# "re c%*).cte) (! (+%c& $i#e +%")i* $ith #.icie*t i*#tr.'e*t"ti%* %r )"t" "c4.i#iti%* E*).r"*ce c!c+i* te#t# "re c%*).cte) i* #/eci"+ ri# E*3ir%*'e*t"+ te#t# i*c+.)i* 3i(r"ti%* "cce+er"ti%* te'/er"t.re "+tit.)e #"+t #/r"! #"*) "*) ).#t etc "re /er%r'e)

13

O*@ Aircr"t Te#ti* The i*"+ i*ter"ti%* te#t# % the +"*)i* e"r "re c"rrie) %.t "ter i*#t"++"ti%* %* the "ircr"t %++%$e) (! t"?i te#t# (r"&i* "*) #teeri* te#t# Fi*e t.*i* % cert"i* )e#i*  /"r"'eter# "re )%*e ).ri* thi# /h"#e Thi# i# %++%$e) (! +iht te#ti* /h"#e $here the c"/"(i+it! % the +"*)i* e"r i# e3"+."te)

I*@ #er3ice E3"+."ti%* I* @#er3ice e3"+."ti%* i*c+.)e# e3"+."ti%* i* 3"ri%.# t!/e# % "irie+) c%*)iti%*# "*) "'(ie*t c%*)iti%*# Fee)("c&# %* re+i"(i+it! "*) '"i*t"i*"(i+it! re#.+t# "re t"&e* %r  .rther i'/r%3e'e*t# i* the #!#te' "*) )"t" e*er"ti%*

14

Ch"++e*e# i* L"*)i* Ge"r De#i* < De3e+%/'e*t The *ee) t% )e#i* +"*)i* e"r $ith 'i*i'.' $eiht 'i*i'.' 3%+.'e hih  /er%r'"*ce i'/r%3e) +ie "*) re).ce) +ie c!c+e c%#t /%#e# '"*! ch"++e*e# F.rther the )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e % +"*)i* e"r #h%.+) (e c%'/re##e) t% re).ce c%#t# "*) t% (ri* the /r%).ct t% '"r&et "#ter The#e ch"++e*e# "re 'et $hi+e ")heri* t% "++ re.+"t%r! re4.ire'e*t# % #"et! (! e'/+%!i* ")3"*ce) tech*%+%ie# '"teri"+#  /r%ce##e# "*"+!#i# "*) /r%).cti%* 'eth%)#

eiht L"*)i* e"r i# he"3i+! +%")e) #tr.ct.re It# $eiht 3"rie# r%' 7 % "ircr"t "++@./ $eiht %r " i?e) t!/e t% "(%.t 6 %r " retr"ct"(+e t!/e +"*)i* e"r The ch"++e*e i# t% re).ce the $eiht % the +"*)i* e"r $ith%.t c%'/r%'i#i* %* it# .*cti%*"+ %/er"ti%*"+ /er%r'"*ce #"et! "*) '"i*te*"*ce re4.ire'e*t# Thi# i# '")e /%##i(+e (! .#i* '"teri"+# % hiher #tre*th r"ct.re t%.h*e## "*) "ti.e /r%/ertie# "*) (! '"&i* c%rrect ch%ice %r e"ch "//+ic"ti%* The#e '"teri"+# i*c+.)e .+tr"@hih #tre*th "++%! #tee+# c%rr%#i%* re#i#t"*t #tee+# tit"*i.' "++%!# "*) hih #tre*th "+.'i*i.' "++%!#

>%+.'e S/"ce i# %*e % the '%#t i'/%rt"*t c%*#tr"i*t# $ithi* $hich "* "ircr"t c%'/%*e*t *ee)# t% (e )e#i*e) e#/eci"++! i* " 'i+it"r! "ircr"t A retr"ct"(+e +"*)i* e"r c%*t"i*# '%re c%'/%*e*t# "*) 'ech"*i#'# th"* " i?e) +"*)i* e"r :! /r%/er ch%ice % '"teri"+ "*) )e#i* % the e%'etr! % 'ech"*i#' it i# e*#.re) th"t re4.ire'e*t % retr"cte) 3%+.'e i#  (r%.ht )%$* t% " 'i*i'.'

Per%r'"*ce Hih /er%r'"*ce % the +"*)i* e"r i# e?/ecte) i* %r)er t% re).ce the r%.*) +%")# tr"*#'itte) t% the "irr"'e Thi# i# e*#.re) (! "cc.r"te )!*"'ic "*"+!#i# "*) #i'.+"ti%* t% "rri3e "t &e! /er%r'"*ce ch"r"cteri#tic# +i&e %riice #ii* "ir "*) %i+ 3%+.'e# Eicie*cie# "# hih "# ; t% =0 "re "chie3"(+e i* +"*)i* e*er! "(#%r/ti%* $ith  /"##i3e %riice )"'/i* $ith /r%/er 'eteri* /i* %r 3"+3e #!#te' F.rther the /.r#.it %r  hih /er%r'"*ce +e")# t% #e'i@"cti3e %r "cti3e c%*tr%+ #h%c& "(#%r(er #!#te'# It i# %.*) th"t #.(#t"*ti"+ )"'"e i# c".#e) ).e t% +%")# i* t"?i /h"#e "*) /er%r'"*ce i'/r%3e'e*t ).ri* t"?i /h"#e re4.ire# either #e'i@"cti3e %r "cti3e )"'/i* #!#te'# The #e'i@"cti3e #!#te' $%r&# (! 3"r!i* the 3i#c%#it! % the +.i) "# re4.ire) %r the )"'/i* I* "cti3e c%*tr%+ it i# "i'e) t% c%*tr%+ the #ti*e## "*) )"'/i* ch"r"cteri#tic #% "# t% c%*tr%+ the r%.*) +%")# F%r hiher /er%r'"*ce % "ct."ti%* #!#te'# %r +"*)i* e"r *%#e $hee+ #teeri* "*)  (r"&e# "+ter*"te #!#te'# "re (ei* e3%+3e) U#e % h!)r".+ic #!#te'# i* /+"ce %  'ech"*ic"+ #!#te'# %r .#e % e+ectric #!#te'# i* /+"ce % h!)r".+ic #!#te'# i# #t.)ie) %r  %/ti'ii* /er%r'"*ce U#e % e+ectr%*ic c%*tr%+ "+#% e*h"*ce# the /er%r'"*ce %  c%*tr%+ #!#te'#

15

Lie L%* +ie "*) 'i*i'.' '"i*te*"*ce re4.ire'e*t# "re 3it"+ %r re).cti%* i* %/er"ti* "*) '"i*te*"*ce c%#t# $hi+e 'i*i'ii* the %3er"++ +ie c!c+e c%#t Thi# )ict"te# the ch%ice %  '"teri"+# it# c%rr%#i%* /r%/ertie# "*) "ti.e /r%/ertie#

De3e+%/'e*t Ti'e The +"*)i* e"r )e#i* i# iter"ti3e i*3%+3i* tr")e@% #t.)ie# (et$ee* 3"ri%.# c%*i.r"ti%*# "*) their i'/"ct %* $eiht "*) c%#t (e*eit# Thi# .#."++! t"&e# #.(#t"*ti"+ ti'e "*) e%rt It i# e##e*ti"+ t% re).ce thi# /r%).ct )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e (! ".t%'"ti* the )e#i* /r%ce## .#i* CADBCAEB CAM t%%+# The#e t%%+# he+/ re).ci* the )e3e+%/'e*t ti'e thr%.h 3irt."+ /r%t%t!/i* $hich c"* (e e3"+."te) (e%re te#ti* %* "ct."+ /r%t%t!/e# F.rther *%$+e)e :"#e) E*i*eeri* :E c%*ce/t# "*) t%%+# "re /+"!i* i'/%rt"*t r%+e i* re).ci* )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e

Lie c!c+e c%#t U#e % ")3"*ce) tech*%+%ie# +i&e he"+th '"*"e'e*t #!#te'# "*) '"i*te*"*ce  /hi+%#%/hie# he+/# i* re).ci* the +ie c!c+e c%#t# De#i* %r c%*)iti%* ("#e) '"i*te*"*ce i*#te") % #che).+e) '"i*te*"*ce i# %*e #.ch tre*) "*) i# c%'/"ti(+e $ith he"+th '"*"e'e*t #!#te'#

16

L"*)i* Ge"r Tech*%+%ie# L"*)i* e"r tech*%+%ie# "re c%*ti*.%.#+! e3%+3i* t% 'eet the ch"++e*e# % .*cti%*"+ "*) *%*@.*cti%*"+ re4.ire'e*t# S%'e % the#e i'/%rt"*t tech*%+%ie# "re /re#e*te)  (e+%$5

Steeri* S!#te' Steeri* c%*tr%+ #!#te'# "re '%3i* t%$"r)# e+ectr%*ic c%*tr%+ #!#te'# re/+"ci* h!)r%@ 'ech"*ic"+ #!#te'# The '"i* ")3"*t"e $ith e+ectr%*ic c%*tr%+ #!#te' i# it# "cc.r"c! "*) it# "(i+it! t% i*c%r/%r"te ch"*e# i* )e#i* /"r"'eter# +i&e #teeri* r"te "*) #teeri* r"ti% $ith e"#e

Act."ti%* S!#te' I* "ct."ti%* #!#te'# '%re e+ectric %r "++ e+ectric #!#te'# "re re/+"ci* the c%*3e*ti%*"+ h!)r".+ic #!#te'# The e+ectric #!#te'# %ere) t%)"! h"3e (ec%'e $eiht c%'/etiti3e $ith .#e % (r.#h+e## hih /%$er '%t%r# F.rther e+ectric #!#te'# he+/ t% %3erc%'e  /r%(+e'# % +e"&"e "*) ire h""r)

:r"&e #!#te' E+ectr%*ic"++! c%*tr%++e) "*ti#&i) (r"&e '"*"e'e*t #!#te'# "re re/+"ci* %+) 'ech"*ic"+ %r e+ectric "*ti#&i) #!#te'# E+ectr%*ic #!#te'# "re '%re eicie*t "*) tr%.(+e ree

Tire# R")i"+ tire i# %*e % the ")3"*ce) tech*%+%ie# e'/+%!e) i* "ircr"t %r the /"#t 2 !e"r# L"*)i* e"r r")i"+ tire# %er +ihter tire# $ith +%*er +ie c%'/"re) t% (i"# /+! tire#

U/@+%c&# H!)r%@'ech"*ic"+ +%c&i* #!#te'# "*) /r%?i'it! #$itche# "re re/+"ci* 'ech"*ic"+ +%c&# "*) 'icr%@#$itche# The! h"3e hiher re+i"(i+it!

M"teri"+# C%'/%#ite# "re (ei* .#e) i* #%'e c%'/%*e*t# % +"*)i* e"r (ec".#e % their #./eri%r  #/eciic #tre*th "*) #ti*e## /r%/ertie# C%#t .#e) t% (e %*e "ct%r ""i*#t their "3%r $hich i# *%$ (ei* %3erc%'e $ith i'/r%3e) '"*."ct.ri* tech*i4.e# U+tr"@hih #tre*th #tee+# "re .#e) ).e t% it# hih #tre*th t% $eiht r"ti% "*) #ie ")3"*t"e The ch%ice % '"teri"+ %r " +"*)i* e"r c%'/%*e*t i# )eci)e) )e/e*)i* %* it# "//+ic"ti%* "*) thi# re4.ire# tr")e % #t.)ie# % #tre*th #ti*e## "*) c%#t t% "rri3e "t the %/ti'"+ ch%ice F"ti.e "*) r"ct.re t%.h*e## /r%/ertie# "*) "#/ect# +i&e /r%tecti%* ""i*#t #tre## c%rr%#i%* $e"r re+i"(i+it! i* #er3ice etc "re %ther c%*#i)er"ti%*# i* the #e+ecti%* % '"teri"+ %r the +"*)i* e"r C"r(%* c%'/%#ite (r"&e )i#c %er# re).ce) $eiht +%*er +ie "*) '"i*te*"*ce ree $hee+ (r"&e# there(! re).ci* the c%#t /er +"*)i*

17

C%rr%#i%* /r%tecti%* G%%) c%rr%#i%* /r%tecti%* i# i'/%rt"*t %r the +"*)i* e"r c%'/%*e*t# "# the! "re #.#ce/ti(+e %r e"#! e*3ir%*'e*t "tt"c& A/"rt r%' *%r'"+ e+ectr%+!tic i*i#he# +i&e c")'i.' /+"ti* h"r) chr%'i.' /+"ti* H>OF etc e/%?! %r /%+!.reth"*e /ri'er "*)  /%+!.reth"*e t%/ c%"t# "re "//+ie) %r the e?/%#e) +"*)i* e"r /"rt# U#e % c%rr%#i%* re#i#t"*t '"teri"+# i# "+#% (ec%'i* i*cre"#i*+! /%/.+"r

CA Tech*%+%ie# M"*! c%''erci"++! "3"i+"(+e CADB CAMBCAEBCFD "*) D!*"'ic Si'.+"ti%* #%t$"re t%%+# "re .#e) i* the )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t % +"*)i* e"r The#e t%%+# h"3e he+/e) i* 3irt."+ /r%).ct )e3e+%/'e*t % +"*)i* e"r (e%re "ct."+ /r%t%t!/e i# (ei* "(ric"te) The#e he+/ t% i'/r%3e )e#i*# $ith re).ce) c!c+e ti'e "*) c%#t Fe$ % the' i*c+.)e

*%$+e)e :"#e) E*i*eeri* :E M"*! *%$+e)e :"#e) E*i*eeri* :E t%%+# "*) i*%r'"ti%* i*te++ie*ce t%%+# "re  (ei* )e3e+%/e) "*) .#e) (! +"*)i* e"r )e#i*er# t% ".t%'"te '"*! e*i*eeri*  /r%ce##e# $hi+e ret"i*i* c%'/"*! #/eciic &*%$+e)e The#e t%%+# +e")# t% )r"#tic re).cti%* i* )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e re).cti%* i* h.'"* err%r# "(i+it! t% re)e#i* iter"ti3e+! "*) c"/t.ri* %r"*i"ti%*"+ &*%$+e)e Fe$ % the#e t%%+# i*c+.)e K T%%+# %r #e+ecti%* % *.'(er % tire# "*) /re##.re# t"&i* the r%.*) +%t"ti%* re4.ire'e*t K hee+ B :r"&e #ii* t%%+# K Gr%.*) +%") e#ti'"ti%* t%%+# K T%%+# t% c%'/.te "?+e tr"3e+# re4.ire'e*t# K T%%+# t% "*"+!#e retr"cti%* "ct."ti%* K Sh%c& "(#%r(er /er%r'"*ce %/ti'i"ti%* t%%+# K R"&e "*) Tr"i+ re4.ire'e*t# "*"+!#i# t%%+# K Shi''! "*"+!#i# t%%+#

D!*"'ic Si'.+"ti%* D!*"'ic #i'.+"ti%* he+/# t% /re)ict the /er%r'"*ce % " c%'/%*e*t %r "##e'(+! The re#.+t# % the#e #i'.+"ti%*# $i++ (e '%re "cc.r"te c%'/"re) t% h"*) c"+c.+"ti%*# The#e #i'.+"ti%*# he+/ i* h"*)+i* +"re *.'(er % #t.)ie# i* #h%rt ti'e The +"*)i* e"r #h%c& "(#%r(er /er%r'"*ce i# e3"+."te) (! " )!*"'ic #i'.+"ti%* % the +"*)i* "*) t"?ii* Thi# t"&e# i*t% "cc%.*t the h!)r".+ic )"'/i* "ir #/ri* ch"r"cteri#tic# "*) ricti%* eect# "*) #tr.ct.r"+ +e?i(i+it! i* the +"*)i* e"r U#i* the c%'/.ter '%)e+# )e3e+%/e) %r thi# /.r/%#e the #h%c& "(#%r(er /"r"'eter# "re e*h"*ce t% '"?i'ie it# eicie*c! "*) /e"& re"cti%* (eh"3i%.r Thi# he+/# i* /re+i'i*"r! e#ti'"ti%* % i'/"ct +%")# "*) t"?i +%")# t% "rri3e "t the #ii* % the +"*)i* e"r  e+e'e*t# %r .#e i* e%'etric '%)e++i* "*) &i*e'"tic "*"+!#i#

1

The retr"cti%* B e?te*#i%* &i*e'"tic# "*) "ct."ti%* "re "+#% #i'.+"te) (! )!*"'ic '%)e++i* % the h!)r".+ic "ct."ti%* "*) CFD "*"+!#i# t% "rri3e "t the "ct."t%r #ii* The CFD "*"+!#i# i# .#e) t% "rri3e "t the "er%)!*"'ic +%")# "cti* %* the +"*)i* e"r  ).ri* retr"cti%* B e?te*#i%* /r%ce## Th.# #i'.+"ti%*# he+/# t% 'iti"te the ri#& i* the )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t /r%ce## $hich %ther$i#e re4.ire# iter"ti%*# "ter e?te*#i3e "*) e?/e*#i3e te#ti* Shi''! %#ci++"ti%*# "re " /ere**i"+ /r%(+e' i* )e#i* "*) %/er"ti%* % +"*)i* e"r# "*)  /r%/er "*"+!#i# i# re4.ire) t% c%*tr%+ B %3erc%'e it A)e4."te t%r#i%*"+ #ti*e## "*) )"'/i* "re re4.ire) t% e*#.re " #hi''! ree +"*)i* e"r M"the'"tic"+ '%)e+# "re .#e) t% /re)ict %*#et % #hi''! "*) t% )e#i* )"'/i* )e3ice# t% c%*tr%+ the #hi''! %#ci++"ti%*#

He"+th '%*it%ri* L"*)i* e"r i# " '"i*te*"*ce i*te*#i3e #!#te' % the "ircr"t *e?t t% %*+! e*i*e He"+th '%*it%ri* % +"*)i* e"r i# "i*i* i'/%rt"*ce "# #.it"(+e #e*#%r# "*) /r%ce##i* .*it# "re "3"i+"(+e t%)"! ire+e## #e*#%r *et$%r& "*) RFID tech*%+%ie# "re (ei* e'/+%!e) i* he"+th '"*"e'e*t % "ircr"t #!#te'# "*) #tr.ct.re# i*c+.)i* +"*)i* e"r He"+th '%*it%ri* *%t %*+! i'/r%3e# the #"et! "*) re).ce# (%th %/er"ti%*"+ "*) '"i*te*"*ce c%#t# (.t "+#% he+/# i* e?te*)i* the +ie % the +"*)i* e"r (e!%*) )e#i*e) #er3ice +ie

S.''"r! % F.t.re L"*)i* Ge"r Tech*%+%ie# I* .t.re +"*)i* e"r )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t $i++ .#e hih #tre*th '"teri"+# "cti3e )"'/i* #!#te'# "*) "cc.r"te +%") e#ti'"ti%* tech*i4.e# Acti3e )"'/i* #!#te' "i'# "t re).ci* t"?i +%")# $hich "re &*%$* t% (e " 3er! #i*iic"*t c%*tri(.t%r % "ti.e "i+.re It i# %.*) th"t t"?i )"'"e# "re c+%#e t% 0 % t%t"+ )"'"e# i* " c%''erci"+ "ircr"t F.t.re i# "+#% e?/ecte) t% $it*e## i*cre"#e) .#e % c%'/%#ite '"teri"+# %r '"*! c%'/%*e*t# I* "ct."ti%* #!#te' )e#i* '%re e+ectric’ %r "++ e+ectric’ c%*ce/t# "re "i*i* '%'e*t.' t% re/+"ce h!)r".+ic "ct."ti%* $hich i# &*%$* %r it# /r%(+e'# %  +e"&# "*) +"''"(i+it! E+ectric "ct."ti%* #!#te'# "re (ec%'i* $eiht c%'/etiti3e e*%.h t% )i#/+"ce the %+) h!)r".+ic "ct."ti%* #!#te'# C"r(%* c%'/%#ite (r"&e '"teri"+# h"3e (ec%'e " '"t.re tech*%+%! +i&e the r")i"+ tire# "*) $i++ (e .#e) $i)e+! i* .t.re +"*)i* e"r# CA "*) :E $i++ (e .#e) '%re eecti3e+! I* "))iti%* i*ter"te) he"+th '"*"e'e*t #!#te'# %r )i"*%#tic "*) /r%*%#tic "*"+!#i# $i++ e'/+%! *e?t e*er"ti%* #'"rt #e*#%r# th"t "re '%re ).r"(+e "*) e*er! eicie*t "*) $i++ )ri3e t%$"r)# c%*)iti%*  ("#e) '"i*te*"*ce /hi+%#%/h! :i D"t" tech*%+%ie# ")3"*ce) "*"+!tic# tech*i4.e# "*) t%%+# $i++ he+/ i* c"/t.ri* "*) re.#i* the %/er"ti%*"+ "*) '"i*te*"*ce )"t" /r%3i)i* re"ter i*#iht# Thi# $i++ he+/ i* re).ci* the '"i*te*"*ce "*) %/er"ti%*"+ c%#t# )r"#tic"++! Cr"#h$%rth! +"*)i* e"r# %r .#e %* he+ic%/ter# /%#e "))iti%*"+ ch"++e*e# i* "(#%r(i* +"re 4."*titie# % e*er! re#.+ti* r%' " cr"#h Thi# i*c+.)e# .#e %riice# "*) "))iti%*"+ ch"'(er# i* the %+e%

1!

 

C%*c+.#i%*#

The *ee) t% )e#i* +"*)i* e"r $ith 'i*i'.' $eiht 'i*i'.' 3%+.'e hih  /er%r'"*ce i'/r%3e) +ie "*) re).ce) +ie c!c+e c%#t h"3e /%#e) '"*! ch"++e*e# t% +"*)i* e"r )e#i*er# "*) /r"ctiti%*er# F.rther it i# e##e*ti"+ t% re).ce the +"*)i* e"r  )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t c!c+e ti'e $hi+e 'eeti* "++ the #"et! "*) re.+"t%r! re4.ire'e*t# M"*! tech*%+%ie# h"3e (ee* )e3e+%/e) %3er the !e"r# t% 'eet the ch"++e*e# % +"*)i* e"r )e#i* "*) )e3e+%/'e*t The#e tech*%+%ie# h"3e '"t.re) %3er the !e"r# "*) $i)e+! .#e) i* the c.rre*t +"*)i* e"r #!#te' "*) *e$ tech*%+%ie# $i++ c%*ti*.e t% e3%+3e i* .t.re

The .t.re +"*)i* e"r )e#i* %r "ircr"t /%#e# '"*! *e$ ch"++e*e# i* c%*i.r"ti%* )e#i* .#e % '"teri"+# )e#i* "*) "*"+!#i# 'eth%)# The#e ch"++e*e# c"* (e 'et $hi+e ")heri* t% "++ re.+"t%r! re4.ire'e*t# % #"et! (! e'/+%!i* ")3"*ce) tech*%+%ie# '"teri"+# "*"+!#i# 'eth%)# /r%ce##e# "*) /r%).cti%* 'eth%)# :! "//+!i* .*cti%*"+ #i'.+"ti%* "*) )e3e+%/i* )e#i* t%%+# the )e3e+%/'e*t ti'e "*) c%#t "re re).ce) c%*#i)er"(+! U#e % hiher #tre*th '"teri"+# c%'/%#ite# "*) tech*%+%ie# +i&e "cti3e )"'/i* c%*tr%+ e+ectric #!#te'# "+%* $ith CA :E "*) he"+th '%*it%ri* tech*%+%ie# $i++ #teer the +"*)i* e"r )e#i* i* the )"!# t% c%'e

20