Malaga vs. Penachos GR No. 86995 03 September 1992r!"# $ Doctrine: Chartered Institution and GOCC, defned. FACTS: The Iloilo State College o Fisheries (ISCOF) through its re!"ualifcations, #ids and A$ards Co%%ittee (#AC) caused the &u'lication in the oe%'er *+, * and and *-, *-, /-/-- issue issues s o the 0este estern rn 1isa2a isa2as s Da Dail il2 2 an Ini Inita tati tion on to #id #id or or the the construction o a 3icro 4a'orator2 #uilding at ISCOF. The notice announced that the last da2 or the su'%ission o &re!"ualifcation re"uire%ents $as on Dece%'er *, /--, and that the 'ids $ould 'e receied and o&ened on Dece%'er *, /-- at 5 o6cloc7 in the aternoon. etitioners 3alaga and a8arro, doing 'usiness under the na%e o #9 Construction and and #e #est st #uil #uiltt Co Const nstruc ructi tion on,, res& res&ec ecti tie el2 l2,, su'% su'%it itte ted d thei theirr &re! &re!"ua "uali lifc fcat atio ion n docu%ents at t$o o6cloc7 in the aternoon o Dece%'er *, /--. etitioner Occeana su'%itted his o$n 9!C on Dece%'er +, /--. All three o the% $ere not allo$ed to &artici&ate in the 'idding as their docu%ents $ere considered late. On Dece%'er *, /--, the &etitioners fled a co%&laint $ith the Iloilo TC against the o;cers o #AC #AC or their reusal reusal $ithout 8ust cause to acce&t the% resulting to their non!inclusion in the list o &re!"ualifed 'idders. The2 sought soug ht to the resetting o the Dece%'er *, /-- 'idding and the acce&tance o their docu%ents. The2 also as7ed that i the 'idding had alread2 'een conducted, the deendants 'e directed not to a$ard the &ro8ect &ending resolution o their co%&laint. On the sa%e date,
?94D: @es. The /- Ad%inistratie Code defnes a goern%ent instru%entalit2 as ollo$s: Instru%entalit2 reers to an2 agenc2 o the ational Goern%ent, not integrated $ithin the de&art%ent ra%e$or7, ested $ith s&ecial unctions or 8urisdiction '2 la$, endo$ed $ith so%e i not all cor&orate &o$ers, ad%inistering s&ecial unds, and en8o2ing o&erational autono%2, usuall2 through a charter. This ter% includes
regulator2 regulator2 agencies, chartered chartered institutio institutions, ns, and goern%ent!o$ goern%ent!o$ned ned or controlled controlled cor&orations. (Sec. * (+) Introductor2 roisions). The sa%e Code descri'es a chartered institution institution thus: Chartered institution ! reers to an2 agenc2 organiBed or o&erating under a s&ecial charter, and ested '2 la$ $ith unctions relating to s&ecifc constitutional &olicies or o'8ect o'8ectie ies. s. This This ter% ter% includ includes es the state state unier uniersit sities ies and colleg colleges, es, and the %onetar2 authorit2 o the state. (Sec. * (*) Introductor2 roisions). It is clear ro% the a'oe defnitions that ISCOF is a chartered institution and is thereore coered '2 .D. .D. --.There are also indications in its charter that ISCOF is a goern%ent instru%entalit2. First, it $as created in &ursuance o the integrated fsheries deelo&%ent &olic2 o the State, a &riorit2 &rogra% o the goern%ent to eect the socio!econo%ic lie o the nation. Second, the Treasurer o the e&u'lic o the hili&&ines shall also 'e the e!o;c e!o;cio io Treasur reasurer er o the state state colle college ge $ith $ith its accoun accounts ts and e&en e&enses ses to 'e audited '2 the Co%%ission on Audit or its dul2 authoriBed re&resentatie. Third, heads o 'ureaus and o;ces o the ational Goern%ent are authoriBed to loan or transer to it, u&on re"uest o the &resident o the state college, such a&&aratus, e"ui&%ent, or su&&lies and een the serices o such e%&lo2ees as can 'e s&ared $ithout serious detri%ent to &u'lic serice. 4astl2, an additional a%ount o .+3 had 'een a&&ro&riated out o the unds o the ational Treasur2 and it $as also decreed in its charter that the unds and %aintenance o the state college $ould henceorth 'e included in the General A&&ro&riations 4a$. 4a$. ee eert rthe hele less ss,, it does does not not auto auto%a %ati tica call ll2 2 oll ollo$ o$ that that ISCO ISCOF F is coer coered ed '2 the the &rohi'ition in the said decree as there are irregularities &resent surrounding the transaction that 8ustifed the in8unction issued as regards to the 'idding and the a$ard o the &ro8ect (citing the case o Datiles s. Sucaldito).
%e &a &lana vs. 'lba G.R. No. &(5)883 March 12# 1982 *+RN'N%,# FACTS: The issue o unconstitutionalit2 raised r aised '2 &etitioners relates &articularl2 to Section EE,
(Section , Id.) and &rinci&all2, the &o$er o the Su&re%e Court to disci&line 8udges o inerior courts and, '2 a ote o at least eight 3e%'ers, order their dis%issal. (Section , Id.) ISS=9: 0hether or not #.. #.. #lg. */ is unconstitutional> ?94D: #.. #lg. */ is not unconstitutional. It $as &ointed out '2
-o vs /eogram /eogram Reg!lator oar Facts: This &etition $as fled on Se&te%'er , /- '2 &etitioner on his o$n 'ehal and &ur&ort &ur&ortedl edl2 2 on 'ehal 'ehal o other other ideog ideogra% ra% o&erat o&erators ors aderse adersel2 l2 ae aecte cted. d. It assail assails s the consti constitut tution ionali alit2 t2 o resi residen dentia tiall Decre Decree e o. o. /- /- entitl entitled ed An Act Act Creat Creating ing the 1ideo 1ideogra gra% % egulato egulator2 r2 #oa #oard rd $ith $ith 'road 'road &o$ers &o$ers to regul regulate ate and su&erise the ideogra% industr2 (hereinater 'rie2 reerred reerred to as the #OAD). #OAD). The Decree $as &ro%ulgated on Octo'er +, /-+ and too7 eect on A&ril , /-, fteen (+) da2s ater co%&letion o its &u'lication in the O;cial GaBette. On oe%'er +, /-+, a %onth ater the &ro%ulgation o the a'oe%entioned decree, residential Decree o. //E a%ended the ational Internal eenue Code &roiding, inter alia: S9C. 5E. 1ideo Ta&es. J There shall 'e collected on each &rocessed ideo!ta&e cassette, read2 or &la2'ac7, regardless o length, an annual ta o fe &esosK roided, That locall2 %anuactured or i%&orted 'lan7 ideo ta&es shall 'e su'8ect to sales ta. On Octo'er *5, /-, the Greater 3anila Theaters Association, Integrated 3oie roducers, I%&orters and Distri'utors Association o the hili&&ines, and hili&&ine 3otion 3otion ictures ictures roducers roducers Associatio Association, n, hereina hereinater ter collecti collectiel2 el2 reerre reerred d to as the Interenors, $ere &er%itted '2 the Court to interene in the case, oer &etitioner6s o&&osition, u&on the allegations that interention $as necessar2 or the co%&lete &rotection o their rights and that their surial and er2 eistence is threatened '2
the unregulated &rolieration o fl% &irac2. &irac2. The Interenors $ere thereater allo$ed to fle their Co%%ent in Interention. IssueLs .) The ta i%&osed is harsh, confscator2, o&&ressie andLor in unla$ul restraint o trade in iolation o the due &rocess clause o the Constitution. *.) There is undue undu e delegation o &o$er and authorit2. authorit2. 5.) There is oer regulation o the ideo industr2 as i it $ere a nuisance, $hich it is not. ?eld: .) In i%&osing a ta, the legislature acts u&on its constituents. This is, in general, a su;cient securit2 against erroneous and o&&ressie taation. The ta i%&osed '2 the D9C99 is not onl2 a regulator2 'ut also a reenue %easure &ro%&ted '2 the realiBation that earnings o ideogra% esta'lish%ents o around %illion &er annu% hae not 'een su'8ected to ta, there'2 de&riing the Goern%ent o an additional source o reenue. The le2 o the 5M ta is or a &u'lic &ur&ose. It $as i%&osed &ri%aril2 to ans$er the need or regulating the ideo industr2, &articularl2 'ecause o the ra%&ant fl% &irac2, the agrant iolation o intellectual &ro&ert2 rights, and the &rolieration o &ornogra&hic ideo ta&es. And $hile it $as also an o'8ectie o the D9C99 to &rotect the %oie industr2, the ta re%ains a alid i%&osition. *.) *.) eit eithe herr can can it 'e succe success ssu ull ll2 2 argue argued d that that the the D9C D9C99 99 cont contai ains ns an undue undue delegation o legislatie &o$er. The grant in Section o the D9C99 o authorit2 to the #OAD to solicit the direct assistance o other agencies and units o the goern%ent and de&utiBe, or a fed and li%ited &eriod, the heads or &ersonnel o such agencies and units to &eror% enorce%ent unctions or the #oard is not a dele delega gati tion on o the the &o$e &o$err to legis legisla late te 'ut %erel %erel2 2 a con coner er%e %ent nt o auth author orit it2 2 or disc discre reti tion on as to its its eec eecut utio ion, n, eno enorc rce% e%ent ent,, and and i%&l i%&le% e%en enta tati tion on.. The The true true distinction is 'et$een the delegation o &o$er to %a7e the la$, $hich necessaril2 inoles a discretion as to $hat it shall 'e, and conerring authorit2 or discretion as to its eecution to 'e eercised under and in &ursuance o the la$. The frst cannot 'e doneK to the latter latter,, no alid alid o'8ecti o'8ection on can 'e %ade. %ade. #eside #esides, s, in the er2 language o the decree, the authorit2 o the #OAD to solicit such assistance is or a fed and li%ited &eriod $ith the de&utiBed agencies concerned 'eing su'8ect to the direction direction and control control o the #OAD. #OAD. That the grant o such authorit2 authorit2 %ight 'e the the sour sourc ce o gra gratt and and corru orru&t &tio ion n $o $oul uld d not not stig stig%a %attiBe iBe the the D9C 9C99 as unconstitutional. Should the eentualit2 occur, the aggrieed &arties $ill not 'e $ithout ade"uate re%ed2 in la$. la$. 5.) 0e do not share &etitioner6s ears that the ideo industr2 is 'eing oer!regulated and 'eing eased out o eistence as i it $ere a nuisance. #eing a relatiel2 ne$ industr2, the need or its regulation $as a&&arent. 0hile the underl2ing o'8ectie o the D9C99 is to &rotect the %ori'und %oie industr2, there is no "uestion that &u'lic $elare is at 'otto% o its enact%ent, considering the unair co%&etition &osed '2 ra%&ant fl% &irac2K the erosion o the %oral f'er o the ie$ing &u'lic 'rought 'rought a'out a'out '2 the aaila aaila'il 'ilit2 it2 o unclas unclassif sifed ed and unrei unreie$e e$ed d ideo ideo ta&es ta&es
containing &ornogra&hic fl%s and fl%s $ith 'rutall2 iolent se"uencesK and losses in goern%ent reenues due to the dro& in theatrical attendance, not to %ention the act that the actiities o ideo esta'lish%ents are irtuall2 untaed since %ere &a2%ent o 3a2or6s &er%it and %unici&al license ees are re"uired to engage in 'usiness. In the last anal2sis, $hat &etitioner 'asicall2 "uestions is the necessit2, $isdo% and e&edi e&edienc enc2 2 o the D9C99. D9C99. These These consid considera eratio tions, ns, ho$ee ho$eer, r, are are &ri%ar &ri%aril2 il2 and eclusiel2 a %atter o legislatie concern. Onl2 congressional &o$er or co%&etence, not the $isdo% o the action ta7en, %a2 'e the 'asis or declaring a statute inalid. This is as it ought to 'e. The &rinci&le o se&aration o &o$ers has in the %ain $isel2 allocated the res&ectie authorit2 o each de&art%ent and confned its 8urisdiction to such a s&here. There $ould then 'e intrusion not allo$a'le under the Constitution i on a %atter let to the discretion o a coordinate 'ranch, the 8udiciar2 $ould su'stitute its o$n. I there 'e adherence to the rule o la$, as there ought to 'e, the last oender should 'e courts o 8ustice, to $hich rightl2 litigants su'%it their controers2 &recisel2 to %aintain uni%&aired the su&re%a su&re%ac2 c2 o legal legal nor%s nor%s and &rescr &rescri&t i&tion ions. s. The attac7 attac7 on the alidi alidit2 t2 o the challenged &roision li7e$ise insoar as there %a2 'e o'8ections, een i alid and cogent on its $isdo% cannot 'e sustained.
.S. vs. 'ng -ang 4o G.R. No. &(1)122. *ebr!ar 2)# 1922 $ohns# $. FAC ACTS: TS: The hili& hili&&in &ine e 4egis 4egislat latur ure e enact enacted ed Act Act *-*-- $here $herein in one o its salien salientt &roisions (Sec.) authoriBed the Goernor!General Nor an2 cause resulting in an etra etraor ordina dinar2 r2 rise rise in the &rice o &ala2, &ala2, rice or corn, corn, to issue issue and &ro%ul &ro%ulgat gate e te%&orar2 rules and e%ergenc2 %easures or carr2ing out the Thus, on August , //, the Goernor General signed 9.O. +5 $hich fed the &rice at $hich rice should On August -, //, a co%&laint $as fled against deendant Ang Tang ?o or iolation o 9.O. +5. It $as alleged that deendant, on August , //, oluntaril2, illegall2 and cri%inall2 sold to edro Trinidad, one ganta o rice at the &rice o .-, $hich is a &rice greater than that fed '2 9.O. +5. =&on said charge, deendant $as ound guilt2 and sentenced to fe %onths i%&rison%ent and to &a2 a fne o +. Deend Dee ndan antt inte inter& r&os osed ed an a&&e a&&eal al and and assa assail iled ed 9.O 9.O. +5 as a resul esultt o undu undue e delega delegatio tion n o legisl legislati atie e &o$er &o$er to the Goern Goernor or!Gene !General ral since since Act Act *-*-- ails ails to defne the 'asis or 9.O. +5 and has let it to the discretion o the Goernor!General as to $hat $ould constitute an Netraordinar2 rise in &rice in order to the issue and &ro%ulgate e%ergenc2 %easures. ISS=9: 0hether or not Act *-- is unconstitutional due to undue delegation o legislatie &o$er. =4IG OF 4O09 CO=T: Conicted Ang Tang ?o or 1iolation o 9.O. +5.
=4IG OF S=939 CO=T: Act *-- is =COSTIT=TIOA4. The 8udg%ent o the lo$er court is reersed, and the deendant discharged. 0hen 0hen Act Act o. o. *-*-- is anal anal2B 2Bed ed,, it is the the iol iolat atio ion n o the the &roc &rocla la%a %ati tion on o the the Goernor!General $hich constitutes the cri%e. 0ithout that &rocla%ation, it $as no cri%e to sell rice at an2 &rice. In other $ords, the 4egislature let it to the sole discretion o the Goernor!General to sa2 $hat $as and $hat $as not an2 cause or enorcing enorcing the act, and $hat $as and $hat $as not an etraordinar2 etraordinar2 rise in the &rice o &ala2, rice or corn, and under certain undefned conditions to f the &rice at $hich rice should 'e sold, $ithout regard to grade or "ualit2, also to sa2 $hether a &rocla%ation should 'e issued, i so, $hen, and $hether or not the la$ should 'e enorced, ho$ long it should 'e enorced, and $hen the la$ should 'e sus&ended. The 4egislature did not s&eci2 or defne $hat $as an2 cause, or $hat $as an etraordinar2 rise in the &rice o rice, &ala2 or corn, either did it s&eci2 or defne the conditions u&on $hich the &rocla%ation should 'e issued. In the a'sence o the &rocla%ation no cri%e $as co%%itted. The alleged sale $as %ade a cri%e, i at all, 'ecause the Goernor!General issued the &rocla%ation. 0e are clearl2 o the o&inion and hold that Act o. *--, in so ar as it underta7es to authoriBed the Goernor!General in his discretion to issue a &rocla%ation, fing the &rice o rice, and to %a7e the sale o rice in iolation o the &rice o rice, and to %a7e the sale o rice in iolation o the &rocla%ation a cri%e, is unconstitutional and oid. A la$ %ust 'e co%&lete in all its ter%s and &roisions $hen it leaes the legislatie 'ranch o the goern%ent and nothing %ust 'e let to the 8udg%ent o the electors or other a&&ointee or delegate o the legislature, so that, in or% and su'stance, it is a la$ in all its details in &resent, 'ut $hich %a2 'e let to ta7e eect in uture, i necessar2, u&on the ascertain%ent o an2 &rescri'ed act or eent.
N,- /S. '# 178 SR' 659 DOCTI DOCTI9S 9S:: The cone coner%e r%ent nt on the ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e author authoriti ities es o the &o$er &o$er to ad8udge the guilt o the su&&osed oender is a clear encroach%ent on 8udicial unctions and %ilitates against the doctrine o se&aration o &o$ers. There is an inalid delegation o legislatie &o$ers to the o;cers %entioned therein $ho are granted unli%ited discretion in the distri'ution o the &ro&erties ar'itraril2 ta7en. FACT ACTS: S: resident resident Ferdinand Ferdinand 3arcos 3arcos issued 9ecuti 9ecutie e Order o. *!A *!A a%ending a%ending 9ecutie Order o. *. =nder the "uestioned 9O. *!A, Nno cara'ao regardless o age, se, &h2sical condition or &ur&ose and no cara'ee shall 'e trans&orted ro% one &roince to another another.. The cara'ao and cara'ee cara'ee trans&orted trans&orted in iolation iolation o this 9ecutie order as a%ended shall 'e su'8ect to confscation and oreiture '2 the goern%ent, to 'e distri'uted to charita'le institutions and other si%ilar institutions as the Chair%an o ational 3eat Inst&ection Co%%ission %a2 see ft, in the case o cara'ee, and to desering ar%ers through dis&ersal as the Director o Ani%al Industr2 %a2 see ft, in the case o cara'aos
The &etitioner trans&orted cara'aos in a &u%& 'oat ro% 3as'ate to Iloilo $hen the2 the2 $ere $ere confsc confscate ated d '2 &olice &olice statio station n co%%an co%%ander der or iola iolatio tion n o 9 *!A *!A.. etitioner sued or recoer2 'eore TC '2 fling su&ersedeas 'ond. TC sustained the confscation confscation and, since the cara'aos could no longer longer 'e &roduced, &roduced, ordered ordered the confscation o the 'ond. The Court declined to rule on Constitutionalit2 o 9O or lac7 o authorit2 and or it &resu%ed alidit2. alidit2. CA u&held the decision o trial court. ISS=9S: . 0O A%end%ent o. o the /5 Constitution, $hich gies the resident the &o$er to issue decrees not or i%&le%entation o la$s 'ut in the eercise o his legislatie authorit2. authorit2. *. 0O the 9O *!A is unconstitutional ?94D: . The challenged is deno%inated '2 eecutie order 'ut it is reall2 &residential decree, &ro%ulgating a ne$ rule instead o %erel2 i%&le%enting an eisting la$. It $as issued not or the &ur&ose o ta7ing care that the la$s $ere aithull2 eecuted 'ut in the eerc eercise ise o his legisl legislati atie e author authorit2 it2 under under A%end% A%end%ent ent o. o. . =nder =nder A%end%ent o. , $heneer there eisted grae e%ergenc2 or threat thereo or $heneer legislature ailed or $as una'le to act ade"uatel2 on an2 %atter that in his 8udg%ent re"uired i%%ediate action, he could, issue decrees, orders or letters o instructions that $ere to hae the orce and eect o la$. As there is no sho$ing o an2 eigenc2 to 8usti2 such eercise, the &etitioner has reason to "uestion the alidi alidit2 t2 o the 9O. 9O. eert eerthel heless ess,, since since the deter% deter%ina inatio tion n o the grounds grounds $as su&&osed su&&osed to hae 'een %ade '2 the resident resident Nin his 8udg%ent 8udg%ent a &hrase that $ill lead to &rotracted discussion not reall2 necessar2 at this ti%e. The Court reseres such resolution on %ore a&&ro&riate occasion. *. The challenged %easure is an inalid eercise o the &olice &o$er 'ecause the %ethod e%&lo2ed to consere the cara'aos is not reasona'l2 necessar2 to the &ur&ose o the la$, $hich is to &reent indiscri%inate slaughtering thereo, and, $orse, is undul2 o&&ressie. Due &rocess is iolated 'ecause the o$ner o the &ro& &ro&er ert2 t2 conf confsc scat ated ed is deni denied ed the the righ rightt to 'e hear heard d in his his dee deens nse e and and is i%%edi i%%ediate atel2 l2 conde%n conde%ned ed and &unishe &unished. d. The coner coner%en %entt on the ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e authorities o the &o$er to ad8udge the guilt o the su&&osed oender is a clear encroach%ent on 8udicial unctions and %ilitates against the doctrine o se&aration o &o$ers. Also Also,, the the 9O auth author oriB iBed ed the the seiB seiBed ed &ro& &ro&er ert2 t2 Nto Nto 'e distr distri' i'ut uted ed to char charit ita' a'le le inst instit itut utio ions ns and and other other si%i si%ila larr inst instit itut utio ions ns as the the Chai Chair% r%an an o ati ation onal al 3eat 3eat Ins&ec Ins&ectio tion n Co% Co%%is %issio sion n %a2 see ft, in the case case o cara'e cara'ee, e, and to deser desering ing ar%ers through dis&ersal as the Director o Ani%al Industr2 %a2 see ft, in the case o cara'aos. cara'aos. The &hrase N%a2 see ft is etre%el2 etre%el2 generous generous and dangerous. dangerous. It is laden laden $ith $ith &erilo &erilous us o&&ort o&&ortuni unitie ties s or &artia &artialit lit2 2 and a'use, a'use, and een een corru&t corru&tion ion.. Thereore, there $as indeed an inalid delegation o legislatie &o$ers to the o;cers o;cers %entioned %entioned therein therein $ho are granted granted unli%ited unli%ited discretion discretion in the distri'ution distri'ution o the &ro&erties ar'itraril2 ta7en.
Marcos vs Manglap!s 1)) SR' 168 Facts: This case inoles a &etition o %anda%us and &rohi'ition as7ing the court to order the res&ondents Secretar2 o Foreign Aairs, etc. To issue a trael docu%ents to or%er res. 3arcos and the i%%ediate %e%'ers o his a%il2 and to en8oin the i%&le%entation o the resident6s decision to 'ar their return to the hili&&ines. etit e tition ioners ers assert assert that the right right o the 3arco 3arcoses ses to return return in the hili& hili&&in &ines es is guaranteed '2 the #ill o ights, s&ecifcall2 Sections and . The2 contended that res res.. A"ui A"uino no is $ith $ithou outt &o$e &o$err to i%&a i%&air ir the the li'e li'ert rt2 2 o a'od a'ode e o the the 3arc 3arcos oses es 'eca 'ecaus use e onl2 onl2 a court court %a %a2 2 do so $ith $ithin in the the li%i li%its ts &res &rescr cri' i'ed ed '2 la$ la$. or or the the resident i%&air their right to trael 'ecause no la$ has authoriBed her to do so. The2 urther assert that under international la$, their right to return to the hili&&ines is guaranteed &articularl2 '2 the =niersal Declaration o ?u%an ights and the International Coenant on Ciil and olitical ights, $hich has 'een ratifed '2 the hili&&ines. Issue: 0hether or not, in the eercise o the &o$ers granted '2 the constitution, the resident (A"uino) %a2 &rohi'it the 3arcoses ro% returning to the hili&&ines. ?eld: It %ust 'e e%&hasiBed that the indiidual right inoled is not the right to trael ro% the hili&&ines to other countries or $ithin the hili&&ines. These are $hat the right to trael $ould nor%all2 connote. 9ssentiall2, the right inoled in this this case case at 'ar 'ar is the the right right to retur return n to one6 one6s s count countr2 r2,, a dist distin inct ct right right under under international la$, inde&endent ro% although related to the right to trael. Thus, the =niersal Declaration o ?u%an ights and the International Coenant on Ciil and olit o litica icall ights ights treat treat the right right to reed reedo% o% o %oe%e %oe%ent nt and a'ode a'ode $ithin $ithin the territor2 o a state, the right to leae the countr2, and the right to enter one6s countr2 as se&arate and distinct rights. 0hat the Declaration s&ea7s o is the right to reedo% o %oe%ent and residence $ithin the 'orders o each state. On the other hand, the Coenant guarantees the right to li'ert2 o %oe%ent and reedo% to choose his residence residence and the right to 'e ree to leae leae an2 countr2, countr2, including his o$n. Such rights %a2 onl2 'e restricted '2 la$s &rotecting the national securit2, &u'lic order, &u'lic health or %orals or the se&arate rights o others. ?o$eer, right to ente enterr one6 one6s s count countr2 r2 canno cannott 'e ar'it ar'itra rari ril2 l2 de&r de&ri ied ed.. It $o $oul uld d 'e ther there eor ore e ina&&ro&riate to construe the li%itations to the right to return to ones countr2 in the sa%e contet as those &ertaining to the li'ert2 o a'ode and the right to trael. The #ill o rights treats onl2 the li'ert2 o a'ode and the right to trael, 'ut it is a $ell considered ie$ that the right to return %a2 'e considered, as a generall2 acce&ted &rinci&le o International 4a$ and under our Constitution as &art o the la$ o the land. The court held that resident did not act ar'itraril2 or $ith grae a'use o discretion in deter%ining that the return o the For%er res. 3arcos and his a%il2 &oses a serious threat to national interest and $elare. resident A"uino has deter%ined that the desta'iliBation caused '2 the return o the 3arcoses $ould $i&e a$a2 the gains achieed during the &ast e$ 2ears ater the 3arcos regi%e.
The return o the 3arcoses &oses a serious threat and thereore &rohi'iting their return to the hili&&ines, the instant &etition & etition is here'2 dis%issed.
aro vs. ommsson on 4!man Rghts 207SR'1991 %ecember 2# 1991 Facts: 3anila 3anila u'lic u'lic School School Teachers eachers Associati Association on (3TSA) (3TSA) undertoo7 undertoo7 N%ass concerted concerted action actions s 'ecaus 'ecause e o the alleged alleged ailur ailure e o &u'lic &u'lic author authoriti ities es to act u&on their their grieances. The teachers, through their re&resentaties, $ere sered $ith an order o Secretar2 o 9ducation to return to $or7 in *E hours or ace dis%issal, and a %e%orandu% direct directing ing the D9CS D9CS o;cial o;cials s concer concerned ned to initia initiate te dis%is dis%issal sal &rocee &roceeding dings s against against those $ho did not co%&l2 and to hire their re&lace%ents. For ailure to heed the retur eturn! n!to to!$ !$or or7 7 orde order, r, the the C? C? co%& co%&la lain inan ants ts (&ri (&ria ate te res&o es&ond nden ents ts)) $e $erre ad%inistratiel2 charged and &reentiel2 sus&ended or / da2s. Secretar2 CariPo, rendered dis%issal o res&ondents. 3STA fled a &etition against CariPo 'ut later on dis%issed '2 TC. TC. In the %eanti%e, res&ondents also fled their co%&laint to the C? $ith regard to their their sus&ensi sus&ension on and re&la re&lace% ce%ents ents and allegi alleging ng that that the2 the2 $ere $ere denied denied o due &rocess o la$. C? ordered Secretar2 CariPo to a&&ear 'eore the Co%%ission to enlighten the latter on the issue. Secretar2 fled a %otion sa2ing that C? lac7s cause o action and has no 8urisdiction oer the case. C? ordered that res&ondents $ere denied o their due &rocess and their ciil and &olitical rights hae 'een iolated. Issue: 0hether or not C? has the &o$er to tr2 and decide and deter%ine certain s&ecifc cases such as the alleged hu%an rights iolation inoling ciil and &olitical rights. ?eld: o. The Court declares the Co%%ission on ?u%an ights to hae no such &o$erK and that it $as not %eant '2 the unda%ental la$ to 'e another court or "uasi!8udicial agenc2 in this countr2, or du&licate %uch less ta7e oer the unctions o the latter. latter. The %ost that %a2 'e conceded to the Co%%ission in the $a2 o ad8udicatie &o$er is that it %a2 inestigate, i.e., receie eidence and %a7e fndings o act as regards clai%ed hu%an rights iolations inoling ciil and &olitical rights. #ut act fnding is not ad8udication, and cannot 'e li7ened to the 8udicial unction o a court o 8ustice, or een a "uasi!8udicial agenc2 or o;cial. To 'e considered such, the acult2 o receiing eidence and %a7ing actual conclusions in a controers2 %ust 'e acco%&anied '2 the authorit2 o a&&l2ing the la$ to those actual conclusions to the end that the controers2 %a2 'e decided or deter%ined authoritatiel2, fnall2 and defnitiel2, su'8ect to such a&&eals or %odes o reie$ as %a2 'e &roided '2 la$.
&ag!na &ae %evelopment '!thort v ' GR No. 110120 March 16# 1997 FACTS: The 44DA 4egal and Technical &ersonnel ound that the Cit2 Goern%ent o Caloocan $as %aintaining an o&en du%&site at the Ca%arin area $ithout frst secu securi ring ng an 9ni 9niro ron% n%ent ental al Co%& Co %&li lian ance ce Cert Ce rtif ifca cate te (9CC (9CC)) ro% ro% the 9niron%ental 3anage%ent #ureau (93#) o the De&art%ent o 9niron%ent and atural esources, esources, as re"uired under residential Decree o. +-, and clearance ro% 44DA as re"uired re"uired under e&u'lic Act Act o. E-+ and issued a C9AS9 and D9SIST OD9 (CDO) or the Cit2 Goern%ent o Caloocan to sto& the use o the du%&site. ISS=9S: . Does the 44DA and its a%endator2 a%endator2 la$s, hae the authorit2 authorit2 to entertain entertain the co%&la co%&laint int agains againstt the du%&ing du%&ing o gar'ag gar'age e in the o&en o&en du%&sit du%&site e in #aranga2 Ca%arin authoriBed '2 the Cit2 Goern%ent o Caloocan> *. Does the 44DA hae the &o$er and authorit2 to issue a cease and desist order> A4ICA#49 4A0S: Q 9ecutie Order Order o. /* series o o /-5 $hich &roides, thus: Sec. E. Additional o$ers and Functions. The authorit2 shall hae the ollo$ing &o$ers and unctions: (d) 3a7e, alter or %odi2 orders re"uiring the discontinuance o &ollution s&eci2ing the conditions and the ti%e $ithin $hich $hich such discontinuance %ust 'e acco%&lished Q As a general rule, the ad8udication o &ollution cases generall2 &ertains to the olluti o llution on Ad8udicat Ad8udication ion #oard #oard (A#), (A#), ece&t ece&t in cases $ here the s&ecial s&ecial la$ &roides or another oru% =4IG: . @9S, 44DA has authorit2. authorit2. It %ust 'e recogniBed in this regard that the 44DA, as a s&ecialiB s&ecialiBed ed ad%inistrat ad%inistratie ie agenc2, agenc2, is s&ecifcall s&ecifcall2 2 %andated %andated under e&u'lic Act o. E-+ and its a%endator2 la$ s to carr2 out and %a7e eectie the declared national &olic2 o &ro%oting and accelerating the deelo&%ent and 'alanced gro$th o the 4aguna 4a7e area and the surrounding &roinces o iBal iBal and 4aguna 4aguna and the cities cities o San a'lo, a'lo, 3anila 3anila,, asa asa2, 2, RueBon RueBon and Calo Ca looc ocan an $ith $ith due rega regard rd and and ade" ade"ua uate te &ro &rois isio ions ns or or enir eniron on%e %ent ntal al %anage %anage%en %entt and contro control, l, &reser &reserat ation ion o the "ualit "ualit2 2 o hu%an hu%an lie lie and ecolog ecologica icall s2ste% s2ste%s, s, and and the &reen &reentio tion n o undue undue ecolog ecologica icall distu distur'a r'ance nces, s, deterioration and &ollution. &ollution. =nder such a 'road grant and &o$er and authorit2, the 44DA, '2 irtue o its s&ecial charter, o'iousl2 has the res&onsi'ilit2 to &rotect the inha'itants o the 4aguna 4a7e region ro% the deleterious eects o &ollutants e%anating ro% the discharge o $astes ro% the surrounding areas.
*. @9S, @9S, &ursu &ursuan antt to 9O /* /* Sect Sectio ion n E. 0hile 0hile it is a unda unda%e %enta ntall rule rule that that an ad%inistratie agenc2 has onl2 such &o$ers as are e&ressl2 e&ressl2 granted to it it '2 la$ la$ , it is li7e$ise a settled rule that an ad%inistratie agenc2 has also such &o$ers as are necessaril2 i%&lied in the eercise eercise o its e &ress &o$ers. In the eercise, eercise, thereore, o its e&ress &o$ers under its charter as a regulator2 and "uasi! 8udicial 'od2 $ith res&ect to &ollution cases in the 4aguna 4a7e region, the authorit2 o the 44DA to issue a cease and desist order is, &erorce, i%&lied. OT9: ?O0919, $rits o %anda%us and in8unction are 'e2ond the &o$er o the 44DA to issue.
R"al R"al +mpr +mpre e ns!ra ns!rance nce orp. orp. an an:or :or Serg Sergo o orp! orp!s s ;P+-;P+--,N ,N+R +RS< S< vs Natonal &abor Relatons ommsson# -eoorco &. R!"# as &abor 'rbter an Rogelo R ora ;R+SP,N%+N-S< G.R. G.R . No. )3170 Ma 29# 198) Facts acts:: In Augu August st,, / /,, &ri &riat ate e res&o es&ond nden entt ogel ogelio io . Co Cori ria a $a $as s hir hired '2 &etiti &etitione onerr iBal iBal 9%&ire 9%&ire Insura Insurance nce Grou& Grou& as a casual casual e%&lo2 e%&lo2ee ee $ith $ith a salar2 salar2 o . a da2. On
The record sho$s that the e%&lo2er (&etitioner! (&etitioner! iBal 9%&ire Grou&) receied a co&2 o the decision o the 4a'or Ar'iter on A&ril ,/-+. It fled a 3otion or 9tension o Ti%e to File 3e%orandu% o A&&eal on A&ril , /-+ and fled the 3e%orandu% o A&&eal on A&ril **, /-+. ursuant to the no etension &olic2 o the ational 4a'or elations Co%%ission, aoresaid %otion or etension o ti%e $as $a s deni denied ed in its reso esoluti lutio on dat dated oe% oe%'e 'err +, +, /-+ /-+ and the the a&&ea &&eall $as dis%isse dis%issed d or haing 'een fled out o ti%e. The e eised ised ules o the ational ational 4a'o 4a'orr elat elatio ions ns Co Co%% %%is issi sion on are are clea clearr and and e&l e&lic icit it and and lea leae e no roo oo% % or or inte inter&r r&ret etat atio ion. n. 3ore 3oreo oer er,, it is an ele% ele%en enta tar2 r2 rule rule in ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e la$ la$ that that ad%inistratie regulations and &olicies enacted '2 ad%inistratie 'odies to inter&ret the la$ $hich the2 are entrusted to enorce, hae the orce o la$, and are entitled to grea greatt res&e res&ect ct (9s& (9s&an anol ol . hil hili& i&&i &ine ne 1etera eterans ns Ad%ini d%inist stra rati tion on,, 5 5 SC SCA 5E /-+U /-+U).= ).=nder nder the a'oe! a'oe!"uo "uoted ted &rois &roision ions s o the eised eised 4C 4C ules ules,, the decision a&&ealed ro% in this case has 'eco%e fnal and eecutor2 and can no longer 'e su'8ect to a&&eal. 9en on the %erits, the ruling o the 4a'or Ar'iter a&&ears to 'e correctK the consistent &ro%otions in ran7 and salar2 o the &riate res&ondent indicate he %ust hae 'een a highl2 e;cient $or7er, $ho should 'e retained des&ite occasional la&ses in &unctualit2 and attendance. erection cannot ater all 'e de%anded. 0?99FO9, the &etition is dis%issed.
M'R M'R, , R= R= vs. S-'NS-'N-,N ,N ,NG+ ,NG+RG# RG# %rec %rector tor o> the !rea !rea! ! o> 'nmal n!str# FACTS: etitioner 3auricio CruB 'rought a &etition 'eore the Court o First Instance o 3anila or the issuance o a $rit o %andator2 in8unction against the res&ondent Director o the #ureau o Ani%al Industr2, Stanton @oung'erg, @oung'erg, re"uiring hi% to issue a &er%it or the landing o ten large cattle i%&orted '2 the &etitioner and or the slaughter slaughter thereo thereo.. CruB attac7ed attac7ed the constituti constitutionali onalit2 t2 o Act o. 5++, 5++, $hich at &resent &rohi'its the i%&ortation o cattle ro% oreign countries into the hili&&ine Islands. ?e also asserted that the sole &ur&ose o the enact%ent $as to &reent the introducti introduction on o cattle cattle diseases diseases in the countr2 countr2. The res&ondent res&ondent asserted asserted that the &etition did not state acts su;cient su ;cient to constitute a cause o action. The de%urrer $as 'ased on t$o reasons: () that i Act o. 5++ $as declared unconstitutional and oid, the &etitioner $ould not 'e entitled to the relie de%ande d 'ecause Act o. 5+* $ould auto%aticall2 'eco%e eectie and $ould &rohi'it the res&on res&onden dentt ro% ro% giing giing the &er%it &er%it &ra2ed orK and (*) that Act Act o. o. 5++ 5++ $as constitutional and, thereore, alid. The CFI dis%issed the co%&laint 'ecause o &eti &etiti tion oner ers s ail ailur ure e to fle fle anot anothe herr co%&l co%&lai aint nt.. The The &eti &etiti tion oner er a&&e a&&eal aled ed to the Su&re%e Court. @oung'erg @oung'erg contended that een i Act o. 5++ 'e declared unconstitutional '2 the act alleged '2 the &etitioner in his co%&laint, still the &etitioner cannot 'e allo$ed to i%&ort cattle ro% Australia or the reason that, $hile Act o. 5++ $ere declared unconstitutional, Act o. 5+* $ould auto%aticall2 'eco%e eectie. ISS=9S: . 0hether or not Act o. 5++ is unconstitutional
*. 0hether or not the lo$er court erred in not holding that the &o$er gien '2 Act o.5++ to the Goernor!General Goernor!General to sus&end or not, n ot, at his discretion, the &rohi'ition & rohi'ition &roided in the act constitutes an unla$ul delegation o the legislatie &o$ers. 5. 0hether or not Act o. 5++ a%ended the Tari 4a$ =4IG OF 4O09 CO=T: The court sustained the de%urrer and the co%&laint $as dis%issed '2 reason o the ailure o the &etitioner to fle another co%&laint. =4IG OF T?9 S=939 CO=T: . o. An unconstitutional statute can hae no eect to re&eal or%er la$s or &arts o la$s '2 i%&lication. The court $ill not &ass u&on the constitutionalit2 o statutes unless it is necessar2 to do so. Aside ro% the &roisions o Act o. 5+*, Act 5++ is entire entirel2 l2 alid. alid. The latter latter $as &assed &assed '2 the 4egisl 4egislatu ature re to &rotec &rotectt the cattle cattle industr2 o the countr2 and to &reent the introduction o cattle diseases through i%&ortation o oreign cattle. It is no$ generall2 recogniBed that the &ro%otion o industries aecting the &u'lic $elare and the deelo&%ent o the resources o the countr2 are o'8ects $ithin the sco&e o the &olice &o$er. The Goern%ent o the hili&&ine Islands has the right to the eercise o the soereign &olice &o$er in the &ro%otion o the general $elare and the &u'lic interest. At the ti%e the Act o. 5++ $as &ro%ulgated there $as reasona'le necessit2 thereore and it cannot 'e said that the 4egislature eceeded its &o$er in &assing the Act. *. o. The true distinction is 'et$een the delegations o &o$er to %a7e the la$, $hich $hich necess necessari aril2 l2 inol inoles es discre discretio tion n as to $hat $hat it shall shall 'e, and coner conerrin ring g an authorit2 or discretion as to its eecution, to 'e eercised under and in &ursuance o the la$. The frst cannot 'e doneK to the latter no alid o'8ection can 'e %ade. There is no unla$ul delegation delegation o legislatie &o$er in the case case at 'ar. 'ar. 5. o. It is a co%&lete statute in itsel. It does not %a7e an2 reerence to the Tari 4a$. It does not &er%it the i%&ortation o articles, $hose i%&ortation is &rohi'ited '2 the Tari 4a$. It is not an a%end%ent 'ut %erel2 su&&le%ental to Tari 4a$.
'raneta et al. v. Gatmatan et al. Doctrine The true distinction 'et$een delegation o the &o$er to legislate and the conerring o authorit2 or discretion as to the eecution o la$ consists in that the or%er necessar2 inoles a discretion as to $hat the la$ shall 'e, $hile in the latter the auth author orit it2 2 or disc discre reti tion on as to its its eec eecut utio ion n has has to 'e eer eerci cise sed d under under and and in &ursuance o the la$. The frst cannot 'e doneK to the latter no alid o'8ection can 'e %ade Facts: acts: San 3iguel 3iguel #a #a2, 2, locate located d 'et$ee 'et$een n the &roi &roince nces s o Ca% Ca%ari arines nes orte orte and Ca%arines Sur is considered as the %ost i%&ortant fshing area in the acifc side o the #icol region. So%e So%eti ti%e %e in /+ /+,, tra$ tra$ll o&era o&erato tors rs ro% ro% 3ala 3ala'o 'on, n, ao aota tas s and and other other &lac &laces es %igrated to this region %ost o the% settling at Sa'ang, Cala'anga, Ca%arines Sur, or the &ur&ose o using this &articular %ethod o fshing in said 'a2. On account o
the 'elie o sustenance fsher%en that the o&eration o this 7ind o gear caused the de&letion o the %arine resources o that area, there arose a general cla%or a%ong the %a8orit2 o the inha'itants o coastal to$ns to &rohi'it the o&eration o tra$ls in San 3iguel #a2. This %oe $as %aniested in the resolution o Dece%'er -, /+5, &assed '2 the 3unici&al 3a2ors6 4eague conde%ning the o&eration o tra$ls as the cause o the $anton destruction o the shri%& s&ecie and resoling to &etition the resident o the hili&&ines to regulate fshing in San 3iguel #a2 '2 declaring it closed or tra$l fshing at a certain &eriod & eriod o the 2ear. In another resolution dated 3arch *, /+E, the sa%e 4eague o 3unici&al 3a2or, &ra2ed the resident to &rotect the% and the fsh resources o San 3iguel #a2 '2 'anning the o&eration o tra$ls therein. In res&onse to these &leas, the resident issued on A&ril +, /+E, 9ecutie Order o. ** &rohi'iting the use o tra$ls in San 3iguel #a2, 'ut said eecutie order $as a%ended '2 9ecutie Order o. , issued on Se&te%'er *5, /+E, a&&arentl2 in ans$er to a resolution o the roincial #oard o Ca%arines Sur reco%%ending the allo$ance o tra$l fshing during the t2&hoon season onl2. On oe%'er *, /+E, ho$eer, 9ecutie Order o. - $as issued reiing 9ecutie Order o. **, to ta7e eect ater Dece%'er 5, /+E. A grou& o Otter tra$l o&erators too7 the %atter to the court '2 fling a co%&laint or in8unction andLor declarator2 relie $ith &reli%inar2 in8unction $ith the Court o First Instance o 3anila, doc7eted as Ciil Case o. *E-, &ra2ing that a $rit o &reli%inar2 in8unction 'e issued to restrain the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esourc e sources es and the Director Director o Fisheries isheries ro% enorcing enorcing said eecutie eecutie orderK to decl declar are e the the sa%e sa%e null null and and oid oid,, and and or or such such othe otherr reli relie e as %a %a2 2 'e 8ust 8ust and and e"uita'le in the &re%ises. The Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources and the Director o Fisheries, ans$ered the co%&laint alleging, that the eecutie orders in "uestion $ere issued accordance $ith la$K that the encourage%ent '2 the #ureau o Fisheries o the use o Otter tra$ls should not 'e construed to %ean that the general $elare o the &u'lic could 'e disregarded The lo$er Court rendered decision on Fe'ruar2 *, /++, the last &art o $hich reads as ollo$s: The &o$er to close an2 defnite area o the hili&&ine $aters, ro% the act that Congress has seen ft to defne under $hat conditions it %a2 'e done '2 the enact%ent o the sections cited, in the %ind o Congress %ust 'e o transcendental signifcance. It is &ri%aril2 $ithin the felds o legislation not o eecution: or it goes ar and sa2s $ho can and $ho can not fsh in defnite territorial $aters. The court can not acce&t that Congress had intended to a'dicate its inherent right to legislate on this %atter o national i%&ortance. To acce&t res&ondents6 ie$ $ould 'e to sanction the eercise o legislatie &o$er '2 eecutie decrees. I it is San 3iguel #a2 no$, it %a2 'e Daao Gul to%orro$, and so on. That %a2 'e done onl2 '2 Congress. This 'eing the conclusion, there is hardl2 need to go an2 urther. urther. =ntil the
tra$ler tra$ler is outla$ed '2 legislati legislatie e enact%ent, enact%ent, it cannot cannot 'e 'anned ro% San 3iguel #a2 '2 eecutie &rocla%ation. Thus said 9ecutie Order os. **, and - are declared inalidK IssueLs () 0hether the resident o the hili&&ines has authorit2 to issue 9ecutie Orders os. **, and -, 'anning the o&eration o tra$ls in San 3iguel #a2 (*) 0hether 0hether 9ecu 9ecuti tie e Orders Orders os. os. **, and - $ere $ere alid, alid, or the issuance issuance there thereo o $as not in the eerc eercise ise o legisl legislati atie e &o$ers &o$ers undul2 undul2 delega delegated ted to the resident. uling () @es. @es. 0e are are o the o&inion o&inion that that $ith $ith or $ithout $ithout said 9ecu 9ecuti tie e Orders Orders,, the restriction and 'anning o tra$l fshing ro% all hili&&ine $aters co%e, under the la$, $ithin the &o$ers o the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources, $ho in co%&liance $ith his duties %a2 een cause the cri%inal &rosecution o those $ho in iolation o his instructions, regulations or orders are caught fshing $ith tra$ls in the hili&&ine $aters. o$, o$, i under under the la$ the Secre Secretar tar2 2 o Agricu Agricultu lture re and atura aturall eso esourc urces es has authorit2 to regulate or 'an the fshing '2 tra$l $hich, it is clai%ed, o'noious or it carries a$a2 fsh eggs and r26s $hich should 'e &resered, can the resident o the hili&&ines eercise eercise that sa%e &o$er and authorit2> One o the eecu eecuti tie e de&art de&art%en %ents ts is that that o Agricu Agricultu lture re and atura aturall e esou sourc rces es $hich $hich '2 la$ la$ is &lac &laced ed under under the the dire direct ctio ion n and and contr control ol o the the Secr Secret etar ar2, 2, $ho $ho eer eerci cise ses s its its unc uncti tion ons s su'8 su'8ec ectt to the the gene genera rall su&e su&er ris isio ion n and and contr control ol o the the resident o the hili&&ines. 3oreoer, eecutie orders, regulations, decrees and &roc &rocla la%a %ati tion ons s rela relati tie e to %a %att tter ers s under under the the su&er su&eri isi sion on or 8uri 8urisdi sdict ctio ion n o a De&art%ent, the &ro%ulgation $hereo is e&ressl2 assigned '2 la$ to the resident o the the hil hili& i&&i &ine nes, s, shal shalll as a gene genera rall rule rule,, 'e issu issued ed u&on u&on &ro& &ro&os osit itio ion n and and reco%%endation o the res&ectie De&art%ent. For the oregoing reasons 0e do hesitate to declare that 9ecutie Orders os. **, and -, series o /+E, o the resident, are alid and issued '2 authorit2 o la$. la$. (*) @es. @es. In the light o these acts it is clear to Our %ind that or the &rotection o r2 or fsh fsh eggs eggs and and s%al s%alll and i%% i%%atur ature e fshes shes,, Co Cong ngrress ess inten ntende ded d $ith $ith the the &ro%ulgation o Act o. E5, to &rohi'it the use o an2 fsh net or fshing deice li7e tra$l nets that could endanger and de&lete our su&&l2 o sea ood, and to that end authoriBed the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources to &roide '2 regula regulatio tions ns such such restr restrict iction ions s as he dee%ed dee%ed necessa necessar2 r2 in order order to &reser &resere e the a"uatic resources o the land. Conse"uentl2, $hen the resident, in res&onse to the cla%or o the &eo&le and authorities o Ca%arines Sur issued 9ecutie Order o. - a'solutel2 &rohi'iting fshing '2 %eans o tra$ls in all $aters co%&rised $ithin the San 3iguel #a2, he did nothing 'ut sho$ an anious regard or the $elare o the inha'itants o said coastal
&roince and dis&ose o issues o general concern (Sec. 5, .A.C.) $hich $ere in consonance and strict conor%it2 $ith the la$.
P+,P&+ v. 4,N. M'?M, '. M'+R+N DOCTI9: An ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e agenc2 agenc2 cannot cannot a%e a%end nd the act act o Congr Congress ess.. The rule!% rule!%a7i a7ing ng &o$er %ust 'e confned to details or regulating the %ode or &roceeding to carr2 into eect the la$ as it has 'een enacted. The &o$er cannot 'e etended to a%endi a%e nding ng or e&and e&anding ing the statut statutor2 or2 re"uir re"uire%e e%ents nts or to e%'rac e%'race e %atter %atters s not coered '2 the statute. ules that su'ert the statute cannot 'e sanctioned. FACT ACTS: S: In //, //,
ISS=9: Does electro fshing all under other iolations o the Fisheries Fisheries 4a$, there'2 giing the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources and the Co%%issioner o Fisherie isheries s author authorit2 it2 to issue issue Fisheri isheries es Ad%in Ad%inist istrat ratie ie Order Order o. o. -E! -E! &enaliB &enaliBing ing electro fshing> =4IG OF T?9 S=939 CO=T: O. 9lectro fshing does not all under other iolations. Thereore, the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources and the Co%%issioner o Fisheries eceeded eceeded their auth author orit it2 2 in issui issuing ng Fishe isheri ries es Ad%i Ad%ini nist stra rati tie e Order Order o. o. -E! -E!.. o$he o$here re in the the Fisheries 4a$ is electro fshing s&ecifcall2 &unished. Fisheries Ad%inistratie Order o. -E, in &unishing electro fshing, does not conte%&late that such an oense alls $ithin the categor2 o other iolations 'ecause the &enalt2 or electro fshing is lo$e lo$err than than the the &ena &enalt lt2 2 or or fshi fshing ng $ith $ith the the use use o o'no o'noi iou ous s or &ois &oison onou ous s su'stances, fed in sec. , and is not the sa%e &enalt2 or other iolations o the la$ fed in sec. -5 o the Fisheries 4a$. Ad%i Ad%ini nistr strat ati ie e agen agenci cies es are are clot clothe hed d $ith $ith rule rule!%a !%a7i 7ing ng &o$e &o$ers rs 'ecau 'ecause se the the la$%a7ing 'od2 fnds i%&ractica'le, i not i%&ossi'le, to antici&ate and &roide or the %ultiarious and co%&le situations that %a2 'e encountered in enorcing the la$. All that is re"uired is that the regulation should 'e ger%ane to the o'8ects and &ur&oses o the la$ and that it should conor% to the standards that the la$ &rescri'es. The rule!%a7ing &o$er %ust 'e confned to details or regulating the %ode or &roceeding to carr2 into eect the la$ as it has 'een enacted. The &o$er cannot 'e eten etended ded to a%e a%endin nding g or e&an e&anding ding the statut statutor2 or2 re"uir re"uire%e e%ents nts or to e%'race e%'race %atters not coered '2 the statute, other$ise, it $ould constitute an atte%&t to legislate. Ad%inistratie regulations issued '2 a de&art%ent head in conor%it2 $ith the la$ hae the orce o la$. In case o discre&anc2 'et$een the 'asic la$ and a rule or regulation issued to i%&le%ent said la$, the 'asic la$ &reails 'ecause said rule or regulation cannot go 'e2ond the ter%s and &roisions o the 'asic la$. In the instant in stant case, the regulation &enaliBing electro fshing (Fisheries Ad%inistratie Order o. -E!) is not strictl2 in accordance $ith the Fisheries 4a$, under $hich the regulation $as issued, 'ecause the la$ itsel does not e&ressl2 &unish electro fshing. 0hile an ad%inistratie agenc2 has the right to %a7e rules and regulations to carr2 into eect a la$ alread2 enacted, that &o$er should not 'e conused $ith the &o$er to enact a cri%inal statute. An ad%ini ad%inistra strati tie e agenc2 agenc2 can can hae hae onl2 onl2 the ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e or &olici &olicing ng &o$ers &o$ers e&ressl2 or '2 necessar2 i%&lication conerred u&on it.
a!tsta vs $!no Facts: The resident o the hili&&ines issued a 4etter o Instruction o. -/ on 3a2 5, // in res&onse to the &rotracted oil crisis that dated 'ac7 to /E. ursuant thereto, res&ondent Alredo 4.
the &enalties o fne, confscation o ehicle and cancellation o registration on o$ners o the s&ecifed ehicles ound iolating such 4etter o Instruction. S&ouses 3ar2 3ar2 Conce& Conce&ci cion on #a #auti utista sta and 9nri"ue 9nri"ue #autis #autista ta "uesti "uestione oned d the alidi alidit2 t2 o the energ2 conseration %easure through a &rohi'ition &roceeding $ith the Su&re%e Court. It $as alleged '2 &etitioners that $hile the &ur&ose or the issuance o the 4OI -/ is lauda'le, to $it, energ2 conseration, the &roision 'anning the use &riate %otor ehicles $ith ? and 9? &lates is unair, discri%inator2, a%ounting to anU ar'itrar2 classifcation and thus in contraention o the e"ual &rotection & rotection clause. 3oreoer, or the%, such 4etter o Instruction is a denial o due &rocess, %ore s&ecif s&ecifca call2 ll2, , o their their right right to use and en8o2 en8o2 their their &riate &riate &ro&ert2 &ro&ert2 and o their their reedo% to trael and hold a%il2 gatherings, reunions and outings on $ee7!ends and holida2s. It $ould ollo$, so the2 contend that 3e%orandu% Circular o. 5/ i%&osing &enalties o fne, confscation o the ehicle and cancellation o license is li7e$ise unconstitutional, or 'eing iolatie o the doctrine o undue delegation o legislatie &o$er. Issue: . 0het 0hether her or not not 4e 4ett tter er o Inst Instruc ructi tion on -/ -/ as i%&l i%&le% e%ent ented ed '2 3e%o 3e%ora randu ndu% % Circular o. 5/ is iolatie o certain constitutional rights *. $hether the i%&ounding o the ehicles in iolation o the 4OI is ultra ires ?eld: . o. the dis&uted regulator2 %easure is an a&&ro&riate res&onse to a &ro'le% that &resses urgentl2 or solution, $herein its reasona'leness is i%%ediatel2 a&&arent. Thus due &rocess is not ignored, %uch less inringed. The eercise eercise o &olice &o$er %a2 cut into the rights to li'ert2 and &ro&ert2 or the &ro%otion o the general $elare. Those adersel2 aected %a2 ino7e the e"ual &rotection clause onl2 i the2 can sho$ sh o$ a actual oundation or its inalidit2. inalidit2. *. @es. 0hile the i%&osition o a fne or the sus&ension o registration under the conditions therein set orth is alid under the 4and Trans&ortation and Tra;c Code, the i%&ounding o a ehicle fnds no statutor2 8ustifcation. To a&&l2 that &ortion o 3e%orandu% Circular o. 5/ $ould 'e ultra ires. It %ust li7e$ise 'e %ade clear that that a &enalt &enalt2 2 een een i $arrante $arranted d can can onl2 onl2 'e i%&ose i%&osed d in accor accordanc dance e $ith $ith the &rocedure re"uired '2 la$.
M'+% '+%' ' /. +N+RG N+RG R+G& G&'-,R -,R ,'R%G R%G.R. .R. No. 9626 6266 $!l $!l 18# 1991+RN+S-, 1991+RN+S-, M. M'+%'# pettoner#vs. +N+R +N+RG G R+G R+G&' &'-, -,R R ,'R ,'R%# %# '& '&-+?; -+?;Ph Phl lp pp pne nes< s<## N N. .## P& P&P PN' N'S S S4+&&P+-R,&+M ,RP,R'-,N 'N% P+-R,N,RP,R'-,N# responents. ature: etit etitio ion n or or null nullif ifca cati tion on o the the 9ner 9nerg2 g2 egula egulato tor2 r2 #o #oar ard d (9# (9#)) Order Orders s date dated d Dece%'er Dece%'er +and , // on the ground that the hearings hearings conducted on the second second &roisional increase in oil &rices did not allo$ herein &etitioner su'stantial cross! ea%ination, in eect, allegedl2,a denial o due &rocess. Facts:
On August *, //, &riate res&ondents oil co%&anies fled $ith the 9# their res&ectie a&&lications on oil &rice increases. On Se&te%'er *, //, the 9# issued an order granting a &roisional increase o .E* &er liter. etitioner 3aceda fled a &etition or rohi'ition on Se&te%'er *, //.?earing or the &resentation o the eidence! in!c in!chi hie e co%% co%%enc enced ed on oe oe%' %'er er *, *, // //.. 9# 9# su's su'se"u e"uen entl tl2 2 outl outlin ined ed the the &rocedure as ollo$s:.. it has 'een traditional and it is the intention o the #oard to act on these these a&&lic a&&licati ations ons on an industr industr2!$ 2!$ide ide 'asis, 'asis, $hethe $hetherr to acce&t acce&t,, re8ec re8ect, t, %odi2 or $hateer, the #oard $ill do it on an industr2 $ide 'asis, so, the 'est $a2 to hae the o&&ositors and the #oard a clear &icture o $hat the a&&licants are as7ing or is to hae all the eidence!in!chie to 'e &laced on record frst and then the ea%ination $ill co%e later, the cross!ea%ination $ill co%e later. .etitioner 3aceda %aintains that this order o &roo de&ried hi% o his right to fnish his cross!ea%ination o etron6s $itnesses and denied hi% his right to cross!ea%ine each o the $itnesses o Calte and Shell. ?e &oints out that this relaed &rocedure resulted in the denial o due &rocess.V Issue: 0O the 9# acted in grae a'use o discretion a%ounting to lac7 o 8urisdiction. ?eld: Such a relaed &rocedure is es&eciall2 true in ad%inistratie 'odies, such as the 9# $hich In %atters o rate or &rice fing is considered as eercising a "uasi!legislatie , not "uasi!8udicial, unction As such ad%inistratie agenc2, it is not 'ound '2 the strict or technical rules o eidence goerning court &roceedings. In act, Section *, ule I o the ules o ractice and rocedure Goerning ?earings #eore the 9# &roides that J These ules shall goern &leadings, &ractice and &rocedure 'eore the 9nerg2 egulator2 #oard in all %atters o in"uir2, stud2, hearing, inestigation andLor an2 other &roceedings $ithin the 8urisdiction o the #oard. ?o$eer, in the 'roader interest o 8ustice, the #oard %a2, in an2 &articular %atter, ece&t itsel ro% these rules and a&&l2 such suita'le &rocedure as shall &ro%ote the o'8ecties o the Order .0e dis%issed the &etition on Dece%'er -, //, rea;r%ing 9#6s authorit2 to grant &roisional increase een $ithout &rior hearing, &ursuant to Sec. - o 9.O. o. *, under 9ecutie Order o.*, a hearing is indis&ensa'le, it does not &reclude the #oard ro% ordering, e!&arte, a &roisional increase, as it did here, su'8ect to itsfnal dis&osition o $hether or not: () to %a7e it &er%anentK (*) to reduce or increase it urtherK or (5) to den2 d en2 the a&&lication
P4&PPN+ ,NSM+RS *,N%'-,N# N.# pettoner# vs.-4+ S+R+-'R ,* +%'-,N# &-R+ 'N% SP,R-S# responent. Facts: Tas7 Tas7 Force on riate ?igher 9ducation 9du cation created '2 D9CS su'%itted su '%itted a re&ort entitled en titled e&ort and eco%%endations on a olic2 or Tuition and Other School Fees. e&ort reco%%endation: () &riate schools %a2 increase its total school ees '2 not %ore than + to * &er cent. #e2ond it, it $ould 'e su'8ect to the discretion o D9CSK D9CSK (*) &riate &riate school school %a2 incre increase ase its school school ees in eces ecess s o the ceili ceiling ng
&roided it $ill not eceed or the school 2ear in ele%entar2 and secondar2 leels and + &er unit u nit on se%estral 'asis or collegiate leel. D9CS, D9CS, ollo$ ollo$ing ing the re&ort, re&ort, issued issued an order order author authoriBi iBing ng the + to * &er cent cent increase on school ees. CF sought a reconsideration o such order. order. Ground: increases $ere too high. D9CS: issued De&art%ent Order o. 5, reducing the ceiling to to + &er cent CF still o&&osed the increaseK then sent a telegra% to the &resident urging the sus&ension o said D.O. (no re&l2) CF fled a &etition or &rohi'ition (SC). Grounds: unconstitutional, $ithout an2 legal 'asis, iolation o due &rocess clause. It also argues that in su&&ort o the frst argu% argu%en ent, t, the the &eti &etiti tion oner er argue argues s that that $hil $hile e the the D9CS D9CS is auth author oriB iBed ed '2 la$ la$ to regulate school ees in educational institutions, the &o$er to regulate does not al$a2s include the &o$er to increase school ees. Sec. o D9CS: the increase in tuition and other school ees is urgent and necessar2, and that the assailed De&art%ent Order is not ar'itrar2 in character Issue: 0hether or not D9CS has the &o$er to &rescri'e school ees. ?eld: @9S. Section + (5) o #atas a%'ansa #lg. *5*, other$ise 7no$n as The 9ducation Act o /-*: 9ducations and &o$ers o the 3inistr2. The 3inistr2 shall &ro%ulgate rules and regulations necessar2 or the ad%inistration, su&erision su& erision and regulation o the educational s2ste% in accordance $ith declared &olic2. &olic2.
S9C. S9C. . ule!%a ule!%a7in 7ing g Author Authorit2 it2.. J The 3inist 3inister er o 9ducat 9ducation ion and Cultur Culture, e, charged $ith the ad%inistration and enorce%ent o this Act, shall &ro%ulgate the necessar2 i%&le%enting rules and regulations.
In the a'sence o a statute stating other$ise, this &o$er includes the &o$er to &resc &rescri'e ri'e school school ee ees. s. o other other goern goern%en %entt agenc2 agenc2 has 'een 'een ested ested $ith $ith the authorit2 to f school ees and as such, the &o$er should 'e considered lodged $ith the D9CS i it is to &ro&erl2 and eectiel2 discharge its unctions and duties under the la$ la$..
The unction o &rescri'ing rates '2 an ad%inistratie agenc2 %a2 'e either a legislatie or an ad8udicatie unction.
4egislatie unction: the grant o &rior notice and hearing to the aected &arties is not a re"uire%ent o due &rocess. & rocess.
Ruasi!8udicial unction: &rior notice and hearing are essential to the alidit2 o such rates.
0hen the rules andLor rates laid do$n '2 an ad%inistratie agenc2 are %eant to a&&l2 to all enter&rises o a gien 7ind throughout the countr2, the2 %a2 &arta7e o a legislatie character. character. 0here the rules and the rates i%&osed a&&l2 eclusiel2 to a &articular &art2, 'ased u&on a fnding o act, then its unction is "uasi!8udicial in character.
R vs ' FACTS: On ** August /-, 9ecutie Order o. E $as &ro%ulgated declaring a one!ti%e ta a%nest2 on un&aid inco%e taes, later a%ended to include estate and donor6s taes and taes on 'usiness, or the taa'le 2ears /- to /-+. Aailing itsel o the a%nest2, res&ondent .O.?. Auto roducts hili&&ines, Inc., fled, in Octo'er /- and oe%'er /-, its Ta A%nest2 eturn o. 5E!F!E!Eand Su&&le%ental Ta A%nest2 eturn o. 5E!F!E!E!#, res&ectiel2, and &aid the corres&onding a%nest2 taes due. rior to this aail%ent, &etitioner Co%%issioner o Intern Internal al eenue eenue,, in a co%%un co%%unica icatio tion n recei receied ed '2 &riat &riate e res&o res&onden ndentt on 5 August /-, assessed the latter defcienc2 inco%e and 'usiness taes or its fscal 2ears ended 5 Se&te%'er /- and 5 Se&te%'er /-* in an aggregate a%ount o ,E,+.. ?o$eer, the re"uest to cancel the defcienc2 taes $as denied. ISS=9S: 0O &riate res&ondent can aail o the ta a%nest2 =4IG: @9S. 9ecutie Order o. E is "uite e&licit and re"uires hardl2 an2thing 'e2ond 'e2ond a si%&le si%&le a&&lic a&&licati ation on o its &roi &roisio sions. ns. I, as the Co% Co%%is %issio sioner ner argues argues,, 9ecutie Order o. E had not 'een intended to include /-!/-+ ta lia'ilities alread2 alread2 assessed (ad%inistra (ad%inistratiel2 tiel2)) &rior to ** August /-,the /-,the la$ could hae si%& si%&l2 l2 so &ro &roid ided ed in its its ecl eclus usio iona nar2 r2 clau clause ses. s. It did did not. not. The The concl conclus usio ion n is unaoida'le, and it is that the eecutie order has 'een designed to 'e in the nature o a general grant o ta a%nest2 su'8ect onl2 to the cases s&ecifcall2 ece&ted '2 it. It %ight not 'e a%iss to recall that the taa'le &eriods coered '2 the a%nest2 include the 2ears i%%ediatel2 &receding the /-reolution during $hich ti%e there had 'een &ersistent calls, all too iid to 'e easil2 orgotten, or ciil Diso'edience, %ost &articularl2 in the &a2%ent o taes, to the %artial la$ regi%e. It should 'e understanda'le then that those $ho ulti%atel2 too7 oer the reigns o goern%ent ollo$ing the successul reolution $ould &ro%&tl2 &roide or a 'road, and not a confned, ta a%nest2. a%nest2.
-'?' ,P+R'-,RS ,* M+-R, M'N&'# N.# *+&SM, 'G', an '+ -R'NSP,R-'-,N ,RP,R'-,N vs. -4+ ,'R% ,* -R'NSP,R-'-,N an -4+ %R+-,R ,* -4+ R+' ,* &'N% -R'NSP,R-'-,N Facts: . Taica aica' ' O&erat O&erators ors o 3etro 3etro 3anila 3anila,, Inc. Inc. (TO33 (TO33I) I) is a do%est do%estic ic cor&ora cor&oratio tion n co%& co%&os osed ed o tai taica ca' ' o&er o&erat ator ors, s, $ho $ho are are gran grante tees es o Ce Cert rtif ifca cate tes s o u'li u'lic c Conenience to o&erate taica's $ithin the Cit2 o 3anila and to an2 other &lace in 4uBon.
*. On Octo Octo'e 'err , , / /,, res&o res&onde ndent nt #o #oar ard d o Trans rans&o &orta rtati tion on (#OT (#OT)) issue issued d 3e%orandu% Circular o. !E*. This is a'out hasing out and e&lace%ent o Old and Dila&idated Tais. Tais. o car 'e2ond 2rs shall 'e o&erated as tai. 5. Director o the #ureau o 4and Trans&ortation (#4T) issued I%&le%enting Circular o. +*, dated August +, /-, instructing the egional Director, the 31 egistrars and other &ersonnel & ersonnel o #4T, #4T, all $ithin the ational Ca&itol egion, to i%&le%ent said Circular, and or%ulating a schedule o &hase!out o ehicles to 'e allo$ed and acce&ted or registration as &u'lic cone2ances. E. Ca's o %odel / $ere &hase!out in registration 2ear /-K those o %odel /*, in //K those o %odel /5, in /-K and those o %odel /E, in /-.. +. etit etitio ione ners rs fled fled &eti &etiti tion on $ith $ith #OT. OT. etit etitio ione ners rs fled fled 'eo 'eorre the the #OT a 3aniestation and =rgent 3otion, &ra2ing or an earl2 hearing o their &etition. etit e tition ioners ers fled fled 'eor 'eore e the sa%e sa%e #oa #oard rd a 3ani 3aniest estati ation on and =rgent =rgent 3otion 3otion to esole or Decide 3ain etition. etitioners, through its resident, allegedl2 %ade &ersonal ollo$!u&s o the case, 'ut $as later inor%ed that the records o the case could not 'e located. Issues: A. Did #OT and #4T &ro%ulgate the "uestioned %e%orandu% circulars in accord $ith the %anner re"uired '2 residential Decree o. , there'2 saeguarding the &etitioners6 constitutional right to &rocedural due &rocess> & rocess> #. Gran Granti ting ng,, argu arguen endo do,, that that res&o es&ond nden ents ts did did co%& co%&l2 l2 $ith $ith the the &roc &roced edur ural al re"uire%ents i%&osed '2 residential Decree o. , $ould the i%&le%entation and enorce%en enorce%entt o the assailed assailed %e%orandu% %e%orandu% circulars circulars iolate the &etitioners &etitioners66 constitutional rights to. () 9"ual &rotection o the la$K (*) Su'stantie due &rocessK and (5) rotection against ar'itrar2 and unreasona'le classifcation and standard> ?eld: On rocedural and Due rocess (5D) age . The lee$a2 accorded the #oard gies it a $ide range o choice in gathering necessar2 inor%ation or data in the or%ulation o an2 &olic2, &lan or &rogra%. It is not %andator2 that it should frst call a conerence or re"uire the su'%ission o &osition &a&ers or other docu%ents ro% o&erators or &ersons $ho %a2 'e aected, this this 'ein 'eing g onl2 onl2 one one o the the o&ti o&tion ons s o&en o&en to the the #o #oar ard, d, $hic $hich h is gie gien n $ide $ide discretionar2 authorit2. authorit2. etitioners cannot 8ustifa'l2 clai%, thereore, that the2 $ere de&ried o &rocedural due &rocess. either can the2 state $ith certaint2 that &u'lic res& res&on onde dent nts s had had not not aai aaile led d o othe otherr sour source ces s o in"ui in"uir2 r2 &rior &rior to issu issuin ing g the the challe challenged nged Circul Circulars ars.. O&erat O&erators ors o &u'lic &u'lic cone2 cone2anc ances es are are not the onl2 onl2 &ri%ar &ri%ar2 2 sources o the data and inor%ation that %a2 'e desired d esired '2 the #OT. #OT.
*. 0ith regard to the contention o &etitioners that fing the ceiling at 2rs is ar'itrar2 and o&&ressie, the Court held that NAs &u'lic contend, ho$eer, it is i%&ractical to su'8ect eer2 taica' to constant and recurring ealuation, not to s&ea7 o the act that it can o&en the door to the ado&tion o %ulti&le standards, &ossi'le collusion, and een grat and corru&tion. A reasona'le standard %ust 'e ado&ted to a&&l2 to an ehicles aected unior%l2, airl2, and 8ustl2. The s&an o si 2ears su&&lies that reasona'le standard. The2 are also generall2 generall2 dila&idated dila&idated and no longer ft or sae and co%orta'le co%orta'le serice serice to the &u'lic s&eciall2 considering that the2 are in continuous o&eration &racticall2 *E hour hours s eer eer2da 2da2 2 in thre three e shit shits s o eight eight hours hours &er &er shi shit. t. 0ith 0ith that that standa standard rd o reasona'leness and a'sence o ar'itrariness, the re"uire%ent o due &rocess has 'een %et. 9"ual rotection Clause 5. etitioners alleged that the Circular is 'eing enorced onl2 in 3etro 3anila and solel2 to$ards tai industr2. industr2. The Court held h eld that the #oard6s reason or enorcing the Circular initiall2 in 3etro 3anila is that taica's in this cit2, co%&ared to those o other &laces, are su'8ected to heaier tra;c &ressure and %ore constant use. This is o co%%on 7no$ledge. Considering that tra;c conditions are not the sa%e in eer eer2 2 cit2 cit2,, a su'st su'stan anti tial al dist distin inct ctio ion n eis eists ts so that that inr inrin inge ge%e %ent nt o the the e"ua e"uall &rotection clause can hardl2 'e successull2 clai%ed. E. The oerriding consideration is the saet2 and co%ort o the riding &u'lic ro% the dangers &osed '2 old and dila&idated tais. The State, in the eercise, o its &olice &o$er, can &rescri'e regulations to &ro%ote the health, %orals, &eace, good order, saet2 and general $elare o the &eo&le. It can &rohi'it all things hurtul to co%ort, saet2 and $elare o societ2. It %a2 also regulate &ro&ert2 rights. In the language o Chie
G.R. No. &(98)6S /S. P'N&&, %octrne@ The orders, rules and regulations o an ad%inistratie o;cers or 'od2 issued &ursuant to a statute hae the orce o la$ 'ut are not &enal in nature and a
iol iolat atio ion n o such such order orders s is not not a o oens ense e &unis &unisha ha'l 'le e '2 la$ la$ unle unless ss the statu statute te e&ressl2 &enaliBes such iolation. FACTS: In Fe'. /5, all o the cara'aos 'elonging to accused, anlilio haing 'een e&osed to the dangerous and contagious disease 7no$n as rinder&est, $ere, in accordance $ith an order o dul2!authoriBed agent o the Director o Agriculture, dul2 "uarantined in a corral in the 'arrio o 3asa%at, a%&angaK that, on said &lace, anlilio, illegall2 and oluntaril2 and $ithout 'eing authoriBed so to do, and $hile the "uarantine against said cara'aos $as still in orce, &er%itted and ordered said cara'aos to 'eta7en ro% the corral in $hich the2 $ere then "uarantined and conducted ro% one &lace to anotherK that '2 irtue o said orders o the accused, his serants and agents too7 the said cara'aos ro% the said corral and droe the% ro% one &lace to another or the &ur&ose o $or7ing the%. The accused $as conicted conicted o iolatio iolation n o Act relating relating to the "uarantining "uarantining o ani%als suering ro% dangerous co%%unica'le or contagious diseases and sentencing hi% to &a2 a fne o E $ith su'sidiar2 i%&rison%ent in case o insolenc2 and to &a2 the costs o trial. The accused contends that the acts alleged in the inor%ation and &roed on the trial do not n ot constitute a iolation o Act o. ISS=9: 0hether accused can 'e &enaliBed or iolation o the order o the #ureau o Agriculture> ?94D ?94D: :O O. o$he o$here re in the the la$ la$ is the iol iolat atio ion n o the the orde orders rs o the #ure #ureau au o Agriculture &rohi'ited or %ade unla$ul, nor is there &roided an2 &unish%ent or a iolation o such orders. Section - o Act o. &roides that an2 &erson iolating an2 o the &roisions o the Act shall, u&on coniction, 'e &unished. ?o$eer, the onl2 sections o the Act $hich &rohi'it acts and &ronounce the% as unla$ul are Sections 5, E and +. This case does not all $ithin an2 o the%. A iolation o the orders o the #ureau o Agriculture, as authoriBed '2 &aragra&h, is not a iolation o the &roision o the Act. Theorders o the #ureau o Agriculture, $hile the2 %a2 &ossi'l2 'e said to hae the orce o la$, are statutes and &articularl2 not &enal statutes, and a iolation o such orders is not a &enal oense unless the statute itsel so%e$here %a7es a iolation thereo unla$ul and &enaliBes it. o$here in Act o. is a iolation o the orders o the #ureau o Agriculture %ade a &enal oense, nor is such iolation &unished in an2 $a2 therein. ?o$eer, the accused did iolate Art. +-, &ar * o the enal Code $hich &unishes an2 &erson $ho iolates regulations or ordinances $ith reerence to e&ide%ic disease a%ong ani%als.
4,& SPRSPR- 4,M+,AN+ 4,M+,AN+RS RS 'SS, 'SS,' '-,N -,N## N. vs S+R+S+R+-'R 'R M4'+& M4'+& %+*+NS,R taton @ G.R. No. 163980 '!g!st 3# 2006 Ponente @ -NG'# $.@ Facts : A nu%'er o &residential issuances &rior to the &assage o .A. o. /*, authoriBed the creation and deelo&%ent o $hat is no$ 7no$n as the ational Goern%ent Cent Ce nter er (GC (GC). ). On 3arc 3arch h +, /* /*,, or% or%er er resi reside dent nt Ferdi erdina nand nd 3arc 3arcos os issu issued ed rocla%ation o. -*, resering a &arcel o land in Constitution ?ills, RueBon Cit2, coering a little oer EE hectares as a national goern%ent site to 'e 7no$n as the GC. On August , /-, then resident CoraBon A"uino issued rocla%ation o. 5, ecluding + o the EE hectares o the resered site ro% the coerage o rocl rocla%a a%atio tion n o. o. -* -* and author authoriBi iBing ng instea instead d the dis&os dis&ositi ition on o the eclu ecluded ded
&ort &ortio ion n '2 dire direct ct sale sale to the the 'ona 'ona fde fde resi reside dent nts s ther therei ein. n. In ie$ ie$ o the the ra&i ra&id d increase in &o&ulation densit2 in the &ortion ecluded '2 rocla%ation o. 5 ro% the coera coerage ge o rocl rocla%a a%atio tion n o. o. -*, -*, or%er or%er resi resident dent Fidel idel a a%os %os issued issued rocla%ation o. *E- on Se&te%'er , //5, authoriBing the ertical deelo&%ent o the ecluded &ortion to %ai%iBe the nu%'er o a%ilies $ho can eectiel2 'eco%e 'enefciaries o the goern%ents socialiBed housing &rogra%. On 3a2 E, *5, resident Gloria 3aca&agal!Arro2o signed into la$ .A. o. /*. etitioner ?ol2 S&irit ?o%eo$ners Association, Inc. (Association) is a ho%eo$ners association ro% ro% the 0est 0est Side Side o the GC. It is re&re re&resent sented ed '2 its &resident &resident,, estor estorio io F. A&olinario A&olinario,,
&'S &' S *. ,P&+# ,P& +# petton pett oner er## vs. R+N R +N %. -,RR+S -,RR +S G.R. G.R . No. 12)685. 12)68 5. $!l 23# 1998 FACTS:
On Dece%'er *, //, resident Fidel 1. a%os issued Ad%inistratie Order o. 55- entit entitle led d Ado Ado&t &tio ion n o a ati ation onal al Co Co%& %&ut uteri eriBe Bed d Iden Identi tifc fcat atio ion n eer eeren ence ce S2ste% S2ste% . e etit tition ioner er O&le O&le fled fled a &etit &etition ion 'eore 'eore the Su&re%e Su&re%e Court Court see see7ing 7ing to inalidate the issuance clai%ing that A.O. o. 5- is not a %ere ad%inistratie order 'ut 'ut a la$ and and henc hence, e, 'e2o 'e2ond nd the &o$e &o$err o the the resid esiden entt to issu issue, e, thus hus unconstitutional or usur&ing the legislatie &o$ers o Congress ISS=9: 0O the issuance o A.O. o. 5- an eercise '2 the resident o legislatie &o$er &ro&erl2 'elonging to Congress> Cong ress> =4IG OF T?9 S=939 CO=T: O. The Ad%inistratie Code o /- has une"uiocall2 ested the resident $ith "uasi! legi legisl slat ati ie e &o$e &o$ers rs in the the or% or% o eecut ecuti ie e orde orders rs,, ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e orde orders rs,, &rocla%ations, %e%orandu% orders and circulars and general or s&ecial orders. An ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e order, order, li7e li7e the one under under $hich $hich the ne$ identi identifca fcatio tion n s2ste% s2ste% is e%'odied, has its &eculiar %eaning under the /- Ad%inistratie Code: Sec. 5. Ad%inistratie Orders. J Acts o the resident $hich relate to &articular as&ects o goern%ental o&erations in &ursuance o his duties as ad%inistratie head shall 'e &ro%ulgated in ad%inistratie orders The ational Co%&uteriBed Identifcation eerence eerence S2ste% $as esta'lished &ursuant to the aore"uoted &roision &recisel2 'ecause its &rinci&al &ur&ose, as e&r &ressl essl2 2 stat stated ed in the the orde order, r, is to &ro &roid ide e the the &eo& &eo&le le $ith $ith the the aci acili lit2 t2 to conenientl2 transact 'usiness $ith the arious goern%ent agencies &roiding 'asi 'asic c ser seric ices es.. #e #ein ing g the the ad% ad%in inis istr trat ati ie e head head, , it is un"u un"ues esti tion ona' a'l2 l2 the the res&onsi'il res&onsi'ilit2 it2 o the resident resident to fnd $a2s and %eans to i%&roe the goern%ent goern%ent 'ureaucrac2, and %a7e it %ore &roessional, e;cient and relia'le, s&eciall2 those goern%ent agencies and instru%entalities $hich &roide 'asic serices and $hich the citiBe citiBenr2 nr2 consta constantl ntl2 2 transac transactt $ith, $ith, li7e li7e the Goern Goern%ent %ent Seric Serice e Insura Insurance nce S2ste% (GSIS), Social Securit2 S2ste% (SSS) and ational Statistics O;ce (SO). The national co%&uteriBed ID s2ste% is one such adance%ent. To e%&hasiBe, the ne$ identifcation reerence s2ste% is created to strea%line the 'ureaucrac2, cut the red ta&e and ulti%atel2 achiee ad%inistratie e;cienc2. e;cienc2. The &ro8ect, thereore, relates to, is an a&&ro&riate su'8ect and alls s"uarel2 $ithin the a%'it o the Chie 9ecutie6s ad%inistratie &o$er under $hich, in order to successull2 carr2 out his ad%inistratie duties, he has 'een granted '2 la$ "uasi! legislatie &o$ers, "uoted a'oe.
P& S4,,&S %S-R- SP+R/S,RS 'SS,'-,N vs %+ $+SS G.R. No. 15)286 $!ne 16# 2006 DOCTI9: The i%&le%enting rules and regulations o a la$ cannot etend the la$ or e&and its coerage, as the &o$er to a%end or re&eal a statute is ested in the legislature. FACTS:
A /++, other$ise 7no$n as the NGoernance o #asic 9ducation Act o * 'eca%e a la$ on August , * in accordance $ith Section * (), Article 1I o the Constitution. =nder the la$, the o;ce o the schools district su&erisor shall hae no ad%inistrat ad%inistratie, ie, %anage%ent, %anage%ent, control control or su&erisor2 su&erisor2 unctions oer the schools and learning centers $ithin their res&ectie districts 'ut shall 'e li%ited to () &roiding &roessional and instructional adice and su&&ort to the school heads and teachersLacilitators o schools and learning centers in the district or clusterK (*) curricula curricula su&erisionK su&erisionK and (5) &eror%ing &eror%ing such other unctions unctions as %a2 'e assigned assigned '2 &ro&er authorities. #eore #eore the De&9d could issue the a&&ro&riate a&&ro&riate i%&le%enti i%&le%enting ng rules and regulatio regulations, ns, &eti &etiti tion oner er SDSA SDSA sough soughtt the the lega legall assi assist stan ance ce o the the Inte Integra grate ted d #a #arr o the the ? ational Co%%ittee on 4egal Aid to %a7e re&resentations or the resolution o the oll ollo$ o$in ing g ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e issu issues es:: () () resto estora rati tion on o the the unc uncti tion ons, s, duti duties es,, res&onsi'ilities, 'enefts, &rerogaties and &osition leel o u'lic School District Su&eri Su&erisors sorsKK and (*) u&gradi u&grading ng o Salar2 Salar2 Grade Grade 4eel 4eel o u'lic u'lic School Schools s Distri District ct Su&erisors ro% alar2 Grade 4eel / to Salar2 Grade *E. De&9d Secretar2 9dil'erto C. De
diision su&erintendent, on the other hand, su&erises the o&eration o all &u'lic and &riate ele%entar2, secondar2, and integrated schools and learning centers. Ad%inistratie su&erision %eans Noerseeing or the &o$er or authorit2 o an o;cer to see that their su'ordinate o;cers o;cers &eror% their duties. I the latter ails ails or neglects to ulfll the%, the or%er %a2 ta7e such action or ste&s as &rescri'ed '2 la$ to %a7e the% &eror% their duties.
SB!a vs. oar o> PoCer an AaterCors Doctri Doctrine: ne: the additi additiona onall ele electr ctrici icit2 t2 cost cost or co%%on co%%on acili acilitie ties s o the a&art%e a&art%ent nt 'uilding used '2 the tenants in co%%on is &urel2 ciil in character, (inoling the cond condit itio ions ns o leas lease e 'et$e 'et$een en land landlo lord rd and and tena tenant nt), ), to 'e ad8u ad8udge dged d under under the the a&&lica'le a&&lica'le ciil la$s eclusi eclusiel2 el2 '2 the regular courts o general general 8urisdicti 8urisdiction on and is 'e2ond the 8urisdiction o res&ondent 'oard. Facts: riate res&ondents(uiB, 9nri"ueB, and 3oses) fled a co%&laint to the #oard o o$er and 0ater$or7s charging S2"uia, their landlord, o selling electricit2 $ithout &er% &er%it it or ran ranch chis ise e and and 'ill 'illin ing g the% the% or or a% a%ou ount nts s in ece ecess ss o 3era 3eralc lco o rate rates. s. etitioner S2"uia "uestioned the 8urisdiction o the regulator2 'oard(res&ondent) contending that she is not engaged in the sale o electric &o$er 'ut %erel2 &asses to the end!users their legiti%ate electric current 'ills in accordance to their lease contract.('asicall2 contractual in nature ang %eron si2a sa tenant at &ina&asa lang n2a 2ung %ga 'ills) es&ondent #oard in its re!co%&utation allo$ed &etitioner to char charge ge res& res&on onde dent nts s onl2 onl2 the the cost cost o elec electr tric icit it2 2 regi regist ster ered ed in thei theirr indi indiid idua uall a&art% a&art%ent ent %eters %eters and disall disallo$ o$ the actual actual cost cost o additi additiona onall ele electr ctrici icit2 t2 charge charged d the% &ro rata '2 &etitioner or the cost o electricit2 consu%ed '2 all tenants in the co%%on areas. ?ence, the &etition. Issue: 0hether or not the #oard o o$er and 0ater$or7s has 8urisdiction. ?eld: o.The #oard o o$er and 0ater$or7s has eceeded its 8urisdiction. etitioner is not engaged in a &u'lic serice nor in the sale o electricit2 $ithout &er%it or ranchise. ranchise. The co%&laint co%&laint '2 the tenant gie rise to a "uestion that is &urel2 &urel2 ciil in character that is to 'e ad8udged under the a&&lica'le &roisions o the Ciil Code (not the u'lic Serice Act) and not '2 the res&ondent res&ondent regulator2 regulator2 'oard $hich has no 8urisdiction 'ut '2 the regular courts o general 8urisdiction.
G&,+ AR+&+SS &-%.# pettoner# pettoner# vs. P& S+R/+ ,MMSS,N an 'N-,N, . 'RN'=# G.R. No. &(2)520 $an!ar 21# 198) FAC ACTS: TS: e etit tition ioner er $as charge charged d o neglig negligenc ence e '2 ria riate te es&onde es&ondent nt Arnai ArnaiB B or haing ailed to delier a %essage that the latter sent to 3aria DiaB o S&ain. As &er co%&laint to the u'lic Serice Co%%ission (SC), ArnaiB sent a %essage through the telegra&h o;ce o the #ureau o Teleco%%unications in Du%aguete Cit2. The
sa%e $as trans%itted to the head o;ce in 3anila. It $as or$arded to etitioner or trans%ission to 3adrid. etitioner sent the %essage to the A%erican Ca'le and adio Cor&oration in e$ @or7, $hich, in turn, trans%itted the sa%e to the 9%&resa acion acional al de Tele eleco% co%%uni %unicac cacion iones es in 3adrid 3adrid.. The latter latter,, ho$eer ho$eer,, %islai %islaid d said said %essage, resulting in its non!delier2 to the addressee. etitioner, in its ans$er, "uestioned SC6s 8urisdiction oer the su'8ect %atter o the co%&laint and denied lia'ilit2 or the non!delier2 o the %essage to the addressee. SC: SC: Issu Issued ed an order order fndin fnding g &eti &etiti tion oner er res res&o &ons nsi' i'le le or or the the inad inade"u e"uat ate e and and unsatisactor2 serice co%&lained o, in iolation o the u'lic Serice Act and ordering it to &a2 a fne o T0O ?=D9D *.U 9SOS. ISS=9: ISS=9: 0hethe 0hetherr or not u'lic u'lic es&onde es&ondent nt SC has 8urisd 8urisdict iction ion,, su&eri su&erisio sion n and control oer etitioner. ?94D: O. Section 5 o Co%%on$ealth Act o. E, as a%ended other$ise 7no$n as the u'lic Serice Act, ested in the u'lic Serice Co%%ission 8urisdiction, su&erision and contro controll oer oer all u'li u'lic c seric serices es and their their ranch ranchise ises, s, e"ui&%e e"ui&%ent nt and other other &ro&erties. ?o$eer, Section + o e&u'lic Act o. E5, the legislatie ranchise under $hich &eti &etiti tion oner er $a $as s o&er o&erat atin ing, g, li%i li%ite ted d res& res&on onde dent nt Co Co%% %%is issi sion on6s 6s 8uri 8urisd sdic icti tion on oer oer &etitioner onl2 to the rate $hich &etitioner %a2 charge the u'lic. Thus,NSec. +. The u'lic Serice Co%%ission is here'2 gien 8urisdiction oer the grantee onl2 $ith res&e es&ect ct to the the rate rates s $hic $hich h the the gran grante tee e %a %a2 2 char charge ge the the &u'l &u'lic ic su'8 su'8ec ectt to international co%%it%ents %ade or adhered to '2 the e&u'lic o the hili&&ines. In ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e la$ la$,, too 'asic is the rule rule that that the 8urisdict 8urisdiction ion and &o$ers o ad%inistratie agencies, li7e res&ondent Co%%ission, are li%ited to those e&ressl2 granted or necessaril2 i%&lied ro% those granted in the legislation creating such 'od2K and an2 order $ithout or 'e2ond such 8urisdiction is oid and ineectie. The order under consideration 'elonged to this categor2. categor2. ?ere, the i%&uted negligence had nothing $hatsoeer to do $ith the su'8ect %atter o the er2 li%ited 8urisdiction o the SC oer &etitioner. Also, etitioner o&erated under a legislatie ranchise and not under a certifcate issued '2 the SC. The SC is e%&o$ered to i%&ose
G.R. No. &(12726 *ebr!ar 16# 1959 P4&PPN+ &'A+RDS 'SS,'-,N ;P&'<# pettoner# vs. +&+%,N, 'GR'/'# n hs capact as %rector o> the Phlppnes Patent ,Ece# responent. FACTS: This is the &etition fled '2 the hili&&ine 4a$2er6s Association or &rohi'ition and in8unction against Celedonio Agraa, in his ca&acit2 as Director o the hili&&ines aten atentt O;ce O;ce (O (O). ). es&o es&onde ndent nt Dire Direct ctor or issu issued ed a circ circul ular ar on 3a2 3a2 *, *, /+ /+
announcing that an ea%ination $ill 'e held to deter%ine $ho $ill 'e "ualifed to &ractice as &atent attorne2s 'eore the O. Attorne2s, engineers and other &ersons $ith su;cient scientifc and technical s7ills are "ualifed to ta7e the ea%ination. The Director, &rior $ith the issuance o the circular, has alread2 'een holding such ea%inations. 4A argued that those $ho has &assed the 'ar ea%inations and is dul2 licensed '2 the SC to &ractice la$ and $ho is in good standing, is alread2 dul2 "ualifed to &rac &racti tice ce 'eo 'eore re the the O O and and that that the the ea% ea%in inat atio ion n re"ui re"uire re%e %ent nt,, as condi conditi tion on &recedent to &ractice 'eore O, is in ecess o the Directors 8urisdiction and is in iolation iolation o the la$ la$.. e es&onde s&ondent nt argued argued that the &rosecutio &rosecution n o &atent cases does not entirel2 inole the &ractice o la$, 'ut also includes the a&&lication o scientifc and technical s7ills. Also, he contends that ules o Court does not &rohi'it the O, or an2 other "uasi!8udicial 'od2, ro% re"uiring urther conditions ro% those $ho $ish to &ractice 'eore the O. O. ?e also argues that his action is in accordance accordance $ith A +, or the atent 4a$, $hich si%ilar to the =S atent 4a$, allo$s a si%ilar ea%ination as that &rescri'ed '2 hi%. ISS=9LS: 0L 0L the the Dire Direct ctor or is auth author oriB iBed ed to &res &rescr cri' i'e e such such ea% ea%in inat atio ions ns as condi conditi tion on &recedent to deter%ine $ho are "ualifed to &ractice 'eore the atent O;ce. =4IG OF T?9 4O09 CO=T: LA =4IG OF T?9 S=939 CO=T: o. The Su&re%e Court has the eclusie eclusie and constitutio constitutional nal &o$er $ith res&ect to ad%ission to the &ractice o la$ in the hili&&ines and to an2 %e%'er o the #ar in good standing %a2 &ractice la$ 'eore an2 entit2, $hether 8udicial or "uasi!8udicial or ad%inistratie. The &ractice o la$ is not li%ited to the conduct o cases or litigation in court. Although transaction o 'usiness in the atent O;ce inoles the use o scientifc and technical s7ills, still, all 'usiness has to 'e rendered in accordance o the atent 4a$ 4a$. 3uch 3uch o the the 'usi 'usine ness ss in said said o;ce o;ce ino inol les es the the inte inter& r&rretat etatio ion n and and dete deter% r%in inat atio ion n o the the sco& sco&e e and and a&&l a&&lic icat atio ion n o the the atent atent 4a$ 4a$ and and other other la$s la$s a&&lica'le. O eercises 'oth 8udicial and "uasi!8udicial unctions. The Director, in issuing or $ithholding &atents, in reissues, intererences, and etensions, eercises "uasi! "uasi!8ud 8udici icial al uncti unctions ons.. ?e eerc eercise ises s 8udici 8udicial al uncti unctions ons in &atent &atent a&&lica a&&licatio tions ns inoling "uestions o la$ as $ell as "uestions o act. ?is clai% that the hili&&ine atent 4a$, si%ilar to the =S counter&art, allo$s hi% h i% to &resc &rescri ri'e 'e such such re"ui re"uire re%e %ent nts s is unten untena' a'le le.. =nli =nli7 7e the the =S aten atentt 4a$ 4a$ $hic $hich h authoriBes the Co%%issioner o atents to re"uire the sho$ o "ualifcations, the hili&&ine atent la$ is silent on that &oint. Thus, la$2ers %a2 &ractice 'eore the &atent o;ce since it is a &ractice o la$ and O 'eing a 8udicial and "uasi!8udicial 'od2. 'od2. ad%inistratie fnes in cases o iolation o or ailure to co%&l2 $ith the ter%s and condition o an2 certifcate, or an2 orders o the SC, inter alia. So there $ere no ter%s nor conditions o an2 certifcate issued '2 the SC to iolate, iolate, neither $as there there an2 order, decision decision or regulation regulation ro% the
latter a&&lica'le to etitioner that it had allegedl2 iolated, diso'e2ed, defed or disregarded.
G+/'R' vs. ,M+&+ FACTS: etitioner $as ordered '2 the CO3949C to sho$ cause $h2 he should not n ot 'e &unished or conte%&t or haing &u'lished in the Sunda2 Ti%es an article $hich tend tended ed to inte inter rer ere e $ith $ith and and inu inuenc ence e the the CO39 CO3949 49C C and and its its %e %e%' %'er ers s in the the ad8udication o a controers2 then &ending. The article &ertained to the contracts entered entered into '2 CO3949C CO3949C regarding regarding the re"uisiti re"uisitioning oning and &re&aratio &re&aration n o 'allot 'oes to 'e used in the elections. etitioner a&&eared and fled a %otion to "uash u&on the ground, a%ong others, that the Co%%ission has no 8urisdiction to &unish as conte%&t the &u'licatio &u'lication n o the alleged alleged conte%&tuo conte%&tuous us article. article. The CO3949C CO3949C denied the %otion to "uash 'ut granted &etitioner a &eriod o + da2s $ithin $hich to eleate the %atter to the Su&re%e Court. ISS= ISS=9: 9: 0het 0hethe herr or not not the CO39 CO3949C 49C has has the the &o$e &o$err to 8uri 8urisd sdic icti tion on to condu conduct ct conte%&t &roceedings ?94D: o, Although the negotiation conducted '2 the Co%%ission has resulted in controers2 'et$een seeral dealers, that ho$eer %erel2 reers to a %inisterial dut2 $hich the Co%%ission has &eror%ed in its ad%inistratie ca&acit2 in relation to the conduct o elections ordained '2 our Constitution. In &roceeding on this %atter, it onl2 discharged a %inisterial dut2K it did not eercise an2 8udicial unction. Such 'eing the case, it could not eercise the &o$er to &unish or conte%&t as &ostulated in the la$, or such &o$er is inherentl2 8udicial in nature.
'ng -ba vs. R Facts: es&onden es&ondentt ation ational al 4a'or 4a'or =nion =nion sought sought recon reconsid sidera eratio tion n and ne$ trial trial or the Su&re%e Court6s ruling in aor o the &etitioner. &etitioner. es&ondent union alleged: . That Tori'io Teodoro6s clai% that on Se&te%'er *, /5-, there $as shortage o leather soles in AG TI#A@ %a7ing it necessar2 or hi% to te%&oraril2 la2 o the %e%'ers o the ational 4a'or =nion Inc., is entirel2 alse and unsu&&orted '2 the records o the #ureau o Custo%s and the #oo7s o Accounts o natie dealers in leather. . That That the the e% e%&lo &lo2e 2err Tori' ori'io io Teo eodor doro o $a $as s guil guilt2 t2 o una unair ir la'o la'orr &ract &ractic ice e or or discri discri%in %inati ating ng agains againstt the ation ational al 4a'or 4a'or =nion, =nion, Inc., Inc., and un8ust un8ustl2 l2 aori aoring ng the ational 0or7ers6 #rotherhood. -. That the ehi'its hereto attached are so inaccessi'le to the res&ondents that een $ith the eercise o due diligence the2 could not n ot 'e e&ected to hae o'tained the% and oered as eidence in the Court o Industrial Indu strial elations. elations. /. That the attached docu%ents and ehi'its are o such ar!reaching i%&ortance and and e eec ectt that that thei theirr ad%i ad%iss ssio ion n $o $oul uld d nece necessa ssari ril2 l2 %e %ean an the the %o %odif difca cati tion on and and reersal o the 8udg%ent rendered herein.
ISS=9: Can the res&ondent 'e granted ne$ trial to &resent ne$ eidence> =4IG (o lo$er court ruling discussed in the actual case): #9FO9 OC99DIG TO T?9 3AI ISS=9: ature o the CI The Court o Industrial elations is a s&ecial court $hose unctions are s&ecifcall2 stat stated ed in the the la$ la$ o its its crea creati tion on (Co% (Co%%o %on$e n$eal alth th Act Act o. o. 5) 5).. It is %o %ore re an ad%inistratie than a &art o the integrated 8udicial s2ste% o the nation. It is not intended to 'e a %ere rece&tie organ o the Goern%ent. =nli7e a court o 8ustice $hich is essentiall2 &assie, acting onl2 $hen its 8urisdiction is ino7ed and deciding onl2 cases that are &resented to it '2 the &arties litigant, the unction o the Court o Industrial elations, as $ill a&&ear ro% &erusal o its organic la$, is %ore actie, a;r%atie and d2na%ic. It not onl2 eercises 8udicial or "uasi!8udicial unctions in the deter%ination deter%ination o dis&utes dis&utes 'et$een 'et$een e%&lo2ers e%&lo2ers and e%&lo2ees e%&lo2ees 'ut its unctions in the the dete deter% r%in inat atio ion n o dis& dis&ut utes es 'et$ 'et$ee een n e% e%&l &lo2 o2ers ers and and e% e%&l &lo2 o2ee ees s 'ut 'ut its its unctions are ar %ore co%&rehensie and e&ensie. It has 8urisdiction oer the entire hili&&ines, to consider, inestigate, decide, and settle an2 "uestion, %atter controers2 or dis&ute arising 'et$een, andLor aecting e%&lo2ers and e%&lo2ees or la'orers, and regulate the relations 'et$een the%, su'8ect to, and in accordance $ith, the &roisions o Co%%on$ealth Act o. 5. On ad%i ad%ini nistr strat ati ie e due &roc &rocess ess In In the the case case o Go Gosec seco o s. s. Co Court urt o Indus Industr tria iall elations elations et al., G.. o. E5, &ro%ulgated Se&te%'er 5, /5/, $e had occasion to 8oint out that the Court o Industrial elations et al., G. . o. E5, &ro%ulgated Se&te%'er 5, /5/, $e had occasion to &oint out that the Court o Industrial elations is not narro$l2 constrained '2 technical rules o &rocedure, and the Act re"uires it to act according to 8ustice and e"uit2 and su'stantial %erits o the case, $ithou $ithoutt regar regard d to techni technical caliti ities es or legal legal or%s or%s and shall shall not 'e 'ound 'ound '2 an2 technicalities or legal or%s and shall not 'e 'ound '2 an2 technical rules o legal eid eiden ence ce 'ut 'ut %a %a2 2 ino inorr% its its %ind %ind in such such %a %ann nner er as it %a %a2 2 dee% dee% 8ust 8ust and and e"uita'le The act, ho$eer, that the Court o Industrial elations %a2 'e said to 'e ree ro% the rigidit2 o certain &rocedural re"uire%ents does not %ean that it can, in 8ustifa'le cases 'eore it, entirel2 ignore or disregard the unda%ental and and esse essent ntia iall re"ui re"uire re%e %ent nts s o due &roc &rocess ess in tria trials ls and and ine inest stig igat atio ions ns o an ad%inistratie character. character. e"uire%ents o due &rocess in ad%inistratie &roceedings: () The frst o these rights is the right to a hearing, hearing, $hich includes the right o the &art2 interested or aected to &resent his o$n case and su'%it eidence in su&&ort thereo. (*) ot onl2 %ust the &art2 'e gien an o&&ortunit2 to &resent his case and to adduce eidence tending to esta'lish the rights $hich he asserts 'ut the tri'unal %ust consider the eidence &resented.
(5) ...dut2 to deli'erate does not i%&ose the o'ligation to decide right, it does i%&l2 i%&l2 a necess necessit2 it2 $hich $hich canno cannott 'e disrega disregarde rded.. d.... that that o haing haing so%eth so%ething ing to su&&ort it... (E) ot onl2 %ust there 'e so%e eidence to su&&ort a fnding or conclusion, 'ut the the eid eiden ence ce %ust %ust 'e su' su'st stan anti tial al. . It %e %ean ans s such such rele elean antt eid eiden ence ce as a reasona'le %ind acce&t as ade"uate to su&&ort a conclusion. (+) The decision %ust 'e rendered rendered on the eidence eidence &resented &resented at the hearing, or at least contained in the record and disclosed to the &arties aected. #oards o in"uir2 %a2 'e a&&ointed or the &ur&ose o inestigating and deter%ining the acts in an2 gien case, 'ut their re&ort and decision are onl2 adisor2. The Court o Industrial elations %a2 reer an2 industrial or agricultural dis&ute or an2 %atter under its consideration or adise%ent to a local 'oard o in"uir2, a &roincial fscal. a 8ustice o the &eace or an2 &u'lic o;cial in an2 &art o the hili&&ines or inestigation, re&ort and reco%%endation, and %a2 delegate to such 'oard or &u'lic o;cial such &o$ers and unctions as the said Court o Industrial elations %a2 dee% necessar2, 'ut such delegation shall not aect the eercise o the Court itsel o an2 o its &o$ers. () The Court o Industrial elations or an2 o its 8udges, thereore, %ust act on its or his o$n inde&endent consideration o the la$ and acts o the controers2, and not si%&l2 acce&t the ie$s o a su'ordinate in arriing at a decision. () The Court o Industrial elations should, in all controersial "uestions, render its decision decision in such a %anner that the &arties to the &roceeding &roceeding can 7no$ the arious issues inoled, and the reasons or the decision rendered. es&ondent6s re"uest or ne$ trial $as granted considering that the records o the case sho$ed no su;cient eidence to &roduce a conclusion o la$.
Secretar o> $!stce v. &anton Facts: acts: In /, /, D / / or the hili&&in hili&&ine e 9tradi 9traditi tion on 4a$ $as issued '2 res. res. 3arcos. In //E, !=S 9tradition Treat2 $as signed in 3anila 'et$een hils and =SA, and said treat2 $as concurred '2 the Senate. In ///, an etradition re"uest o &riate res&ondent $as sent '2 the Secretar2 o State o the =S to the Secretar2 o Foreign Aairs o the hili&&ines. #ased on the docu%ent, 3ar7
Aggr Aggrie iee ed, d, &ria &riate te res& res&on onde dent nt fled fled 'eo 'eore re the TC &eti &etiti tion ons s or or 3anda 3anda%u %us, s, Certiorari and rohi'ition rohi'ition $ith a&&lication or TO and $rit o &reli%inar2 in8unction. in8unction.
D=I D= I G
T?9 T?9
91A 91A4=ATI =ATIO O
STA STAG9
OF
T?9
9HT 9HTADIT ADITIO IO
?94D: (W* D9CISIOS) . On
The Naccused aces the threat o arrest, not onl2 ater the etradition &etition is fled in court, 'ut een during the ealuation stage itsel '2 irtue o the &roisional arrest allo$ed under the treat2 and the i%&le%enting la$ la$.. There is thereore 'latant and %aniest &re8udice to the accused during the ealuation stage. Thereore, it cannot 'e dis&ensed $ith. 5. In case o conict 'et$een international la$ and %unici&al la$, eorts should frst frst 'e eer eerte ted d to har% har%on oniB iBe e the% the%.. In case case o irr irrecon econci cila la'l 'le e die dierrence ence,, 8uris&rudence dictates that %unici&al la$ should 'e u&held. In the case at 'ar, althou although gh said said rights rights are are grante granted d to etra etradit dite e ater ater the fling fling o the etra etradit dition ion &etition in court '2 the DO< Secretar2, the la$ is silent as to 0L these rights are granted during the ealuation. 0hen the la$ is silent, $e %ust a&&l2 rules o air &la2. A li'ertarian a&&roach is thus called or. *. In OCTO#9 *, SC through
Fith. riate res&ondent $ould also i%&ress u&on the Court the urgenc2 o his right to notice and hearing considering the alleged threat to his li'ert2 $hich %a2 'e %ore &riceless than lie.*EU The su&&osed threat to &riate res&ondents li'ert2 is &erceied to co%e ro% seeral &roisions o the !=S 9tradition Treat2 and .D. o. / $hich allo$ &roisional arrest and te%&orar2 detention. #=T T?IS IS 3O9 I3AGI9D T?A 9A4. Sith. Sith. To 'e sure, sure, &riat &riate e res&o res&onden ndents ts &lea &lea or due &roces &rocess s deser deseres es serious serious consideration inoling as it does his &ri%ordial right to li'ert2. ?is &lea to due &roces &rocess, s, ho$ee ho$eer, r, colli collides des $ith $ith i%&ort i%&ortant ant state state inter interest ests s $hich $hich cannot cannot also also 'e ignored ignored or the2 sere the interest interest o the greater %a8orit2 %a8orit2. In tilting the 'alance 'alance in aor o the interests o the State, the Court stresses that it is not ruling that the &riate res&ondent has no right to due &rocess at all throughout the length and 'rea 'readth dth o the the etr etra8 a8ud udic icia iall &roc &rocee eedi dings ngs.. roc roced edura urall due &roc &roces ess s re"ui re"uire res s a deter%ination o $hat &rocess is due, $hen it is due, and the degree o $hat is due. due. Stat Stated ed othe other$ r$is ise, e, a &rio &riorr dete deter% r%ina inati tion on shoul should d 'e %a %ade de as to $het $hether her &rocedural &rotections are at all due and $hen the2 are due, $hich in turn de&ends on the etent to $hich an indiidual $ill 'e conde%ned to suer grieous loss.
'beFo vs. %e la r!" G.R. No. &(63558 Ma 19# 198) Facts: Case inoles a dis&ute 'et$een the &rinci&alstoc7holders o the cor&oration oc7et #ell hili&&ines, Inc (oc7et #ell) na%el2 s&ouses A'e8os and the &urchaser, Telectronic S2ste%s, Inc. (Telectronics) o their %inorit2shareholdings and o shares registered in the na%e o s&ouse s&ouses s #ragas #ragas. . 0ith 0ith the said said &urcha &urchases ses,, Tele electr ctroni onics cs $ould $ould 'eco%e 'eco%e the %a8orit2 stoc7holder, holding +M o the outstanding stoc7s and oting &o$ers o the cor&oration on oc7et oc7et #ell. Telectronics Telectronics re"uested the cor&orate secretar2 o the cor&oration, or'erto #raga, to register and transer to its na%e, and those o its no%inees the total /, oc7et#ell shares in the cor&orations transer 'oo7 cancel the surrendered certifcates o stoc7s in its na%e and those o its no%inees. The latter reused to register the aoresaid aoresaid transer o shares in the cor&orate 'oo7s, asserting that the #ragas clai% &re!e%&tie rights oer the A'e8o shares and that 1irginia #raga neer transerred her shares her shares to Telectronics 'ut had lost the fe stoc7 certifcates certifcates corres&ondin corres&onding g those shares. This triggered o the series o intert$ined actions 'et$een the &rotagonists, all centered on the "uestion o 8urisdiction oer the dis&ute. The #ragas asserts that the regular ciil court has original and eclusie 8urisdiction as against the S9C, $hile A'e8os and Teletronics, as ne$ %a8orit2 % a8orit2 share holders, clai% the contrar2. contrar2. es&ondent
Issue: 0hether or not S9C has 8urisdiction ?eld: The Court ruled that the S9C has original and eclusie 8urisdiction and that the S9C correctl2 ruled in dis%issing the #ragas6 &etition "uestioning its 8urisdiction, that the issue is not the o$nershi& o shares 'ut rather the non!&eror%ance '2 the cor&orate Secretar2 o the %inisterial dut2 o recording transer o shares o stoc7s o the cor&oration o $hich he is secretar2. secretar2. The dis&ute at 'ar, as held '2 the S9C, is an intra!cor&orate dis&ute that has arisen 'et$een and a%ong the &rinci&al stoc7holders o the cor&oration oc7et #ell due to the reusal o the cor&orate secretar2, 'ac7ed u& '2 his &arents $hile %a8orit2 share sharehol holders ders,, to &eror &eror% % his N%inis N%inister terial ial dut2 dut2 to recor record d the trans transers ers o the cor&o cor&ora rati tion ons s cont contro roll llin ing g (+M (+M)) share shares s o stoc stoc7, 7, coe coere red d '2 dul2 dul2 endo endors rsed ed certifcates o stoc7, in aor o Telectronics as the &urchaser thereo.
+RN'R%, vs. ''&,S FACTS: es&ondent #en8a%in A'alos, Sr. $as the %a2or o 3andalu2ong Cit2 and his son, #en8a%in A'alos
n!stral +nterprses vs. '
Facts: acts: etitio etitioner ner Industr Industrial ial 9nter&r 9nter&rise ises s Inc. Inc. (I9I) (I9I) $as grante granted d a coal coal o&erat o&erating ing contract contract '2 the Goern%ent Goern%ent through through the #ureau o 9nerg2 9nerg2 Deelo&%ent Deelo&%ent (#9D) or the e&loration o t$o coal 'loc7s in 9astern Sa%ar. Su'se"uentl2, I9I also a&&lied $ith $ith the the then then 3ini 3inist str2 r2 o 9ner 9nerg2 g2 or or anot another her coal coal o&er o&erat atin ing g cont contrac ractt or or the the e&loration o three additional coal 'loc7s $hich, together $ith the original t$o 'loc7s, co%&rised the so!called Gi&orlos Area. I9I $as later on adised that the logical coal o&erator in the area should 'e the 3arindu"ue 3ining and Industrial Cor&oration (33IC), $hich $as alread2 deelo&ing the coal de&osit in another area (#agaca2 Area) and that the #agaca2 and Gi&orlos Areas should 'e a$arded to 33IC. I9I and 33IC eecuted a 3e%orandu% o Agree%ent $here'2 I9I assigned and transerred to 33IC all its rights and interests in the t$o coal 'loc7s $hich are the su'8ect o I9I6s coal coal o&erating o&erating contract. contract. I9I fled an action or rescission rescission o the 3e%orandu% o Agree%ent $ith da%ages against 33IC and the then 3inister o 9nerg2 Geroni%o 1elasco 'eore the egional Trial Court o 3a7ati. I9I &ra2ed that the 9nerg2 3inister 'e ordered to a&&roe the return o the coal o&erating contract ro% 33IC to &etitioner, &etitioner, $ith a $ritten $ritten confr%ati confr%ation on that said contract contract is alid and eec e ecti tie e,, and, and, in due cours course, e, to cone conert rt said said cont contrac ractt ro% ro% an e&l e&lor orat atio ion n agree%ent to a deelo&%entL&roduction or e&loitation contract in I9I6s aor. aor. In a su%%ar2 8udg%ent, the Trial Court ordered the rescission o the 3e%orandu% o Agree%ent, declared the continued e;cac2 o the coal o&erating contract in aor aor o I9IK order ordered ed the reersi reersion on o the t$o coal 'loc7s 'loc7s coer coered ed '2 the coal o&erating contractK ordered #9D to issue its $ritten a;r%ation o the coal o&erating contra contract ct and to e&edi e&editio tiousl usl2 2 cause cause the coner conersio sion n there thereo o ro% ro% e&lor e&lorati ation on to deelo&%ent in aor o I9IK directed #9D to gie due course to I9I6s a&&lication or a coal o&erating contractK directed #9D to gie due course to I9I6s a&&lication or three %ore coal 'loc7sK and ordered the &a2%ent o da%ages and reha'ilitation e&enses In reersing the Trial Court, the Court o A&&eals held that the rendition o the su%%ar2 8udg%ent $as not &ro&er since there $ere genuine issues in controers2 'et$een the &arties, and %ore i%&ortantl2, that the Trial Court had no 8urisdiction oer the action action considering considering that, under resident residential ial Decree Decree o. *, it is the #9D that has the &o$er to decide controersies relatie to the e&loration, e&loitation and deelo&%ent o coal 'loc7s. ISS=9: 0hether or not the ciil court has 8urisdiction to hear and decide the suit or rescission o the 3e%orandu% o Agree%ent concerning a coal o&erating contract oer coal 'loc7s ?94D: The #9D, as the successor to the 9nerg2 Deelo&%ent #oard (a'olished '2 Sec. Sec. , , .D. .D. o. o. * *,, date dated d Octo Octo'er 'er / /)) is tas7 tas7ed ed $ith $ith the the unc uncti tion on o esta'lishing a co%&rehensie and integrated national &rogra% or the e&loration, e&loitation, and deelo&%ent and etraction o ossil uels, such as the countr26s coal coal resour resources cesKK ado&ti ado&ting ng a coal coal deelo& deelo&%en %entt &rogra &rogra%K %K regula regulatin ting g all actii actiitie ties s rela relati tie e ther theret etoK oK and and under underta ta7i 7ing ng '2 itse itsel l or thro through ugh ser seric ice e cont contrac racts ts such such e&loitation and deelo&%ent, all in the interest o an eectie and coordinated deelo&%ent o etracted resources.
I the case is such that its deter%ination re"uires the e&ertise, s&ecialiBed s7ills and 7no$ledge o the &ro&er ad%inistratie 'odies 'ecause technical %atters or intricate "uestions o acts are inoled, then relie %ust frst 'e o'tained in an ad%inistratie &roceeding 'eore a re%ed2 $ill 'e su&&lied '2 the courts een though the %atter is $ithin the &ro&er 8urisdiction o a court. This is the doctrine o &ri%ar2 8urisdiction. It a&&lies $here a clai% is originall2 cogniBa'le in the courts, and co%es into &la2 $heneer enorce%ent enorce%ent o the clai% re"uires the resolution resolution o issues issues $hich, $hich, under under a regul regulato ator2 r2 sche%e, sche%e, hae hae 'een 'een &laced &laced $ithin $ithin the s&ecia s&eciall co%& co%&et eten ence ce o an ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e 'od2, 'od2, in such such case case the the 8udi 8udici cial al &roc &roces ess s is sus&ended &ending reerral o such issues to the ad%inistratie 'od2 or its ie$ Clearl2, the doctrine o &ri%ar2 8urisdiction fnds a&&lication in this case since the "uestion o $hat coal areas should 'e e&loited and deelo&ed and $hich entit2 should 'e granted coal o&erating contracts oer said areas inoles a technical dete deter% r%in inat atio ion n '2 the the #9D #9D as the the ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e agen agenc2 c2 in &oss &osses essi sion on o the the s&ecia s&ecialiB liBed ed e&er e&ertis tise e to act on the %atter %atter.. The Tria Triall Court Court does does not hae hae the co%&etence co%&etence to decide decide %atters %atters concerning concerning actiities actiities relatie relatie to the e&loratio e&loration, n, e&lo e&loita itatio tion, n, deelo deelo&%e &%ent nt and etra etracti ction on o %inera %inerall resour resources ces li7e li7e coal. coal. These These issues &reclude an initial 8udicial deter%ination. It 'ehooes the courts to stand aside een $hen a&&arentl2 the2 hae statutor2 &o$er to &roceed in recognition o the &ri%ar2 8urisdiction o an ad%inistratie agenc2. agenc2. The a&&lication o the doctrine o &ri%ar2 8urisdiction, ho$eer, does not call or the dis%issal o the case 'elo$. It need onl2 'e sus&ended sus&en ded until ater the %atters $ithin the co%&etence o the #9D are threshed out and deter%ined. There'2, the &rinci&al &ur&ose 'ehind the doctrine o &ri%ar2 8urisdiction is salutaril2 sered.
GSS vs. S Facts: SalaBar $as e%&lo2ed '2 GSIS as a casual la'orer on Se&te%'er *5, /-. She 'eca%e a &er%anent e%&lo2ee in the sa%e o;ce on Fe'ruar2 *-, /E $ith a designation o stenogra&her. stenogra&her. Thereater, she $as &ro%oted to Confdential Technical Technical Assistant Aide also under &er%anent status on Dece%'er /, /+.SalaBar6s GSIS Ser Seric ice e ecor ecord d ho$e ho$eer er,, ree reeal aled ed that that also also on De Dece ce%'e %'err /, /+ /+,, she $a $as s a&&ointed to the &osition o Confdential 9ecutie Assistant in the o;ce o then GSIS resident and General 3anager o%an A. CruB,
her ter%in ter%inati ation. on. SalaBa SalaBarr fled fled a %otion %otion or recon reconsid sidera eratio tion n o the #oa #oard6 rd6s s order order $hich $as set aside. GSIS fled a %otion or reconsideration $hich $as denied. Issue: 0hether or not the res&ondent Ciil Serice Co%%ission erred in not holding that it $as the 3erit S2ste%s #oard, not said Co%%ission, $hich had a&&ellate 8urisdiction oer the su'8ect &ersonal action o ter%ination o serices o &riate res&ondent> ?eld: Sec. -., (.D. E/) elationshi& $ith the Ciil Serice Co%%ission. J Decisions o the 3erit S2ste%s #oard (no$ 3erit S2ste% rotection #oard) inoling the re%oal o o;cers and e%&lo2ees ro% the serice shall 'e su'8ect to auto%atic reie$ '2 the Ciil Serice Co%%ission. Co%%ission. The Co%%ission Co%%ission shall hear and decide a&&eals ro% other decisions o the #oard, &roided that the decisions o the Co%%ission shall 'e su'8ect to reie$ on certiorari onl2 '2 the Su&re%e Court $ithin thirt2 (5) da2s ro% recei&t o a co&2 thereo '2 the aggrieed &art2. (as a%ended '2 D.O. 5+ dated Fe'ruar2 *, /-) 0hen the la$ 'esto$s u&on a goern%ent 'od2 the 8urisdiction to hear and decide cases cases inol inoling ing s&ecif s&ecifc c %atters %atters,, it is to 'e &resu% &resu%ed ed that that such such 8urisdi 8urisdicti ction on is eclusie unless it 'e &roed that another 'od2 is li7e$ise ested $ith the sa%e 8urisdiction, in $hich case, 'oth ' oth 'odies hae concurrent 8urisdiction oer the %atter. residential Decree o. E/ clearl2 &roides that the 3erit S2ste%s #oard shall ta7e ta7e cogniB cogniBanc ance e o a&&eals a&&eals ro% ro% &artie &arties s aggrie aggrieed ed '2 decisi decisions ons o a&&oin a&&ointin ting g o;cers o;cers inoling inoling &ersonnel &ersonnel action. action. The Co%%ission Co%%ission thereore thereore cannot ta7e original original cogniBance o the cases s&ecifed under Section + o .D. E/, ece&t in the case s&ecifed under Section / (8) o the Ciil Serice Decree $hich directl2 gies it such &o$er. The a&&eal o SalaBar $as endorsed '2 the eie$ Co%%ittee created under 9ecu 9ecuti tie e Order Order o. o. to 'oth 'oth the 3erit S2ste%s S2ste%s #oa #oard rd and the Ciil Ciil Serice Serice Co%% Co %%is issi sion on.. In the the a'sen a'sence ce o a deci decisi sion on ro% ro% the the 3eri 3eritt S2st S2ste% e%s s #o #oar ard, d, the the Co%%ission cannot legall2 assu%e 8urisdiction oer the a&&eal. ?ence, its decision (esolution o. -*5) in aor o SalaBar dated
/almonte vs. elmonte FACTS: icardo 1al%onte $rote Feliciano #el%onte
GSIS and all those $ho 'orro$ ro% it, $hoeer the2 %a2 'eK that the GSIS has a dut2 to its custo%ers to &resere this confdentialit2K and that it $ould not 'e &ro&er or the GSIS to 'reach this confdentialit2 unless so ordered '2 the courts. On *
Mang!bat v. ,smea HF!cal reveC Facts: 3angu'at and 3undo, &etitioners, $ere detecties in the olice De&art%ent o Ce'u Cit2 Cit2 $hen $hen thei theirr ser seric ices es $e $ere re ter% ter%ina inate ted d '2 Cit2 Cit2 3a2o 3a2orr or or lac7 lac7 o trust trust and and confdence. confdence. Thereu&on, Thereu&on, the res&onden res&ondents ts $ere a&&ointed a&&ointed to their &ositions &ositions and collected the corres&onding co%&ensation. ?aing ailed to secure reinstate%ent, &etitioners fled &etitions or "uo $arranto and %anda%us. Su'se"uentl2, 3angu'at $as reinstated 'ut he $as not a'le to collect 'ac7 salaries. Ater trial, the court ordered the reinstate%ent o &etitioners and &a2%ent o their 'ac7 salaries. The res& res&on onde dent nts s a&&ea a&&eale led d and and "ues "uesti tion oned ed the the ail ailur ure e o &eti &etiti tion oners ers to eha ehaust ust ad%inistratie re%edies. Issues: 0on the &etitioners hae ailed to ehaust ad%inistratie re%edies uling: It is no$ $ell!settled that $hen, ro% the er2 'eginning, the action o the 3a2o 3a2orr is &ate &atent ntl2 l2 ille illega gal, l, ar'i ar'itr trar ar2 2 and and o&&r o&&res essi sie eKK $hen $hen ther there e has has 'een 'een no se%'lance o co%&liance, or een an atte%&t to co%&l2, $ith the &ertinent la$sK $hen, %aniestl2, the 3a2or has acted $ithout 8urisdiction, or has eceeded his 8urisdiction , or has co%%itted grae a'use o discretion, a%ounting to lac7 o 8urisdictionK $hen his act is clearl2 and o'iousl2 deoid o an2 color o authorit2, as in the the case case at 'ar, 'ar, the the e% e%&l &lo2 o2ee ee ade aders rsel el2 2 a aec ecte ted d %a %a2 2 ort orth$ h$it ith h see7 see7 the the &rotection o the 8udicial de&art%ent.
'RR,A -R'NSP,R-'-,N ,RP. / ,- I S&-'N R+N-('('R# N G.R. No. &(39655 J March 21# 19)5 J $. *ernano Facts: . #o #oth th &eti &etiti tion oner er and and &ri &riat ate e res&o es&ond nden entt Sult Sultan an ent! ent!a! a!Ca Carr are are do%e do%est stic ic cor&orations. Arro$ has in his aor a certifcate o &u'lic conenience (C) to o&erate o&erate a &u'lic utilit2 'us air!condit air!conditioned! ioned!auto!tr auto!truc7 uc7 serice ro% ro% Ce'u Cit2 to 3actan International Air&ort and ice!ersa $ith the use o t$ent2 (*) units. *. Sultan fled a &etition $ith the res&ondent #oard or the issuance o a C to o&erate a si%ilar serice on the sa%e line. 9ight da2s later, $ithout the re"uired &u'lication, the #oard issued an Order granting it &roisional &er%it to o&erate. 5. Ater fling an 3 and or the cancellation o such &roisional &er%it fled 'ut $ithout $ithout a$ai a$aiting ting fnal action action thereon, thereon, Arro$ fled the &resent &etition or certiorari certiorari $ith &reli%inar2 in8unction, alleging that the "uestion inoled herein is &urel2 legal and that the issuance o the Order $ithout the #oard haing ac"uired 8urisdiction o the case 2et, is &atentl2 & atentl2 illegal or $as &eror%ed $ithout 8urisdiction. E. In thei theirr ans$e ans$er, r, the res&o res&onde ndent nts s deni denied ed the need need or or &u'l &u'lic icat atio ion n 'eo 'eore re a &roisional &er%it can 'e issued, in light o residential Decree o. , $hich author authoriBe iBed d res&o res&onden ndentt #oa #oard rd to grant grant &rois &roision ional al &er%it &er%its s $hen $hen $arrant $arranted ed '2 co%&elling circu%stances and to &roceed &ro%&tl2 along the %ethod o legislatie in"uir2. Issue: 0L &u'lication is necessar2 n ecessar2 'eore &roisional &er%its can 'e granted
?eld: o. It is the $ell!settled $ell!settled doctrine that or a &roisio &roisional nal &er%it, an e &arte hearing su;ces. The decisie consideration is the eistence o the &u'lic need, as sho$n in this case '2 the res&ondent #oard. etition or certiorari dis%issed.
KMPM vs. %omng!e" In the earl2 %orning o Octo'er */, /--, 3a2or #un2e acco%&anied '2 heail2 ar%ed %en, allegedl2 thru orce , iolence and inti%idation orci'l2 'ro7e o&en the doors o the o;ces o &etitioners located at the second oor o the Y#S #uilding, &ur&ortedl2 to sere u&on &etitioners the Order o the res&ondent Secretar2 o Agri Agricu cult ltur ure e and and to i%&l i%&le% e%en entt the the sa%e sa%e,, '2 ta7i ta7ing ng oer oer and and assu assu%i %ing ng the the %anage%ent o Y#3#3, dis'anding the then incu%'ent #oard o directors or that &ur&ose and ecluding ecluding and &rohi'itin &rohi'iting g the General 3anager and the other o;cers o;cers ro% eercising eercising their la$ul unctions as such. As clai%ed '2 the &etitioners, the Order sered on the% $as not $ritten on the stationar2 o the De&art%ent, does not 'ear its seal and is a %ere ero co&2. The so!ca so!call lled ed &eti &etiti tion on u&on u&on $hich $hich the the Order Order is 'ase 'ased d a&&e a&&ear ars s to 'e an uner unerif ifed ed &etition signed, according to 3a2or #un2e, '2 5 %e%'ers o the Y#3#3. es&ondents challenged the &ersonalit2 o the &etitioners, set!u& the deense o non!ehaustion o ad%inistratie re%edies, re%edies, and assert that the Order Order $as la$ull2 and alidl2 issued under the a'oe decree and 9ecutie Order. G.. G.. o. //* (%ore on arraign%ent o 3a2or #un2e and their rights as an accused) ISS=9: (releant to Ad%in 4a$) 0hether or not the Order o the Secretar2 o Agriculture $as alid. O. The Order $as not alid. etitioners hae the &ersonalit2 to fle the instant &etition and as7, in eect, or their reinstate%ent as Section 5,ule + o the ules o Court, defning an action or %anda%us, &er%its a &erson $ho has 'een ecluded ro% the use and en8o2%ent o a right or o;ce to $hich $hich he is entitled, to fle suit. etitioners, as ousted directors o the Y#3#3 Y#3#3,, are are "uestio "uestioning ning &recis &recisel2 el2 the act o res&o res&onden ndentt Secre Secretar tar2 2 in dis'anding the 'oard o directorsZ the2 then &ra2 that this Court restore the% to their &rior stations. As to ailure to ehaust ad%inistratie re%edies, the rule is $ell settled that this re"uire%ent does not a&&l2 $here the res&ondent is a de&art%ent secretar2 $hose acts, as an alter ego o the resident, 'ear the i%&lied a&&roal o the latter, unless actual actuall2 l2 disa&&r disa&&roe oed d '2 hi%. hi%. This This doctri doctrine ne o "ualif "ualifed ed &oliti &olitica call agenc2 agenc2 ensur ensures es s&eed2 access to the courts $hen %ost needed. There $as no need then to a&&eal the decision to the o;ce o the residentZ recourse to the courts could 'e had i%%ediatel2. 3oreoer, the doctrine o ehaustion o ad%inistratie re%edies also 2ields to other ece&tions, such as $hen the "uestion inoled is &urel2 legal, as in
the instant instant case, case, or $here $here the "uestion "uestioned ed act is &atent &atentl2 l2 illegal illegal,, ar'itr ar'itrar2 ar2 or o&&ressie. Such is the clai% o &etitioners &etitioners $hich, as hereinater hereinater sho$n, is correct. And And no$ no$ on the the ali alidi dit2 t2 o the the assa assail iled ed Orde Orderr. egul egulat atio ion n 5E o 4ette etterr o I%&le%entation o. *5 (i%&le%enting .D. o. +) &roides the &rocedure or the re%oal o directors or o;cers o coo&eraties, thus: An elected o;cer, director or co%%ittee %e%'er %a2 'e re%oed '2 a ote o %a8orit2 o the %e%'ers entitled to ote at an annual or s&ecial general asse%'l2. The &erson inoled shall hae h ae an o&&ortunit2 to 'e heard. A su'stantiall2 identical &roision, ound in Section , Article III o the Y#3#36s '2la$s, Sec. . e%oal o Directors and Co%%ittee 3e%'ers. J An2 elected director or co%%ittee %e%'er %a2 'e re%oed ro% o;ce or cause '2 a %a8orit2 ote o the %e%'ers in good standing standing &resent &resent at the annual or s&ecial s&ecial general asse%'l2 asse%'l2 called called or the &ur&ose &ur&ose ater haing 'een gien the o&&ortunit2 to 'e heard at the asse%'l2. asse%'l2. =nder the sa%e article are ound the re"uire%ents or the holding o 'oth the annual general asse%'l2 and a s&ecial general asse%'l2. Indu'ita'l2 then, there is an esta'lished &rocedure or the re%oal o directors and o;cers o coo&eraties. It is li7e$i li7e$ise se %anie %aniest st that that the right to due &roces &rocess s is res&ec res&ected ted '2 the e&re e&ress ss &ro &rois isio ion n on the o&&o o&&ort rtuni unit2 t2 to 'e hear heard. d. #ut #ut een een $ith $ithou outt said said &ro &rois isio ion, n, &etitioners cannot 'e de&ried o that right. The &rocedure $as not ollo$ed in this case. es&ondent Secretar2 o Agriculture arrogated unto hi%sel the &o$er o the %e%'ers o the Y#3#3 $ho are authoriBed to ote to re%oe the &etitioning directors and o;cers. ?e cannot ta7e reuge under Section - o .D. o. + $hich grants hi% authorit2 to su&erise and regulate all coo&eraties. This section does not gie hi% that right. An ad%inistratie o;cer has onl2 such &o$ers as are e&ressl2 granted to hi% and those those necessa necessaril ril2 2 i%&lie i%&lied d in the eerc eercise ise thereo thereo.. These These &o$ers &o$ers should should not 'e eten tende ded d '2 i%&l i%&lic icat atio ion n 'e2o 'e2ond nd $hat $hat %a %a2 2 to nece necess ssar ar2 2 or or thei theirr 8ust 8ust and and reasona'le eecution. eecution. Su&erision and control include onl2 the authorit2 to: (a) act directl2 $heneer a s&ecifc unction is entrusted '2 la$ or regulation to a su'ordinateZ (') direct the &eror%ance o dut2Z restrain the co%%ission o actsZ (c) reie$, a&&roe, reerse or %odi2 acts and decisions o su'ordinate o;cials or unitsZ (d) deter%ine &riorities in the eecution o &lans and &rogra%sZ and (e) &rescri'e standards, guidelines, &lans &lans and &rogra &rogra%s. %s. S&ecifc S&ecifcall all2, 2, ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e su&eri su&erisio sion n is li%ite li%ited d to the auth author orit it2 2 o the the de&a de&art rt%e %ent nt or its its e"ui e"uia ale lent nt to: to: () () gene genera rall ll2 2 oer oerse see e the the o&er o&erat atio ions ns o such such agenc agencie ies s and and insu insure re that that the2 the2 are are %a %ana nage ged d e eec ecti tie el2 l2,, e;cientl2 and econo%icall2 'ut $ithout intererence $ith da2 to da2 actiitiesZ (*) re"uire the su'%ission o re&orts and cause the conduct o %anage%ent audit, &eror &eror%anc %ance e ealua ealuatio tion n and ins&ec ins&ectio tion n to deter% deter%ine ine co%&li co%&lianc ance e $ith $ith &olici &olicies, es, stan standa dard rds s and and guid guidel elin ines es o the the de&ar de&art% t%ent entZZ (5) (5) ta7 ta7e such such acti action on as %a %a2 2 'e necessar2 or the &ro&er &eror%ance o o;cial unctions, including rectifcation o iolations iolations,, a'uses and other or%s o %alad%inist %alad%inistratio rationZ nZ (E) reie$ and &ass u&on 'udget &ro&osals o such agencies 'ut %a2 not increase or add to the%. The &o$er to su%%aril2 dis'and the 'oard o directors %a2 not 'e inerred ro% an2 o the oregoing as 'oth .D. o. + and the '2la$s o the Y#3#3 e&licitl2 %andate the %anner '2 $hich directors and o;cers are to 'e re%oed. The Secretar2 should
hae 7no$n 'etter than to disregard these &rocedures and rel2 on a %ere &etition '2 the general %e%'ershi& o the Y#3#3 and an ongoing audit '2 De&art%ent o Agriculture auditors in eercising a &o$er $hich he does not hae, e&ressl2 or i%&liedl2. i%&liedl2. 0e cannot concede to the &ro&osition o the O;ce o the Solicitor General that the Secretar26s &o$er under &aragra&h (d), Section - o .D. o. + a'oe "uoted "uoted to sus&end sus&end the o&erat o&eration ion or cancel cancel the regis registra tratio tion n o an2 coo&er coo&erati atie e includes includes the %ilder %ilder authorit2 authorit2 o sus&ending sus&ending o;cers o;cers and calling or the election election o ne$ o;cers. Firstl2, neither sus&ension nor cancellation includes the ta7eoer and ouster ouster o incu%'e incu%'ent nt direct directors ors and o;cers o;cers,, other$ other$ise ise the la$ itsel itsel $ould hae hae e&r e&res essl sl2 2 so state stated. d. Seco Second ndl2 l2,, een een granti granting ng that that the the la$ la$ inte intende nded d such such as &ostulated, there is the re"uire%ent o a hearing. one $as conducted. 4i7e$ise, een i 0e grant, or the sa7e o argu%ent, that said &o$er includes the &o$er to dis'and the 'oard o directors and re%oe the o;cers o the Y#3#3, and that a hearing $as not e&ressl2 re"uired in the la$, still the Order can 'e alidl2 issued onl2 ater giing due &rocess to the aected &arties, herein &etitioners. Due &roces &rocess s is guarant guaranteed eed '2 the Consti Constitut tution ion and eten etends ds to ad%ini ad%inistra strati tie e &roceedings. In the land%ar7 case o Ang Ti'a2 s. Court o Industrial elations this Court, through
Natonal %evelopment ompan an %,&+ Phlppnes nc. ;P+--,N+RS< vs. Al>reo 4ervlla Facts: acts: The antece antecedent dent o this this is an actio action n or the reco recoer2 er2 o &osses &ossessio sion n and da%ages fled on Dece%'er *, /5 '2 0ilredo ?erilla against DO49 hili&&ines inoling our lots $ith a total area o our hectares. On
ad8u ad8ust st%e %ent nt o the the said said titl title e nu%'e nu%'ers rs.. The The tria triall court court dis% dis%is isse sed d the the acti action on or or recoer2, to $hich $as a&&ealed to the Court o A&&eals $hich reersed the trial court decision and declared that the issuance o the &atent title '2 the #ureau o 4ands to to Candico de edro edro is null and oid.. oid.. A %otion %otion or reconsidera reconsideration tion $as fled and su'se"uentl2, a %otion or ne$ trial $as fled or the &ur&ose o su'%itting original certifcate o titles $hich $as issued to the DO49 &redecessor!in!interest '2 the #ureau o 4ands $hile the case $as &ending. The t$o %otions $ere denied. Thus this &etition or reie$ reie$ on certiorari Issu Issue: e: 0het 0hethe herr or not not the the cour courtt in a deci decidi ding ng a case case ino inol lin ing g reco ecoer er2 2 o &ossession declare null and oid title issued '2 an ad%inistratie 'od2 or o;ce during the &endenc2 o such case> ?eld: In the ad%inistration and dis&osition o &u'lic lands are co%%itted '2 la$ to the Director o 4ands &ri%aril2, and, ulti%atel2, to the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural esources. The 8urisdiction o the #ureau o 4ands 4ands is confned to the deter%ination o the res&e res&e ctie rights o rial clai%ants to &u'lic lands or to cases $hich inole dis&osition and aliena alienatio tion n o &u'lic &u'lic lands. lands. The 8urisd 8urisdict iction ion o courts courts in &osses &ossessor2 sor2 action actions s inoling &u'lic lands is li%ited to the deter%ination o $ho has the actual, &h2sical &ossession or occu&ation o the land in "uestion(in orci'le entr2 cases, 'eore %unici&al courts) or, the 'etter right o &ossession (in accion &u'liciana,in cases 'eore Courts o First Instance, no$ egional Trial Courts. In the case at 'ar, the &etitioners &ossession o the lands in "uestion has 'een confr%ed '2 the issuance o Free atents in aor o their &redecessor!in!interest. #2 this act, nothing %ore is let let or the courts courts to &ursue. &ursue. Thus, Thus, the &riate &riate res&o res&onde ndent6s nt6s cause cause o action action has 'een rendered %oot and acade%ic '2 the decision o the Director o 4ands. Deendants6 &ossession o the lands dis&uted, or &ur&oses o the ree &atents, has 'een 'een conf confr% r%ed ed in the the ad%i ad%ini nistr strat ati ie e case case.. The The ad%i ad%ini nistr strat ati ie e 'ranc 'ranch h o the the goern%ent has thus thu s alread2 s&o7en. Its action has la&sed Into fnalit2. fnalit2. Accordingl2, &laintis6 &laintis6 clai% clai% o &ossession &ossession is lost. 3oreoer 3oreoer,, records records do not sho$ that &riate &riate res&ondent 0ilredo ?erilla eer fled a %otion or reconsideration o the decision o t he Director o 4ands issuing ree &atent oer the lands in dis&ute in aor o &etitioners6 &redecessor!in!interest. either did he a&&eal said decision to the Secretar2 o Agriculture and atural eso esourc urces, es, nor did he a&&eal a&&eal to the o;ce o;ce o the resi residen dentt o the hili& hili&&in &ines. es. In short, ?erilla ailed to ehaust ad%inistratie re%edies, a a$ $hich, to our %ind, is atal to a court reie$. The decision o the Director o 4ands has no$ 'eco%e fnal. The Courts %a2 no longer interere $ith such decision. The decision o the A&&ellate court is reersed and set aside.
'tlas Mnnng vs. *actoran Facts acts:: On Fe'ru e'ruar ar2 2 /, /* /*,, Atlas tlas Co Cons nsol olid idat ated ed 3ini 3ining ng and and De Dee elo lo&% &%en entt Cor&ora Cor&oratio tion n regis register tered ed the locati location on o its 3aste 3asterr 1II Fr. %ining %ining clai% clai% $ith $ith the 3ining ecorder o Toledo Cit2. On Se&te%'er , /5, &riate res&ondent Asterio #u"ueron registered the declarations o location o his St. 3ar2 Fr. and St.
Fr. %ining %ining clai%s clai%s $ith $ith the sa%e sa%e 3ining 3ining e ecor corder der.. On Octo'e Octo'err +, /5, /5, Atlas Atlas registered the declarations o location o its Car%en I Fr. to Car%en 1. Fr. $ith the sa%e 3ining ecorder ecorder.. #u"ueron6s #u"ueron6s St. 3ar2 Fr. Fr. and St.
it is su;cient that fndings o act are not sho$n to 'e unsu&&orted '2 eidence. Su'stantial eidence is all that is needed to su&&ort an ad%inistratie fnding o act, and su'stantial eidence is such releant eidence as a reasona'le %ind %ight %ight acce acce&t &t as ade" ade"ua uate te to su&&o su&&ort rt a conc conclu lusi sion on. . (Ang (Ang Ti'a2 i'a2 s. s. Co Cour urtt o Industrial elations, / hil. 5+, E*K olice Co%%ission s. 4ood, * SCA * /-EU). In the case at 'ar, the record a%&l2 sho$s that the Director o 3ines6 decision $as su&&orted '2 su'stantial eidence.?o$eer, &etitioner $ould hae this Court loo7 into the said fndings 'ecause o the o&en diergence o ie$s and fndings '2 the ad8udicating authorities in this %ining conict inoling highl2 contentious issues $hich $arrant a&&ellate reie$. This Court has re&eatedl2 ruled that 8udicial reie$ o the decision o an ad%inistratie o;cial is o course su'8ect to certain certain guide &osts laid do$n in in %an2 decided cases. Thus, or instance, fndings o act in such decision should not 'e distur'ed i su&&orted '2 su'stantial eidence, 'ut reie$ is 8ustifed $hen there has 'een a denial o due &rocess, or %ista7e o la$ or raud, collusion or ar'itrar2 action in the ad%inistratie &roceeding, $here the &rocedure $hich led to actual fndings is irregularK $hen &al&a'le errors are co%%ittedK or $hen a grae a'use o discretion, ar'itrariness, or ca&riciousness is %aniest. A careu careull stud2 stud2 o the recor records ds sho$s sho$s that that none none o the a'oe a'oe circu% circu%sta stance nces s is &resent in the case at 'ar, $hich $ould 8usti2 the oerturning o the fndings o act o the Director o 3ines $hich $ere a;r%ed '2 the O;ce o the resident. On the cont contra rar2 r2,, in acco accorrdanc dance e $ith $ith the the &re &reai aili ling ng &rin &rinci ci&l &le e that that in in reie eie$i $ing ng ad%inistratie decisions, the reie$ing Court cannot re!ea%ine the su;cienc2 o the eidence as i originall2 instituted therein, and receie additional eidence, that $as not su'%itted su'%itted to the ad%inistratie ad%inistratie agenc2 concerned, concerned, the fndings o act in this case %ust 'e res&ected. As ruled '2 the Court, the2 $ill not 'e distur'ed so long as the2 are su&&orted '2 su'stantial eidence, een i not oer$hel%ing or &re&onderant.
-=+N $. 'N-,N, 'N-,N , M. 'RP, vs. -4+ +?+-/+ S+R+-'R DOCTI9: As the resident cannot 'e e&ected to eercise eercise his control &o$ers all at the sa%e ti%e and in &erson, he $ill hae to delegate so%e o the% to his Ca'inet %e%'ers. FACTS: e&u'lic Act o. /+ entitled NA ACT 9STA#4IS?IG T?9 ?I4II9ATIOA4 ?I4II9ATIOA4 O4IC9 =D9 A 9OGAI[9D D9A D9AT39T T39T OF T?9 IT9I IT9IO O AD 4OCA4 OCA4 GO19 GO193 39T 9T,, AD FO OT?9 OT?9 =OS =OS9S 9S $as &assed. &assed. etitioner as citiBen, ta&a2er and %e%'er o the hili&&ine h ili&&ine #ar s$orn to deend the Constitution, fled the &etition no$ at 'ar on Dece%'er *, //, see7ing this Court6s Court6s declar declarati ation on o uncons unconstit tituti utiona onalit lit2 2 o A /+ /+ $ith $ith &ra2er &ra2er or te%&or te%&orar2 ar2 restraining order. In the %ain, &etitioner herein res&ectull2 adances the ie$ that A /+ /+ $e $ea7 a7en ened ed the the ati ation onal al olic olice e Co Co%% %%is issi sion on '2 li%i li%iti ting ng its its &o$e &o$err to ad%inistratie control oer the hili&&ine ational olice (), thus, control re%ai re%ained ned $ith $ith the De&art De&art%en %entt Secre Secretar tar2 2 under under $ho% $ho% 'oth 'oth the ation ational al olice olice Co%%ission and the $ere &laced.
ISS=9: 0hether or not the &resident a'dicated its control &o$er oer the and C '2 irtue o A /+. ?94D: o. The resident resident has control control o all eecuti eecutie e de&art%ents, de&art%ents, 'ureaus, 'ureaus, and o;ces. This &residential &o$er o control oer the eecutie 'ranch o goern%ent etends etends oer all eecuti eecutie e o;cers o;cers ro% ro% Ca'inet Ca'inet Secretar2 Secretar2 to the lo$liest cler7. 9"uall2 $ell acce&ted, as a corollar2 rule to the control &o$ers o the resident, is the NDoctrine o Rualifed olitical Agenc2. As the resident cannot 'e e&ected to eercise his control &o$ers all at the sa%e ti%e and in &erson, he $ill hae to delegate so%e o the% to his Ca'inet %e%'ers. =nder this doctrine, $hich recogniBes recogniBes the esta'lish%ent o a single eecutie, eecutie, Nall eecut ecuti ie e and and ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e orga organi niBa Bati tion ons s are are ad8u ad8unc ncts ts o the the 9ec 9ecut uti ie e De&art%ent, the heads o the arious eecutie de&art%ents are assistants and agents o the Chie 9ecutie, and, ece&t in cases $here the Chie 9ecutie is re"ui re"uirred '2 the Co Const nstit itut utio ion n or la$ la$ to act act in &erso &erson n on the eig eigen enci cies es o the the situ situat atio ion n de%a de%and nd that that he act act &ers &erson onal all2 l2,, the the %ult %ulti iar ario ious us eec eecut uti ie e and and ad%inistratie unctions o the Chie 9ecutie are &eror%ed '2 and through the eecu eecuti tie e de&art de&art%ent %ents, s, and the acts acts o the Secre Secretar taries ies o such de&art% de&art%ent ents, s, &er &eror or%e %ed d and and &ro% &ro%ul ulga gate ted d in the the regul egular ar cour course se o 'usi 'usine ness ss,, are, are, unle unless ss disa&&roed or re&ro'ated '2 the Chie 9ecutie &resu%&tiel2 the acts o the Chie 9ecutie. Thus, and in short, Nthe residents &o$er o control is directl2 eercised eercised '2 hi% oer the %e%'ers o the Ca'inet $ho, in turn, and '2 his authorit2, control the 'ureau 'ureaus s and other other o;ces o;ces under under their their res&e res&ecti ctie e 8urisdi 8urisdicti ctions ons in the eecu eecuti tie e de&art%ent. Additionall2, the circu%stance that the AO4CO3 and the are &laced under the reorganiBed DI4G is %erel2 an ad%inistratie realign%ent that $ould 'olster a s2ste% o coordination and coo&eration a%ong the citiBenr2, local eecuties and the integrated la$ enorce%ent agencies and &u'lic saet2 agencies created under the assailed Act, the unding o the 'eing in large &art su'sidiBed '2 the national goern%ent.
4+RS ,* +G+N' /. R,?'S# N. vs. ' DOCTI9: In general, courts hae no su&erising &o$er oer the &roceedings and actions o the ad%inistratie de&art%ents o the goern%ent. This is generall2 true $ith res&ect to acts inoling the eercise o 8udg%ent or discretion, and fndings o act. Findings o act '2 an ad%inistratie 'oard or o;cials, ollo$ing a hearing, are 'inding u&on the courts and $ill not 'e distur'ed ece&t $here the 'oard or o;cial has gone gone 'e2ond 'e2ond his statut statutor2 or2 author authorit2 it2,, eer eercis cised ed uncons unconstit tituti utiona onall &o$ers, &o$ers, or clearl clearl2 2 acted acted ar'itr ar'itrari aril2 l2 and $ithout $ithout regar regard d to his dut2 or $ith $ith grae grae a'use a'use o discretion. FAC ACTS TS:: etit etitio ioner ner Co Cor& r&or orat atio ion n ?eir ?eirs s o 9uge 9ugeni nia a 1. oas, as, Inc. Inc. (?91 (?91) ) $a $as s incor& incor&ora orated ted '2 the late late 9uro 9urocin cino o o oas as and his seen seen childr children. en. Its articl articles es o incor&orat incor&oration ion include, include, a%ong others, others, the &ur&ose o o&eration o ?idden ?idden 1alle2 alle2
S&rin S&rings gs esor esort. t. 9ur 9uroc ocin ino o oas as $a $as s Chair Chair%a %an n o the #o #oar ard d o Dire Direct ctor ors s and and resident o ?91. =&on his death, his son 9ri'erto succeeded as resident. riate res&ondents are the heirs o 9ri'erto oas. The latter and his a%il2 had 'een eclusiel2 o&erating the restaurant and li"uor concession at the resort under an Agre Agree%e e%ent nt eecu eecuted ted 'et$ee 'et$een n 9uroc 9urocino ino oas, oas, as resi resident dent o ?91, ?91, and 9ri'erto oas, in his 'ehal and that o his a%il2. =&on 9ri'erto6s death, his son Guiller%o oas too7 oer all the cor&orate duties and assu%ed the authorit2 o his ather &ertaining to the resort. Guiller%o continued the o&erations o the restaurant and li"uor concession incor&orated under und er the na%e ?idden 1alle2 Agri!#usiness and estaurant, Inc. (?1A#). 0hen ?91 held a stoc7holders6 and #oard o Directors6 %eeting, the treasurer re&orted that the resort6s fnancial di;cult2 $as due to the act that the 'iggest &roft center, the restaurant therein, $as not %anaged and o&erated '2 ?91 itsel and that the concession ee &aid '2 &riate res&ondents $as not enough to &a2 or the the inte intere rest st and and a% a%or orti tiBa Bati tion ons s on the the loan loan secu secure red d '2 ?91 ?91 to u&gra u&grade de the the restaurant and 7itchen acilities. ?ence, the #oard &assed a esolution authoriBing the the res resid iden entt to noti noti2 2 ?1A# ?1A# o its its inte intent nt to ta7 ta7e oer oer the the o&er o&erat atio ion n o the the restaurant, and i the latter reuses or ails to acate the &re%ises $ithin 5 da2s, to close the resort or an indefnite &eriod o ti%e to &reent urther losses to the cor&oration. riate res&ondents conse"uentl2 fled an action to &reent the closure o the resort and and the the unil unilat ater eral al ter% ter%in inat atio ion n '2 the the ?91 ?91 o the the conc conces essi sion on agr agree ee%e %ent nt.. etit etitio ione ners, rs, in thei theirr ans$e ans$er, r, &ra2e &ra2ed d or or the the dis% dis%is issa sall o the the co%& co%&la lain int, t, the the declaration o the nullit2 o the concession agree%ent, and or an order re"uiring &riat &riate e res&o res&onden ndents ts to acate acate and surre surrende nderr the resta restaura urant nt &re%i &re%ises ses.. The TC dis%issed the co%&laint 'ut the IAC granted a te%&orar2 restraining order against ?91. Aggrieed, &etitioners fled or certiorari, &rohi'ition and %anda%us $ith &reli%inar2 in8unction $ith the Court (G o. /+). 3ean$hile, the 3inistr2 o Touris% (3OT) denied a &reious &etition '2 the ?1A# to increase ood and 'eerage &rices at the resort restaurant, fnding that ?1A# $as o&erating the restaurant and li"uor acilities o the resort $ithout the re"uisite 3OT license. In the %e %ean anti ti%e %e,, ?91 ?91 ente entere red d into into a cont contra ract ct o leas lease e $ith $ith 1alle alle2 2 esor esortt Cor&oration, $here'2 the latter leased the ?idden 1alle2 S&rings esort, including the su'8ect restaurant &re%ises, or a ter% o 2ears. Such lease $as a&&roed '2 the 3OT. 3OT. Do Doing ing 'usines 'usiness s under under the na%e and st2le o 3<# Food Food and Serices Serices (3<#FS), Guiller%o oas o'tained a license ro% the De&art%ent o Touris% (DOT) to o&erate the restaurant at the ?idden 1alle2 S&rings esort. ?91 contested the issuance o the license alleging that Guiller%o oas $as not authoriBed to &ossess and o&erate the restaurant. The DOT reused to reconsider the issuance o the license hence, ?91 fled the herein second &etition (G o. --). rio riorr to the the flin fling g o the the seco second nd &eti &etiti tion on,, a %a %a2o 2or6s r6s &er% &er%it it to enga engage ge in the the restaurant 'usiness $as issued to Guiller%o oasL3<#FS des&ite &rotests '2 the ?91. Thus, ?91 fled a co%&laint or in8unction $hich $as dis%issed '2 the TC.
?916s su'se"uent %otion %otion or reconside reconsideratio ration n $as li7e$ise li7e$ise denied. Conse"uentl Conse"uentl2, 2, ?91 fled a third &etition (G os. -/!*) in this Court. ISS=9: Did &u'lic res&ondent DOT Secretar2 acted ar'itraril2 and ca&riciousl2, and, thereore $ith grae a'use o discretion a%ounting to lac7 or ecess o 8urisdiction in the issuance o restaurant license in aor 3<#FS> ?94D:@9S. u'lic res&ondent undenia'l2 had 7no$ledge &rior to the issuance o the license to Guiller%o oas andLor 3<#FS that the su'8ect restaurant $as o$ned '2 &etitioner and &resentl2 leased to 1alle2 esort Cor&oration, and that Guiller%o oas andLor 3<#FS6 right to &ossess and o&erate the restaurant $as the su'8ect o a &ending &ending litiga litigatio tion. n. 3OT records records sho$ sho$ that that the de&art%en de&art%entt $as a$a a$are re o the controers2 'et$een &etitioner and Guiller%o oas, et. al., $ho $ere then doing 'usiness under the na%e ?1A#, regarding the restaurant and li"uor concession at the resort. In general, courts hae no su&erising &o$er oer the &roceedings and actions o the ad%ini ad%inistr strati atie e de&art de&art%en %ents ts o the goern goern%ent %ent.. This This is genera generall2 ll2 true true $ith $ith res&ect to acts inoling the eercise eercise o 8udg%ent or discretion, and fndings o act. Findings o act '2 an ad%inistratie 'oard or o;cials, ollo$ing a hearing, are 'inding u&on the courts and $ill not 'e distur'ed ece&t $here the 'oard or o;cial has gone gone 'e2ond 'e2ond his statut statutor2 or2 author authorit2 it2,, eerc eercise ised d uncons unconstit tituti utiona onall &o$ers &o$ers or clearl clearl2 2 acted acted ar'itr ar'itrari aril2 l2 and $ithout $ithout regar regard d to his dut2 or $ith $ith grae grae a'use a'use o discretion. In fne, the Court holds that it $as an ar'itrar2 and ca&ricious eercise o discretion on the &art o &u'lic res&ondent to hae issued, and thereater to hae reused to reo7e, the restaurant license in aor o Guiller%o oas andLor 3<#FS 7no$ing that: () the latter $as not the o$ner o the restaurant or $hich the license $as soughtK (*) the latter6s right to &osses the sa%e $as 'eing dis&uted '2 no less than the &etitioner as restaurant o$nerK and, (5) the su'8ect restaurant $as alread2 leased to 1alle2 esort Cor&oration &ursuant to a contract o lease a&&roed '2 the de&art%ent. u'lic res&ondent6s action, $hich contraenes the acce&ta'le standards o 8ustice and reason, is indicatie o grae a'use o discretion a%ounting to lac7 or ecess o 8urisdiction.
n!stral PoCer Sales vs Sns!at Facts: In A&ril o /+ t$o (*) Initations to #id $ere adertised '2 the #ureau o Su&&l2 Coordination o the De&art%ent o General Serices.The frst, dated A&ril , /+ /+,, call called ed or or 6eig 6eight ht (-) (-) unit units s T T=CY =CYS, S, 4ine 4ine Co Const nstru ruct ctio ion, n, let let!ha !hand nd dri drie, e, co%&lete and s&ecial actor2 'uilt, series o /+, 'rand ne$, or the use o the #ureau o Teleco%%unications &ursuant to e"uisition o. -/* dated 3arch /, /+. The Initation to #id as $ell as the re"uisition itsel contained a &roiso li%iting the oers to oreign %ade &roducts & roducts on a CIF 'asis, ort o 3anila. The second, dated A&ril */, /+, a%ended the frst notice on the 'asis o suggestions contained in letters o Industrial o$er Sales, Inc. sent on A&ril and
5, /+, $hich $ere eidentl2 ound $orth considering. Those letters &ro&osed that the initation to include local %anuacture on an FO# 3anila 'asis. Concerning this, Acting =ndersecretar2 o u'lic 0or7s X Co%%unications 4achica addressed a 5rd 5rd Indors Indorse%e e%ent nt to the Direct Director or o Su&&l2 Su&&l2 Coo Coordi rdinat nation ion,, dated dated A&ril A&ril **, /+. /+. A%ong the 'idders $ere Industrial o$er Sales, Inc. and Delta 3otor Cor&oration, hereate hereaterr res&ecti res&ectiel2 el2 reerre reerred d to si%&l2 as ISI and D94T D94TA. 4etter 4etter!Order !Order o. #! *E/+ $as dra$n u& in ISI6s aor, dated
$hich $hich states states that: that: Certa Certain in unier uniersal sall2 l2 acce&t acce&ted ed aio%s aio%s goern goern 8udici 8udicial al reie reie$ $ through the etraordinar2 actions o certiorari or &rohi'ition o deter%inations o ad%i ad%ini nist stra rati tie e o;ce o;cers rs or agen agenci cies es:: frst frst,, that that 'eo 'eorre said said acti action ons s %a %a2 2 'e entertained in the courts o 8ustice, it %ust 'e sho$n that all the ad%inistratie re%edies &rescri'ed '2 la$ or ordinance hae 'een ehaustedK and second, that the ad%inistratie decision %a2 &ro&erl2 'e annulled or set aside onl2 u&on a clear sho$ing that the ad%inistratie o;cial or tri'unal has acted $ithout or in ecess o 8urisdiction, or $ith grae a'use o discretion. There are ho$eer ece&tions to the &rinci&le 7no$n as ehaustion o ad%inistratie re%edies, these 'eing: () $here the issue is &urel2 a legal one, (*) $here the controerted act is &atentl2 illegal or $as done $ithout 8urisdiction or in ecess o 8urisdictionK (5) $here the res&ondent is a de&art%ent secretar2 $hose acts as an alter ego o the resident 'ear the latter latter6s 6s i%&lie i%&lied d or assu%e assu%ed d a&&roa a&&roal, l, unless unless actual actuall2 l2 disa&& disa&&ro roedK edK or (E) $here $here there are circu%stances indicating the urgenc2 o 8udicial interention.
Natonal %evelopment ompan /s ollector o> !stoms FACTS The custo% custo%s s authori authoriti ties es ound ound that that the essel essel carrie carried d on 'oard 'oard an un%aniested cargo consisting o one teleision set, and res&ondent Collector o Custo%s sent a $ritten notice to the o&erator o the essel and the latter ans$ered stating that the teleision set $as not cargo and so $as not re"uired '2 la$ to 'e %aniested. The o&erator re"uested an inestigation and hearing 'ut res&ondent fnding the o&erators e&lanation not satisactor2 i%&osed on the essel a fne o +,. +,.,, ordering ordering said fne to 'e &aid $ithin E- hours ro% recei&t, recei&t, $ith a threat threat that the essel $ould 'e denied clearance and a $arrant o seiBure $ould 'e issued i the fne $ill not 'e &aid. DC, as o$ner, and o&erator o&erator A1 ocha ocha fled or s&ecial s&ecial ciil ciil action action or certiorari 'eore the CFI o 3anila against the res&ondent. es&ondent contended that &etitioners hae not ehausted all aaila'le ad%inistratie re%edies, one o $hich is to a&&eal to the Co%%issioner o Custo%s. ISS=9 0hether or not the contention o res&ondent is correct. ?94D The Court held in the negatie. negatie. e es&onden s&ondentt Collector Collector co%%itted co%%itted grae a'use o discretion 'ecause &etitioner DC $as not gien an o&&ortunit2 to &roe that that the tele telei isi sion on set set ino inol led ed is not not a carg cargo o that that need needs s to 'e %a %ani nie est sted. ed. 9haust 9haustion ion o ad%ini ad%inistra strati tie e re%ed re%edies ies is not re"ui re"uire red d $here $here the a&&eal a&&eal to the ad%inistratie su&erior is not a &lain, s&eed2 or ade"uate re%ed2 in the ordinar2 course o la$, as $here it is undis&uted that the res&ondent o;cer has acted in utter disregard o the &rinci&le o due &rocess.
