SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL -: The Physical Properties OF The Acidic Radical " Solubility :- Soluble in H2O OR HCl " Dil ,Conc " OR H2SO4 " Dil , Conc (1) " OR HNO3 " Dil , Conc " OR Aqua Regia " 3 HCl : 1HNO3 Colour :- White OR Yellow (2) Shape :Powder OR Sheets OR Crystal (3) State :Solid OR Liquid (4)
-: The Test For Dil HCl Group ( --CO3-- , HCO3- , S2O3-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2 ) -: ( --The Chemical Properties OF The Carbonate (CO3 experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
observation Effervescence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid (Lime Water (CaCO3
Soln + MgSO4Soln + HgCl2Soln + AgNO3Soln + BaCl2-
White pptMgCO3 Reddish Brown pptMg2(OH)2CO3 White ppt Sol. in Ammonia- Ag2CO3 ----Δ---> Ag2O and partly Decomposes By Boiling Giving Black ppt White ppt-
inference CO2
BaCO3
-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Bi-Carbonate ( HCO3 experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
observation Effervesence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water
inference ِ CO2
Soln + MgSO4Soln + HgCl2-
White ppt After BoilingReddish Brown ppt AfterBoiling White ppt After BolingWhite ppt-
(Mg(HCO3 MgCO3
Soln + AgNO3-Soln + BaCl2
Ag2CO3 BaCO3
جميع الكربونات ل تذوب في الماء ما عدا " الصوديوم و البوتاسيوم و" المونيوم 1
. جميع البيكربونات تذوب في الماء-: ( The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphides (S --
experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
observation Gas Colourless By its Rotten Odour Blacking OF Filter paper with Lead Acetate Soln
inference H2S -----> PbS
Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2Soln + AgNO3Soln + Na2 Fe(CN)5 NOSoln + CdSO4-
Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3Violet ColourYellow ppt-
PbSAg2S Na4Fe(CN)5NOS CdS
-: (--The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphite (SO3 experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
observation inference Gas With Suffocating Odour SO2 and Turns Acidic paper Moisted With K2Cr2O7 into Green
Soln + I2Soln + Na2SO3Soln + AgNO3-
- Decolourization White pptWhite ppt OF Ag2SO3 Sol. in Dil HNO3 and in Excess OF AgNO3Turns To Black After Boiling Green ColourWhite ppt-
Soln + K2Cr2O7Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-
HI BaSO3 AgNO3
Cr2(SO4)3 PbSO3
-: (--The Chemical Properties OF The ThioSulphates (S2O3 experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
observation Evolution OF SO2 and Yellow ppt is Formed
inference SO2 S
Soln + AgNO3-
White ppt Change ToYellowTo Brown To Black By Excess AgNO3 DecolourizationWhite ppt Change Into Blank After Boiling Violet Colour Disappear After Time Forming Na2S4O6
Ag2S2O3
Soln + I2Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-Soln + FeCl3
2
NaI PbS2O3 --- Δ-----> PbS NaFe(S2O3)2 Sod. FerryThioSulphate
-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrites (NO2 experiment Solid + Dil HCl-
Soln + AgNO3Soln + HCl + KI-
observation inference Nitric Oxide Which Combines- NO , NO2 With Oxygen Giving Brown Vapour NO2 White pptAgNO2 Brown Colour Duo To I2 Seperation OF I2 Which Gives Blue Colour With Starch
Soln+Zinc dust+NaOH+Δ- Evoluation OF Ammonia Gas-
NH3
-: Black Ring Test Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc- Brown Ring-
FeNOSO4
-: The Test For Conc H2SO4 Group(-Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3)
-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Chlorides (Cl experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4-
observation inference Colourless Gas Forms Cl White Cloud With Ammonia
Solid+MnO2+ ConcH2SO4Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-
Yellowish Green Gas-
MnCl2
White ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3 But Sol. in Ammonia
AgCl
Soln + Hg2(NO3)2-
White ppt Sol. By Heat Return Back By Cooling
PbCl2 Hg2Cl2
White ppt-
-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Bromides (Br 3
experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4-
observation Orange Vapour OF Br2 And HBr-
inference Br2 SO2
Solid + H2SO4 + MnO2-
Bromine Vapour Which Turn Starch paper To Yellow Pale Yellow ppt Soluble in Ammonia White ppt Sol. By Heating and Return Back After Cooling
Br2
Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-
AgBr ----2NH3----> [Ag(NH3)2]Br PbBr2
-:(- The Chemical Properties OF The Iodides (I experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4-
observation Violet Vapour Turn Starch paper To Blue
Soln + HgCl2-
Red ppt Sol. in Excess OF- [HgI2 -------->[K2HgI4 KI Giving Nessler's Soln PbI2
Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-
Yellow ppt (PbI2) Sol. By Heating AgI
Soln + AgNO3-
Yellow ppt inSol. in Ammonia Brown Colour OF I2 and White ppt OF CuI
Soln + CuSO4-
inference SO2 & I2
I2 And CuI
-:(-The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrates (NO3 experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4-
observation Reddish Brown Vapour-
Solid +H2SO4 + Cu +Heat-
Reddish Brown Vapour OFNO2 and The Soln Become Blue
inference NO2 CuSO4
-: Ammonia TestSoln + Zn + NaOH-
NH3 Evolved-
NH3
-: Black Ring TestSoln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc-
Form Brown Ring-
FeSO4NO
-:The Test For Miscelleneous Group4
( ---SO4-- , B4O7-- , PO4 )
-:(--The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphates (SO4 experiment Soln + BaCl2-
observation inference White ppt inSol. in Acids - BaSO4 OR Excess BaCl2
Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-
White pptAg2SO4 White ppt inSol. in Acids - PbSO4 and Sol. in NaOH
-:(--The Chemical Properties OF The Borates (B4O7 experiment Soln + BaCl2-
observation White ppt Sol. in Dil Acids and in Excess BaCl2
inference Ba(BO2)2
Soln + AgNO3Soln + HgCl2-
White ppt --Δ--> Brown ppt- AgBO2 ----Δ---> Ag2O Red ppt Sol. in Dil AcidsHg(BO2)2
-:(---The Chemical Properties OF The OrthoPhosphates (PO4 experiment Soln + BaCl2-
observation inference White ppt Sol. in Ammonia- BaHPO4
Soln + AgNO3-
Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3 Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids
Ag3PO4
White ppt-
MgNH4PO4
Yellow ppt-
NH4)3PO4(MoO3)12)
Soln + FeCl3""Magnesia Mixture Soln + MgCl2 + NH4ClSoln + Ammonium Molybdate + Drop HNO3 Conc + Heat
"---------"
FeSO4
The Acidic Radical is
SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL -:The Test For Dil HCl Group( --CO3-- , HCO3- , S2O3-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2) 5
-:General Reaction Solid +Dil HCL --------> Effervescence On Cold(Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate) Effervescence On Heat <-------( ThioSulphates, Sulphite, Nitrites, Sulphides ) -:(To Differentiated Between (Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate (Soln + MgSO4 ------> White ppt On Cold (Carbonate Is present(White ppt On Heat (Bi-Carbonate Is present <-----(Soln + HgCl2 ------> Reddish Brown ppt On Cold (Carbonate Is present(Reddish Brown ppt On Heat (Bi-Carbonate Is present <------:( To Differentiated Between ( ThioSulphates , Sulphite , Nitrites , Sulphides ( Solid +Dil HCl ---Δ---> -Yellow ppt (ThioSulphates May Be present(Brown Vapour (Nitrites May Be presentColourless Gas Turns paper Moistend with Lead Acetate (Soln Into Black "Rotten Odour" (Sulphite May Be present No Obs. Change K2Cr2O7 into Green Colour( Sulphides May Be present)
-: The Test For Conc H2SO4 Group(-Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3)
-: General Reaction <-----Solid + Conc H2SO4 ------- ΔEvolution OF Colourless Gas Forming White Cloud With Ammonia(Chlorides May Be present) Evolution OF Orange Vapour,Turns Starch paper into Yellow and The (Soln Become Red (Bromides May Be present Evolution OF Violet Vapour, Turns Starch paper into Blue(Iodides May Be present) Evolution OF Reddish Brown Vapour(Nitrates May Be present)
-:The Test For Miscellaneous Group( ---SO4-- , B4O7-- , PO4 ) -:General Reaction SO4--) White ppt insoluble in Dil Acids) --( Soln + BaCl2 White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids --( White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids (B4O7 (--White ppt not affected By Heat (SO4 -( Soln + AgNO3 White ppt Turns into Black By Heat --( Yellow ppt (PO4
(PO4-
(B4O7-
SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL
-:(+Test For Ammonia. Salt (NH46
experiment -:Grinding Test "Solid+Na2CO3"DropH2O-:Confirm Test Soln + Nessler's Reagent-
observation
inference
Ammonia Odour-
Amm. Salt is present
Yellowish Brown ppt-
Amm. Salt is present
-:(Test For Group (ΙΙ:(Cd2+ , Hg2+, Cu2+ , Bi3+ ) experiment Test For Ammonia(Test For Group (ΙΙSoln + Dil HCl + (1)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOH-
Group (ΙΙ-A )
observation No Result-
inference NH4+ is Absent
Yellow ppt Sol. in Min. Acids- It May Be (Cd2+) and The ppt is CdS
White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acid and Excess OF NH4OH Soln + NH4OH- White ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent [Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6White ppt OF a ComplexSoln + KINo pptSoln + Dil HCl + (2)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 2kI-
The ppt is Cd(OH)2 The ppt is Cd(OH)2 [The ppt is Cd[Fe(CN)6
Yellow ppt Change To Brown- (+It May Be (Hg2 Then Black Red Crimson ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent Yellow ppt-
The ppt is HgI2
Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3-
It May Be (Cu2+) and The ppt is CuS The ppt is CuI2
[Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6Soln + Dil HCl + (4)H2S
White ppt and I2 Liberate Turns Soln To Brown Blue ppt Turns Black on Boling Bluish Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH Yielding Deep Blue Soln Chocolate pptBlackish Brown ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3
-:Confirm Test
Black ppt Sol. in Excess KI-
The ppt is BiI3
Soln + 2NaOHSoln + Dil HCl + (3)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 4kISoln + NaOHSoln + NH4OH-
7
The ppt is HgO
The ppt is Cu(OH)2 The ppt is Cu(OH)2 [The ppt is Cu2[Fe(CN)6 It May Be (Bi3+) and The ppt is Bi2S3
Soln + 3kISoln + NaOH-
White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3-
The ppt is Bi(OH)3
-:(Test For Group (ΙΙΙ( +Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al3 ) experiment (+Test For (NH4(Test For Group (ΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙΙΙSoln + NH4OH + (1)NH4Cl
observation No ResultNo Result-
inference NH4+ is Absent The Group (ΙΙ) is Absent
Brown Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids and inSol. in Excess OF NH4OH
It May Be (Fe3+) and [The ppt is [Fe(OH)3
Dark Blue ppt (Prussian Blue) inSol. in Dil HCl
The ppt is Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
[Soln + k3[Fe(CN)6-
Brown ppt-
The ppt is Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Soln + 2Na2HPO4-
Yellowish White ppt Sol. in - The ppt is FePO4 Min. Acid inSol. in Acetic Acid Blood Red ColorationThe ppt is Fe(SCN)3 It May Be (Cr3+) and Dirty Green ppt Sol. in The ppt is Cr(OH)3 Excess NH4OH The ppt is Cr(OH)3 Green ppt Sol. in NaOHThe ppt is CrPO4 Yellow ppt Sol.in Min. Acid- The ppt is Cr2(CO3)3 Grey pptIt May Be (Al3+)and The ppt is Al(OH)3 White Gelatinous ppt Sol. in- The ppt is AlPO4 NaOH The ppt is Al(OH)3 Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Min. Acid White Gelatinous ppt-
-:Confirm Test [Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6-
Soln + 3NH4SCNSoln +NH4OH + (2)NH4Cl -:Confirm Test Soln + 3NaOHSoln + 2Na2HPO4Soln + Na2CO3 + H2OSoln +NH4OH + (3)NH4Cl -:Confirm Test Soln + Na2HPO4Soln + Na2CO3-
-:(Test For Group (ΙV( +Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2 ) 8
experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group (ΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙVSoln + NH4OH + (1)NH4Cl + H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOHSoln + NH4OHSoln + Na2HPO4[Soln + K4[Fe(CN)6Soln + NH4OH + (2)NH4Cl + H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 2NaOHSoln + 2NH4OH-
observation No ResultNo ResultNo Result-
inference NH4+ is Absent The Group (ΙΙ) is Absent The Group(ΙΙΙ) is Absent
White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3-
It May Be (Zn2+) and The ppt is ZnS
White ppt Sol. in NaOHWhite ppt Sol. in NH4OHWhite ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3White ppt Sol. in NaOH and inSol. in Dil Acetic Acid Buff ppt Sol. in Dil Acid-
The ppt is Zn(OH)2 The ppt is Zn(OH)2 The ppt is ZnHPO4 [The ppt is Zn2[Fe(CN)6 It May Be (Mn2+) and The ppt is MnS
White ppt Turns To Pink in- The ppt is Mn(OH)2 Air White pptThe ppt is Mn(OH)2
Soln + Na2HPO4-
Buff ppt By Excess NH4OH
Soln + NH4OH + (3)NH4Cl+ H2S -:To Differentiated Soln + DMG + NH4OHSoln + NH4SCN-
Black ppt Sol. in Hot Conc - It May Be (Ni2+) OR HNO3 inSol. in Dil HCl (+(CO2
-:Confirm Test IF Ni 2+ Formed (1 ) Soln + NH4OHSoln + NaOHIF CO 2+ Formed (2 ) Soln + NH4OHSoln + NaOH-
The ppt is MnHPO4
Red ppt(+It May Be ( Ni2 Violet Blue Colour Change- (+It May Be (CO2 To Rose By H2O Green ppt Sol. in NH4OHGreen ppt inSol. In NaOH Turn To Blue Soln By NH4OH
The ppt is Ni(OH)Cl The ppt is Ni(OH)2
Blue ppt Sol. in NH4OH To- The ppt is CO(OH)Cl Give Red Colour Blue ppt Sol. in NaOHThe ppt is CO(OH)2
-:(Test For Group (V-
( +Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 ) 9
experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group (ΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙΙΙ(Test For Group (VΙ(Test For Group (VSoln + NH4Cl + (1)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 -: Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4-
observation No ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo Result-
inference NH4+ is Absent The Group(ΙΙ) is Absent The Group(ΙΙΙ)is Absent The Group(VΙ)is Absent
White ppt Sol. in Dil HCL and Acetic Acid
It May Be (Ba2+) and The ppt is BaCO3
Heavy White ppt inSol. in Dil- BaSO4 HNO3
Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame TestSoln + NH4Cl + (2)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
White pptYellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3 and inSol. in Acetic Acid Apple Green Colour-
BaSO4 BaCrO4
White ppt Sol. in Dil HCl-
It May Be (Sr2+) and The ppt is SrCO3
-:Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4-
+
Ba2
White ppt inSol. in Ammonia- SrSO4 .Sulphate Soln
Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame Test-
White ppt Slowly On Cold and Rapidly On Boiling Yellow pptA Crimson Red Colour-
Soln + NH4Cl + (3)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
SrSO4 SrCrO4 + Sr2
White ppt Sol. in Acetic Acid- It May Be (Ca2+) and and in Min. Acid The ppt is CaCO3
-:Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame Test-
White ppt Sol. in (NH4)2SO4- CaSO4 No pptForm ppt By Conc Soln Only - --------which Sol. in Acetic Acid CaCrO4 A Reddish Brown Colour+ Ca2
-:(Test For Group (VΙ-
( +NH4+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2 ) 10
experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group (ΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙΙΙ(Test For Group (ΙV(Test For Group (V(Test For Group (VΙ-
observation No ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo Result-
inference NH4+ is Absent The Group (ΙΙ) is Absent The Group (ΙΙΙ) is Absent The Group (ΙV) is Absent The Group (V) is Absent
-:Flame Test (1)-
A Golden Yellow Colour-
(+It May Be ( Na
-:Confirm Test Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitriteSoln + Pot. Dihydrogen antimonite
No pptWhite ppt-
(+It May Be (Na NaH2SbO4
-:Flame Test (2)-
A Violet Colour-
(+It May Be ( K
Yellow ppt inSol. in Acetic Acid
Pot. Cobalt nitrite
-:Confirm Test Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitriteSoln + Tartaric Acid-
White Crystalline ppt Pot. hydrogen Tartarate Easily Formed By Shaking
Soln +NH4Cl+NH4OH (3)+ Na2HPO4 -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOHSoln + Na2CO3-
White ppt-
It May Be (Mg2+) And The ppt is Mg(NH4)PO4
White ppt Sol. in NaOHWhite ppt-
Mg(OH)2 MgCO3
"--------" The Basic Radical is
SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL -:The Test For Ammonia .Salt11
(Soln + NaOH
--------------> NH3 Evolved
(NH4+ is present-
-:(The Test For Group (ΙΙ (+Cu2+, Hg2+ , Bi3+, Cd2 ) (+Yellow ppt Soln + Dil HCl +H2S (+(Hg2 (+Black ppt
(Cd2 White ppt Change To Yellow Then Black (Bi3+ OR Cu2
-: (+To Differentiate Between The ( Cu2+ , Bi3+ , Hg2 ( +Black ppt By one Drop OF KI ( Bi3 ( +Soln + KI Brown ppt Disappear on Adding Na2S2O3 + ( Red Crimson ppt Soluble in Excess KI ( Hg2
( Cu2-
-:(The Test For Group (ΙΙΙ ( +Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al 3 ) ( +White Gelatinous ppt ( +Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH ( +Brown ppt
( Al 3 Grayish Green ppt
( Cr3-
( Fe3
-:(The Test For Group (ΙV ( +Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2 ) ( +White Gelatinous ppt ( Zn 2 ( +Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S Black ppt ( CO2+ OR (+Ni2
Buff ppt
( Mn2-
-: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( CO2+ , Ni2 ( +Soln + NH4SCN "Solid" ( +Soln + DMG + NH4OH
-----> Violet Colour -----> Red ppt
-:(The Test For Group (V -
12
( CO2( Ni2-
(+Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 ) (+Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 ------->White ppt
(Ca2+ OR Sr2+ OR Ba2-
-: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2 ( +No ppt ( +White ppt
( Ca2 Soln + CaSO4( Sr2+ OR Ba2
-: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( Sr2+ , Ba2 ( +Yellow ppt Soln + K2Cr2O7 Dil( +No ppt
( Ba2 ( Sr2
-:(Test For Group (VΙ ( +Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , NH4 ) ( +Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 -------> White ppt ( +A Golden Yellow Colour ( Na -: Flame Test+ ( A Violet Colour (K
13
(Mg2-
