Skill
CONTENTS Edu learning
nd
R EA E A D IN IN G
E f fe fe c titi v (1):
u rv rv ey ey ;
E du du c
E f fe fe c titi v (3
I n no no va va titi on on s i n h ea ea lltt h a n medicine
Go
ud
h ab ab i
r e ad ad i n g :
nt en en si si v (2): i nt
k im im ; c a he UK
r e ad ad i n g :
n c e a n g y ou ou r
READING
p4-5
e ad ad iinn g
musica musica cur
r ea ea d iinn g
p ee ee d o cu cu s n g y ou ou r
W R IT IT IN IN G
an
c on on tr t r as as t n g
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E
O R W R IT IT IN IN G
e ad ad iinn g
12-13
P re r e d ic ic titi n c on on t en en t T o p i s e n te te n c e new vacc vaccine ine
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E F O
C o mp mp ar ar in in g
pI
Rephrasing as s v e v o c e R u l e s : t h p as
14
A v o i d in in g p la la g ia ia r is is m (1): rephrasing
Urban planning
READING
od
P ar ar aagg r ap ap h
p u rp rp os os e
go
ater ater food, food, a n e ne ne rg rg y
R E AD AD I N
Wat
ma
S ea e a rc rc hi hi n
p ar a r ag ag ra ra ph ph s
an
he
36-3 36-3 a c s , s pe pe cu cu la la titi on on ,
r ep ep o n g a no no tthh e 38 p o n t of view
R EA E A D IN IN G T h T e
Ar
D e a n g w i t o ng ng e ur ve ve y q ue u e st st io io n (I): s ur
ur
o f n g n e r in in g
ke
d in in g
Ho
ke
d in in g
R EA E A D IN IN G
T h O ly ly m
an
L AN A N GU GU A G
an
re or ed
c au au titi on on , c er er ta ta in in t p e o n o p n iioo n
an
I n te te rp rp re re t n g an
Communication an technology
he
R EEA AD NG
De De
FO
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E
44--46 44--46
W R IT IT IN IN G
an
39 u n ce ce rtrt a n t
O R W R IT IT IN IN G
p47-48
I nd n d ic ic a n g e a o n o r e su su l Rules: r ea ea so so n o r r es es ul ul t A d d i n g i n fo fo rm r m at a t io io n V O C A BU BU L A R
52-53
Suffixes:
D E V EL EL O PM PM E N T wo
W o rd rd -b -b u d in in g (1)p55
54
p ro ro n ou ou n s
p60--61 Ga m e h od od s o f e co co rd rd iinn g w ha ha t
R E SE SE A R C H C re re ddii titi n
Ol
A v oi o i di di n
ad
i n d irir e c
p la la g a riri s
q u o ta ta t io io n s
A v o d in i n g p la la g a riri s
q u o ta ta t io io n s
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E F O
68-69 Tr
p31
W R IT IT IN IN G
a n c on on cl c l us us io io n n d g i n g e xa xa m e s
E x pr pr es es s n g c er er ta ta in in t E x pr pr eess si si n c au au tit i o
wn wo c om om p e x e n e nc nc e
M a k in in g n o e s differen T w o O l ym ym pi pi c b id id s p62
U n d er e r st st an an d in in g
e ar ar c
ex
i n d irir e c
Trends
y ou ou r
FO
I nt n t ro ro du d u ct c t io io n R e h ra ra s n g
r ea ea d
Ho
I nt n t er er ne n e t e f c ie ie n l y
g i n g e x m p s ; using
o u u nd nd e
u nc nc e a iinn ttyy , m i Is ' fa fa i t ra ra de de ' f ai ai r
(1); wi 2 ) d ea ea l n g w i I sl sl an an d s i n th su
th
L AN A N GU GU A G
ne
D i st st in in g u s h in in g b e tw tw e e xp re re ss ss in in g g en en er er al al iziz at at io io ns ns , opinions: e xp
R E AD AD I N
23 n on on ym ym s o r m o
ho o n g a n a pp pp ro ro pr pr ia ia t ( 1 ) : c ho
28-29
ha
o r e ph ph ra ra s n g
o r g na na l
G l ob ob al al iz iz at at io io n
de rs rs ttaa n di di n (3); u n de
80lympk business
r yw yw h er er e
mo
recall,' review review (2): recall,'
Wond h e m od od eerr n world
b et et we we e
2 ) p llaa nn nn iinn g
wa r,
nf ma F o o c ha ha in in s 30 I d n t y in in g a ng n g ua ua g
I de d e n i fy fy in in g
Conserving he st
s tr tr a e gi gi e
F in in d n g
R E A D IN IN G
R E S E A R C H F i nd nd in in g i nf nf or or ma ma titi o r e e re r e n c m a te te riri al al : u s n g wo wh
20-21
22
di ou
Fr de an fair fair trade. trade.
nn ng
Usin
T e x t c o h es es io io n : l in in ki ki n capita capita city
u rb rb a
v isis ua u a l i n o rm rm at a t io io n
g ra r a ph ph ic ic s
L an a n gu g u ag ag e
s ou ou rc rc e
ck no no w e dg dg iinn g 3 ) a ck un c u a o n ( 4 p un
di ec an of di
an
W R IT IT IN IN G
o r d es es c b in in g g r h s
ha
n d s ta ta t s t - -: -: i: /
d a a ; o ok o k in in g o r g en en er er a p a e rn rn s
de ai Co
ng wi ng wi
ng ng
76--78 k im im , a n ad ma no es
3 ) p re re d c t
';'-:.'.
e le le c he an
L a n g ua u a g e f o p re re se s e n ta ta titi on on s al
CONTENTS Edu learning
nd
R EA E A D IN IN G
E f fe fe c titi v (1):
u rv rv ey ey ;
E du du c
E f fe fe c titi v (3
I n no no va va titi on on s i n h ea ea lltt h a n medicine
Go
ud
h ab ab i
r e ad ad i n g :
nt en en si si v (2): i nt
k im im ; c a he UK
r e ad ad i n g :
n c e a n g y ou ou r
READING
p4-5
e ad ad iinn g
musica musica cur
r ea ea d iinn g
p ee ee d o cu cu s n g y ou ou r
W R IT IT IN IN G
an
c on on tr t r as as t n g
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E
O R W R IT IT IN IN G
e ad ad iinn g
12-13
P re r e d ic ic titi n c on on t en en t T o p i s e n te te n c e new vacc vaccine ine
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E F O
C o mp mp ar ar in in g
pI
Rephrasing as s v e v o c e R u l e s : t h p as
14
A v o i d in in g p la la g ia ia r is is m (1): rephrasing
Urban planning
READING
od
P ar ar aagg r ap ap h
p u rp rp os os e
go
ater ater food, food, a n e ne ne rg rg y
R E AD AD I N
Wat
ma
S ea e a rc rc hi hi n
p ar a r ag ag ra ra ph ph s
an
he
36-3 36-3 a c s , s pe pe cu cu la la titi on on ,
r ep ep o n g a no no tthh e 38 p o n t of view
R EA E A D IN IN G T h T e
Ar
D e a n g w i t o ng ng e ur ve ve y q ue u e st st io io n (I): s ur
ur
o f n g n e r in in g
ke
d in in g
Ho
ke
d in in g
R EA E A D IN IN G
T h O ly ly m
an
L AN A N GU GU A G
an
re or ed
c au au titi on on , c er er ta ta in in t p e o n o p n iioo n
an
I n te te rp rp re re t n g an
Communication an technology
he
R EEA AD NG
De De
FO
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E
44--46 44--46
W R IT IT IN IN G
an
39 u n ce ce rtrt a n t
O R W R IT IT IN IN G
p47-48
I nd n d ic ic a n g e a o n o r e su su l Rules: r ea ea so so n o r r es es ul ul t A d d i n g i n fo fo rm r m at a t io io n V O C A BU BU L A R
52-53
Suffixes:
D E V EL EL O PM PM E N T wo
W o rd rd -b -b u d in in g (1)p55
54
p ro ro n ou ou n s
p60--61 Ga m e h od od s o f e co co rd rd iinn g w ha ha t
R E SE SE A R C H C re re ddii titi n
Ol
A v oi o i di di n
ad
i n d irir e c
p la la g a riri s
q u o ta ta t io io n s
A v o d in i n g p la la g a riri s
q u o ta ta t io io n s
L AN A N GU G U AG AG E F O
68-69 Tr
p31
W R IT IT IN IN G
a n c on on cl c l us us io io n n d g i n g e xa xa m e s
E x pr pr es es s n g c er er ta ta in in t E x pr pr eess si si n c au au tit i o
wn wo c om om p e x e n e nc nc e
M a k in in g n o e s differen T w o O l ym ym pi pi c b id id s p62
U n d er e r st st an an d in in g
e ar ar c
ex
i n d irir e c
Trends
y ou ou r
FO
I nt n t ro ro du d u ct c t io io n R e h ra ra s n g
r ea ea d
Ho
I nt n t er er ne n e t e f c ie ie n l y
g i n g e x m p s ; using
o u u nd nd e
u nc nc e a iinn ttyy , m i Is ' fa fa i t ra ra de de ' f ai ai r
(1); wi 2 ) d ea ea l n g w i I sl sl an an d s i n th su
th
L AN A N GU GU A G
ne
D i st st in in g u s h in in g b e tw tw e e xp re re ss ss in in g g en en er er al al iziz at at io io ns ns , opinions: e xp
R E AD AD I N
23 n on on ym ym s o r m o
ho o n g a n a pp pp ro ro pr pr ia ia t ( 1 ) : c ho
28-29
ha
o r e ph ph ra ra s n g
o r g na na l
G l ob ob al al iz iz at at io io n
de rs rs ttaa n di di n (3); u n de
80lympk business
r yw yw h er er e
mo
recall,' review review (2): recall,'
Wond h e m od od eerr n world
b et et we we e
2 ) p llaa nn nn iinn g
wa r,
nf ma F o o c ha ha in in s 30 I d n t y in in g a ng n g ua ua g
I de d e n i fy fy in in g
Conserving he st
s tr tr a e gi gi e
F in in d n g
R E A D IN IN G
R E S E A R C H F i nd nd in in g i nf nf or or ma ma titi o r e e re r e n c m a te te riri al al : u s n g wo wh
20-21
22
di ou
Fr de an fair fair trade. trade.
nn ng
Usin
T e x t c o h es es io io n : l in in ki ki n capita capita city
u rb rb a
v isis ua u a l i n o rm rm at a t io io n
g ra r a ph ph ic ic s
L an a n gu g u ag ag e
s ou ou rc rc e
ck no no w e dg dg iinn g 3 ) a ck un c u a o n ( 4 p un
di ec an of di
an
W R IT IT IN IN G
o r d es es c b in in g g r h s
ha
n d s ta ta t s t - -: -: i: /
d a a ; o ok o k in in g o r g en en er er a p a e rn rn s
de ai Co
ng wi ng wi
ng ng
76--78 k im im , a n ad ma no es
3 ) p re re d c t
';'-:.'.
e le le c he an
L a n g ua u a g e f o p re re se s e n ta ta titi on on s al
W R IT IT I N G
E du du c
C h e k in in g y ou ou r w r n g Wri ng
mp
W R IT I T IN IN G
ng
nk ng
16-17 t op op i s en en te te nc nc es es ; b od o d y s en en te te nc nc es es ; f in in a
paragraph:
Wri ng
V O CA B U L A R
8-9
o rd rd e a n
nt
K e p inin g h e h y
Developing sentences
En d: mp e n e nc nc e e ng ng tthh ; w o
1)
An nt na on
de
V O C A BU L A R
Wri ng
p er er su su as as iv iv e
W R IT I T IN IN G
S ou r
me ag of
W R I T IN IN G
Ex mp
Consumerism
R ec e c o d inin g v oc o c ab ab u
18
e co co r
v oc oc ab ab u a r
D E V EL O PM E N T C o o c o n h a g o o ge ge th th e
ad ec ve
or d Collocations (I): w or n ou ou n v er er b noun
V O CA B U L A R a n d a d jeje c titi v e
32-33
pli
REVIEW
REVIEW p27
D E V E L OP M EN T
C om om p u n
un
REVIEW p35
34
C om om p n d C o mp m p ou ou n d
no ns a d e ct ct iv iv e
nd
40 p o n t o f v ie ie w : h e m a p o n t a rg rg um um en en t a n g iivv in in g e xa xa mp m p llee s 40-41
Supporting u pp pp o n g
REVIEW
rt
of
d es es c b e
10
o rg rg an an iizz in in g
Introductions Developing t h e si si s s t at at em em e n t Conclusions a r ag ag ra ra p h c on o n te te n C h ec ec k n g y ou ou r w r i n g (3): p ar Wri ng
wo
C h ec ec k n g y ou ou r writing punctuation, s p el el lili ng ng , a n d grammar
R e co c o rd rd in i n g v oc oc ab ab u la la r wh wo ds co wh wo ( 3) 3) : c l O os o s in in g ui ab me ho
24-2 24-2
en t n g h e p u p o an S e l e c titi n g i n fo fo r m a titi o n : d en y ou ou r w r n g Prioritizing: p u n g n e n ffoo rm rm a o n o rd rd e wr ng no es he Brainstorming: b e o r w r n g e le le c n g a n p r o r z in in g y ou ou r d ea ea s
Di
V O C A BU L A R Y D E V EL O PM E N T
a ra ra g a p
W R IT I T IN IN G
D EV E O PM E N
Us ng di na ym b ol ol s a n d a bb b b re re vi vi at at io io n s I) s ym 2) or u sa sa g o f n e w o d s
of
V O CA B UL A R
de
op
n ttee n
gi ng
D E VE LO PM E N T
Mul pl
(3): w o wi U s in i n g d ic i c t o na na r m ea e a n n g p ro ro nu nu n a t o n or pa
m e n inin g
p42
REVIEW p43
o f p ee ee c
P re re se s e n titi n a rg rg u m en en t ( 1 ) C o n s is is t en en c y : o rg rg an an i n g y ou ou r a rg rg um um en e n t b y o p o r v ie ie wp wp o n t se s o r a g n g a rg rg um u m en en t (2) S t a g i n g : w o d s a n p h a se
Wri ng
ni
W R IT I T IN IN G
Mu
ms
V O CA B UL A R
48-49
ok in in g a t p ur ur po po se se , c on on ttee n C h ec ec k n g y ou ou r w r i n g (4): o ok o rg rg an an i a t o n o f a n e ss ss a
r i titi n g an e va va lu lu a i o
e ss ss a
o u e s (1 c k no no w le le dg dg in in g A v o i d in in g p la la g ia ia r isis m (2): A ck R E SE A R C
an
W R I T IN IN G
C re re d n g
L AN G UA G E F O
L AN G UA G E
O R W R IT I T IN IN G
wri er
s ou ou rc rc e
d ea ea s
Ol mp h e s ta ta ge g e s o f e ss ss a w ri r i titi n
Wri ng
d i u rs rs i
W R IT I T IN IN G
P op op u
U s in in g g r p hs hs . ng
W R I T IN IN G
e po po r
Gi
2)
pS
a d ve ve rb rb ; a d ve ve r
n d b u d inin g 57-58 57-58 o rg rg a n z in in g , a n
D E V E L O P M EN EN T
REVIEW
Sy
ms
r ew ew ri r i titi n
nd
ms
REVIEW p59
REVIEW
p67
sa
on
nd
V O CA B UL A R
72-73
p r s en en t d a
D E V E LO P M EN T
Prefixes: r ec ec og og n iziz in in g p re re f x e
W o rd r d -b -b U d inin g (2 w h ic ic h c ar a r r m e an an in in g
u s n g v isis ua u a l n fo fo rm rm a o n
F O R S P E A K IN IN G
Ho be go P re re pa pa riri n n o e s
Co oc on
si n g d i ffff e re re n t S yn y n on on ym y m s n d n e s yn yn on on ym y m s c h o o si s yn yn on o n ym ym s o r d i e re re n c on on ttee x ho o n g d i e re re n a n o ny ny m or A n t o n y m s : c ho d i ffff eerr e n t c o n te te x t
ma nt
P r oc oc e s w r i t in in g :
T un n
V O CA B U L A R p66
64
E x p re re s s in in g c o n trtr a st st in in g R u l e s : contrast W R IT I T IN IN G
D E VE LO PM E N T (2):
e n t f yi yi ng ng , S u m m a r i z i n g : d en ideas r i titi n g summary
W R IT I T IN IN G
V e rb rb s o r r e o r n g a n h e ep o rt rt in in g v e rb rb s R u l e s : r ep
Collocations Wo adjective
or
n t p rere t n g
nt p re re se se n a t o n
nd
an atng
80-81
V O CA B UL A R vocabulary-
D E V E LO P M E N T 82
Fo ma
F o rm rm a a n n fo fo rm rm a v oc oc ab ab u la la ry ry : i nf nf or or m a v o ca ca b ul ul ar ar y a p p ro ro p ri ri at at el el y WOR,
L IS I S T p84
P H O N ET ET I
S Y M BO L
p94
n d n fo fo rm rm a
u s n g o rm rm a
REVIEW p75
Composite words REVIEW
an
Goo
READING
u d h ab i
it best
h i c h .t ex t is abou Look
at th
"""''''''''"'1'''' tostiidyi Why?
tudyin
effectively?
text again. An we
Ch wha e ff ec t iv e r e ad e r .
T ex t A :
Survey h e m a
Lo
Text
an'introductiofii
iii
he he
ho
to b ec om e
de de whe he us ul h e d in gs , ur s, gr hs yl he nd whe ha me
he ho he nf g e g en e de R e t h t l n d n y h e d in gs . Re he s en t n c
g an iz e
Skim
Read T ex t Which is
commitmenti for delaying starting
ork!
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exercise 3?
quiz an then an we thes
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exercise 4?
nd
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R e d ,S tu d
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Scan h e
l1li
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m. nd
gr hs
n d s pe c i c e s o f i n o rm at io n Use wha yo nt s u y in g n d s k m m n g h e o ca t t h n fo rm a o n y o n e d . Mov qu kl hr ug he Do no w o rd . St whe yo me he nf ma yo wan
ha Answer
y ou r
n in g
yl
he
ho
be
Doy (~/reading? l is te ni n t o l ec tu re s Ho do yo ur s? cfi.. k e m ak e n o d u n g h e u r ke he ur nd st ga n. Wh wo wa wr immediately? later? If y o n e m em o z e s om e h in g g.a mu
ii.' w r it e
i t o u s e e ra l t im es ? repeat it a l o u d t o y o ur s el f and/or o th e r p eo pl e Whe yo ne bu y, do yo he H a rd l er Usually 6 D6 y6 u l an gu ag e o r i n E n g i sh )
wn
Ai v. /.
Results f y o u c o e dm o s A s, y o m o r v i u a a rn e Y o u p re fe r b y e ad in g a n se h e w r e n w o rd . Y o u l e w r i i ng . V i su a l l ea rn e r o f e n h in k i n p ic tu re s I f y o f in d p a c u a r a s o r e x d i f ic u o o k o r s ou rc e h a w i s u y o u l ea rn in g s ty le , e .g . s ou rc e w i t i ll us tr a o n s c h ar ts , a b le s
videos.
Most/yBs I f yo u s co re d m o s m o r a ud i o r ss y o a r p ro ba b l ea rn e r - .Y o u p re fe r l ea r b y l is te n in g a n s p ea k in g . A u d i o r l ea rn e r o f e n l ea r b e s f ro m l ec tu re s d is cu ss io n s b y r ea d in g a lo u d a n d b y l is te n in g to a u d i m a t er ia l Mixture an If o u o r p ro ba b ea p re fe r ea y ou r e l w h ic h doing.
Bs m i x tu r o f A s n d s, k e m o s p eo p h ro ug h m i x tu r o f y le s S o m e m e s b y r ea d n g , a t o th e m e s b y s te n n g . sth be yl or he pa cu ar as
yo yo may sk
yo
aecoming L e n in g h o di ne The h ab i W o r
effective
s tu d si he
nd
whi wi be
ss nt uc
sk ff·,•..ti'~.
Targets A lw ay s s e
st wo g e D on ' do mu h. Fo ha ha d in g h e w h o b o h e w e k en d T h nd d, ge mo ha v ag u e c om m it m en t It is sometime he yo d s b ou t y ou r n. Th go nc nt wi
Rewards De wa ds up h ou r s tu dy . R ew a d in g y ou rs e yo e l g oo d a bo u y ou rs el f Timing Mak su yo ho se ui bl whe yo Tr y ou r d ay . If wo ns u t of g e n g e m i l a r n o u rg en t
y ou r w o k . F o ur us ke ng y ou r w o
ke hi Yo
u dy , gu
ne w i m ak e
whe
nd bl
wa
Quantity l ar g t as k s uc h a s r es e r ch in g n e da nt ng ha be di ul Br he g e s k d ow n n t s e sm ha wi ha wi qu st se y . T h i m ak e manageable.
bo nn
DVDla
nd yo
b e d au n d ow n an m ak e s t r t n es . F o m ak e he he wo mo
No nd n in g styles y.r~y Th bo yo u dy in g w on ' w a nt nf h a s u y ou r n in g y l I t s , th e wo hwh sp nd ngti k in g n o n d g an iz in g h e wa ha ui b e Itjs go y ou r n o b o k s n e nd we g an iz ed . T h w H l m a uc si nf ma Revision D on ' t a g et s a ll o ng
un he nt Whe yo y ou r r eg ul a r e i si o t im e T h i i s m u c m or e e f e ct i be
ud t ha n (395.words)
Yo Th III
To
Th
hi
wh
wh
m t w. III
Un
wo
wh w.
If
he
Un
Ed
an
E du ca t o n 10. S k
he UK
he
UK
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...:.~";"oc;"",a,,;,,bu....;l.;;:,:ary....:_:_r..;_ec~~ Wha yo bo wo de ho understand yo nl ne t h w o rd , r ec or d III t h e p r on u n c ia t io n !iii d e fi n it io n a n d/ o t ra n sl at io n
w i u s it.
ou w an t wo whi y ou r w n w o k , record: III t h e p r on u n c ia t io n III! he ar s pe ec h III a n y i r re g u la r f or m s iii a ss oc ia te d p re po si ti on s o r v er b p at te rn s III a n e x am p le . s e n t e n c If h e
.", .... .'..... Ii\!
d e fi ni ti o
a n d/ o t ra n sl at io n
s t g i u s /pre'strdgcs reputatiol1,respected
havill
good
uf /'sAfa(r)/ e xp er ie l1 c e s o me th i ll g u l lp le as al l s u e a s palll, d is ea se , s tc . e .g . B a rb a r s u ff er e h e .a r a tt ae k l as t y ea r SYII: experiel1ce /'mterkl- the p ro ce s d r il 1 k , e t c i ll t y o u r body
/ k A t I 1 1 0t ll 1 s o me th i ll g s h a r e..g. H e h a
ho
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woul1d m ad e w i t
on is head.
medicil1e e s r ib e m ed i i t e s a w h a t t r a tm en t o r m ed i ci l1 e s s h o u l h a v ar
m en t 1101.111, t o t re a v e r b m ak e s b b e e r
su
ro
study/research/al
d is ea s
t o u s e m ed ic a
G O l ld / o l / i n es s
illvestigatioll/a proJeGt/a survey
REVIEW
it
t a
ex
ch
en en
1-3 wit
paragraph
ce ai Brightly-colou ed vegetablescanhel
ce ey diseas
-C
es ap ea protec your ight
ct in called Age-Relate
Macula Degeneration
,w e d
III
.Th
ad
an af es ea
es
en en Increa ed consumptio th disease.
of thes vege able
educes th
is of developing
years. to develo
th ey condition.
an five fo unde standing
only Un
Is h e ~ x
ha -d W h iC h Sk
he
he ~i
ma
n ew s p u re s s ho w ? be us ul o·
u rb a h in g Br zi u rb a nn ng A l 6 : :~ 4 A . g a c h ea n d h i s w o r k · O u . fm ! J~ ' $i ri f1 u e n c o n u r b a s c1 r i h ~ te JC t ~ #4 ri ns w e r
op
p la n n in g
h e q u es t o n s
sC ...•........ ...i·i he nd he m p o y h e F n :n ch a d ;1 ~ t~ c ? : >. t~ eJ9$O s? ... .......•.. h a w a s h e p op u a t o n o fO u r i } )a i t h w r i e r b e l e v Curitiba is g o o d m o d d o f u r b a n . P 1 < i n r i i r i g ? ~ c· ~
u uY . 1 t
'- ;-
~~Ng
hs
Ea example:
Fo
The rs gr he he o r s i tu a ti o n . III
Th
bo s u d e s ug g developments.
n tr od u
he be
hs so ut ns
de
The na gr nc ud s, d i sc u ss e c on s eq u en c es . de
ng
u s ef u
he
bl
be ua
ur
gr wh
he
i n fo rm a ti on .
S TU D
. T e x c o fu e s io n
SK
we wr
de ha s i
OB-C OC-D OE-F
r ep hr as in g k e w o rd s e.g. integrate/integrated, p la nn in g/ ur b d es ig n m a n t n in g h e s ub je c g o ba kw
hr III
UI1it3
Urban
ns
wi we
he he
nt nc he us
wh
he
nc
n g h e k e w or d A g a h e o rw a r r e e re nc e
p l a h i h g . .. . .. . • .. . .. . .. . .• . .
wo ds
r ep e n g k e w o rd s o r e xp re ss io n
r an sp or ta t o n
-G re
ng
hr
whi wa
gr
bj he ir ba kt he
he nt nc us
Le sons from curttiba
ii
Thi wi gu ha Cu ba de go u rb a n n n g U rb a n om i nd d e o pm en t i nc re as in g r ap id ly ; a n growing nv nm nt Fo hi n, he yp n e
u th e Br zi mp nn ng de wi he hy T od ay , u b a ul ns u t n g n o m ou s ur u rb a nn ng un Cu
nt
he ba
he nt gl ~t n, Cu ba ne mp h o u rb a w ay s b e he h ow e At ne me he me bl ms m an y h e he wo d, w d in g ut on nd nc d em an d s, then, did Curitipaaddresstheseproblems? a n h o us in g .! i0 w ,
planning-canwork.tlhishas Cu ba n am e t ra ns po rt ,
he ~4 he Ul C~ ba hagr wn b ou t 1 5 immigrantsfrom countries s u c a s J a, pa n ,S y ri a, an d L e b a n o n wo gr ulur n d n du s y . T h n e d e b o h ou sm g n d ns on Cur ba de ze ha w a n o s en s b l de W i t h es e bl ms se y . C on s q u n t y , h e mp ye Fr nc nn nd hi Al Aga he nd ut n.
1'!1 A g a ch e s tu d ie d
allaspects
uc ni he bo m mu n h em e dd we no mp another 20 years. Byth
b l m . H e designed .. scheme w h i ga or ub nd ns A t h e m e m e h e h em e n c u d nt whi nd me de nd du ng n. Th wa he bl ms g r w in g he me Unf un y, me hi d. Th ul de be be w, wa ha hi h em e n l Cu ba he ub
1 96 0 h e
Cu hi hi he by me Le ne Thi du he n d d d n g w id e h ig h s p ds plans m in im iz e u rb a g r w th , du de ha he Cu ba Mas wa
ba ha wn bo h ab i n t he ha yo ut he hi nd wn Cur ba Mas n. Thi ns k in g A g a h e g in a whi ss he ma st The sa nc ud y- nt nd he y ' h is t d is t ne he mp gr city planning.
throughout h e 1 98 0 a s C u r b a is integrated oa u rb a d e g n w a m a n t n e ul gr mo ne mi nh bi nt En nm nt we dd d, uc yc ng gr mm h ou s h o wa nd ks nd gr n' we de m en t H ow e g oo d ns ma ne nt the.planning. Go ns ma ns ge he wi he ne ne ds mp ym nt bu ne ks nd nt ha be dd ll h e ha ng wi ntnu he ul Cu ba nc c on ti nu al l s ea rc h in g o r s ol ut io n t o t he pr o~ le rn s . nt ha nc n g n um b nn wi gr w. Man he k in g ur ge us nd nn nd ha w ay s u t h e y p
ul bu ne
nt he ha ng u rb a Cu ba n sw e nn ha be y ' inhabitants he nt he de gn words)
.··iii··
'i'......•..••. g a n . A n sw e h e u e n s .. hat three.aspects()f?evelopl11ent.4oespr~anplanni~gd.eal~ith? '2 " W h a t p ro b ie m rnilllycities.face? ...........•..........•.•...•....... .·..·i.
8. Read the -.
bs g r w in g nc ur ge ne ma bu nn
3W ha!
vva~tl;J.e.rnain.F
.I!)..1¥lmt Wha
" ' . : : :- - : ~ : . : ' -i ' , - :, : : : : ~ , - ., ' , ' _ ' . , . : ., . • . - - . - ; ' .
y sw a sA ,g as l1 ls .
C h .~ i
;·.ii>J
?i
Ag ~h
W h a t d iq . h e u r b < il~terI.'f~pq??, ·.·· l 1 il t v ra s. ne w a b ol lt .t h .e \a pp r6 ( l, ch . t\ J, p~ < lJ :l n in g .i n
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ii;;"i~hning?
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: : -Z , < : . . ' ; ' , , : : , . " , - :. -" :" - -:'>::;.'~:':':::;~\<' _;
Un
Ur
an ag it
emai
education, recreation
an
agriculture, an
factor of national interest. th 24th February 1960, ad ca
ei
city. In 1959, city.
1947,
cl
e,
ar ch ac
ee
as
er
city.
as
cu
er
es It has an
el
aa ( 3 3 9 words)
order. Find
RESEARCH
F i n d in g i n fo r m a ti o n
n i S Wm i1m,
r)
[I
Ify
nn nd ··,·t,""''',"0 u nd e o th e w o rd s For example: I!I ( n ea r ) s y n o n y m s e .g , scheme/plan Ii!l m or e g en er a o r t op i w o r ds , e ,g ,
c()ffilllerce.i. ···4 .farming .... ernploYfuent ···.··.ej6bs household
waste
.inhabitants plan
',
C h o o se a a pp ro pr ia t I n te rn e t s it e IS F o r g e ne ra l i n fo rm a ti on , e .g , h e h is to r o f P a ki st an , u s e a s u b je c t di ec or su http://bubLac.ukl http://www.rdn.ac.uk/ IS F o r m o r s pe ci fi c i n fo rm at io n , e .g . u r ba n p l an n in g i n I n do n es ia , u s ng ne uc www.google.com or w w w . y a h o o . c o m ac g. he at u s a n o nl in e he p en d of III T o c h e e nc yc lo pa ed i s uc h a s www.bartleby.com
sy
olswou
yo us to in
the development of urba si
.•
nfor atio
;:?:'.:':-;;.:~~:':-:.;.-~':..
III iii
do ng he nt ne h a i s m y s ea rc h t op ic ? What h e k e w o rd s hr
U s e q u ot at io n m ar k
yo ca as di ct
recyclin scheme "url1at1rec.yclit1g" Canberra, the capit.al0fAustralia . .
faniQ4~}j,f'····¢t~Xl"l()t:AiP.eri~~}'
Be
O n s om e s ea rc h n g in es , s u http://ukask.com q u e s ti o n s e .g . W h o d es ig n e C a n be rr a
, :. > . • . . • • . .. . .. . .. •. ..· .i...'····· ·.. . .. . . wha
Wri
nd ho
y n n ym s
yo
go ng
h. Ask
h e k e w o rd s
o r p hr as es . F o r e x am pl e
I f y o u s ea rc h urban planning, y o w i n d wi h e w o rd s urban an planning. T h e s w o r d m ig h t n o t b e c on n ec te d I f y o u s ea rc h "urba planning', y o w i l n d s i e s w h i h a h es e w o rd s o g h e ey rs hm es se or A N D t o i n i n o rm at io n t og et he r e .g . " u rb a p la nn in g " - B ra zi l !II NOT mo nf ma y o d o n o n e d , g . if y o w a n n fo rm a o n o n u rb a iii U s e p la nn in g b u t n o t i n E u ro pe , s e ar c " u rb a n p l an n in g ' - E u ro p e Un
Ur
Urbsnis an illfe.rnatiollalairport 20km away
g o o d l Ie .t wd r o f roads to o th e r p ar t
of the.country
s ev er a t op -q u al it y re st au r al lt s d oe s u su a ra l t i s um m o nl y 3 0 m il lu te .s a W i ly fr o c ap it a city g e u mm e mp ur 24°C 20 he si dy -d m en t m ou ll ta i r al lg e about km away h o te l a cc om m od at io l f o 2 0 ,0 0 0 v is it or s gold m a rk e ti n g a n d J e. w e ll e r m a k ll l an e xc el le n t p u b li c t ra n sp or t s y st e world a mo u c om pu te r m an u fa ct ur e b a se d i n t h e city lOkm r o t w Itlternational borders very lo l e ve l o f a i r p o ll U f lo l b e c au s e . o f e o as t a w l t l d 1 5 m an y p r 1 6 S t O W S ea v y i tl t h e w i n e r fo i t b o a t- b u i ld i n g i n d u st r shops tq h e c oa s utl/ve.rsit
4.100k e x te ll en t p u b li c t ra n sp o r t s y st eh > l ot p ar t B o o d n e tw o r k o f r oa d · a t i international airport 20km a w a y
Visitors ge U r ba n v e r y e as il y b e ca u s t h i nt er n a ti on a l a ir p o r t i s o n l y 2 0 k il om e tr e travel a r o u n d q u ic k a s re e x ce ll en t p u b li c a w a y . When t h e a r in th city, they r an sp o r y s m . F u r r m o r v i o r c a ! g e ot p ar t o f the. country I>eeause Urbat!iahas w o r o f r oa d good
•··~.you city
ould li
to hold "'r,'i~",
,. an internationalconferenc it
one
C o ll oc at io n a r w o rd s w h i c r eq ue nt l a pp ea r t og et he r R e co gn iz in g t he s o U oc a o n h e y o u nd er s n d ex be a n m p v e y ou r r ea d n g s pe ed . If y o u s h e y ou r w r i n g w l l s ou n m o n a u ra l S om e c om mo n c ol lo ca ti on s a r o rm e b y : a n d n ou n s e .g . urban planning ill a d je ct iv e iii v er b s a n n ou ns , e .g . d o r es ea rc h A l w a y r ec or d t he s w o rd s t og et he r
REVIEW
The hi
u rb a
nn ng
imilarly in th firs millennium BeE, th ancien reek were laying ou thei cities in an organize an regula manner lexandri an Miletu ar tw of th most famous examples of this urba planning he cities also provided thei inhabitant it public facilities uc as market places an fres ater supplies slamic cities to provided thei citizens with public facilities They ar furthe credited with developing totall ning ow yste he differen area of city ar as igne differen functions, such as religious 'administrative or commercial. ea zo prea ma e. er vlde ·the thir millennium in th arap er ·an em an an
an ar ac ndus alley.In th city of at nk an er
rban planning is no ecen invention. People have designed thei settlement ro th earliest times. De pite difference base on geography, culture, an th need of th population th variou planne ha many things in common as this es ay il describe
1·
t is i them. an
ft
of th examination. congestion. 7.
e 3 in p Ia
erne
arch
ac
ns er
es
a?
(by population
outsid
ofAustralia'scapital city?
Ur
R E A D IN G S K IL L S F in d in g in fo rm a t o n r o m or e t h a o n e s o ur ce . d e n y in g a n gu a g o r L AN G U AG E F O R W R I N G n t o du c o n a n c on c u s o n R e ph ra s n ga n g i n g e x am p e s W R I N G S K IL L n t o du c o ns . D e e lo p n g a th es is s ta te me n C o nc lu s o n C h e c k in g yo u r w r it in g W r it in g t o d e s c r b e a n d e x p la i n V O C A BU L AR Y D E VE LO P M EN T C o mp ou n n ou n C o mp ou nd a d e c e s
REAOING
wat
ywhe
iscu sthe statements·i··.·
..•....•
'Wa.terjU~tG() ~Sp~O(atap.
•. •W atef!smor
·...
.....·.·.·.· ....
dotl'tthitlkabO'ut\Vh~;~lt Gomesfro . '
Val~iibietbanoil. '
s~fyeyieXtsAandB()npage·.~9.Where···couldJh~Y~()me written ,:\,~.:'
,",
sc~ri·th~t~its •...vh~fdd'thentimber
in theb6ii~f~fto?
billion
T e x t A and "'U'~"",ll',"
1- 0.
F i ri s fi n g Yo wi ofen ha ea wo or mo e x a bo u h e n fo r a t o n o u n ee d w i d ep en d o n h e a s iii
III
iii
Rea
he
s t e x a n u nd e n e h e n fo rm a o n
R e ad th e s ec on d e x a n u nd e n e a n n e w h ic h r e le va n t M a k n o te s r o
he sa
s ub je c
o u n ee d
o r d i e re n
n fo rm a o n
h e n fo rm a t o n y o h a v u n de r n e d
What is desalination ar us es at am thre coun ries hich us de alination. na vvhen'
an
at
an ed
Read T e x t T ex t A o r
co
no underlined in
,"
ci
a te r
ex
o od ,
_.
energy
Wo
wa
P ro v d in g
se ma peop take wa er fo granted. Asth po ulat on ofth worl in reases an with it th de an fo water, ther is rowing concer that ur wate supplies il no prov adeq ate. In area ea th coas an obviou solution to this prob em find ay ofut lizing th abun an supply ofwate from th se Wate co er 0% ofth surfac ofth earth, bu 98 ofthi is undrinkabl salt water. However, fo centurie ma ha experimented with differen method of co vertin sa ater nt resh wate proces called desalination whereb salt an co taminant ar re oved ro he ater Th challenge, owadays, is to this on uc ar er scale. On lace wh ch ha used desali atio fo ma year is th nite Arab Em rates. It nstall th firs desalination plants in 1972 an nowadays ry supplied by this process. Ne flltration system have been develope to replac th traditiona methods, wh ch used heatin rocess Anothe exampl Saud Arabia whos desalination plants produc almost 25 ofth world' desalinate wa er ne constructed there producin annually.
30 billio litres
Ch na with ts rapi nd strial gr wt as also ex er ence an ncreas demand orwater as el as energy Toovercom th shortage of both Chin buil co bine po er an desalination plan Zhejiang Province in th 1970s. Sinc then salt converte
into fres water. Some of this fres wate stry so producti ofener y, an th remainde sold as drinking water. Unfortunately, desalination is an expensiv process sing larg amount ofenergy,bu research is currentl be ng carr ed ut into th de elop en more efficien technology usin combinatio of differen methods. Tosupply wate to 25 ofthe world' population living within 25 kilometres of th sea, or desalinati plants ar expected to be uilt in th ut re Th ho is ha th tech ol gy currently bein develope will lowe he cost an el so ve he pr blem ater shortage in an parts' ofthe world. (380 words)
at
Globaldeman fo wate is increasing as experiencin larg population growth Even wher th wa er supp is adeq ate, people ar U~.l:>1111Ullg . As a developing ways to increase an conserve thei supplies of fresh water. On such solution is desalination th proces bywhich salt wate is converte into drinkabl fres water. This involves th remova of salt compound an othe chemical from th salt water, proces whic ha traditionall been carrie ou by heatin th wate {thetherma method}.The main disadvantage of this method ha been th cost Consequently cheape an more flexiblemethod ha been developed, whereb salt wate is purified by passin it throug membranes. This method is used most effectivel in combinatio with th therma method Sinc 1958 China, on ofthe driest countrie in th world, ha used thes tw method to exploi it 32,OOO-kilometre coastlin an conver se wate into fres water. To maximize efficiency,the Chines hav successfully combined desalination plan with powe statio in Zhejiang Province usin wate from th PacificOcea to produc fres og In th United Arab Emirates (UAE),d esalinatio ha also helped compensate fo th lack ofnatural fres water. Th firs desalination plan wa establishe in th UA in 1960 producin 56,250 litres offresh wate day.A th demand orfresh wa er as ro n, so ha he im or ance desalination. Expert forecast that in 2015 .7 pillion litres of fres wate will be required dail in th UAE,t h majority of it bein produced by desalination Th ater crisis is no pr blem ni ue to dr co ntries In countrie with relativel high rainfall wate Shortage ca stil occu becaus ofleakages an th subsequent loss of billions ofIitre ofwater In addition th averag dail consum tion ofwate ha rise to much as 15 li re pe person recent ears du to th increase us od rn technology in ou homes. Toovercome these problems, th public ar encouraged to limi thei consumption, an th wate companie ar bein forced to repair pipes. Th demand fo wate will increase throughout this century, an consequently more countrie will turn to desalination as th solution to thei decreasing wate supplies However, as wate shortage become more widespread du to global warming. this alon will no be enough to solv th problem. Government will be oblige to ensure that wate companie operate efficientl an th public will precious resource to be used economically ( 4 3 6 words)
Food chains diagramof th
oo
What a - o o c ha in ? at supermarket line o f p eo pl e H
us What plan an animal
producer
ha
ha
o o c ha i s h ow s t h r el at io ns h i b et w ee n o rg an is m w h i c ed on e ac h o th e r T h i s e ss a w i l l d es cr ib e t h e t h re e t yp e o f o r g an is m w h i c h o r o o c ha in s n d e x l a h o w e ac h o rg an is m c t a s o o s ou rc e T h e i rs t o rg an is m i n h e o o c ha i c an n o e e o n o th e o rg an is m a n i s c al le d a p ro d uc e b e ca us e it m a k e i t o w n f oo d . G r e e n ,p t? I l t. L ar e yu t!l:atis!,the p ro ce s o f t u r ni n c ar b o d io xi d a n w a t e i nt o o rg an i c om po u nd s u s n g n er g r o i gh t r o h e s un . T h es e o rg an i o mp ou n d r e o un d a ri ou s a r o f t h l an t s uc h h e l ea ve s r ui t a n r oo ts , a n a r s ou r o f e ne rg y o r t he , o rg an is m h e n e s te p he ha n, n su m producer
pr mar
c o ns u me r
e c on d ar y c o ns u me r pr mar
c o ns u me r
10
wel -wr e x w i l h a d is co u s e m ar ke r s ig na l t o h el p y o u nd er st an d it T h e u se d o r rephrasing explaining, e . g , o th e w o d s g iv in g e xa mp le s e .g , f o i ns ta n ce , f o example
Read th text more questions. What thre every food iv an examoi Explain
C o ns um er s r e g en er a l y a ni m l s n d h u m n s w h o e a t h r od u ct s o f p h ot os y nt h es is . E x am pl e o f t h ts ar e s h ee p e at in g g r as s a n b i rd s e at in g s ee ds . C o n su m er s a r c la ss i i e d ep en d in g o n t h ei r p la c i n t h e c h ai n F ( ) i ns ta nc e w h e n h u m an s e a v eg et ab l es , t h e a r p ri ma r c on s um er s I n o th e r w o r d s t h e a r d ir ec tl y e at in g p ro d uc t of p h ot os y nt h es is . h e n t h e e a m ea t t h e a r s ec on d ar y c on s um er s C o ns um er s a n l s b e d iv id e i n g ro u a cc or d n g w h a t t h e at : wh yp ,w whic ea b o t p la nt s a n a ni ma ls . T h e t ra ns fe r o f e n er g y r o o n e s pe ci e t o a no th e r c a o cc u s ev er a t im es , b u t e ve nt ua ll y h e c ha i e nd s h e t h final c on s u m e d i es , i t y is b nd em sb b a ct er i a n u n g i i n t h e i na l s te p i n t h e c h ai n T h e s e m ol ec ul e u rn e he so ,wher he us by n ts , n d h e o d c h a b e g in s a g ai n .
are~
T o s u mm ar iz e o o c ha i s h ow s t ha t e ve r o rg an is m i s d e e nd en t o n n ot he r o r t s s ou rc e o f e n r gy , a n t u a ct s o o s ou rc e o r t h e n e o rg an is m h e c ha in .
LA.NGU AGEFOR
R l T N G n tr o d u c t
'_
lLook atthe senteJ.1f.esfrom.th~~~s.ay pag .~. phrases whichj!ltroduceth~topiGbf the essayo ...
'"7
;\'.;;;;:pr;,,.
Thi wwiHd be he hr yp o f o rg an i m s w h i c ~ r e x a i h o e ac h o rg a i sn la c s a a fo o s ou rc e o r t h n e o n th T o su mI T I r iz e a fo ~d ch a i )h ow s th a v er y o rg an is m d e e nd en t o n a no th e o r t s s ou r e o e ne rg y ,~ n di n u in a t s~ s a fo o s ou rc e o r h e n ex t o rg an is m t h c h l n
Underlinethe~9rq~~!l4ph~~s~s whic indicate an introduction or
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T h i r e o r w i l o u l in e t h r ob le m c au se d b y w a te r s ho rt ag es . I n c on cl us io n t h r e- ar e w o m a s o u t o n t o t h p ro b e m I n b r ie f s 'e ss en t a l t o r ed u c t h o l u ti o o f t h e o ce an s T w o a sp ec t o f e ne rg y c on se rv at io n w i l b e d is cu s se d i n t h i s a rt ic le . A s t h i r e o r h a s ho w n n e d e l o m en t e ch n ol og y r e essential. nth he bl w i l l b e e xa mi n i nd e a i a n s om e s ol u ti on s w i H b e p ro po s ed .
page 3D, Underlin on phrase whic rephrasing:
Primaryconsumers, h y d o -e le c r i l an t M i c ro or ga ni sm s
u s in g w a t e t o m ak e e le ct ri ci ty , f o e xa mp l c ow s , t h a i s, t h e p ro ce s w h i c h p la n t m ak e f oo d , s uc h a s b ac te r a n u ng i
nt r eq ui re s s un li gh t he na
he
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SourcesofE!llergy<'
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R e a d t h e title andth~ilitr(}duction et ss
ha
t h e e ss ay . The nt du w r i ti n g m a y h a v e s e ve ra l p u rp os es , or example: n t o du c t h pi IIiI IIiI he ur se he wr ng gi he nt nt a n d s eq u en c e
ha
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I nt ro du ct io n o ft e c on ta i t h es i s ta te me n w h i c e xp re ss e ne o r w o s en te nc e h e m a d ea {s ) i t h e e ss ay .
atch th thesis statemen crud
oil. UULUU="
alt,erntatiiv
........•..
source of energy energy needs? De crib
th proces
of oi refining
Di cuss enewable source
of energy
~iCp:is~he?~ stth~ sii~t¥{~lii~fi(f~.t·~~~ hi~·~~ #t~~~i~? ,. ·1
cities,
deal with. Wh
ar plants important?
T o d ev el o iii
e »e r u s e s ( h ea t g , e o o k g , g h t a dv a a g e ( ch e ap t o U I d o es l p on u te ) d is a d va n ta g e s ( ex p en s iv e t o n s ta ll , a » o ll l b e c o l e c te d l l t h da time)
t h es i s ta te me nt : he ss nd de de w h a k in d sa s. De wha ma de wi include. Wri n e o r w o s en te nc e i nd ic a n g w h a t y o a r g o n g discuss.
.R iscuss
ha in ormation ha been
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C o mp ou n d j c t v e o ft e o ns is t o f p re se n t/ pa s p ar ti ci pl e iii a n a d je c ti v e e.g. s lo w -g ro w in g , l it tl e- kn o w l1li
!!I
R e s er vo ir s a r l ak e s made by man. T h e p op ul a i o The ss Mak The
y h
g ro w in g f as t
w a s w ri tt e
w e ll .
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s t o f w o rd s h a o c c u f re q u en t ly .
Ma
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The ac or do
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grown at home.
w a s built w e H .
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n o threaten y o u r life.
T h e c os t i nc re a se d r ap id l
b u t n o o n c om p
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ec
da sf ri
tt
a n a dv er b p re s n t p as t p a i c p le , e,g. s lo w ly -m o v in g , w e ll -b e ls nc e n o u n p re se n t/ pa s e.g. energy-wasting
p ar ti ci pl e
REVIEW titles 1-3. .2
What is globalwarming? D i s cu s s t h e i mp or ta nc e o f r ed u ci n p ol lu ti on . Ex the d an g ba di co
wind energy af
source o f e n er g il willdy coulltries e xp e l s iv e t o rUII a l e ad y se i l s o m e c o u l lt ri e s
es other
fo
that is
Respiration, en compounds
en " '
'are they hyphenated
Look back hrough
e b l o
it 1":'4 PI us
dictionary
l .
'.
ne~~'~pe
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brackets.
er ew tw
as
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Un
Wa
~E·AI)ING······Globalization tilscJss·thequestlofls~ithapart~er 2'
at es ·'Wh
y.·.··.·~ ...·.· .....•..t.· :t.·.o.··.·. ther countries? ..... understan4by pete 'globalization'?
ti-. '.'
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ts ef h~'lue tioris
import
What isyour opinion?
export globalization
.. 51U U
' .· · · · ·3 . I·J9~n-i~ny argtlme~tsarethereagainst
··.·4·••••..• What·...s .th •. wtiter's.oPinion •.on ..•lOb~ization?
4 • •.$ca~. •
h~.r.rl~i argutnen ts
~r
'lfi~~~}~~~i~·ns~iP~essirigcJGtionan
generalizations
". moda verb showin llticeitaint 30ri adverb showirtgcerta:inty orullcertainty five reportin verb showingopinion ad or speculation
en
1~ expresse
I nt er n t io n t ra d r es po ns ib l o r h e i n r ea s w o r e co no m growth. T h e w o r c on om y h a n c e as e s ub s a n a l s in c h e 1 96 05 . A v e a g i n o m i n C h in a h a n cr e s e he st 20 ye rs C ou nt r e s w h i r od u c o m po r t h a ck ag in g T w o - w a y t ra d r es ul t i n c om me rc ia l d ev el op me n i n b o t c ou n tr ie s . . Fa sa L ar ge d eb t r e c qu ir e b y c ou n r i w h i m po r g oo ds . ai international
at
trade
th global manufactured an inflated 4 a
lOa
,!sa fact
F ac t a r s ta t m en t w h ic h a r e r a i Sp ul h in g w h i no ue To sp ul wri wi us g en e a l z at io ns , e .g . g en er a e n o , h av e tendency to s s n s h ow in g u t n , g . w ou l seem/appear dv bs nd dj ho y in g d e gr ee s o f c er ta in t y e.g, probably, possibly, likely, unlikel da might Wh ni
bs
ho
nc
n ty , ag. may,
wr wi no he
wn, he us bs ng n i n s g . suggest, b e li ev e ; a r gu e , c la im , m a in ta i
nt y ou r d in g be bl d is t n gu is h b e w e e a c n d o p n io ns . Uni
Fr
nd
de
lobali at on lobalization is define in many ays. ne impl definition ha it is th apid increase in internationa free trade, investment an technologica exchange It is ar ue that this internationa rade ha been on ofth main causes ofworl ecorfO fcgt6W lfovef th past half century. lthoug ther is ittl doub -tha th global econ my ha grow enor ousl in th la 50 year om people believ that th grow ha only bene itte certai rmm~M"'~ an that others have uffere as re ult. hich argu en is correc
I m p ro v e i n c om e ? An argument in favour of globalizatio
is that th benefits of increase internationa trad ar hare amon everyone in th co ntry An exampl of this is China, wher pe capita income os ro abou $140 in 1980 to over $400 by 2000 Similarly,pe capita inco os by over 10 in ndia betwee 1980 and 1996. !_t~~9~.ti:~~pp!~r that coun ries hich open thei door to orld rade te to become ealthier owever hese orts of igures ight no be giving true picture. They ar 'average figure an de pite th fact thatthere al smal minority ofpeople th vast majority have only ee slight improvement.
o r i mp or ts , m o r e xp or t ee from an increase in internatloiiaii:rade export requir imports. Coffeeis cite as an example. Countr es hich produc an export coffee im or th packagin or it two- ay trad hich enable commerce to evelop in tw coun ries at th am ime. Critics maiJ:!~9Jp,h at, in gene al ispoo er coun ries ic prod ce an export food such as:coffee, an richer-countries whic produc an export manufactured good uc as acka in aterials Fu ther ore, is th richer countrie ic cont ol th pr ce of commoditie and, therefore, fa mersmayb orce to el heir produc at
I n d u s t ri a l d e v el o pm e n t Finally,globalizatio ofte encourages countr to focu on industries whic ar alread successful Thes countrie develo expertis an increase thei shar in th internationa ma ket. th othe hand thos countr es hich cont nu to uppo al thei indu trie usuall do ot develo expe ti in an one. Co sequen ly thes countr es do no find worl market fo thei good an do n.,2,Uncreas thei gros domestic produc (GDP or gros Anti-globalist cl~iI1that ther is seriou flaw in this argument fo th specialization of ai es ed othe goods. Thes imported good ar frequently over-priced, an thes countries, therefore, have tendency to accumulate huge debt This debate wiHit1l).doubt~_d.I.Y,continu ad
an
er
I s f a i trade' fair? Sk
he
hi
more.negative! ec
Si wi e fe re nc e y ou r c en t a r c l o n a i a de , I w o u ke pont ou ha h ou g ms g oo d d e he p ro b e m s O n o f h e c on c n s h e p r n g o f a i a d g oo d T h p r c e h a u pe rm a rk e c ha rg e o r a i a d g oo d h av e b ee n a na ly se d T h e su l ho ha ome aier ar c ha rg in g e x e m el y h ig h p ri ce s f o h es e g oo ds . M o re ov e h e a r no pa ng on he nc ea p ro f h e p ro du ce r w h c h h e p u p os e o f a i a de .
" , Read
Stu'dy sli '.-:;.'-;'->";:~,"-.','. ':--".:-'.'
point < : s i u ~ ; y S~I~~:':1.~e'~·t·i~Y;ing ,-
'"'
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writer m a w i s iii s up po r a n a rg u me n III b e c ri t c a a n a rg um en t III e va lu at e a n a rg u me n c ri ti ca ll y It
m p n t y o a n d en t he wri nt h e n um b a rg um en t s en t d . A r e t h r e fo o r m or e against? a b a l n c n u b e for an against?
A s f a I a m c on c n ed , a i a d n ee d o n h e p r c in g p o c y o f g oo d c a y in g h a a i a d r em a in s f ai r a n e th ic al .
w. Lo
m a in ta i ab o rd e
c on t o l n su r
Yours R a lp h l e
Si wi ga yo on he d e m o m en t w ou l ke a rg u h a w e a r U ! i n h e e la t v e e a ge of h i m o ve m en t a n it i s, t he re fo re , i m po ss ib l u dg e a t present. It mo pe pl wo he d e m o v em e u cc e s fu l m a k n g c on su m e m o r a w of ho he oo p ro du ce d E q ua ll y h e i s s t o n e vi de nc e h a a rm e r a n a de s p eo p p oo re r c ou n e s b en e a s s u o f h e m e m be rs h o f h i m o ve m en t H o w ev e o n c ou l a ls o a rg u h a c on su m er s d es i o r f a r ad e o o e nc ou ra ge s h e b u o od s u f h a a r o w n f ro m a b o ad . T h e ad s an nc ea n sp o wh ch ba or h e e nv i o nm e n A ls o e nc ou ra g n g p oo re r a rm e r p ro du c od m on e m a de he du on oo o r h e o w n c ou n y . my u l u nd e a n
we he ov al
wa m p ac t o f h e a i
ad
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Yours J a n M o n t g o m e ri e
Si wi e fe re nc e h e a r i cl e I s " fa i a de " a i ? ' I w i s he qu on ha he m o m en t e su l e d i n s u bs ta n i a m p ro ve m en t f o s m al l f a m e r a n p ro d uc er s i n d ev e lo p in g c o un tr ie s
sa
Fa d e a r e d o v 2 0 y ea r a g m a k u r h a h e p ro f om he pr du of oo of o r b an a w en t h e p eo p w h p ro du ce d nd no a n n te rn a o na l c om p an y P re v o u y , m a n a rm e r h a e l h e p ro du c a t x ed , o w o th e pl mp w h h e o l it a t g re a profit.
a tc h th w o r d s definition. substantial profi margi exploited retailers ethical" 'Unit S':.!'Free
T od ay , f a i a d a ls o h el p p ro du ce r o rg an iz e h e o w n m a rk e n g a n e l n g T h w a h e c a d em a n h ig h p r n d b en e o m h ig he r p ro f m a rg in s w h c h h e c a h e i nv es t i m pr ov e p ro du c o n A t h e s am e m e , h ig h q ua li ty , " of te n o rg an ic , o o a va il ab l c on su m er s a t r ea so na b e p i ce . Th uy hi o d k no w ha no on wa xp Inm
o pi ni on , h i i s a w in -w i
s i u a i on .
Yours 7 w
AG WR E x p r e s s in g c e r a in t a n d u n c e a in t nder in
th mo al
erbs
ic
sh
uncertai ty
._.
or
lobaliza io
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negative mpac on th eI 1{ [( riil1,erit i/
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with
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it
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generalization. as
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could/may
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destinations
':1.
W R J IN ( i E } (a rn p te s 'o f : - i ' - :' :" ~ ': :; '~ : :' , '. .
_ : .: . - '. : : : .: _ ,_ , ": ,: . : : ~ , . ; : . ; , , : ., ': " ,: : - , " . : . . ; , .
1geadtheparair~p1iahou
.::
ai
ade
fair trade. Whic sentence(s give ..
(1)The fair trad movement improves th live of people in th developing world. (2 In particular, it help smal producer uc as fa mers an fi he me to plan thei futures. (3 neexampl ofthis isAntonio, arme in outh merica ho as give guaranteed pric or hi coffeefor tw year (4 This mean he coul calculat hi profit margin and. as esult, nves in ne equipmen fo future seasons.
'~
:.
When yo s en t n g w r i a rg um en t n c u d III he ma o in t s ) i n t o i c s en te nc e e.g. F a i r ad e s ho u l b e s up p or te d . III support, e.g. h e p s s me l p ro du ce r h e d e e lo p n g w o d . s p ec if i e xa m pl e e.g, F o r e xa m p le , L am i a i r ad e f is he rm a n f ro m I nd o ne s a , n o III h a s s m a c o- op e ra t v e b u s n es s w it h f ou r o th e r s he rm e n r o
U s e e xp re ss io n s uc h a s o r e xa mp le , a n u s a t o n o f h i
h i v i / ag e .
o n e xa mp l o f h i
maillpoillts E l l o ur ag e d e e lo pm el l o f th local commullities. U e l t o r ed ul ) l l i ro nm el lt a damage. M a ll Y a i t ra d p ro du ce r u s s ys te m w h i c a l o w t h e s oi l t o r ec ov e l Ia tu ra ll y w i th o u I )h em ic al s du d e goods use thei fillanl)iaralld techllica expertise illtheir I)ommullities. lMe du rs ga e xh au s t h s o l .
iWork w i t h
blc~u Thailalld use traditiollal
he e ch ll iq ue s w h i c d o H o t u s c he mi c l s o r
partner. Re~dthe essaYHtle.'
cr as
ha do yo understand byth term consumerism? Look at th note on th possibleresults of an increasein consumeris ene mo . e m rJ r
wa ~o
8 !1 d sp "t ~e
us ol sr I lI 1 ~ {
.....••.. ::~:.j~:~.bUt·i);ow··paid~f~~g,iu~~ag··tafmi~g.·paGkagi more
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~~ d'ga l~g '···.~·
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.,.5'Vrork.with..ap~rtner."~~afrist()~rd;kp(l,fu~e·Il()tesollilie~bssibl~~~iriits~;iri: nc ea ..
i" _:-_J
; ; ,' : : " :; : :~ : : · · c : :; : ( : :; " : _ ; : ' - ·: ' : · - - c ; .' . "
",.
Freetrade.and faiffrade
consumerism. It ood, tran port ouri m, an clot ing.
It
il de crib
th po ible
I n a c ad em i w r it in g i t i s m oo rt an t e s n t a rg um en t ns st nt way Y o u c a n do this: Iil topic, e.g. p ar ag ra p o n o o ( po si ti v a n n e ga ti ve ) t h e p ar ag ra p o n c ar s p os it iv e a n negative) or
could benefit.
ar
It
T h m a i a rg um e n ( fo r/ ag a n s me "/ I t i s a ls o i m po rt an t to L a s tl y . .. / F i n al ly , . . .
III
viewpoint, e.g, paragraph(s} on h e p os it iv e p oi nt s t he n p ar ag ra ph ( s o n t h e n eg at iv e p oi nt s
ce
Us _an hr I n h e r s p la ce , . / F i s t y , . .
ur
neutral against
Un
V O C AB U
RY
D EV E O P M EN T
Mu
ni
lliMlfmmW1!!'
fair o m h e O x o r S t~ de n Lo he nt Dictionary. W r i he nu be he nt whi nd fair us h e o ll ow i n g s en te nc es .
Ev he hu He fair F ix in g p r c e n o fair T h e w e h e w i b e fair Whe wa hi we ha fair Man Sc nd na ns ha
Be ng nd Fr nk ur
fair
a rm e
my
ha
Th
go
he dollar'mark.."
he bi
wo
de
whe he
ha
ht You or mu OUf ob Wai Our
nd me
II!
me be or no bo ur he
be om nc ur ge nd
ng
ob
' J i ! " O [fea(r}[ ad .•adv. ro ri a cc ep ta b l i n p ar ti cu la r s it ua ti on : T h at '
he nd w.
w o rd s n ec es sa ry .
n d as t h e y
wi
ha
definition.
a i p la y d ur in g h e m at ch .
(m re than u su a o r e x
......<
r t e h
nt nc
us ng
wor
he bo
y r s.
Co
be
e r
Un
Fr etr
he
~-
ourf ir sh re ofst a mo un t o f s
m or e t ha n t h
fairZ [f#I3(r)!ou
[ < ; ] 3 (a/so funfair) t yp e o f n t r t i nm en t ld or rk Ata yo an r id e o n m a h in e o r t r n d w i r iz e at games. S US I E SS ) F ai r u su al l t ra ve l r o t ow n t o t ow n . ta r g e ve n w h e r p eo pl e b u si ne ss es . e tc . s ho w a n s el l t he i g oo ds : t ra d j ai r t h F r an kj ur l b oo k
no nf nc b y u r w n personalfeelings im ho me af er the rs b e co m e s ma ll e w r i e n e ga l a g e em en t he
nd
f ai r p ri c f o t ha t h ou se . think it's fair ta s a h a th n um be r o f h om e e s p eo pl e is increasing. !mil unfair (talon sb t re at in g e ac h p e r s o n o r s id e e qu a ll y a cc or di n t o t h l aw . t h e r ul es . e tc . That's noifalr-« me mb mi It w a go b et te r m ar k s ta y s o late. 00f ai r t ri a t m I i I unfair q u it e g o od . l ar g e e tc . They have f ai r c ha nc e o f s uc ce ss . (used b ou t t h s k h a ir ) l i g h t i n c ol ou r : C h l o e h a s fo i r h a a n b lu e e ye s u s a b ou t h ew e a h er ) g oo d w i t h o u t fa in ho ha yo !llli!iJ fai enough (spoken) u s
gr wit wha h a u gg es t fair play (SPO~T) e qu a t re at me n o f b ot h/ al l s id e a cc or di n t o t h r ul es : Th referee is t he r t o e ns ur e
nt
fair
fairground
J'feagraund[ noun [ c ] a l ar g e o u td o o r is hel ,fair-'hairedadj, w i t h light-coloured hair Ilfmblond a re a w h er e
wi
s ta d u m .
D e c d e w h a t p a o f s pe ec h w o r s .T h i h e lp s y o u c h o os e t h e c or re c e n tr y dictionary. h e y o o o u p w o r n t h e d ic t o na ry . l oo k f o r n u m b er s w h ic h s h o w y o if t h e r e mo ha on ma en ry or mo ha on meaning. L o o k a h e p ro n u nc ia ti on . I t c a c h an g e w h e n h e w o r d s u s e d d i e re n t w a y s
fair'
d in g
Ohit
C om p
III
he oo ba
UUJ.1Ul.ll):,OI.:
Met nt he ge Th wi gn he nt Mat h e u nd e n e U s e y ou r d ic t o na r
lB
III
wo he
~t
fair h a i r .
Wh Ex
T he y v e n ea r h e u n v er s y . T h p ro gr am m e w a s l iv e r o
d ev e o p n g c ou n t e s fair w i t
2 (2 )
o rd s i n E n g li s c a h a v m o r h a n o n e m e an i n g , pr on u n c ia ti on , o r p ar t o f s pe ec h . F o r e xa mp le , th e y c a b e v er b a n d a n a d je c i ve .
FAIR
REVIEW Is organi
ab food
_-.~---.-..- . - . - ... ~ . ...~.~--~.-.--.---.----
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good I T ( in f or M a ti o n t e ch n o l o g y s k il l e s s e n ti a l sk d em an de d b y e M p o ye r n e e d I T s k il l m a n a ge r a l work; a c c o u n ta n c y . r e ta i j o b s , e t c n o t a lw a ys e a s o r s tu d e n d e ce n t b o ok s o u rn a l s tu d en t n e e o rm a t o n o r s tu d ie s
ex
2006. ea
ay
places. ar analysed. en ,p th page st Romania. sn or
fo th
your dictionary to elp.
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R E AD IN G
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On of th greatest archaeological find of all time is th Terracotta Army of ancien China.Discovered accidentall in 1974 in Qi province in China, when loca farmer were diggingfor water, over 8,00 bake clay,or terracotta figure nf
Qin'sarmy is ow.know ha Em eror ShiHuan rdered this clay army to buil at th beginnin ofth thir centuryBCE Empero inwas on of th most important. rulers in Chines history. Afte becoming empero ofthe stat ofQin at th fi empe or of united hina neof hi reates ac ievement as th building ofthe firs Grea Wallof Chin to protec Chin from it enemies. No al ofhisachieveIllentswer military;hpwever as he also introduced common form ofwriting throughoutthecountry Nevertheless outsid Chin he is most famous fo hi terracotta army ·i·. nQin'sti~e th 'ancient Chines believed that thei 'afterlife wa very simila to thei life.onearth.Consequently, when they died an were buried object whic ou be useful to them in hem:xt ifew~~eburie th them Empero inwas no different he starte the bUildingofhisownmaus~l~£m'.er~\lri
B u i ld in g a n a rm y Elsewher in th ancien world, craftsme concentrated on on piec ofwork at time In ancien China, however, they used completely differen method huge production line wa establishe to make th tens ofthousands of individual huma an animal statue whic Empero Qi demanded Allthe differen part of he od such as legs arms an ea er made eparatel an then as embled he sa proces as al used fo othe pieces uc as ears beards an armour he th ho igur as comp eted it as bake in iln, or oven he terracotta figure ar life-lik an life-sized.·Eachone ha differen facial expression an hairstyle, as we as uniforms whic indicate thei jo an rank Amongs th figure ther ar ordinary soldiers (fig 2},archers, an officers together it chariots an horses (ng. 3).The were discovered arranged in military formatio read to protec th empero in th afterlife.
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Worl{ trends Th type ofwork whic people do is constantly changing as ma develops an modifies hi wa ofliving. On hundre year ago, th vast majority of people worked in agriculture, bu no less than half th world' population do so In fact in only te year majo change have been seen in th percentage ofthe workforc employed in variou sectors. Figure show th overal distribution ofjobs in th thre majo sector in 2005 agriculture, industry an services It ca be seen ha al os th sa percentage fpe pl orke services in agriculture, wherea only around 20 were employed in industry In th te year leadin up to 2005 substantia change in employment took place. reflecting change in technology an lifestyle.
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Figure
S ec to r o f g lo ba l e m l oy me n
i n 1995 an
2005
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15
Alth ug ther wa slight drop in th umbers ob in ITi he mid-1990 ue to recess on he veralltrend wa pwar technology spread across th world. this rise in jobs will continue It is es imated that ne in twenty ne jobs il in eI's th uture. Economists predic that thes overal tendencies will continue. There will be furthe increase in service-sector employment an in particula in ICTs,bu health care an educatio will also benefi from more jobs Atth same time fewe people will be employed in industry and agriculture.
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Summarizing
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u su a b e gi nt no he ha d in g ud Mak y ou r nd nu be he ds he de Giv m a h e d in g g , Title, Introduction. Wri no us ng bu nt n um b s / s e S tu d S k l p 61 ) t m in d y o he Wri ke hr he bo he he um ze ha y ou r nt n, mo nt he ne n , g . 'Let me e ca p h e m a p o n t f a r : or N o w , l e t ur n ' t . .: . P ra c i s y ou r p re se nt a i o ~ t h om e T i m y ou rs e a n m ak e s u it i s th e r ig h t e ng th .
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Simultalleou
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WORDLIST
N e H ea dw a A ca d m i Level S t u d en t ' Book.
Sk
ad '" adjective adv=adverb conjunction con] n=noun pl= plural prep preposition U S American Englis v'" verb
definite ad j'defmat/ definition !,defI'nrJn! delay /dr'les' description !dIsk'npJn! develop /dr'velopmcnt/ development differ /'drf
mention mixture module national dj j I neat necessary note occur eo
education le
overview
d ra : draft 1< dl nI edition
Un abbreviation abilityt 1:l'bI1::lti!...
!skrml /sa'saroti/ IS';):8/
I'speJ;laIZI
/spa'srfrk? l'spehiJl staff Ista:f! state ad !stert! Istresl style /starl!
hsend/
organic organize
suit . . .. .
particular
.•.·•..•.....•..••••....•...•....
. ·· ·. :. ·. ·· ·· .· ·i ~ 1 t : jt g ~ . l W<···.·.·.•.•..•.......••••..••. : · •••· · f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ t ~ : :.·.·. i~tD'::}·i
Irks'pektl
t()~11'lula.ni'fo:inM
article !'a:trkll assignment attend auditory ad auxiliar verb !:l:g'zdi;!ri vsrb/ d} /a'verlabl/ available badge basic ad biological ad chart check chemistry choose
I'hrebrt! I,hrend 'mf hardly ever ad !,ha:dli
.i Irn'sentrvl
flfu:zi
ad}. fmo:'grenrkf 'tensr adj· ·/m'trreiuatrvf dj Il'regjab(r)! 1 '< tJ 3 n l
compare complete complicated
ad
l'!i"ik!.fa(r)/ f'lektj'ara(r)1
ws.d/
cmupuIsoryadj concentrate v.
content
crucial daunting
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I'kimtra:stl
Ikr;emi· ad]··
o r d l is t
/prepa'zrjn/ adj·· i'trrenzltlvl !AndQ(r)'laml
t ld v l 'j U :3 a li l fvetg/ pl
quality quotation
/lao'keit/ fmem!
.. ef to fn,f3; 'tu:/ register re
dj
.· management match
material
/'mremd3;)bll l'rriietu
!mQ'tI
e v I'rriem;}raiz!
sec011daryad
ad visualad}
I'VI3l!
con} l,we
reason receive /'nsi:vl receritadj iri:s
..scoten
···.·zn:afun·
consist
~ran
'eVQ
I'h(luldl dv /hau'evQ(r)! IMstrelSnl
collocate
contrast
plural poem preposition previous ad private ad]. problem process pronunciation punctuation t o v I qualifications
extremelyadv IIks'tri:mli v. !,famd ,'a ut!
.'
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essaynl'eserl
adjective n. '. i M . J ! k t r v / . agree alert ad /a'iaud/. atoudildj appl fo /c'plo
v/su:tI<
/,se¥Qudri/
.........i<
.set n.ls~t/.... severalprO •./'seyrl( ..·...•• ·•·.••·. ••sigl1ificii~tadj Isrg'l1if1k;;,nt/ .•. ~irniraradL ('s!tp.Qla(r)l ...·•·..•.. .:similarity »; !suria'll'e rrtil .. . s
coni. /'we5':J(r)!
worthwhile
a d ] I 'W 3 :€ l, w aI l
Unit2 accelerate /ok'selorert accept" /ok'sept/ a cc or d n g I ; k o d r ,tu:1 action I'rekjnl activate l'rektlVerti adult l'redAltl advanced ad /od'vumst/ a f e ct e b y / o e k tr d b a r alternative 10:1't3:n
conclude
/kan'kluid/
condition /kon'dijn/ conduct /kcn'dakt/ confirm /kan'fa.m/ confusion /ksn 'fjU:3n1 connection Ik:l'nekjnl consider bn ~( c on s ta nt ly ad v I 'k on s t l nt li l consumption lk:ln'SAmpJnI correct ad /ka'rekt/ credit Ikredrtl cure n, IkjuM currently ad l'kAr~ntli! curriculum Ik;)'nkju:laml cu dailyadv /derli/ damage n, l'dremlqy data I'derta/ demand Idl'ma:nd! d ep en d o n v .i dr ,p eI l 'mil destroy v. de n jd i develop Jdr'vel:lpl diet '. d ir ec tl ya d i da r' re kt li l disability Idm'bilrtii ' . d i se as e 1d zi zI d i vi d e I d r' va ld ! • . ·· .· .·.·•·· ·, ·. · n, ·,document /'dokju:mant/' ad
/r'fekt/ effect previously ad I'pri:vI:lslil effective ad /r'fektrv/ process I' prooses/ electrical ad profession /pra'fejn/ I' prauqres/ encouraging ad ! m ' k A n d 3 r g l progress essential ad fl'senJlI promising ad I'promrslgl evidence I'evrd;ms/ /pru.f? proof exercise I'eks:lsarz/ protect II /pro'tekt/ explain I'eksplernl provide /prc'vard/ fact Ifrektl publish /'pAblljl fewer ad Ifju::l(r)/ /rerdi.'erjn' radiation finding !'farndrlJ! recommend /reks'rnend/ focus n, I'f:luk:l&1 recover Irr'kAv<>(r)! general ad I'd3ertrll r ec ov er y n / rr 'k A V : :l ri ! growth Igr;}u91 rediscovery iri:dls'ki\.vlrstl. lead specifically ad '/SP1 l o w e r ad ll;w:J(r)/ study /stxdi' maintain /mem'tem/ subject l'sAbctekti manufacture Im~nju:'freklf::l/ substance /' ssbstsns/ medical ad s u ff e f ro m /'5Af;)(I"),from! m e d ic a c on d it io n .I'medrkl suggest IS:l'd3esti ,k::lndrJnl suitable ad I'su:t<'Jbll' message I'meSlqy summarize ,/'si\.milrarz/ mixture l'mlkslf:J summary I'si\.rIl~ril monitor l 'm D n r t : :l (r ) synonym I'smanrinl mysterious ad Iml'sti:ll'!;)s!. target v, /'tti:grtl need v I test v, Itestl I'91
Un accommodation /ckomo'derjn/ ad address 1'J'dresi administrative ad) Ired 'mmrstrctrv/ 'mmrstrctrv/ advantages hd'va:ntlqjlzl advisor l;}d'vaJ2.;}(r)/ agriculture l'regrrkilltJ;;.(r)1 apparent ad) /;;"prer'Jntl appear la'p la'pm( m(r} r} /o'pomt/ appoint architect I'a:krtektl argue l'a:gju:1 arguments l'a:gju:manW st lrez 'sterttd ml aspects pi /'respektsl atmosphere l'retm;;.sf'Ial /o'tempt/ attempt availability /o'veilsbrlrti/ average ad) I'revTldof b a c k w a r d p r e p I'brekw~(r}dl b as as e / b e r s ml boat borders pi l'b:J:d~(r)zI bridges pi l'brr431zl l'bddllJl building b u si s i ne ne s p ar ar k I 'b'b lz l z n ;,;, s , pa pa :k :k I l'krepltlI capital challenge 11 1'11'rel;;.ndof choice 11 climate 11 I'klarmatl· coast I'hus I'hustl tl coastal ad) I'kaustll cohesion /kau'hi:5nl colleagues 11 I'koli:gzl collocate I'kol;;.keltl collocation 11 Ikol;)'kerJnl commence /ka'mens/ commerce I'koms:sI commercial ad) Ik;}'ms:JII c om om m is is s io io n /k.···.· cross /kros/: i.':·' cr ss ou I ,k ,k r ut cultural ad I 'k 'k l llll l : lrlr l . " • d ea ea l w i t di Vn demand d em e m on on s trtr at at e I 'd 'd em em .a .a ns ns trtr el el t de nd OI Dn /drs'kraib/ describe
Wo
developments /dr'velopmcnts/ diploma disadvantages pI /drsod'vc.nrrdy d is is c ur ur s iv iv e e s sa sa y /drsk's.rsrv .eser/ discuss 11 I d I S ' k A s l district I'dlstriktl /dr'vard/ divide I,dro: 'Api drawbacks J'dr:):breksl economic ad /i.ka'normk/ employ /rm'ploe' /m'varronmont/ environment error I'er;;.(r)/ Il'strebllJI establish evaluate lI'vrelju .ert/ event II'venti example IIg 'za:mpl! existing ad) Ilg 'ZIS!llJ experience /rk'sprari.ons' /rk'spertmant/ experiment n, face facilities pI /fa'srlrti.z/ factors l'fre'kt;;.(r)zI factual ad I'frek11'u:Jll farming l'fa:mll)l final famll finally adv /fatnoli/ first-class ad) I'f3:8t , 1 < 1 0 : s / flow o r t hi h i s r ea ea so so n If;J(r) , or or s ' riri :z :z n l forward p r e p I'f::l:wa(r)dl found Ifaundl /fri.kwantli/ frequentlyadv functions l'fAnkJrlzl furthermore adv If3:6;;.(r)'mo:(r)/ /grnu91 growth heavily adv I'hevtlil historic ad} /hr'storrk/ hospital !'hOSPltll household I'haush:Juldl housin I'hauzll)f identify identify vial' d en en t immigrants prl'rmIgr;mtsl i m po po rtrt an an c e n h m 'p 'p o: o: ta ta n s industry I'mdasttil influence I'mflu:~msl inhabitants pi Im'hreblt~lltsl initial ad innovative ad l'mav~tl\if /tn'strakjnz/ instructions integrate introduction Imtf
natural ad) I'nre11'all network l'net,w3:kl options n p i order 1 ':': JJ:: d ;J ;J (r (r ) original a d ] I ;;;; .'.' nngg m l overall adj I,;JUV ;)'1'::>:11 overcome l~uva(r)'kA.m! /auvc'kraudrn/ overcrowding /pa'swerd/ persuade persuasive ad Ip;}'SW S W eIsrvl phrases pI l'freIZlzl physicist fl I'frzlslstl Ip;J'lu:Jnl pollution possible ad l'pOSlbll preserve Ipr;)'z3:vl pressure !'prnJa(r)1 prioritise
u n fo fo rtrt un un at at el el ya ya d I A n ' o :\:\ I'I' ;} ;} n } tltl i u rb rb a p la la nn nn in in g .pkenuj/ various ad /'vean;}sl waste IweIstl I'wel, l,nt ntnl nl well-written ad I'we
/prar'oratarz/
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reference I'refr;msl r e e re re nc nc e m a e r a l I ' e frfr an an s
mo.trorral/
regional ad f'ri:43anl/ religious ad In'h43asl rethink viti: 'flIl)kl Inv'ju:1 review roads pi If;:)udzl role Ir;}u1l rubbish 'bIJI sanitation Isrem'teIJnI scheme search section select Isa'lektl'" seminar J';;emllla:(r) sensible a d ) . ./,sensIW separately c z v / 's's ep ep n tltl ilil .·.· . services pI I 's's s v Is Is is is / site social ad) I's;}u Jl solution Isa'lu:Jnl space Ispersl split superb adj / S U : 'p 3 :l:l :{ :{ · supplies pI ./s;J:plaxp ./s;J:plaxp •... •.....•. '" thriving
throughout
p r e p . / eie i lrlr : 'a'a u y · . · · . ·.·. .... .... . :
ge he dv Ita.'ge!5!.· Ita.'ge!5!.·,,·. ,,·.·.· ·.· .•.• .•.• top-quality (ldj wo t ra ra d a i n. ··l'treId,feii(r)/·.· traffi congestioritil'trrefrk congestioritil'trrefrk bn,43 es transport transportation nltrrerizpo:'teItfnl
. • . . . . • . • . . . • . .
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governments 11 pi /'gAv;;nm;mtsf guideline 11 f'gald,laml ,bi:tI 11 I'ho:t n , a d l'hi:tIUI
a b u n d a n t ad t a adequate ad
/hoop/ d) I,halfmertldl
Antarctic lrent'o:ktlkl a pa pa r m en e n t b lo l o ck ck s 11 pi
i n c o n cl cl u si si o I,m kcn'klu.gn/ n u ad indicate I'mdrkeltl dj Irn'dM tII;Jl inexpensive adj. h m k ' s p e n s r v l
a s r es es ul u l t lrez rr'zxlt/ billion both p r o l 1 Ibaoel breakdown briefcase 11 build c ar ar b o d io i o xi xi d dar'oksard/ centuries pi chain l1femf characteristic classified ad collect ... combination combine .•
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I'kr I'kru: u: o n dj
desalination ie vidal!· earth
paper 11 I 'p 'p e p a r ) · . p a rtrt ic ic ip ip a titi o n l pu pu : trtr s r'r' pe pe I Jn Jn l pi petrol I'petrll
predousadj propose
;6r1 ;6r1
l'preSas!i. pI I ' p r o d A k t s l
11
l'pAblrkl !'pjuanfarl rapid ad I'rreprdl pl/,ro: rno'uonolz/ advl'regj~l;)lir II fn'lelfal*p/
11
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b' efficiency en v, II energy eventually ad e v e r y w h e r e adv l'evri l'evri:we' :we'J(r) J(r) examine expect expensive ad explain exploit express factory ..farm Ifo:l11' feed vlfi:dli.> o r n s ta ta nc n c e} e} , or rl st ns form Ifo:ri1I··..··• Uf O$Wl functions An Y\
supply /sc'plar/ surface I'S-C,:[IS( t ak ak e o r g r an an te te d 'gra:ntlrll ta II ftrep/ technology Itek'nDI~tf3i1 tips 11 pi /nps' t ra ra d itit io io n a llll y ad ad v I trtr :l:l 'd 'd I J ;m ;m ; ;l;l i ns turn intov ur s: •, u n d r i n k a b l e ildjhn' c l r l l J btl! u n i q u e dj utilize /'ju:tllmzl valuable ad I' vrelju~bll w h a l e s pi w i d es es pr pr ea ea da da d I 'w 'w a id i d sp s p re re d wood
l 'm 'm r e n r t f3 f3 ( . . I'makSlmalz) I'medsnl. m e d i u m ad l'mi:dr::Jml ad l'mmaraI. .» pi l'molrkju:1zJ 11 !,mu:vm~ntl ad ad 1:I'[rJII ...... .......•..•..•. .•..•..•..•..... .•.....•..... •.........• ....• lr OI 11 I'op;;reltl.<;· 11 1 ' : J: J: g a h r Z m ! . .
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maximize
competition compound 1 / conditions 11 pi dv I' consequently we conserve .. considerably ad /kon'srdrobli/ construct 11· /kons'trzkt/. consumer pi contaminants convert
pi
succeed ISAk'si:dI successful dj I S A k ' s e s f l l
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ni abroad ad /o'bro.d/ accountancy I;:)'kaont;:)nsil accumulate /a'kju.mjolert/ acquire 1 ; :):) 'k 'k w a I:I: J (r (r ) adverse ad /'redvs:sI I ;:;: )')' f:f: .l.l :d :d l afford against ad I~'genstl agreement 1
destin destinati ation on
/destr /destr'ne 'netjn tjn
direct ad /dar'rekt/ d is is po po s o f IdlS'P ;:)(jz ,nvl distinguishing ad I d l 'S 'S t I I j l ! IQ IQ I doubt /daut/ drastically adv I'drrestlklil earn earthquake I's:e,kwelk/ e co co no n o m i p ow ow e r s pi I ' k an an om om l p au au az az ! economy /i:'knnomi/ enormously ad /t'no.mesli/ environmental /m'varronmentl/ e qu qu a llll ya ya d v I 'i'i :k :k w < llll ilil · equipment /r'kwrpmont/ ethical ad I'eend!
88
Word
st
evaluate /r'vseljuert/ examiner hg'zremma(r)/ exchange Ilks'1femdd II 'zo.st/ exhaust expectation I;ekspek'teljnl expertise /eksparti.z' /rk'sploit/ exploit /rk'spo.t/ export express /rk'spres/ fair ad Ifea(r)1 fair ! fe fe ; ( r)r) 1 f ai ai r t ra ra d e Ife;}(r) 'trerd/ familiar ad If:l'mdl;:)(r)1 feelings pi I'fillIjSI figures tl p I I 'f lg ; ) z finally ad /famali/ financial ad /far'neenjl/ fixed d} /frkst' flaw fJ Iflo:! /'fauk;}s ,on! o cu cu s o n foodstuffs l'fu:dstA fs/ force Ifo:sl f re re e t ra ra d e ! fr fr i ' trtr eerr d / Igern! gain generalizations globalization Igl;}ub~lalZ'elfn! g ro r o s d om om es es t p ro ro du d u c (GDP) 'prodxkt/ ! gr g r au au s d a. a . me me st st r re r ;,;, m 't't i:i: d l guaranteed a d } I g re illustrate 1'r1:Jstreltl impact tl l'Imprekt! /rm'po.t/ import improvement ·hm'pru:vmantl ur ad 1m 'ferva ,ovl in d e /m 'o.d 'o.dot otr) r) ,tu:! i n p a rtrt ic ic u l a 1m pa'tlkju:I;J(r)/ income I'mkAmi inflated ad /m'flertrd/ insignificant ad /rnslg'mflkiintl /rn'vestmont/ investment judge label I'lerbll l ab ab o u o rc rc e I 'l'l el el b , fn fn :5 :5 1 legal ad I'li:gll . . l o ca ca l ad !'I
percentage I p > 's's en en tItI d nt of /,JXlrnt ov 'vju:! policy /'pollsil popular ad I'popju:l
/sak /sak's 'ses esfa fali li
pi Is;)'p:l:t;}(r)zJ supporters supporting isa'po:trij/· technical ad t e ch ch n o l o g ic ic a l a d j /t/t e k n ;:;: J'J' lo lo d 3 i ld ld l ad nd tendency It /'tendan~if term h es e s i s t m en en t Si sI ti
,stertmsnt/
l tltl n J . •.•. .... .... •.•. .... .... .
...•.•.........
totarflI'ta~ti/ l 't't ua ua rJ rJ Z! Z! n ··..i tourism trades people~pl· l'tn';Ic!Z·,pi:pl! traditions pl itra'difnz! true ad s x rJ r J : . . • ..•• . undoubtedly adv. I A n 'd 'd ab a b trtr d i l u n fa fa irir ly ly a d v h n ' fe fe ;';' l(l( r) r) lili ! u n fo fo rtrt un un at a t el el ya ya d I h n ' : l 1 fa fa na n a tltl i varying ad v ea ea r I I i . village /'vrltd31. w e a l t h y ad I ' w e l G i i widely wa
..,i wish w i t r e e re re nc n c e t o · 1 w lili j r e r ; n s wo;i~~arket
~/,0i:l1>;~~:f~i/
Unit6 abandon /o'bendn/ accideritally sdv /eeksr'dentli/ achievements 1~'Ui:vmntsl a ct iv el y e d I 'r ek tr vl i ad lredl admire /ad'maro/ adverbial ad] Ired 'vs: bI;'}ll afterlife 11 I' a:ft:llatfl ancient ad l'emJ:lnt! appropriately 'proopnotli/ archaeological ad la:ki:l'lod:;rkll archaeologists 11 la:ki'o18d:;istsl archer l'a:tf8(r)l armour l'a:m8(r)1 army 11 I'a:mil. arrange 18'remd:;/ l'a:t,wa:kI artwork as 11 aside ad / c ' s a r d / /o'sembl assemble attentivelyadv /o'tentrvli' bake Iberki become /br'kxm/ brief b u ri a p la c 11 I 'b en ~ l p le rs l • • bury c au ti ou s ly ad v I 'k o: J s li l clause 11 1k1o:z! /kler' ay c le ar ly ad v l 'k lr ; r Ji I .collapse /k:>'lrepsl completely dr 1k m' complicated ad I'kompltkeItidl conquer conserve k :> n construct 11 Ibn'strhkt! correctly adv. Ib'rektlil c ov er e b y l'kAv:ld,barl craftsmen I'kra;ftsm:ml death deserve 11 IdI'Z3:vl display 1, /drs'pler/ d r a w i n g s 11 I'dro:llJz/ educate 11 I'ed:;u:.kelt! emperor l'emp8r;)(r)1 endeavour nlm'dev I i excavations pi leksk;:J'verSnzl exhibit exhibition 11 /eksr'brjn/ expand 11 explanations iekspl;l'rierS!Iz! UZ U: extensive ad I lk 's te ns rv l •• xt ns y ad v k 's t n sI V W facial ad fairly ad I'fea(r)lil figures pi I'flg;:Jz! fire formation 11 /fo:'meIJn! fragment l'frre9l11infi funding helicopter 11 l'hellkopt:l{r)1
I' hentld:;/ heritage hi p r e p I,hal ' A p i highlighted ad I'har,lartldl highpoint I'har,pomt! historian 11 /ht'sto.non/ honour I'nn;J(r)/ illustrated ad ·1'r1;Jstrertrdl imperial ad /tm'prenol/ impressive ad /rm'presrv/. i n a d d it io n 1m dr n! inaccessible ad inappropriate ad fm:;>'pr:;lupn;:J¥ Inca
scan Iskrenl scientific ad /saron'trfrk/ /' setlmont/ settlement several ad I'sevr~l/ sharply I'Sa:plil sink ISIl)kI soldiers pi /'s;luld:;;lz/ solution I s :> 'l u: Jn ! /saoth/ south speculate /,spekjulelU statues s t e t u :z I d i y ad v z ' d r storage I'stO:n<\JI surround ·/S;l'raundJ indicate md .. pi temples mpz! i n fi n it iv e ( g ra m m a r ) Im'fmltrvl terracotta 71 /tera'kote/ ad inscription lrn'sknpln! thriving (jdj 1 '0 ra lY l l invade 11 Im'verdl tomb 11 irrelevant ad Ir're1;lv;lnt/ ivory undamagedadjihn'dremrd:;df. uniforms 11 u :n u n z k n o w l e d g e 11 Ino'hd:;/ .........•....... laboratories pi /Is'borotnz/ united ad Iju: 'naitrd/ last I la :s t • •• .• .• .• . various ad l've~rIasl life-like ad I'larf,lal!{/···· violent ad I'val;ll;lnt! life-sized ad I'lalf,salzd/ ...·.........• volcanic ad /vol'ksemk/ linked ad I'lrl)kt .....•........•.•............••••..•••.....•................•• w e a l t h y ad l'weI9if. website I'websart/ logical ad ·1')D d:;lkll......•..•.....•..••. lucky ad workers pi I'ws;k;lzl· magnificent ad 1 I 1 1 r e g ' ri if I s; li lt / . . major ad I 'm e d : .. :. manuscript I'ml"enju:sknpt/.. methodically ad I m e e " p dr kl il · m iH t ar y I 'm I lr tr i . .. .. .. . . .. .. .• . m o n u m e n t 11 l'ni04ju:I1Pllt! museum ·./mju:'zi~m/ .nra' b ~ r / . •. .·......•....... nearbyprep north objects pi I 'o b d e k ts i . . .. occupy 1I I ' D k j u :p a r . .. .. .. .. .•..•...... .. . optimistic ad mr outstanding ad palace 11 peel p er io d o f m e
/,aut'$trendll)l '. .. I'pi:n;ldl
.p si n / z IS n .precision Ipn'SI3n! preserved ad Ipra'za:vdl president !'.prezld:lntl p r m ar ya d p ra Im ar l production linen ./pra'dAkSn /pro'tekt/ protect province l'provmsl rank I rr e ) k rebuilt l,ri:'bIltl recall reconstruct lri:kan'st1:Akt! rediscover Iri:dIs'khv;l(r)/ gi na dj nl /ro'lert r el at e t o r em a rk ab ly ad j · /r r' ma :k ? pl i repair yin' r es ig n at io n n l re zt g n e rJ 1 1 Y~ .r u; n! rulers 11 I'ru:l;}z/
Unit7 I ; ; , 'si:ri:z ,;;,vl s er ie s o f accommodation 11 /akomc'derjn/ acknowledge Irek'nollcW addition l a' rl rj n . . amazing ad 1;;,'melZllJl amount 11 /o'maont/ appear la'pera(r)f 1'0: kItek\f1 architect architectural ad la:kl'tek\f:Jr;;,1I area 11 I' e a r r a / artificial a d 1 0: t( '[ 11 1 astonishing ad /os'tonrjnj/ author 11 l'o:9a(r)1 base 11 /bers/ bibliography 11 Iblbli:'ografi! blood 11 /blxd/ b re a r ec or d /bretk/ breakwater 11 I'brelk,wo:ta(r)1 bridge 11 ceremony 11 I'seramanil challenging ad 1'\frelmdotlJl classical ad I'klresrkll coastline 11 I'bdstlaml ,WIO/ mb ne wit I'bmbarn common 11' I'ko1l1anl congestion 11 /kan'does\fnl consideration 11 /kan'stdoretjn/ c on si s o f / ka n s rs t a v construct /kon'strakt/ constructions 11 pI /kon'strxkjnz/ continents 11 pi I'kontmantsl dj /ken'tmju.ra' continuing controversial ad /kontro'vs.jl/ conventions pI /ksn'venjnz/ crash-land I'krre] lend/ credit I'kredltl crew cubic ad I'kju:blk! culture I'kAltfal am /dem/. debris debril d ec ad e I'dekeldl desert I'dezatl design /dr'sam/ dominate I'dommertl d ur in g ad v / 'd ou ar rl J efficient e mp lo y /t pt energy I'en
W o r d l is t
giant ad I'doarantl gravitational ad IgrrevI'terSnl! g ro un d c on tr o t1 I'graund .kantracl/
height /hart/ high-rise 11 I'harrarz/ high-speed ad I,hal 'spi.d/ horizontallyadv /hnrr'zuntali/ hydroelectric ad /hardreor'lektrrk/ impressive d] /rm'prcsrv/ inaugurate /m'o:gj
ad
Imi:tr;)ra'iodotkll mission I' ln I' nescsori/ necessary noticeable adj I'nautrsabl/ observations 11 pi /,obza'vetJnzl obtain lob'teml on sa / ,o n s e I 'o :b t orbit overcrowding 11 /,auva'kraudtlJ/ pass Ipn:sl performance 11 Ipa'fo:m:ms/ phenomena 11 /fo'nomana' /pra'drkt/ predict privately-owned ad /'pralVItli ,aund/ project 11 I'prodoektl pronouns 11 pI I'praunaunzl publisher 11 l'pAbhSa(r)/ pul bac p u b re k rail 11 /rerl/ railway I'rellwer! reach I'ri:\fl r ec la i / re 'k le rm / recognizable ad I r ek a g ' n ar z rb l / referencing 11 l'refransllJ/, r ef le c In' flektl r eh ea rs a I ra 'h 3 :S V remarkable ad /rr'mc.obl/ repetition /repr'trjn' residential ad /rezr'denjl/ resorts 11 pi /n'zo.ts/
retrieval /ro'tri.vl' retrieve /ra'tri.v' roof 11 /ru:f/ safety 11 I'serftil s a fe t y m e a s u re s sample 11 I'so:mpll sand 11 Isrend! seismic ad I'SaIzmrk! severe ad Isa'vla(r)/ shape 11 I J e r p l size 11 /sarz/ skyline I'skaclarnl skyscrapers 11 pi I'skal,skrerp;)zI sleepiness 11 I'sli:pi:nasl slender ad /'slenda(r)! solar dj I's
Unit8 ac of
f'rekt
fiercely finance flnancial ad fundamental
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addressv /c'dres/
adequate ad adopt /a'dnpt/ advertise I'redvgtaizi advertising afterwards prep w; allow already ad although adv/o;I'6;')ul announce antonym 11 arrangements
funds gain
pl
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host
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increase vlm'kri:s!.i i ne vi ta b l a d ji I' ne V I t~ b l l inferioradj lm'fIJ (r)1
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l 's te r d l~ i :r i . .. . / st el t/ ·· · . .. . . .. < statement i'steiim;;ontl sufficient ad ls~'[lj;;onti . . . •. ...•..•.. .. •..... •. .. .• .. u m ( o m o n e y 1~/!.mI support / s~ 'p o •• s ym b I ' 1 1b l . : · . •...... · t ak e i nt Q c on s id e ra ti on . I te ik ln t< J nsld
· E : ~ : r r ; : ~ : ! : ~ 5 / ' t n f r a s t r : \ ~ ~ I . . . . . . . . . .~. . :. .~. f { J l ' f [ l f ~ Y. •~• • • •.i·'•
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adj. irn'volydl.·.···•·
budget burden b u s y ad cafeteria c a m p ii I k r e m p l capital ad catering charityn l'\fredti/·.···· citizen claim
ad
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l on g l as t in g ad k o t f 1,lpk'at,lt fo:1 ad
manpower
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pi
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contextnl'kontekstl···
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cover create .. dangern'l'demds;)(r)/occasionn
n o r m a l ad
de n tn . d l C i n i~ n despite Pa destinationsn p i d e n e I !Z I diagram disagreement nldls?'gd;m;')ntl disruption distribution
~r origins f! pi /,pn
adv'
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l'p3:m;;on;)lltl
earn .i3:nf ..•. •.....•.•.•..•.•..• personalitiesa p l p 3 ~ ' e h z l . .. e m p l ) ym e n tn . / ll ll 'p l? u n ~ n t • .. .. • . . - . p it c fl· lPl\ff .. .........•.•.••..•..
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n· 'fp~;:%;~1nf
enter
l'eriw(r)/.·.·.·. ....•.....•....•..•......... proportion dj e e Y e van e n n /.'"l<'yl.';eV nrJlt/ bl . .
• . . .. . . . . .
ad
e x s t 1 1 leg f al l o n
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v/'spims~(r)l
ground
pi athletes attract audiences pll'::lAI;)n~IzI avoid 1;'l·wo:~I.. award aware I;)'we ;i(r) ; ; : ) v l id bId/·· An
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l,ri:'ju:zI revenues pI I'rev<:lnju:zI rights pi pi / r I g z i /sI'kjuar;')ti/ Islotf
pi Ifhndzl
b a ad I' g b
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/far'neenjl/ ad
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./pr;)'p::l:Jnf. Ab
transmitv /tn~pZ;tllt.t!..<··.···· /,i.rid
nl'Apgr~Idli'> vaccination Vr adj Ivu: ..'<. v i g il a n c e n l ' vi < tr l ;; J n s ! pI .I'yizIt~ZI· ......• v ol un ta ry ad j I 'v ob n tr i! · wal ad fwi:kI we me /welkom/. a d . . ' W 1 U d , r i : \f ll ) Iwml . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .• .. .. .. .. .. . ad l,w3;1~'kla;sl wo
Un I:, 'tenSI t en t a ca d em i y e a I ,r eb de m I' rl a ct ua ll ya d v l 'r ek i 1 li I ag I'regnkhl\f'J1 agriculture /c'proksrmstll/ approximatelyadv around p r e p /o'raond/ /o.tc'merjn/ automation b ac te ri a /bsek'ti.rro/ bo 1; a: b a c ha r b e t w e e n p r e p /br'twi.n/ bilateral ad I,bar'lret;;rll 'kermstri/
candidate I'krendrdeltf f' kleenfai/ clarify pi /kam'perrsnz/ comparisons composite /'komp;)srtf c on s id e ra b ly a d / k sn 's rd r ob li / c on s ta n tl ya d v I 'k o ns t ; nt li ! consultancy fbn'sAlt;;nsil contain tern! critics I'kntrksl I'delt;;1 data /dr'k lam decline decrease /do'kri.s/ decrease I'd;;kri:sl dentistry !'dentistri! describe /drs'krarb/ /drs'krrpjn/ description disorganized ad /drs'o.qonatzd/ distribution /drstrr'bju.jn/ dramatic ad /drc'metrk/ /dra'metrkli/ dramaticallyadv dr by I ,d ro p b a economists tl !i:'kDnamrstsl employees /rmplor'irz/ enable /m'erbl/ /m'raol/ enrol pi /m'roolmcnts/ enrolments li:'kwIV;)I;mtl equivalent I' estimert estimate explore IIk'spb:(r)1 faculties pi /'frek;;ltIz! fall female I'fi:merll figures p I . I' fl g; ;z / fluctuate l'flAktjuertl fungi I'fAngil future !'fju:1;j';;1 globally ad l' g l u b g o d ow n I,gau 'daun/ go 'ApI graduate I' grredj uat/ Igrrem! gram graphics /'grrefrksl grow Igr'Jul ha I ,h re n m l happen I'hrepnl h i gh e r e d uc at io n l,haI'J(r) illegible adj Ir'leetrbll illustrate 1'I!:lstrert/ impact f'rmprektl imperfect ad /nn'pafekt/ a c 1m 'frekt! increase /m'kri.s/
o r d li s
I'mkri:s increase industrialization /mdxstrralar'zerjn/
industry I'rnd;)stril instrument I'mstr;;m;mt! insurance tJ /m'[ocrons/ /rn'ts.prst/ interpret Intranet I'mtr;;net! IT ( in f or m at io n t ec h n o lo g y ) I ,r n fa m er f t ek ' n ol ae ti l ar ti u s o ve r l ,e tA s t u v r ) kilometres /kr'Iomotoz/ up 1 , Ii : ' A t > tu : ! legal ad l'li:gV l ev e o u t I ,l ev l ' au t ! l in e g r a p I 'l a , gr a living ad l'IIVII)/ main ad I m e m l /merl/ male marginal ad I'ma:etmV m ar g in a ll ya d v l 'm a :g m ; l i me ns I 'r oi :n z , e v media I'mi:dral. million I'mrljnl modify I'medlfall monorail l'monaureIlI multilingual ad l,mAlti:'II1]gw'Jll n ea r y ad v / 'n r r l notice I'n;;utrsl naotrsrbl/ noticeable noticeably adv I'nautrs'Jblil numerical ad Inju:'menkl! office I'ofls particularly ad /pa'trkjoli/ pi I'pret;;nzl patterns e r c en t 'senti percentage fpa'sentlqy photosynthesis !f;;utau'sme;;srs! p i c h ar t I 'p a , lj 'a ;t I plants pi /plo.nts/ plummet l'plhmItl plunge fplAn
kwo.tcz/ quarters radically ad l'rredIkHI r ea c ak l,ri:1;j':l 'pi.k/ recession In'seJn! reduce In'etu:sl reflect /n'flekt/ /n'membotr) remember /repro'zent/ represent I,ri;'ri:df reread rise !ra:izl rocket 'r sectors pi I'sekt;)z/ services pi / ' S 3 : V I S r z ! service-sector I ' s s: vr s , s ek t :, (r ) 1 s h o w y fj'Jul
s im il ar ly a d l 's rm r1 ; I i slight ad) Islartl s li gh t ly a d l 's la rt Il I soar s o ci a w o r k ! 's :, u S I . w a .k / stabilize I'sterbrlarz! statistical ad /sto'trstikl/ statistics pI /sto'trstrks/ s te ad il ya d v / 's te d rl i steady ad I'stedil subject l'sAbctekt/ submarine /sxbmo'ri.n/ l'sAb,sekt'Jl sub-sector substantial ad Is;)b'strenSll I'SAlj' ,rez! uc pi /'tend'JnslzI tendencies textile I'tekstarIl t h s am e p r o n 16 'sean/ trade n, Itrerd! /trens'fo.m/ transform trends n p i 'meni/ wi m an y /jwars pl undergraduates I ,A n d ; ;' gr re et ua ts i ' . u p w a r d prep I'ApW ;)(r)dJ values pI Ivrelu:z1 varied ad) I've;;rrdl w a g e s pi /'weretIzi whole workforce /wsk.fo.s,'
Uni 10 abbreviations 11 pi h b Sn accents pi access accommodate /c'komadert/ h o Ildj ho adapter advisable ad /cd'vaizabl/ amplifiers 11 pi a n t e n n a 11 lren'teng/inventors attach battery bell 11 birth 11 Ib3:0! booth br ng ba b r o a d ad card c a rr ie r p ig e o n 11 I 'k re n P 1 . centre 11 certain ad certificate 11 circuit clarify code 11 collect /ko'lekt/
hotspots 11 pi !'hotspots! idea 11 /ar'dro/ 11 /il'nos,' pi /'lml
institutions np
/m o'drjn tu:! /m'fo.ml/
Irnstr'lfu:Jnzf
interpret interpreter
Im'ta:prgtg(r)1 /m'venjn/ pi /rn'ventoz/ p u p to d e w
to
Ib:ntfl legaladj l'li:gV library 11 I'larbr
dj
long-distance
Iooklike .m
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l'ma:stgri! 11
11
f'memb;)Jlpl I'ma!kraf.mn!
miss':'
11 I 'm A 6 g , tA l ) Ibmju;m'keIJnl movev c om pa r s o I 1 fk G m 'p re n~ n l • . . . multi-functionsnpf ..•............. complete / k o m 'p li .t / . .· .> i /' lU A l ti 'f A 1 J k J G n i l conclude k g k lu :d J .. ultiplo;:;. djl'niAI{qj1J .·.·Qraladj connectv /';):riJI!./· consecutive dj b m u: ym nt i'prumjntf consider pocket-sized a s ] i 'p p k ;) t, s ar z d f continents 11 pi k D n tm ( n ts l p or ta b ad bl dea wit f'di:! positioningn Ip;)'zrNnIl)1 decode decrease practices 11 I'pr~ktIslzI /dr'kri.s/ degree Idl'gri:1 p r ef er a b le a d j l 'p r ef r; )b l l devices pi /di'vaisiz/ presentations 11 pIIPfazan'telfnz/ dialects presentern / pr ;J 'z en tG ( r pi I'da!;)lektsf digital ad l'dl
signal 11 f'slgnlf signalling 11 /'slgn;)lrl)1 signed ad /samd/ simultaneous ad /snnl'temtas/ sink IsIl)k! situation 11 Isrtju;'eljnl s m a r t ad /sma.t/ speaker I'spi:bf speech 11 s ta n o r I'strend ,f~:1 s to ck s a n s h ar e f'stoks ,fe;lz/ t ak e a g e I, t er k ' el
