ADAPTIVE FACADE
CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FACADE SYSTEM
PROJECT DESCRIPTION & CASE STATEMENT
GOALS & GUIDING PRINCIPLES
QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS
QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS
CLIMATE ZONE ANALYSIS
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS
PRECEDENT STUDIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCH 523
LORETTA ROMERO
FALL 2011
ELEVATOR STATEMENT MY PROJECT WILL BE AN ADAPTIVE FACADE SYSTEM THAT COULD BE APPLIED TO ANY BUILDING TYPE WHETHER EXISTING OR NEW, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING. THIS SYSTEM WOULD BE APPLIED TO A BUILDING IN ORDER TO UTILIZE NATURAL LIGHTING AND SHADING CONDITIONS, MADE POSSIBLE BY THE INNOVATIONS OF THE SMART FACADE. IT WILL BE A LIGHTWEIGHT NON-STRUCTURAL SECONDARY ENVELOPE SYSTEM. THIS PROJECT WILL BE DEVELOPED BECAUSE MORE INNOVATION AND RESPONSIBILITY NEEDS TO BE APPLIED TO THE CURRENT WAYS IN WHICH WALL SYSTEMS ARE CURRENTLY BEING APPLIED. THE GENERIC SYSTEMS BEING USED TODAY ARE NOT AS TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED OR RESPONSIBLE AS THEY HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE IN ORDER TOO IMPROVE ON INTERNAL HEAT LOAD CONDITIONS AS WELL AS NATURAL LIGHTING AND SHADING CONDITIONS.
CASE STATEMENT THE ADAPTIVE FAÇADE SYSTEM HAS THE CAPABILITIES TO NOT ONLY TRANSFORM AN EXISTING FACADE INTO A HIGHER PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE BUT ALSO CREATE A NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING THAT CAN UTILIZE NATURAL ELEMENTS THAT OTHERWISE GO UNUSED. BY RETRO-FITTING EXISTING BUILDING ENVELOPES WITH THIS HIGH PERFORMANCE SKIN, NOT ONLY IS IT SUSTAINABLE IN THAT THE CURRENT BUILDING IS BEING RE-USED BUT IT ALSO DECREASES THE AMOUNT OF NEW BUILDING THAT OCCURS. BY MINIMIZING NEW CONSTRUCTION, A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS BEING IMPLEMENTED. IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT LOW ENERGY STRATEGIES BE IMPLEMENTED IN THE REFURBISHMENT OF THESE EXISISTING, OTHERWISE LOW PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS. IN REGARD TO NEW CONSTRUCTION, THE COMBINATION OF THIS INTELLIGENT SKIN AND SMARTER BUILDING DESIGN, HAS THE ABILITY TO TRANSFORM NEW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR THE FUTURE OF OUR ENERGY NEEDS. BY RESPONDING TO NATURAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS EXTERIOR SUN AND SHADING AND ALSO RESPONDING TO INTERIOR ELEMENTS SUCH AS INTERNAL HEAT GAIN AND LOADS, NOT ONLY CAN THIS SKIN CREATE A MORE COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT TO WORK OR LIVE IN, BUT IT CAN ALSO CREATE A MORE ENERGY RESPONSIBLE BUILDING. THE SKIN MUST BE A LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE THAT COULD SUPPORT ITSELF IN ORDER TO AVOID ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL COSTS WITHIN AN EXISTING BUILDING AND ALSO TO MINIMIZE STRUCTURAL COSTS WITHIN NEW CONSTRUCTION. THE UTILIZATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IS A MUST IN ORDER FOR THE FAÇADE ITSELF TO BE SELF-SUSTAINING NOT ONLY STRUCTURALLY BUT ALSO IN REGARDS TO COST.
GOALS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
1. TO DESIGN AN INNOVATIVE, RESPONSIVE FAÇADE THAT IS NOT ONLY ENERGY RESPONSIBLE BUT ALSO AESTHETICALLY PLEASING FOR BOTH NEW AND EXISTING BUILDINGS. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
- THE FACADE WILL UTILIZE NATURAL RESOURCES IN ORDER TO IMPROVE INTERNAL BUILDING COMFORT AND ENERGY EFFIENCY. - THE SYSTEM WILL PROVIDE ADDITIONAL AESTHETIC QUALITIES TO THE BUILDING. 2. TO ENHANCE EXISTING BUILDINGS BY INCREASING THEIR PERFORMANCE AND OVERALL APPEARANCE. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
- THE SYSTEM ALLOWS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXISTING BUILDING PERFORMANCE, MINIMIZING NEW BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - BY RETRO-FITTING EXISTING BUILDINGS, A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE WITH LESS BUILDING WASTE IS ALLOWED 3. TO UTILIZE THE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE TODAY IN ORDER TO IMPROVE BUIDLING FACADE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CREATING A MORE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING FUTURE. GUIDING PRINCIPLES
- ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW FOR A MECHANICALLY RESPONSIVE AND RESPONSIBLE FACADE SYSTEM - BY CREATING A MORE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING FACADE, WE CAN EXTEND THE LIFESPAN OF A BUILDING AND DECREASE OVERALL ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS
RESPONSIVE MECHANICAL
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS
PISTON SYSTEMS
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS
UMBRELLA STRUCTURE
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)
MATERIAL CHOICE FOR THE ADAPTIVE FACADE WILL BE CRUCIAL. IN THAT, THE MATERIAL MUST BE LIGHT WEIGHT BUT ALSO STRUCTURALLY SOUND TO HOLD IT’S FORM. IT MUST ALSO KEEP LIGHT OUT WITHOUT TRANSFERRING HEAT IN OR OUT OF THE BUILDING, ALONG WITH MAINTAINING A DESIRABLE AESTHETIC AND LOW BUDGET.
WOVEN PTFE
HEXPLY®
SILICON COATED FIBERGLASS FABRIC
PTFE
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS GRID SYSTEM
Centreline grid: The base grid is aligned with the centreline of the building components. The length of the centreline is not defined. This can be particularly useful if the sizes of some or all components are not yet known.
Modular grid: A modular grid describes the extrapolation of the primary structure. The secondary grid of the façade is aligned with this primary grid. Zones with visibly varied widths are created in areas b and c.
Primary and secondary grids at an offset:
Offsetting the
façade grid in relation to the secondary grid can have an intermediary effect. However, this needs careful consideration when designing the wall joints. Sometimes intermediate members (c) have to be inserted for adjustment, or they can be used as an optional design element. Grid
a) Centreline grid b) Modular grid c) Offset primary and secondary grids
F A C A D E S : P R I N C I P L E S O F C O N S T R U C T I ON
QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS STRUCTURAL PLACEMENT The secondary structure of the façade is positioned in front of the primary structure of the building.
The façade is flushed with the primary st rucure
The façade is situated behind the primary structure.
FACADES:PR INCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS THERMAL COMFORT
Parameters influencing thermal comfort Many factors are responsible for the thermal
comfort level. The human body emits heat through radiation and convection, but also perceives the heat/cold from the surrounding walls and the airflow in the room
Comfort
Comfort range depending on room air temperature and the surface temperature of the roomenclosing surfaces.
F A C A D E S : P R I N C I P L E S O F C O N S T R U C T I ON
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS INTERIOR CONDITIONS 60-90% 30-80% MAX 0.15 VOL % CO2
MAX 3 K
20-60%
19-29 C
10-50% ILLUMINANCE AND REFLECTIVITY
AIR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
FLOOR TEMP, VERTICAL TEMP GRADIENT AND AIR SPEED
OVERALL, THE QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF THIS PROJECT ARE THE NECESSARY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS, ALONG WITH MATERIALITY QUALITIES AND MECHANICAL SPECS THAT WILL PROVIDE THE MOST EFFICIENT OVERALL FACADE. THE FACADE IS ESSENTIALLY THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR CONDITIONS. SOME OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT OUTDOOR PARAMETERS ARE SOLAR RADIATION, OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY. THE INDOOR PARAMETERS ARE ILLUMINANCE AND DAYLIGHTING, EXTERIOR VIEW AND INTERIOR TEMPERATURE COMFORT. ALSO IN THEORY, WITHIN THE FACADE MODULE WOULD ALSO ALLOW THE INDIVIDUAL USER TO ADJUST THE FACADE BASED ON HIS/HER NEEDS
CLIMATESKIN, BUILDING SKIN CONCEPT T H A T C A N D O M O R E W I T H L E S S E N E R G Y
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS EXTERIOR INFLUENCES VS. INTERIOR INFLUENCES
SHADING FACTOR
TOTAL SOLAR ENERGY
(OFFICE : 300 lx
(SUM OF DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
WORKING AREA : 500 lx)
TRANSMITTANCE
AND
INTERNAL
HEAT TRANSFER)
SOLAR RADIATION
SOLAR RADIATION
ILLUMINANCE, GLARE,
ILLUMINANCE, GLARE,
ROOM
ROOM
TEMPERATURE,
TEMPERATURE,
VIEW TO OUTSIDE
VIEW TO OUTSIDE
DAYLIGHT FACTOR
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE
(RATIO OF ILLUMINANCE CREATED
(THE RATE OF TRANSFER OF HEAT)
BY DIRECT OR INDIRECT SUNLIGHT)
SOLAR RADIATION ILLUMINANCE, GLARE, ROOM
TEMPERATURE,
VIEW TO OUTSIDE
OUTSIDE AIR TEMP. ROOM TEMP., TEMP OF AIR
SUPPLY,
TEMP.
SURFACE
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS CLIMATE ZONES
MIAMI, FLORIDA
MIAMI TEMPERATURE AVE TEMP AVE MAX TEMP AVE MIN TEMP DAYS WITH MAX TE MP ABOVE 90 F DAYS WITH MIN TEM P BELOW FREEZING
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
67.2
82.8
75.9
75.2
98.0
82.8
59.2
76.7
69.0
0.0
16.0
61.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
MIAMI HEATING AND COOLING HEATING DEGREE DAYS COOLING DEGREE DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
OTHER CONDITIOSNS CLEAR DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
9.0
2.0
74.0
CLOUDY DAYS
9.0
11.0
115.0
88.0
0.0
200
156.0
552.0
4196
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS CLIMATE ZONES
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
CHICAGO TEMPERATURE AVE TEMP AVE MAX TEMP AVE MIN TEMP DAYS WITH MAX TEMP ABOVE 90 F DAYS WITH MIN TEMP BELOW FREEZING
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
21.0
71.7
49.0
29.0
81.8
58.6
12.9
61.6
39.5
0.0
4.0
17.0
29.0
0.0
131.0
CHICAGO HEATING AND COOLING HEATING DEGREE DAYS COOLING DEGREE DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
1364.0
19.0
6536
0.0
226.0
752
OTHER CONDITIOSNS CLEAR DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
7.0
9.0
84.0
CLOUDY DAYS
18.0
11.0
176.0
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS CLIMATE ZONES
ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
ALBUQUERQUE TEMPERATURE AVE TEMP AVE MAX TEMP AVE MIN TEMP DAYS WITH MAX TEMP ABOVE 90 F DAYS WITH MIN TEMP BELOW FREEZING
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
34.2
75.9
56.2
46.8
89.0
70.1
21.7
62.6
42.2
ALBUQUERQUE HEATING AND COOLING HEATING DEGREE DAYS COOLING DEGREE DAYS
JANUARY 0.0
338.0
1244
OTHER CONDITIOSNS CLEAR DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
CLOUDY DAYS
10.0
0.0
16.0
29.0
0.0
955.0
13.0
AUGUST 0.0
8.1 5.0
63.0 115.0
ANNUAL 4425
8.9 87.0
QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS CLIMATE ZONES
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
SEATTLE TEMPERATURE AVE TEMP AVE MAX TEMP AVE MIN TEMP DAYS WITH MAX TEMP ABOVE 90 F DAYS WITH MIN TEMP BELOW FREEZING
JANUARY
AUGUST
ANNUAL
41.3
65.7
52.8
46.1
74.1
59.8
36.4
57.2
45.8
0.0
0.5
1.0
SEATTLE HEATING AND COOLING HEATING DEGREE DAYS COOLING DEGREE DAYS
JANUARY 0.0
80.0
OTHER CONDITIOSNS CLEAR DAYS
JANUARY
AUGUST
3.0
10.0
71.0
CLOUDY DAYS
23.0
56.0
201.0
7.0
735.0
0.0
AUGUST 58.0
19.0
ANNUAL 4611 1674
ANNUAL
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS PURPLE SHAMROCK PLANT-OPEN
PURPLE SHAMROCK PLANT-CLOSING
PURPLE SHAMROCK PLANT-CLOSED
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS
1
2
3
?
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS
ADAPTIVE MODULE
LIGHT-WEIGHT STRUCTURE
AUTOMATED PISTON
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS INTERIOR AND SIDE VIEW WHEN CONTRACTING
SIDE VIEW & SCALE
VIEW FROM INTERIOR WHEN EXPANDED
CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS POSSIBLE INTERIOR VIEW THE ADAPTIVE FACADE HAS THE CAPABILITY TO BE MODULATED DIFFERENTLY BASED ON THE NEEDS OF THE USER INSIDE. IN ORDER FOR THE MODULE TO BE LESS EXPENSIVE AND LIGHTER IN WEIGHT IT IS BASED ROUGHLY ON A 1’X1’ SQUARE, MAKING IT EASY TO REPLACE OR REMOVE AND MAKING IT CLOSER TO A HUMANISTIC SCALE AND LESS OSTENTATIOUS.
PRECEDENTS FLARE STAAB ARCHITECTS
PRECEDENTS HYPOSURFACE
PRECEDENTS HOBERMAN AND ASSOC. TESSELLATE - INTELLIGENT SURFACES
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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: Knaack, Ulrich; Klein, Tillmann; Bilow, Marcel; Auer, Thomas. Facades: Principles of Construction. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Brikhaeuser, 2007. Herzog, Thomas. Facade Construction Manual. Munich: Edition Detail (Brikhaeuser), 2008. Hausladen, Gerhard. de Saldahna, Michael; Liedel, Petra; Sager, Christina. ClimateDesign: Solutions for Buidling that Can Do More with Less Technology. INTERNET: SOM + SCI-Arc on CF:Responsive Kinetic Facade. 15 April 2009. Southern California Institute of Architecture. http://www.core.form-ula.com/2009/04/15/som-sci-arc-on-cfresponsive-kinetic-facade Façades: expressive, responsive, interactive. 22 January 2008. City of Sound. http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2008/01/faades-expressi.html Adaptive Building Iniative. Introducing Tessellate. www.adaptivebuildings.com
