AA.vv.- Mit Deutsch, Studieren Arbeiten, Leben (Index, Einheit 1)

S~pnk`fb`di`k~`fn`r N`p~schpf~`rrkch~ = B ' 2 M , = n f m B

Lk~ N@P^SCH s~pnk`r`f mrb`k~`f i`b`f

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Lk~ N@P^SCH s~nk`r`f mrb`k~`f i`b`f

























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Nms ugrik`d`fn` I`hrt`rj `f~s~mfn kl Rmhl`f n`s _rga`j~s S~nk`fb`di`k~`fn`r N`~schf~`rrkch~ mf Pfku`rsk~î~`f fn Hgchschi`f kf Bgsfk`f,H`rq`dgtkfm) Ermfjr`kch) K~mik`f) Jrgm~k`f) Lmj`ngfk`f) Rlîfk`f fn S`rbk`f

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R`nmj~kgfs~`ml1 Jmrlìjm Bmrk @i`fm Ckcjgusjm Ngrg~h`m Iëu{,Hkii`rkch Skiukm S`r`fm M~grkff`f fn M~gr`f1 Jmrlìjm Bmrk ) S`rbk`f @i`fm Ckcjgusjm) Lmj`ngfk`f Igrm Cgfs~mf~kf`sc) Rlîfk`f Milm guk ,Ekikpguk ) Bgsfk`f fn H`rq`dgtkfm Kgmfm Mfnr`m Nkmcgf) Rlîfk`f Jrks~kfm Namjguk ) Jrgm~k`f Lmrk`~m Namjguk ) Jrgm~k`f Fkcgi` Hmtf`r ) Ermfjr`kch B`famlkf H`nŶk ) Bgsfk`f Bgsfk`f fn H`rq`dgt H`rq`dgtkfm kfm Qgrkcm H`f~`s) Rlî Rlîfk fk`f `f [gimfnm K`s`mf) Ermfjr Ermfjr`kc `kch h Mfm Krgmk`) Rlîfk`f @iksmb`~h Amjgb) Ermfjr`kch Jm~mrkfm JrŶìa) S`rb S`rbk` k`f f Ngrg~h`m Iëu{,Hkii`rkch) Ermfjr`kch Spms`fkam Lgrg) Jrgm~k`f Fkfm _gigukfm) S`rbk`f Ki`mfm Lmrkm Rm~c) Rlîfk`f Lmr`kj` Schìi`fb`rd) N`~schimfn Lkhmìm Qgdrmek) Rlî Rlîfk fk`f `f _rga`j~i`k~fd1 Ngrg~h`m Iëu{,Hkii`rkch) Dg`~h`,Kfs~k~~ Fmfc{ @fnr`nmj~kgf1 Skiukm S`r`fm Nms I`hrt`rj ks~ f~`r n`r Lk~tkrjfd n`r gb`f d`fmff~`f Jgii`d`f `f~s~mfn`f1 Me S`k~` 382

























Ik~`rmrksch` ^`x~`1 `x~`1 Ermfq Hghi`r) Qùrkch Kiis~rm~kgf`f1 ^mlmrm Smf~rmČ) S~n`f~kf mf n`r Emji~î~ eùr Jfs~ fn N`skdf L`dm~r`fn) EPN Bìdrmn) S`rbk`f Jiîrfd n`r R`ch~` mf ^`x~`f fn Bkin`rf1 Bkin`rf1 D`rlmfg R` ^gfmefmhl`f1 ^gfs~nkg A`mf,Lkchì Umkci`) 0>2?? Ngld`rlmkf Lskj`kfbi`fnfd`f1 Lskj`kfbi`fnfd`f1 Nmukn Iëu{ Spr`ch`r1 – Bkij` Pirkch – Mfdì dìm Lm Lmrkm Dõrd`f – Lmx Jõhi`r – Ssmff` Hkfq – Fkcgi` Hmtf`r Tgr~iks~`f1 Tgr~iks~`f1 Kfhmi~ikch` I`k~fd1 Jmrlìjm Bmrk Ą) Sge~tmr`1 Lkimf @dìam I`hr`rhmfnbch1 I`hr`rhmfnbch1 Jmrlìjm BmrkĄ) @i`fm Ckcjgusjm) Ngrg~h`m Iëu{,Hkii`rkch) Skiukm S`r`fm U`rimdsr`nmj~kgf U`rimdsr`nmj~kgf11 Lmrksm Chkmfk) Ickmfg Nò Plschimdsd`s~mi~fd11 Nmfkìm Mibr`ch~) Dg`~h`,Kfs~k~~ Fmfc{) @i`fm Ckcjgusjm Plschimdsd`s~mi~fd B`s~mfn~`ki` n`s I`hrt`rjs skfn1 – I`hrbch – `kf` `kf` kl I`hrbc I`hrbch h `kfd` `kfdì`d~ i`d~` ` CN CN lk~ lk~ • Hõr~` Hõr~`x~` x~`f f fn fn ^rmfs rmfsjr jrkp~ kp~kg kgf` f`f f • S~m~ S~m~kg kgf` f`f f ql ql Tg Tgr~ r~sc schm hm~q ~q • Jgpk`rugrimd`f • I`rf, I`rf, fn fn Mrb`k Mrb`k~sl` ~sl`~hg ~hgn`f n`f fn spkì`r spkì`rksch ksch` ` Egrl Egrl`f `f • Iõsfd`f • Tgr~iks~`f kf1 Mibmfksch , Mrmbksch , Bidmrksch , @fdiksch , Ermfqõsksch , K~mik`fksc K~mik`fksch h , Ampmfksch , Jrgm~ksch Jrgm~ksch , Ik~mksc Ik~mksch h , Lmj`ngfksch Lmj`ngfksch , _gifksch sch , Rlîf Rl îfks ksch ch , Rssksch , S`rbksch , Sigtmjksch , Sigt`fksch , Spmfksch , ^sch`chksch , Pfdmrksch – `kf` `kf` I`rfpim~~ I`rfpim~~egr egrl l (_msstgr~ (_msstgr~ b`kl b`kl R`nmj~kgf R`nmj~kgfs~`m s~`ml+ l+ – I`hr`rhmfnb I`hr`rhmfnbch ch me CN lk~ Jgpk`rugr Jgpk`rugrimd`f) imd`f) Qsm~qmed Qsm~qmedmb`f mb`f qr Bkff`fnkee` Bkff`fnkee`r`fqk r`fqk`rfd `rfd fn I`rfegr~schrk~~,^`s~s& I`rfegr~schrk~~,^`s~s& Nms d`sml~` I`hrt`rj b`s~`h~ ms (n`l ugrik`d`fn`f+ Bmfn =1 Msdmfdsfku`m M2) Qkìfku`m B= Bmfn 21 Msdmfdsfku`m B2) Qkìfku`m C= (@fn` 2?=?+ Ugrj grjrs rs11 Msdm Msdmfd fdsfk sfku` u`m m M=) M=) Qkìf Qkìfku ku`m `m M2 (d`p (d`pimf imf~+ ~+ H`rmsd`d`b`f ugf1 Mrckpìmdg @nkqkgfk) Ukm Cmrig n‛Mnnm 2=) 2?=>3 Lkimfg'K~mik`f) u`r~r`~`f nrch nk` Kfhmb`rkf Lmrksm Chkmfk Ugrb`hmi~ n`r R`ch~`1 R`ch~`1 Nms T`rj fn s`kf` ^`ki` skfn rh`b`rr`ch~ikch d`schù~q~& A`n` U`rt`r~fd kf mfn`r`f mis n`f d`s`~qikch qdìmss`f`f Eîii`f b`nmre n`shmib n`r ugrh`rkd`f schrke~ikch`f @kftkiikdfd n`s U`rimds fn n`s Dg`~h`,Kfs~k~~s Fmfc{& Qsî~qikch` Kfegrlm~kgf`f1 ttt&sn,kfeg&`

























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Nk` HMBM,Ekrl`femlkik` (Hmb`rlmm× DlbH) AMJG,G DlbH) T`hrerk~q DlbH+

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Kfhmi~su`rq`kchfks & && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && && && && & Ugrspmff @rjiîrfd n`r _kj~gdrmll` fn Mbjùrqfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

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@kfh`k~ K1 T@D@ QPL B@RPE ‖Sgiii kch7 kch7’’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @kfs~k`d1 ‖Sgi

2=

Jmpk~ì =1 S^PNK@FQ@K^ – @KF@ DIÙCJIKCH@ Q@K^ Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

& && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && && && && & @kfs~k`d _HMS@F S~nk` k`fm fmfe femf mfd d , Q`k Q`k~~ n`s n`s Grk Grk`f `f~k ~k`r `r`f `fss fn fn I`rf I`rf`f `fss & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M S~n S,G,S1 Rìm~kusî~q` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & `kf`l l Ms Msim imfn fnss ss~ ~nk nkl l hm~ hm~ lmf lmf `kf `kfem emch ch l`hr l`hr-- & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B Ugf `kf` H`k×`r S~hi1 _rg fn Jgf~rm Msimfnss`l`s~`r & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & T`fkd` d`rr Mfds Mfds~~ ugr ugr _rùe _rùef fd` d`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && C T`fk S~m~kg kgf` f`f f qr qr _rùe _rùef fds dsmf mfds ds~~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & N S~m~ Schmb bkikin` n`rr mis mis Egr Egrl l n`r n`r Kfe Kfegr grlm lm~k ~kgf gfsu su`r `rmr mrb`k b`k~ ~fd fd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @ Schm _rga`j~1 _rùefdsmfds~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & n`l Sch Schtm tmrq rq`f `f Br`~ Br`~~~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & E Rgii`fspkì1 Ugr n`l D Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Dk~~`rrî~sì & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

22 22 23 20 28 32 32 30 3; >? >= >3 >3 >>

Jmpk~ì 21 TGHF@F PFN I@B@F Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

@kfs~k`d & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Bkinb`schr`kbfd – Mssgqkgdrmll & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _HMS@F Qkll`r `r d`s d`sc ch~ h~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Qkll Lmrj~pim~q1 Tghf`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S~n`f `f~` ~`fb fbn nd`~ d`~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B S~n FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 BMEÕD & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S,G,S1 _`re`j~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Tghf`r `rem emhr hrf fd` d`f f mfn mfn`r `rst stg g – S~n S~n`f `f~` ~`f f b`r b`rkc kch~ h~`f `f C Tghf

>5 >5 >5 >4 >4 00 08 5? 53

























FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 nmss,Sî~q` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 ,~î~ ), ),schme~ ) ,j`k~ ) ,h`k~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S,G,S1 Kfekfk~ku lk~ ‖q’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

Skfn Sk` Sk` s~m s~mr~ r~b` b`r` r`k~ k~ eùr eùr n`f n`f B`r B`re e77 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B Skfn Tk` b`t` b`t`rb rb`` kch kch lkch lkch rkc rkch~ h~kd kd77 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & C Tk` FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 _mssku`rsm~qegrl`f _mssku`rsm~qegrl`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & N Lk~ Lk~ Sprm Sprmch ch`` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Igdkj,Rî~sì1 Igdkcmi & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M,B,C,L`lg1 B`t`rbfd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

4? 42 43 44 4; 80 85 85 84

Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

84

@kfh`k~ KK1 QPSMLL@FTMCHS@F ÙB@R NK@ DR@FQ@F @kfs~k`d1

‖Ùb`r ‖Ùb`r n`f n`f ^ì ^ìi` i`rr rrmf mfn n hkfm hkfms’ s’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

8;

Jmpk~ì =1 S_RMCH@FI@RF@F – @KF@ BRÙCJ@ QPR T@I^ Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

@rg @rgpm pmcg cgiiiimd md`` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @kfs~k`d _HMS@F Ek~ eùr eùr @rg @rgpm pm & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Ek~ Lmrj~pim~q1 @rgpmjglp`~`fq`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S,G,S1 Jgfafj~ku KK & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @remhr hrf fd` d`f f b`kl b`kl Er` Er`ln lnsp sprm rmch ch`f `fi` i`rf rf`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B @rem Jdìimd`r1 Sprmch`f kf @rgpm & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Ek~ kf Smch Smch`f `f D`R D`R , N`r N`r @rg @rgpîk pîksc sch` h` Rè Rè`r `r`f `fqr qrmh mhl` l`f f eùr eùr Sprm Sprmch ch`f `f & & & & & & & C Ek~ Jdìimd`r1 Er`lnsprmch`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Rgii`fspk spkì1 ì1 Er`lns Er`lnsprm prmch` ch`f f spr`c spr`ch`f h`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & N Rgii`f @ Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && ]kq1 Ukì` Iîfn`r – ukì` Sprmch`f – `kf` Tì~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & D`nkch~1 Miù ^`jkfm{ ^`jkfm{ ‖Nmqtksch`f’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

;? ;? ;= ;= ;3 ;5 ;5 =?2 =?2 =?2 =?2 =?> =?5 =?5 =?5 =?8 =?8 =?8 =?8

Jmpk~ì 21 T@D@ QP@KFMFN@R Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

& && && && & && && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && @kfs~k`d _HMS@F Jiksch ch``s ``s mbbm mbbm`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Jiks Slmii~ i~mi mijj fn fn Jg ~k `f kl kl Mii~ Mii~ B Slmi

==? ==? ==? ==? === === ==3 ==3

























_HMS@F Mis @rmsl @rmsls s,S ,S~ ~n` n`f~ f~ fmc fmch h N`~ N`~sc schim himfn fn & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Mis B Tms Tms `kf S~n S~n`f `f~~ tkss`f tkss`f lss) lss) t`ff t`ff `r fmch fmch N`~ N`~sc schi himf mfn n jgll~ jgll~ & & & & & & R`dì1 T`ff) tmff) mis & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 ^`lpgrmisî~q` ^`lpgrmisî~q` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

C Mis Mis @rmsl @rmsls s,S ,S~ ~n` n`f~ f~kf kf fn fn mis mis Hgs Hgs~` ~`ss ss me me n`r n`r L`ss L`ss` ` & && && && && && && && && Jgpes~mfn1 @kf L`ss`b`sch`r b`scht`r~ skch & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _rga`j~1 T`rbfd eùr R`ks`qkì` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=3 =3? ? =3 =33 3 =3 =3> > =3 =30 0 =3 =30 0 =3; =3 =3; ;

^rmfspmr`fq N Nms `rg pmss,Rmhl`fjgfq`p~ – Eùfe Ngjl`f~` eùr l`hr ^rmfspmr`fq kf @r @rgp gpm m & && & && && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & @ Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Tkss`fsig~~g1 @rmsls,Me`f~hmi~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=> =>? ? => =>= = => =>= = => =>2 2

I`s`f mis U`rdfùd`f Ermfq Hghi`r ‖D~sch`kf`“ ^`ki 2 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=> =>> >

@kfh`k~ KKK1 L@HR I@B@FS]PMIK^Î^ NPRCH FMCHHMI^KDJ@K^ FMCHHMI^KDJ@K^ @kfs~k`d

‖J`k ‖J`kf f Ugr Ugrmf mfjg jgll` ll`f7 f7’’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=> =>0 0

Jmpk~ì =1 JIKLM, PFN FM^PRJM^MS^RG_H@F – PRSMCH@F7 Jmffb`schr`kbfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @kfs~k`d & && && && && & && && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && & && && && && && && && &

_HMS@F Fmchrk rkch ch~` ~`f f ùb`r ùb`r Jm~ Jm~ms~ ms~rg rgph ph`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Fmch Lmrj~pim~q1 Jiklm fn T`~~`r & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & R`dì1 _mssku & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 ^`x~sgr~`f fn _mssku & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

Drùfn` n` eùr eùr n`f n`f T`~ T`~~` ~`r, r,f fn n Jiklm Jiklmtm tmfn fnì ì & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B Drùf FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 U@RD@SS@F1 Hmpsm~q Hmpsm~q – F`b`fsm~q F`b`fsm~q & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & I`rfhkie`1 T,Ermd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

C @rs~` @rs~` R`mj R`mj~k ~kgf gf`f `f me me n`f n`f T`~ T`~~` ~`r, r,f fn n Jiklmt Jiklmtmf mfn` nìi & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M}mrkl1 Jiklmjgiimps & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _rga`j~1 Kfk~km~ku`f ql Jiklmsch~q & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

N Lk~ Lk~ Sprm Sprmch ch`` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && _`~`r Emhr1 D`nkch~ ‖ermd`f ‖ ermd`f mf n`r tmfn “ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Sm~qjmr~`fspkì1 I`k~sm~q qr fmchhmi~kd`f @f~tkcjifd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Nms MBC,L`lg q Jiklm, fn Fm~rjm~ms~rgph`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=> =>5 5 => =>5 5 => =>4 4 => =>8 8 =0 =0? ? =0? =0 =0= = =03 =0 =00 0 =0 =00 0 =0 =05 5 =0 =05 5 =0 =04 4 =04 =08 =0;



























Jiklms msch ch~ ~qq p`r p`r D`s` D`s`~q ~q fn fn U`r U`rgr grnf nff fd`f d`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & C Jikl Ermfq Hghi`r1 D`nkch~ ‖_mpk`rd`tkss`f’ ‖_mpk`rd`tkss`f’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & N Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Erk`n`rkcj` Lm{rõcj`r1 D`nkch~ ‖Tms brmpchs~ np 7“ 7“ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @rtkf Drgsch Drgsch`1 `1 D`nkch~ D`nkch~ ‖Dmfq f`p` Eksch` “ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=4= =4= =40 =40 =40 =40 =40 =45 =45

Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=44

Jmpk~ì 31 LK^ BKG_RGNPJ^@F D@SÙFN@R I@B@F Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Jdì Jdìimd imd`r1 `r1 Bkgp Bkgprgn rgnj~ j~`` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @kfs~k`d _HMS@F Grdmfk fksm sm~k ~kgf gf`f `f kf kf n`r n`r Bkg, Bkg,T` Tì~ i~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Grdm @kfjm me` e`f f kl Sp Sp`r `rlm lmrj rj~~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B @kfj I`rfhkie`1 Gb`r,fn Pf~`rb`drkee` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S,G,S1 U`rb`f lk~ _rîpgsk~kgf`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & S,G,S1 _rgfglkfmimnu`rbk`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & R`dì1 _rgfglkfmimnu`rbk`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Rgii`fnkmigd1 @kf R`q`p~ msprgbk`r`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F1 Jglpmrm~ku fn Sp`rim~ku & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Rgii`fnkmigd1 I`b`fslk~~ìmb~`kifd & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Õjgigd gdks ksch ch`` Imfn Imfntk tkr~ r~sc schm hme~ e~ fn fn Emk Emkr` r`rr Hmfn Hmfnì ì & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & C Õjgi N Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Tgr~rî~sì1 @ss`f fn ^rkfj`f ^rkfj`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M,B,C,L`lg1 I`b`fslk~~ìprgnj~` I`b`fslk~~ìprgnj~` kl Sp`rlmrj~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=4; =4;

Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

=;5

=8? =8? =82 =82 =83 =83 =8> =8> =80 =80 =85 =85 =85 =85 =8; =;? =;? =;2 =;2 =;0 =;0 =;0 =;0 =;5

























@kfh`k~ KU1 KCH JMFF &&& _RÎS@F^K@R@F @kfs~k`d1

‖@f~ ‖@f~em emi~` i~` nkc nkch’ h’ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Jmffb`schr`kbpfd`f eùr mii` Hmfnipfdseìn`r & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

2= 2=; ; 22 222 2

Hmfnifdseìn =1 Lm~`rkmik`f smllìf @kfs~k`d1 Lmrj Lmrjpim pim~q ~q11 Tgh Tgh`r `r b`jg b`jgll` ll` kch Kfeg Kfegrlm rlm~k ~kgf gf`f `f ùb`r ùb`r `kf` `kf` Ekrl Ekrlm7 m7 & & & & & & & _HMS@F M Kch Kch r`ch r`ch`r `rch chk`r k`r` ` schr schrke~ ke~ikc ikch1 h1 _`r _`r Brk` Brkèe gn`r gn`r p`r p`r @,L @,Lmki mki & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B Kch r`ch`r r`ch`rchk chk`r` `r` lùfnikc lùfnikch1 h1 _`r _`r ^ì` ^ìègf egf gn`r gn`r ugr ugr Gr~ Gr~ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _rga`j~schrk~~ =m & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

C Kch Kch b`nm b`nmfj fj` ` lkch lkch schr schrke ke~i ~ikc kch1 h1 _`r _`r Brk` Brkèe gn`r gn`r p`r p`r @,Lm @,Lmkiki & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & N Lk~ Lk~ Spr Sprmc mch` h` spk` spkì` i`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && Jmr~`fspkì1 ^ìègfk`r`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

Sìbs~ùmim~kgf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

22 223 3 22 22> > 225 23 23? ? 23 23? ? 23 232 2 23 232 2 23 232 2

Jmr~`fspkì1 ^ìègfk`r`f ^ìègfk`r`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Hmfnifdseìn 21 Lm~`rkmik`f skch~`f) s~rj~rk`r`f fn `kf`f `kd`f`f ^`x~ u`remss`f

@kfs~k`d1 Mssg Mssgqkg qkgdr drmll mll11 Kfhm Kfhmi~ i~ `kf` `kf`rr Ekrl`f Ekrl`fpr prîs` îs`f~ f~m~k m~kgf gf & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _HMS@F Tkch~kd` kd` Kfeg Kfegrl rlm~ m~kg kgf`f f`f kf ^`x ^`x~` ~`f f ekfn ekfn`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & M Tkch~ Kfegrl rlm~ m~kg kgf` f`f f h`rm h`rms seki eki~` ~`rf rf fn fn s~r s~rj j~ ~rk rk`r `r`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & B Kfeg Kfegrl rlm~ m~kg kgf` f`f f ùb` ùb`rr `kf `kf` ` Ekr Ekrlm lm & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Mssgqkgdrmll1 Kfeg _rga`j~schrk~~ 2m & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Lmfsj sjrkp rkp~~ eùr eùr nk` nk` _rîs` _rîs`f~ f~m~ m~kg kgf` f`f f u`re u`remss mss`f `f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & C Nms Lmf I`rf I`rfhk hkie ie`1 `1 Pls Plsch chr` r`kb kbf fd d ugf ugf Tgr~ Tgr~b` b`n` n`~ ~f fd` d`f f & & && & && & && & && & && & && & && & & S{fgf{l`nglkfg & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & _rga`j~schrk~~ 2b & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

23 233 3 23 23> > 23 234 4 23 234 4 2> 2>2 2 2> 2>2 2 2>> 2>>

2> 2>5 5 2> 2>5 5

























B`t`r~fd fdsbg sbgd`f d`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & @umim~kgf1 B`t`r~

255

^rmfsjrkp~kgf`f (fr me CN+ Mfhmfd =1 ^rmfsjrkp~kgf`f

Mfhmfd 21 Iõsfd`f (mch me CN+

25;

Mfhmfd 31 S~m~kgf`f ql Tgr~schm~q (fr me CN+ Mfhmfd >1 I`rf, fn Mrb`k~sl`~hgn`f fn spkì`rksch` Egrl`f (mch me CN+

33=

U@RQ@KCHFKSS@ • Tìc Tìch` h` Mrb Mrb`k `k~s ~sl` l`~h ~hgn gn`f `f ekfn ekfn`~ `~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (mc (mch h me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` Jgpk` gpk`ru rugr grim imd` d`f f ekf ekfn` n`~~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (m (mch ch me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` Hkie Hkie`f `f ql ql I`r I`rf` f`f f ekf ekfn` n`~~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (m (mch ch me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` Hkie Hkie`f `f qr qr Spr Sprmc mchr hrè èi` i`xk xkgf gf ekfn ekfn`~ `~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (mc (mch h me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` Hõr~ Hõr~`x `x~` ~` ekfn ekfn`~ `~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (mc (mch h me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` R`n R`n`l `lk~ k~~` ~ìi ekf ekfn` n`~~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (mc (mch h me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Tìc Tìch` h` ^`x~s `x~sgr gr~` ~`f f ekf ekfn` n`~~ lmf lmf tg7 tg7 (m (mch ch me me CN+ CN+ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & • Kl I`hr I`hrt` t`rj rj u`r u`rt` t`fn fn`~ `~`` Mbjù Mbjùrq rqf fd` d`f f & && && && && && && && && && && && && && & • ]ì ]ìi` i`fu fu`r `rq` q`kc kchf hfks ks & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

3>5 3>5 3>; 3>; 30? 30? 30= 30= 303 303 300 300 350 350 342 342 340 340

M~gr`fmf~`ki` M~gr`fmf~`ki` & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Ùb`rs`~q`r n`r Tgr~iks~`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Sìbs~nmrs~ìifd `kfkd`r Hgchschi`f & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

382 382 38> 38> 385 385

























Ugrspmff

Ugrspmff

Ml @fn` n`s Ugrspmffs jmff kch 1

– lk~ lk~ n`l n`l I`h I`hrb rbc ch h mrb` mrb`k~` k~`f: f: – nk` nk` _kj _kj~g ~gdr drml mll` l` u`rs u`rs~` ~`h` h`f f –

@kfs~k`d m+

Ik`b` S~n`f~kf) ik`b`r S~n`f~) tgii`f Sk` ‖Lk~ N@P^SCH s~nk`r`f) mrb`k~`f) i`b`f7“& Kf Khr`l I`hrbch dkb~ `s uk`r @kfh`k~`f& Tk` h`k×`f sk`7

K ]B ?) =

KK KKK

























Ugrspmff Sk` skfn S~nk`r`fn` mf Pfku`rsk~î~`f fn Hgchschi`f fn i`rf`f N`~sch mis Er`lnsprmch` kl s~nk`fb`di`k~`fn`f Pf~`rrkch~& Khr` J`ff~fkss` ik`d`f fdèîhr b `k n`r S~e` M2 n`s `rgpîksch`f Rè`r`fqrmhl`fs (S~mr~ N`~sch 2+& Nk` Qkì` nk`s`s I`hrt`rjs skfn1 – nk` U`rb`s U`rb`ss`rf s`rfd d Khr`r Khr`r Sprmchj Sprmchj`ff~fk `ff~fkss` ss` kf kf Rkch~fd Rkch~fd `kf`s sgikn`f sgikn`f B=, B=, Fku`ms Fku`ms n`r ‖Sìbs~s~îfnkd`f Sprmchu`rt`fnfd“ (n`s D`l`kfsml`f ` rgpîksch`f Rè`r`fqrmhl`fs eùr Sprmch`f+ fn – n`r @rt`rb @rt`rb ugf ugf S~rm~`d S~rm~`dk`f k`f q l`hr l`hr M~gfglk` M~gfglk` kf s~nk` s~nk`f, f, fn fn b`resb b`resb`qgd`f `qgd`f`f `f Sk~m~kgf`f& Nk` Ugrb`r`k~fd me _rmj~kjm kl Rmhl`f n`r `rgpîksch`f _rgdrmll` eõrn`r~ Khr` Lgbkik~î~) fn u`rschmee~ Khf`f `kf`f i`kch~`r`f Qdmfd qr `rgpîksch`f Kfegrlm~kgfsd`sìischme~ fn q n`f u`rschk`n`f`f Ji~r`f kl Skff` n`r dègrn`r~`f ‖L`hrsprmchkdj`k~ fn kf~`rji~rìi`f Jglp`~`fq’& Emiis Sk` schgf B=,J`ff~fkss` hmb`f) dkb~ `s eùr Sk` mch Medmb`f) nk` Sk` ql B2, Fku`m eùhr`f1 Ermd`f Sk` Khr`f Ngq`f~`f (IHB1 Q ml Rmfn b`n`~`~1 I`hr`rhmfnbch1 Qsm~qmedmb`+&

M2

Tìch`s I`rfjgfq`p~ ks~ n`r Hkf~`rdrfn n`s I`hrbch`s7

]B ?) 2



























Ugrspmff Q mii`f @kfh`k~`f fn Jmpk~ìf dkb~ `s Jmffb`schr`kbfd`f (‖Ml @fn` n`r @kfh`k~ 'n`s Jmpk~ìs' Jmpk~ìs ' n`r _hms` jmff kch‥’+ fn Hkft`ks` Hkft`ks` qr @kf~`kifd fmch Sprmchmj~kuk~î~`f1 – R`q`p~ R`q`p~kgf kgf schrke schrke~ik ~ikch ch , Rs (I`s`f+ (I`s`f+ – R`q`p~ R`q`p~kgf kgf lùfnik lùfnikch ch , Rl (Hõr`f (Hõr`f++ – _rgnj~kg _rgnj~kgf f schrke~ikc schrke~ikch h , _s (Lgfgigdks (Lgfgigdksk`r`f k`r`fn`s n`s Schr`kb`f Schr`kb`f11 Qsmll`fe Qsmll`femssf mssfd`f) d`f) _rg~gjgii`) B`rkch~`) &m&+ – _rgnj~kg _rgnj~kgf f lùfnikch lùfnikch , _l (lgfgigdks (lgfgigdksk`r`f k`r`fn`s n`s Spr`ch`f+ Spr`ch`f+ – Kf~` Kf~`rm rmj~ j~kg kgf f schr schrke ke~i ~ikc kch h , Ks (Brk (Brkè è`) `) Lmki Lmkiss &m& &m&++ – Kf~` Kf~`rm rmj~ j~kg kgf f lùfn lùfnikikch ch , Kl (nkm (nkmig igdk dksk sk`r `r`f `fn` n`ss Spr` Spr`ch ch`f `f++ – Sprm Sprmch chlk lk~~ ~~i ifd fd&&

Tms b`n`~`f nk` Mbjùrqfd`f7

Ml @fn` n`r _hms` N jmff kch

– Kfeg Kfegrl rlm~ m~kg kgf` f`f f ql ql `rg `rg nmfj u`rschk`n`f`r I`s`s~ki` `f~schiùssìf ( L`~hgn`fjglp`~`fq+ – kf `kf`l `kf`l Jrqrè`r Jrqrè`rm~ m~ l`kf l`kf H`klm~i H`klm~imfn mfn ugrs~ì ugrs~ìi`f i`f fn fn jrk~ksch` Ermd`f q tkr~schme~ikch`f fn ji~rìi`f ^h`l`f s~ìi`f

Rs

Rs

_l Kl

_l Kl _s

























Ugrspmff Tms b`n`~`f nk`s` _kj~gdrmll`7

– –

B>

Tms hkie~ Khf`f b`kl Schr`kb`f7 Sk` tgii`f schr`kb`f i`rf`f& Eùr nms Schr`kb`f b`jgll`f Sk` kll`r Hkie`f fn B`kspkì` kf Egrl ugf Sm~qmfeîfd`f) Hkft`ks`f qr ^`x~sgr~` gn`r ql ^`x~ls~`r) fn `f~spr`ch`fn` Medmb`f&

B0

Tms hkie~ Khf`f b`kl Spr`ch`f7

B`kl Spr`ch`f hìe`f Khf`f nk` R`n`lk~~ìjîs~`f& Sk` skfn b`sgfn`rs tkch~kd eùr nk` U`rsprmchikchfd ugf Chmr~s (Schmbkin`r) Drmekj`f) ^mbìi`f+ gn`r b`k Rgii`fspkì`f1 Hk`r iõs`f Sk` q&B& `kf`f Jgfeikj~ kf `kf`r Sk~m~kgf) nk` `kf` qjùfe~kd` Mii~mds, gn`r B`res`remhrfd ugrt`dfkll~& Me Jîr~ch`f ekfn`f Sk` pmss`fn` Mrdl`f~`&

























Ugrspmff spkì`f ge~ `kf L`lg,Spkì) nms nk` tkch~kds~`f B`drkee` q `kfqìf`f ^h`l`f

miphmb`~ksch grnf`~& Q a`n`l Jmpk~ì dkb~ `s mb`r mch `kf S^M^KGF@FI@RF@F ql Tgr~schm~q) nms Sk` me n`r CN CN mi mis Jg Jgpk`rugrimd` ekekfn`f& Nk Nk` S~ S~rkchlîffch`f ( + sg sgii`f Sk Sk` nm nmrmf `rkff`rf) tk` nms efj~kgfk`r~1 Sk` d`h`f qsmll`f lk~ qt`k gn`r nr`k S~n`f~`f q `kf`r S~m~kgf) b`mrb`k~`f nk` Medmb`) nk` Sk` nm ekfn`f) fn d`h`f nmff qr fîchs~`f S~m~kgf) fn me nk`s` T`ks` kll`r t`k~`r ugf `kf`r S~m~kgf qr mfn`r`f& Mf n`f `kfqìf`f S~m~kgf`f jõff`f Sk` skch sìbs~s~îfnkd n`f Tgr~schm~q `rmrb`k~`f) khf i`rf`f gn`r tk`n`rhgi`f& Lk~ n`f S~m~kgf`f jõff`f Sk` mch mii`kf` q Hms` mrb`k~`f1 Spr`ch`f Sk` nmrùb`r lk~ Khr`l Ngq`f~`f& N`fj`f Sk` nmb`k nmrmf) nmss i`rf`f fn B`hmi~`f fmch b`s~kll~`f D`s`qlî×kdj`k~`f d`schk`h~1 Tkr b`hmi~`f fn f`hl`f me1 =?% ugf n`l) tms tkr i`s`f) 2?% ugf n`l) tms tkr hõr`f) 3?% ugf n`l) tms tkr s`h`f) 0?% ugf n`l) tms tkr hõr`f fn s`h`f) 4?% ugf n`l) tms tkr sìbs~ smd`f) ;?% ugf n`l) tms tkr sìbs~ ~f&

I`rfhkie` Tõr~`r smllìf pfn grnf`f b`n`p~`~) Tõr~`r b`ss`r i`rf`f pfn b`hmi~`f&

























Ugrspmff

_hms` N Hkfeùhrpfd qp l`hr I`rf`rmp~gfglk` N=

Tms ekfn`f Sk` me n`r CN7

Me n`r CN ekfn`f Sk` Iõsfd`f q Medmb`f) Jgpk`rugrimd`f) ^rmfsjrkp~kgf`f q n`f Hõr~`x~`f fn nk` S~m~kgf`f ql Tgr~schm~q& Sk` ekfn`f m×`rn`l Tgr~iks~`f q n`f Tõr~`rf kl I`hrbch (Drfntgr~schm~q n`r Fku`ms M2,B2+) nk` kf =; Sprmch`f ùb`rs`~q~ skfn& Nk` Ùb`rs`~qfd`f `f~spr`ch`f n`l Jgf~`x~ kl I`hrbch& Mii nms hkie~ Khf`f) Khr `kd`f`s I`rf`f q pimf`f fn Khr` I`rf`rd`bfkss` q prùe`f fn mis I`rf`r m~gfgl`r q t`rn`f&

N2

Tmrl dkb~ `s mch `kf` I`rfpim~~egrl kl Kf~`rf`~7

Hk`r ekfn`f Sk` Sk` ugr mii`l mii`l Qsm~qlm~`rkmik`f ql I`hrbch& @s d`h~ l l Medmb`f) nk` Khf` Khf`f f b`kl b`kl Ùb`f Ùb`f n`r n`r n` n`~s ~sch ch`f `f Spr Sprmc mch` h` hì hìe` e`f f jõff jõff`f `f&& Sk` Sk` jõff jõff`f `f mb`r mb`r mc mch h sgic sgich` h` ekfn`f) nk` Khf`f hìe`f) Khr` schgf `rtgrb`f`f J`ff~fkss` q e`s~kd`f) e`hi`fn` e`hi`fn` fmchqhgi`f fmchqhgi`f gn`r f`` q d`tkff`f& d`tkff`f& Me nk`s` T`ks` T`ks` u`rb`ss`rf u`rb`ss`rf Sk` fkch~ fkch~ fr Khr` N`~schj`ff~fkss`) sgfn`rf mch Khr` I`rfs~rm~`dk`f& Khr` Ngq`f~`f sgtk` fs`r ^`ml s~`h`f Khf`f fm~ùrikch b`k mii`f Ermd`f lk~ Rm~ fn ^m~ qr S`k~`1 Pfs`r` Mnr`ss`f ekfn`f

CN1 J

























Ugrspmff

@rjiîrpfd n`r _kj~gdrmll` pfn Mbjùrqpfd`f S~m~kgf`fi`rf`f ql Tgr~schm~q

Grk`f~k`r`fn`s I`s`f

BN B21 B21 Bkff`f Bkff`fnkee nkee`r` `r`fqk` fqk`rf rfd d B2& Sch`fn`s I`s`f

IHB1 IHB1 J Jgpk`r Jgpk`rugr ugrimd` imd`f f kl I`hr`rh I`hr`rhmfn mfnbc bch h CN1 CN1 J

Jgpk` gpk`ru rugr grim imd` d`f f me me CN

^g~mi`s I`s`f I`s` f

IB 1

I`hrbch

Grk`f~k`r`fn`s Hõr`f

IHB1 Q Qsm~qlm Qsm~qlm~`rk ~`rkmik`f mik`f kl I`hr`r I`hr`rhmfn hmfnbc bch h – ermd`f Sk` Khr`f Ngq`f~`f

Sì`dk`r`fn`s Hõr`f



























@kfh`k~ K T@D@ QPL B@RPE

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì =

Jmpk~ì = S~nk`fq`k~ S~nk`fq`k~ – `kf` diùcjikch` diùcjikch` Q`k~7

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì =

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì =

M=

B`spr`ch`f Sk` q qt`k~ egid`fn` Ermd`f ql ^h`lm ‖S~nkl’& = 2 3 >

M2

Tg i`rf i`rf~~ lmf lmf ml b`s~` b`s~`f7 f7 Tg ekfn`~ ekfn`~ lmf ukì` ukì` Kfeg Kfegrlm rlm~kg ~kgf`f f`f77 Tms lss lss lmf lmf ùb`r ùb`r nk` nk` D`bî D`bîn` n` tkss` tkss`f7 f7 Tìch` Tìch` U`rmf U`rmfs~m s~mi~ i~fd` fd`f f dkb~ dkb~ `s7 `s7

I`s`f Sk` nk` Mssmd`f ugf Mff` fn ^kfm fn grnf`f Sk` nk` Ùb`rschrke~`f n`f Mssmd`f q&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì =

M3

Grnf`f Sk` nk` B`drkee` ms n`r Pfk,Emchsprmch` n`f @rjiîrfd`f q& B`drkee

@rjiîrfd

= Ugri`sfdsu`rq`kchfks

M Bùgr lmf lk~ n`l S~nkl mfeîfd~ fn S~nk`r`fn`r tkrn) lss lmf b`s~kll~` Egrlimr` mseùii`f&

2 @kfschr`kbfd' Kllm~rkjim~kgf

B Nk` U`rmfs~mi~fd mf n`r Pfk eîfd~ `kf` Uk`r~ìs~fn` spî~`r mf&



























@KFH@K^ K

























@KFH@K^ K

























@KFH@K^ K

























@KFH@K^ K

























@KFH@K^ K

























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2 R`s~mrmf~ nms Tmss`r jgs~`figs& Nms ekfn` kch sp`r& @ism1 Lgl`f~) imfdsml& I`k~fdstmss`r ks~ kf Ermfjr`kch jgs~`figs& S~kll~) kf N`~schimfn b`jglls~ n j`kf I`k~fdstmss`r) I`k~fdstmss`r) sgfn`rf fr Lkf`rmitmss`r fn fgrlmi`rt`ks` ks~ `s Sprnìtmss`r& @kf` mfn`r` Smch` ks~ lkr di`kch medèmii`f1 Nms _emfn-- Me ukì`f Eimsch`f (mch ms _ims~kj+ fn Diîs`rf dkb~ `s `kf _emfn , nms s~`h~ nrme d`schrk`b`f fn ks~ bks q 3? C`f~ hgch , nk` hmb` kch tk`n`r b`jgll`f) mis kch l`kf` Eimsch`f qrùcjd`brmch~ hmb`& @s dkb~ nmeùr sgdmr M~glm~`f ugr n`f D`schîe~`f& Kf Ermfjr`kch fn`fjbmrLmx1 Dkb~ `s sgfs~ fgch tms) tms n b`l`rj~ hms~7 @ism1 @rs~`fs1 Gs~`rf fn Emschkfd skfn s`hr drg×` E`s~`) fn `s dkb~ drg×` Plqùd` me n`f S~rm×`f& Nk` I`~` hmb`f skch nmff l`ks~ u`rji`kn`~& Qt`k~`fs1 T`ff lmf skch b`drù×~) lmrl~ lmf skch) mfs~m~~ skch q jùss`f& Nms s~kll~& L`fsch) kch ekfn nms spmff`fn) tms n nm mii`s b`l`rj~ hms~&

S S

G rnf`f B4&2 Eùii`f Sk` nk` ^mbìi`f ms& _mr~kqkp _`re`j~

d`s~õr~ d`t`s`f

Kfekfk~ku`

s~õr`f s`kf

B4&3 Tìch` U`rb`f skfn lk~ n`f Hkiesu`rb`f ‖s`kf“ gn`r ‖hmb`f“ u`rbfn`f7 ^rmd`f Sk` nk` _mr~kqkpk`f n`r U`rb`f `kf& _mr~kqkp lk~ hmb`f

d`hmb~ b`l`rj~

_`re`j~ lk~ s`kf

d`t`s`f dèmhr`f

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

SG

S {s~`lm~ksk`r`f B4&0 Grnf`f Sk` nk` U`rb`f rkch~kd q& Schtmch` U`rb`f `kfemch` d`,WWWWW,~

~r`ffbmr` WWd`,WWW,~

d`tpfn`r~ mped`s~ìi~

S~mrj` U`rb`f

f~r`ffbmr` WWWWWWWWW,~

b`l`rj~

`kfemch` d`,WWWWW,`f

~r`ffbmr` WWd`,WWW,`f

f~r`ffbmr` WWWWWWWWW,`f

d`s`h`f e`s~d`hmi~`f b`jgll`f

R`dì Nms _@RE@J^ tkrn lk~ n`l Hkiesu`rbWWWWWWWWWW gn`r n`l Hkiesu`rb WWWWWWWWW fn WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW n`s U`rbs d`bkin`~& Nk` f~r`ffbmr`f U`rb`f lk~ n`f _rîekx`f b` ,) ,) `r ,) ,) `le ,) ,) `f~ ,) ,) ,) lkss ,) ,) l ,) ,) u`r , fn q`r , bkin`f nms _`re`j~ WWWWWWWWW d`& d` ,) (s& mch S&=0?+&

B8

Kf _hms` C t`rn`f Sk` l`hr ùb`r A`mf,Bmp~ks~` `remhr`f& @rdîfq`f Sk` kl egid`fn`f ji`kf`f B`rkch~ ùb`r s`kf` Mfjfe~ kf Bgchl a`t`kis U`rb fn Hkiesu`rb kf n`r rkch~kd`f Egrl1

b`jgll`f `kfrkch~`f hìe`f lk~brkfd`f

emhr`f s`kf

ekfn`f u`rb`ss`rf

@r h`k×~ A`mf–Bmp~ks~` fn s~nk`r~ Lmschkf`fbm kf Bìegr~) Ermfjr`kch& @r WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW `kf @P,S~kp`fnkl eùr nk` Rhr,Pfku`rsk~î~ kf Bgchl WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW & @r WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW lk~ n`l KC@ fmch Bgchl WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW : nms dkfd rìm~ku schfìi) mb`r `r lss~` ge~ ls~`kd`f& Kl ‖Hms n`r Fm~kgf`f’ WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW `r `kf Qkll`r WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW fn skch schõf WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW& S~n`f~`f ms erùh`r`f @rmsls,_rgdrmll`f WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW khl nmb`k WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW &

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

_hms` C Tghf`remhrfd`f mfn`rstg – S~n`f~`f b`rkch~`f Ml @fn` n`r _hms` C jmff kch

`kf`f @remhrfdsb`rkch~ ùb`r nms Tghf`f kf `kf`r TD u`rs~`h`f: Hmp~kfegrlm~kgf`f ùb`r _`rsgf`f) nms Tghf`f kl S~n`f~`fh`kl) Qkll`rb`schr`kbfd Qkll`rb`schr`kbfd kf `kf`l Kf~`ruk`t U`rs~`h`f (_n 2&? S&=34+:

Rl

–

U`rdi`kch` ùb`r u`rschk`n`f` Tghflõdikchj`k~`f lk~ Hkie` ugf Rgii`fjmr~`f mfs~ìi`f:

Kl

–

`kf`f Ermd`bgd`f ql ^h`lm ‖Tghfji~r n`r S~n`f~`f’ `f~tkcjìf&

_s

–

–

C=

Rl

Hõr`f Sk` n`f B`rkch~ ugf Imrm ms K~mik`f ùb`r khr Amhr kf `kf`r TD& Tms `remhr`f Sk` q n`f egid`fn`f _fj~`f kl Rms~`r7 S~n`f~`fh`kl Qkll`r kf n`r TD @kfrkch~fd n`r Qkll`r

^rmcj 5 Mfhmfd =1 ^RMFSJRK_^KGF@F

D`l`kfschme~srml Ugr~`ki` n`r TD B`qk`hfd q n`f Lk~s~n`f~kff`f

C2

Sk` hõr`f a`~q~ `kf t`k~`r`s Kf~`ruk`t) ‖@kf S`l`s~`r e`rf n`r H`klm~’) nk`slmi lk~ `kf`l ermfqõsksch`f S~n`f~`f&

Ugr n`l Hõr`f C2&= I`s`f Sk` nk` Tõr~`r n`r Medmb` C2&2 fn b`spr`ch`f Sk` lk~ Khr`l _mr~f`r nk` B`drkee`) nk` Sk` schgf j`ff`f&

Tîhr`fn n`s `rs~`f Hõr`fs C2&2 Pf~`rs~r`kch`f Sk` nk` Tõr~`r) nk` Sk` kl Kf~`ruk`t hõr`f& Lmschkf`f~`chfkj , Lmschkf`fbm , ermfqõsksch , Ermfjr`kch , Emji~î~ , Pfku`rsk~î~ , @rgpîksch` D`l`kfschme~ , @rgpîksch` Pfkgf , S~kp`fnkl , S`l`s~`r , Sgll`r , _mr~f`rkf~`ruk`t , _mr~f`rfku`rsk~î~ , Mfjfe~ , Br`qì fn Smimlk , Schihge , Bmhfhge , S~n`f~`fh`kl , Mi~`fh`kl Mi~`fh`kl , Sgjrm~`s , @rmsls , Msimfn , ‖Hms n`r S~n`f~`f’ , N`~schprùefd , N`~schj`ff~fkss` , N`~schjrs , F`~qt`rj ^rmcj 4

C2&3 Hõr`f Sk` nms Kf~`ruk`t fgch `kflmi& Jr`q`f Sk` mf) tms rkch~kd ks~&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2 3 @r s~nk` s~nk`r~ r~ mf n`r Rhr, Rhr,Pfku Pfku`rsk~ `rsk~î~ î~ Bgchl) Bgchl) t`ki `r kf Bgchl ukì` Er`fn` hm~& ⓟ khl nk` S~mn~ dèîii~& ⓝ `r `kf S~kp`fnkl b`jgll`f hm~& ⓒ > Tk` ks~ ks~ A`mf,Bmp A`mf,Bmp~ks ~ks~` ~` fmch fmch Bgchl Bgchl d`jgl d`jgll`f l`f77 Lk~ n`l M~g& ⓟ _`r Mfhmi~`r& ⓝ Lk~ n`l Kf~`rck~{`xpr`ss& ⓒ 0 Tg tghf tghf~~ A`mf A`mf,B ,Bmp~ mp~ks ks~` ~`77 @r tghf~ kl ’Hms n`r Ad`fn“& ⓟ @r tghf~ kl ’Hms n`r Er`fn`“& ⓝ @r tghf~ kl ’Hms n`r Fm~kgf`f“& ⓒ 5 Nms D`bîn D`bîn`) `) kf kf n`l `r tghf tghf~) ~) ks~ ks~ `kf `kf S~n`f~`fh`kl& ⓟ Mi~`fh`kl& ⓝ Jkfn`rh`kl& ⓒ 4 Tk` Tk` eùhi eùhi~~ `r skc skch h kf Bgc Bgch hl7 l7 @r eùhi~ skch tk` b`k Er`fn`f& ⓟ @r eùhi~ skch tk` kf n`r Er`ln`& ⓝ @r eùhi~ skch tk` q Hms`& ⓒ

C3

Sk` tgii`f eùr nk` S~n`f~`fq`k~fd `kf`f Mr~kjì ql ^h`lm ‖Tghfji~r n`r S~n`f~`f’ schr`kb`f& @f~tkcjìf Sk` nmeùr `kf`f Ermd`bgd`f&

B`kspkì1 = &&&&& 2 &&&&& 3 Tk`

CN1 J

ks~ nk` Imd` 7 Kf n`r Fîh` ugf &&&&&

_hms` N Rgii`fspkì1 Mfn`r` _`rsp`j~ku`f , Qt`cj,TD lk~ S`fkgr`f gn`r Tghftùreì B`schr`kbfd n`r Sk~m~kgf

Mfhmfd >1

Cimkr`) _`~rm) S~`phmfgs fn Mfnrà hmb`f `kf`f Sprmchsgll`rjrs kf _mssm b`sch~& A`~q~ tgii`f sk` kf Lùfch`f s~nk`r`f fn sch`f `kf Qkll`r gn`r uk ìi`kch~ `kf` Tghffd& Sk` b`spr`ch`f u`rschk`n`f` Mfd`bg~`) me nk` sk` d`s~g×`f skfn&

L@^HGN@F

_`rsgf`f1 =& 2& 3& >&

Cimkr`) 2= 2=) _`~r `~rm) 22) S~`phm `phmfg fgss) 22 22 Mfnrà) 20 20

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

Cimkr` _`~rm

r) Sk` skfn Cimkr` (2= + ms Fml {chgigdk` kf Bìdk`f& Sk` s~nk`r`f _s {c tgii`f ff `kf Amhr kf Brùssì fn tg kf` Lùfch`f s~nk`r`f& Sk` hmb`f ` kf Mfq`kd` d`s`h`f) kf n`r `kf Qkll`r tkrn& tùreì mfd`bg~`f tk Tghf tù kf`l Tg `kf` tùreì1 Tghf tù , Sk` b`schr`kb`f n`f Tg Tghfeiîch` Lkcrg Cglpmc~ Hgl`1 Tg tîfn` 2)50 l) ug u gf 4l²) S`k~`f tî ) Li~kefj~kgf) jglpi`~~ msd`s~m~~`~ ~ Qkll`r lk~ Fmssqìi`) Jùch`) B`~ fn Schr`kb~ksch) gp~klmi` F~qfd , Fkch~ sg ~``r&

S~`phmfgs Sk` skfn S~`phmfgs (22+ ms Drk`ch`fimfn& Sk` s~nk`r`f Arm kf ^h`ssmigfkjk fn l`kf`f) nmss `s h`~` fg~t`fnkd ks~) nr`k Tì~sprmch`f q jõff`f) nmrf~`r mch Chkf`sksch& N`shmib tgii`f Sk` me a`n`f Emii kf `kf` li~kfm~kgfmi` TD qk`h`f&

Mfnr q q` a Sk` skfn Mfn r q q` a ( 20 + m s _ gi`f& Sk` s~ nk`r `f Mr c c hk~ `j ~ ~  r kf J r rm j m fn l`kf`f) Sk` t ùr n`f mc h ` kf Q kll`r ‖M _ mkr ’ ’ f`hl`f&

, Lmf lss nr`k Tì~sprmch`f jõff`f& @kf` nmugf lss Chkf`sksch s`kf& , Kf `kf`r Tghffd ~rkee~ lmf U`r~r`~`r ukì`r Fm~kgf`f fn Sprmch`f fn jmff s`kf` Er`lnsprmch`f mft`fn`f& , Lmf i`rf~ nk` Ji~r) Ji~r) nk` @sssk~~`f n`r mfn`r`f Iîfn`r b`ss`r j`ff`f&

r ` n g f ` f ` u r k ~ k g i ` j e ` f ` r p S ù s r t ` ~ k f _ l h ` D g r T ` n T f ,

Sk` skfn kfn _`~rm (22 (22+ ms S`rbk`f& Sk` s~nk`r`f D`schkch~` mf n`r Jmris, Pfku` ku`rsk~î k~î~ kf _rmd fn hmb`f `kf @rmsls,S~ ,S~kp`fnkl b`jgll`f& Sk` hmb`f skc skch ùb`r `kf` kf` Qt`cj,T D lk~ S`fkgr` kgr`f f kfe grlk`r k`r~1 , jgs~`~ j`kf` Lk`~`) nme ùr `kf` kf ` S~fn` Mrb`k~ prg T gch` prg ]mnrm~l rm~l` `~`r , Hkie kie ` kl ~îd ~îdikc ikch`f I`b`f1 @kfjme`f e`f) Rms`f lîh`f) Hfn mse ùhr`f) smb`r lmch`f , s`k~ S~mr~ n`s _rgdrml rmlls schgf =4? T ghfu`rhîi~f i~fkss`) nms skfn kfn cm& 20 bks 3? Mfd`bg~` prg Amhr , Jgf~mj ~m j~ q n`f I`~`f fn Fmchbmrf

, Lmf mr b`k~ `~ `kf pmmr S~ fn`f pr g ^ md) nme ùr ks~ nmff n k` Lk`~ ` fk`nr kd`r & , Lk~ J kfn`r f i`r f~ lmf nk` Spr mc h` sc hfìi`r f n b`ss`r & , Lmf t kr n k f nk` E mlkik` kf~ `dr k`r ~ ~&

i ` k p s f ` i i g R

L _ J

i ` k p s f ` i i



























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

R`n`lk~~ì

qs~kll`f • Hk`r Hk`r hms~ hms~ n R`ch R`ch~& ~& • Nmlk~ Nmlk~ bkf kch `kfu`r `kfu`rs~m s~mfn`f fn`f&& • Am) nms nms jmff jmff kch kch u`r u`rs~ s~`h` `h`f& f& tkn`rspr`ch`f • Am) n`kf` n`kf` L`kffd L`kffd ekfn` kch kf~`r`ssmf~ kf~`r`ssmf~)) ~rg~qn`l ~rg~qn`l ‥&& • Am) mb`r ‥&& • Tk` Tk` tîr tîr`` `s) `s) t`ff t`ff &&&& &&&&&& mbi`hf`f • Kch ekfn` ekfn` n`kf n`kf`` Kn`` Kn`` fkch fkch~~ sg ~gii& ~gii& • Nmlk~ Nmlk~ bkf bkf kch kch fkch fkch~~ `kfu` `kfu`rs~ rs~mfn` mfn`f& f& • Kch t`k× t`k× fkch~ fkch~)) gb n R`ch R`ch~~ hms~& hms~&

_hms` @ Lk~ Sprmch` spkì`f Mfhmfd >1 L@^HGN@F

M,B,C,L`lg1 B`drkee` ms n`l Pfku`rsk~î~si`b`f @=

Smllìf fn grnf`f Sk` lõdikchs~ ukì` B`drkee` ms n`l Pfku`rsk~î~si`b`f& Fg~k`r`f Sk` skch ù`f~ìi mch nk` Mr~kjì&

MBC M Mjmn`lksch`s Msimfnsml~) Mflìnfd) Mfq`kd`) Mi~bm B Bnd`~) B×dìn) Bmeõd) Bfn`sd`s`~q C Cmlps) Cik}`) Cmii, C`f~`r N

D H Hgchschi` K J I L F Fmssqìi`) F`b`fjgs~`f G Grk`f~k`rfd

] R S ^ P Ù U T Tghfh`kl) TD

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

Sìbs~ùmim~kgf Tms hmb`f Sk` kf nk`s`l Jmpk~ì dì`rf~7 Jr`q`f Sk` mf&

Nms jmff kch a`~q~ dp~

b`ss`r mis ugrh`r

fkch~ sg dp~

▭

▭

▭

▭

▭

▭

▭

▭

▭

TGR^SCHM^Q =

Mbjùrq Mbjùrqfd fd`f `f kf Ji`kfm Ji`kfmfq` fq`kd` kd`f f u`rs~` u`rs~`h`f h`f Schr`kb`f Sk`) tms nk` Mbjùrqfd`f b`n`~`f&

ND1WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW FJ1WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW F`b`fjgs~`f JF1WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW TDWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Dî,TC1 Dî,TC1 WWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWW WWWWW kfji&1 kfji&1 WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWW ^D1 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Qqdi&1 Qqdi&1 WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWW QpqŽdikch

SCHR@KB@F1 Kf~`rmj~kgf ' _rgnj~kgf _rgnj~kgf schrke~ikch 2

@kf`f p`rsõfi p`rsõfikch`f kch`f jrq`f jrq`f Brkè Brkè schr`kb`f schr`kb`f)) l nk` `kd`f` `kd`f` Tghffd Tghffd fn ' gn`r `kf `kd`f` `kd`f`ss Qkll`r q b`schr`kb`f& Schr`kb`f Sk` `kf`f jrq`f Brkè mf Khr`f Er`fn ' Khr` Er`fnkf) kf n`l Sk` Khr` Tghfsk~m~kgf b`schr`kb`f&

HÕR@F1 R`q`p~kgf lùfnikch ^rmcj 3;

3

Kch jmff jmff n`f n`f Hõr~`x~ Hõr~`x~ ‖Tghf`f ‖Tghf`f fn I`b`f I`b`f – Tghffds Tghffdsb`sk b`skch~kd ch~kdfd’ fd’ me me l`kf`r l`kf`r CN CN sg d~ u`rs~`h`f) nmss kch nk` `f~spr`ch`fn` Medmb` iõs`f jmff) nk` kch me n`r CN ekfn`&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 2

Dp~sch`kf`

Ermfq Hghi`r @kf` Egr~s`~qpfdsd`schkch~`) nk` Sk` nprch nms Bpch b`di`k~`~) eùr Sk` mps n`r Hõr,CN ‖Nms @fn` `kf`s dmfq fgrlmi`f ^md`s’ ^md`s’ `f~fgll`f1 Sk` ekfn`f k` mpch mpe Khr`r CN) CN) ugf Ermfq Hghi`r sìbs~ dì`s`f&

@s b`dmff nmlk~) nmss kch `s `kf`s ^md`s lùn` trn`) b`k n`r kll`r tk`n`rj`hr`fn`f Ermd` n`r U`rjîe`rkff`f1 ‖Hmb`f Sk` `kf` Sp`rcmrn7’ lk~ kll`r tk`n`r mfn`rf Egrl`f ugf U`rf`kffd q mf~tgr~`f) misg jmpk~ik`r~` kch fn schkcj~` `kf`f Mflìnfdsq`~~ì Mflìnfds q`~~ì `kf& N`r B`sk~q `kf`r sgich`f Jmr~` hm~ qfîchs~ qr Egid`) nmss n`r Drg×u`r~`ki`r eùr lkch `kf _fj~`jgf~g `rõeef`~) nms ff imfdsml tîchs~) fn lk~ n`r fõ~kd`f Mfqmhi _fj~` jmff kch lkr ms `kf`l Jm~migd Nkfd` b`s~ìi`f) tk` `kf`f Eimsch`fjùhi`r) `kf S`~ Ek~f`sshmf~ìf gn`r `kf`f ^kschdrkii) fn) nms ks~ `kf t`k~`r`r Ugr~`ki) lmf tkrn kf nk` D~sch`kfmj~kgf`f lk~ `kfb`qgd`f& Nm ik`d~) fb`s~ìi~ fn ùb`rrmsch`fn) `kf Cgu`r~ eùr n`f Sp`rcmrnkfhmb`r kl Brkèjms~`f) ms n`l Diùcjsmfd`bg~` eim~~`rf) Rmbm~~` fgch fn fn fgch) 0 Rmpp`f prg Ik~`r b`kl ^mfj`f) ^mfj`f) 0 Ermfj`f Ermfj`f b`kl Jme ugf Gbs~ Gbs~ fn D`lùs`) 0 Ermfj`f Ermfj`f b`kl erùhq`k~kd`f @rt`rb ugf drg×`f Gs~`rhms`fl`fd`f) =?emch` Sp`rpfj~` me `kf`f bìk`bkd`f @kfjme gn`r =0 Ermfj`f Ermfj`f me `kf`f B`~rmd ugf ugf =?? Ermfj`f st& @s ks~ jimr) nmss `kf` gp~klmi` U`r~r`~fd nk`s`r Rmbm~~pmi`~~` `kf` lkf~kõs` _imffd u`rimfd~) lsg l`hr mis nk` D~sch`kf` fkch~ mii` di`kchq`k~kd fn mch fr q d`s~meeì~`f Q`k~`f dùi~kd skfn& Ml `kfemchs~`f msqschf`kn`f ks~ eùr n`f Fkch~m~glgbkiks~`f n`r

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

Jmpk~ì 3 S~nkl) fn tk` d`h~ `s t`k~`r7 Ml @fn` n`s Jmpk~ìs jmff kch

– ^`x~`f ql ^h`lm ^h`lm Schiùssì Schiùssì}mik }mikekjm~ ekjm~kgf`f kgf`f Drfnmss Drfnmssmd`f md`f `f~f`hl`f:

Rs

– `kf`l iîfd`r`f iîfd`r`f D`sprîch D`sprîch Hmp~mssm Hmp~mssmd`f d`f `f~f`hl`f) `f~f`hl`f) sge`rf sge`rf n`~ikch kf n`r S~mfnmrnsprmch` d`sprgch`f tkrn (_n 2&?) S&=30+:

Rl

– l`kf`f l`kf`f I`b`fsi I`b`fsime me sprmchikch sprmchikch fn egrlmi egrlmi rkch~kd rkch~kd u`rems u`remss`f s`f (Emchjglp`~`fq +: – `kf` `kf` (Gfik (Gfikf`, f`,+B` +B`t`r t`rbf bfd d schr` schr`kb` kb`f: f:

_s

– lkch lk~ lk~ `kf`l `kf`l _mr~f` _mr~f`rr ùb`r Eîhkdj`k~`f Eîhkdj`k~`f fn @kd`fs @kd`fschme~` chme~`f f ugf Hgchschimbsgiu`f~`f ms~msch`f: – l`kf` Mfskch~`f Mfskch~`f q l`kf`r l`kf`r `kd`f`f `kd`f`f _`rsõf _`rsõfikchj ikchj`k~ `k~ nmrs~ì nmrs~ìi`f i`f fn b`drùfn`f: – lkch kf `kf`l `kf`l B`t`rbfd B`t`rbfdsd`sp sd`sprîch rîch mnî}m~ mnî}m~ nmrs~ì nmrs~ìi`f i`f (fmch (fmch _n 2&?) S& =32) `kd`f` Msbkinfd b`schr`kb`f+ b`schr`kb`f+ (_`rsgfmijglp`~`fq+&

Kl

Sprmchrèi`xkgf – Tgr~bk Tgr~bkin infd1 fd1 Jglpg Jglpgsk~ sk~m) m) Seekx Seekx – Lgnm Lgnmiu iu``rb sg sgii` ii`f – S,G, S,G,S1 S1 Kfek Kfekfk fk~k ~kuu lk~ lk~ qp – Nmss Nmss,S ,Sî~ î~q` q` (Gba (Gba`j `j~s ~sî~ î~q` q`++ – _mssk mssku` u`rs rsm~ m~qe qegr grl` l`f f

Sr

@kfs~k`d

_s

Kl Kl

Mfhmfd 31 S^M^KGF@F

Jdìimd`r1 ^rmlb`re Spr`ch`f Sk` ùb`r egid`fn` Ermd`f1

= 2 3 >

Tms Tms ks~ ks~ Khr Khr ^rm ^rml lb` b`r re7 e7 Tk` dèîii dèîii~~ Khf` Khf`f f Khr Khr S~nk S~nkl7 l7 Tìch` Tìch` Ugri`s Ugri`sfd fd hm~ hm~ Khf`f Khf`f bksh`r bksh`r ml b`s~`f b`s~`f dèmii`f dèmii`f77 Tk` s~ìi`f s~ìi`f Sk` skch skch `kf` `kf` p`re`j~` p`re`j~` Pfku`rsk~ Pfku`rsk~î~ î~ ugr7 ugr7

_hms` M

Mfhmfd > L@^HGN@F

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

M=

Tìch` Eîhkdj`k~`f fn @kd`fschme~`f sgii~` `kf Mbsgiu`f~ hmb`f7 Tms eîii~ Khf`f nmq `kf7

Lmrj~pim~q1 Eîhkdj`k~`f fn @kd`fschme~`f n`r Mbsgiu`f~`f M=&= Me n`l Lmrj~pim~q i`rf`f Sk` tkch~kd` Tõr~`r ql ^h`lm& Mfhmfd >1 L@^HGN@F

~`mlmrb`k~

Kch jmff d~ lk~ mfn`r`f qsmll`f mrb`k~`f&

CN1 J

Er`lnsprmch`fj`ff~fkss`

M2

Kch spr`ch` mfn`r` Sprmch`f&

Mf~tgr~`f Sk` me egid`fn` Ermd`f mis ^`ki `kf`r Plermd` fn ~rmd`f Sk` nk` Mf~tgr~`f `kf& Tg jõff`f ' tgii`f Sk` spî~`r mrb`k~`f7 , , , Tìch` ]mikekjm~kgf`f skfn nmeùr tkch~kd7 ,

,

Kch dimb`) nmss lmf d~ N`~sch spr`ch`f lss&

FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F

Kch ekfn`) `kf d~`r Hgchschimbsgiu`f~ lss `kf br`k~`s Tkss`f hmb`f& Nk`s`f Sm~q jmff lmf mch lk~ ‖nmss’ egrlik`r`f& Fmch `kfkd`f U`rb`f tk`1 tkss`f) dimb`f) l`kf`f) ekfn`f s~`h~ ge~ `kf Nmss,Sm~q&



























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

R`n`lk~~ì

fmch n`r L`kffd ermd`f1 Tg tkiis~ n ' tgii~ khr spî~`r mrb`k~`f7 ◇ Dimbs~ n) (nmss+ &&&&& 7 ◇ ◇ Tms dimbs~ n) brmchs~ n spî~`r eùr &&&&& 7 s`kf` L`kffd smd`f1 Kch dimb` ' kch ekfn`) (nmss+ &&&&& ◇ L`kf`r L`kffd fmch ks~ &&&&& ◇ ◇ Kch hgee`) (nmss+ &&&&& Ukìi`kch~ jmff kch &&&&& ◇ qs~kll`f1 (Am+) nms nm s ekfn` ' dimb` kch mch& ◇ ◇ Nms s~kll~& Nm hms~ n R`ch~& ◇ tkn`rspr`ch`f1 (F`kf+) nms nm s ekfn` ' dimb` kch fkch~& ◇ ◇ Nms ks~ (mb`r ' ngch+ fkch~ rkch~kd& Nms jgll~ (dmfq+ nmrme mf& ◇

M3

I`s`f Sk` n`f egid`fn`f ^`x~ fn lmch`f Sk` skch Fg~kq`f q1

, ,

Tms skfn skfn Schiùs Schiùssì sì}m }mike ikekjm~ kjm~kgf kgf`f7 `f7 Tmrl Tmrl skfn skfn Schiùs Schiùssì sì}m }mike ikekjm kjm~kg ~kgf`f f`f tkch~ tkch~kd7 kd7

SCHIÙSS@I]PMIKEKJM^KGF@F >;% n`r ]mikekjm~kgf`f n`s kn`mi`f Hgchschimbsgiu`f~`f sgii~`f ms Schiùssì}mikekjm~kgf`f) 0= % ms emchikch`f ]mikekjm~kgf`f b` s~`h`f& Pf~`rf`hl`f sch`f skch sgich` Mbsgiu`f~`f ms) nk` f`b`f `kf`l d~`f emchikch`f

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

M>&2 Grnf`f Sk` nk` Schiùssì}mikekjm~kgf`f n`f egid`fn`f Jm~`dgrk`f q& Sgqkmi` Jglp`~`fq

Jgllfkjm~ku` Jglp`~`fq

_`rsgfmi` Jglp`~`fq

J gf~ mj ~ eî h k d j `k ~

@ k d`f k f k ~k m ~k u `

FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F Sbs~mf~ku` lk~ n`f @fnfd`f1

,~î~ ,schme~ ,j`k~ ,h`k~

skfn e`lkfkf& ,`f& Nk` _irmiegrl`f hmb`f nk` @fnfd ,`f&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3 Eîhkdj`k~ , B`r`k~schme~

I`rfhkie`

Jrk~kjb`r`k~schme~ b`n`~`~1 Kch bkf b`r`k~) Jrk~kj q `r~rmd`f& Jrk~kjeîhkdj`k~ b`n`~`~1 Kch bkf eîhkd) `kf` Jrk~kj q î×`rf& Pl msqnrùcj`f) nmss lmf `~tms jmff) b`f~q~ lmf ‖Jglp`~`fq’ gn`r ‖Eîhkdj`k~’ Pl msqnrùcj`f) nmss lmf d`rf` `~tms ~~) b`f~q~ lmf ‖B`r`k~schme~’&

M0&2 Bkin`f Sk` fgch l`hr Jglpgsk~m lk~ ‖Eîhkdj`k~’ fn ‖B`r`k~schme~’&

S,G,S1 Kfekfk~ku` lk~ ‖q’

S ch`f M5

SGS

Bkij` qt`keì~ lmfchlmi mf khr`f Schiùssì}mikekjm~kgf`f& Schr`kb`f Sk` khr` Qt`keì q @fn`) kfn`l Sk` Kfekfk~ku,@rdîfqfd`f lk~ qp lk~ qp bkin`f& bkin`f&

B`kspkì1 @s eîii~ lkr i`kch~) mii`kf q mrb`k~`f) n&h& `s eîii~ lkr scht`r) scht`r) kl ^`ml q mrb`k~`f&

@s ks~ lkr tkch~kd) &&&&& @s eîii~ lkr i`kch~'scht`r) &&&&& Kch hgee`) &&&&&

• • •

kll` kll`rr nms nms i`~q i`~q~` ~` Tgr~ Tgr~ hmb` hmb`f f l`kf` l`kf` Jgii` Jgii`d`f d`f kl ^`ml ^`ml l Hkie Hkie`` bk~~` bk~~`f f mfn` mfn`r` r` L`f L`fsc sch` h`f f j`ff j`ff`f `f i`r i`rf` f`f f ii kf b`k~ b`k~

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

G M4

rnf`f Sgr~k`r`f Sk` nk` Sm~qmfeîfd` fmch n`f Ls~`rf f~`f fn `rdîfq`f Sk` nk` Kfekfk~kuegrl`f& U`rb`f

Sbs~mf~ku` * hmb`f

Mna`j~ku* s`kf

Kch Kch emfd emfd`` mf) mf) mfem mfemfd fd`f `f Kch hm hmb` Mf Mfds~) Mfds Mfds~~ hmb` hmb`ff @s ks~ tkch~kd) tkch~k c h~kd s`kf s`kf

M4&= ^rmd`f Sk` ff nk` Kfekfk~kuegrl`f `kf& U`rb`f (fn U`rb`f lk~ f~r`ffbmr`f f~r`ffbmr`f _rîekx`f+

U`rb`f lk~ ~r`ffbmr`f _rîekx`f

, (Jgfs`}`fq`f+ ~rmd`f , skch `kfs~ìi`f , `f~tkcjìf

SGS

S {s~`lm~ksk`r`f M8

@rdîfq`f Sk` nk` L`rjsî~q`&

U`rb`f lk~ Lgnmiu`rb`f

, (R`ch~+ b`hmi~`f tgii`f

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

SGS =

◇ ◥

2

◇ ◥

3

◇ ◥

>

◇

◥

0

◇ ◥

5

◇ ◥

Hms~ n q WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW schgf R`ch`rch`f kl Kf~`rf`~ d`lmch~7 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (j`kf` Q`k~ d`hmb~ hmb`f+ N lss~ nk` Ik`nnm~`k`f fgch rf~`rimn`f& WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (kf Ermfjr`kch u`rbg~`f s`kf+ Hmb~ khr schgf b`k WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW mfd`re`f fn _rgsp`j~` b`s~ìi~7 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (fgch j`kf` Lõdikchj`k~ d`hmb~`f hmb`f+ Hmb~ khr nmrmf d`nmch~) drg×` _mpk`rbõd`f fn Ekiqs~ke~` eùr nk` _rîs`f~m~kgf q b`sgrd`f7 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (j`kf` Is~ d`hmb~ hmb`f ' kf nk` S~mn~ emhr`f+ Khr lùss~ fgch nk` Mbs~rmc~s kfs @fdiksch` fn K~mik`fksch` ùb`rs`~q`f& Am) am) WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (schgf (schgf u`rsch~ hmb`f) mb`r WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW+ WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW+ Tkr lùss`f fgch nk` R`dìf eùr nk` Qsmll`fmrb`k~ egrlik`r`f& WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW (u`rspr`ch`f ' `s bks @fn` n`r Tgch` lmch`f+

M=? Lk~ qp gn`r ghf` qp 7 @f~sch`kn`f Sk`& =

◥ ◇

2

◥ ◇

Jmff Lmx lk~ fs &&& (lk~emhr`f+7 @r hm~~` ngch nk` Mbskch~) lk~ ^gl &&& (emhr`f+& D`h~ khr h`~` lk~ fs &&& (schtkll`f+7 H`~` fkch~) tkr hmb`f tkrjikch j`kf` Q`k~) schtkll`f &&& (d`h`f+&

IHB1 Q



























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3 B`s~kllfdstgr~

Drfntgr~

Drfntgr~

D`ks~`s,

s~ìi` ks~ n`r Gr~ ' nk` Mr~) tg ' tk` lmf mrb`k~`~&

B`res,

(=+ grk`f~k`r~ s`kf nmrme nmrme)) kf `kf`r Drpp` q mrb`k~`f&

tkss`fschme~i`r skfn n`r Lmff gn`r nk` Erm) nk` q&B& _hkigsgphk` gn`r _s{chgigdk` s~nk`r`f&

Emch,

eùhr`rkf ks~ nk` Erm) nk` `kf Q`f~rl gn`r mch `kf` Ekrlm i`k~`~ (nk` D`schîe~` eùhr~+&

Er`ln, D`schîe~s,

tkss`f ks~ nms Tkss`f) nms lmf eùr `kf`f b`s~kll~`f B`r`kch brmch~&

Mrb`k~s, B`res, I`hr,

eìn) ,b`r`kch

eîhkdj`k~

eùhrfd ks~ nk` Mr~ fn T`ks`) tk` lmf D`sprîch` eùhr~ fn i`k~`~& eîhkdj`k~ hm~ a`lmfn) n`r kf s`kf`l B`re nk` Medmb`f jglp`~`f~ `reùii~&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3 2 Pfn tìc tìch` h` Medm Medmb`f b`f hm~ hm~ nk`s`s nk`s`s Kfs~k Kfs~k~~ ~~77

Medmb`f1

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&eùr &&&&&&&&&&&eùr Bmchìgr S~n`f~`f

3 T`r jmff jmff mf nk`s`f nk`s`f _rga`j~` _rga`j~`f f fn S`lkfmr`f S`lkfmr`f ~`kif`hl`f ~`kif`hl`f77 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& ^`kif`hl`r1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >

Kf tìch` tìch`f f B`r` B`r`kch kch`f `f dkb~ dkb~ `s n`ff n`ff Mfd`b Mfd`bg~` g~`77

Mfd`bg~`1

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&

0 Kch hmb` d`hõr~) nmss mch mfn`r` Pfku`rsk~î~`f sgich` Q`f~r`f eùr Schiùssì}mikekjm~kgf`f hmb`f7

Mfd`bg~` mf mfn`r`f Pfku`rsk~î~`f1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&& @remhrfd`f kf1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 5 Tìch` Tìch` I`hru`rmfs~mi I`hru`rmfs~mi~fd`f ~fd`f t`rn`f t`rn`f kl Jglp`~`fqe Jglp`~`fqeìn ìn Jgllfk Jgllfkjm~kgf jm~kgf mfd`bg~`f7 mfd`bg~`f7

I`hru`rmfs~mi~fd`f1

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&eùhrfd &&&&&eùhrfd &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&~rmkfkfd

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

B=&= Jõff`f Sk` Khr`f Jgllkik~gf`f nk` Tmhi Khr`r Mna`j~ku` `rjiîr`f7 B`kspkì1 Kch bkf d~ grdmfksk`r~) t`ki kch kll`r l`kf`f ^`rlkfjmi`fn`r kf n`r ^msch` hmb`&

B2

Eùr nk` Sìbs~ nmrs~ìifd nmrs~ìifd ks~ kll`r nk` Sìbs~ tmhrf`hlfd) tmhrf`hlfd) mb`r mch nk` Er`ln tmhrf`hlfd tmhrf`hlfd tkch~kd& Tms jõff`f Sk` d~) fn tms jmff Khr _mr~f`r d~7 Schî~q`f Sk` = skch sìbs~ `kf ( K Kch+ ch+ fn nmfmch 2 Khr`f _mr~f`r ( _ _mr~f`rkf+ m r~f`rkf+ `kf& Lmch`f Sk` nmq Jr`q` me n`r Sjmim ugf = – 4 (= ks~ s`hr schi`ch~ fn 4 s`hr d~+& N`r _mr~f`r nmre qfîchs~ fkch~ s`h`f) tms Sk` mfd`jr`q~ hmb`f& @rs~ ml @fn` u`rdi`kch`f Sk` Khr` @rd`bfkss`& Sjmim

_`rsõfikchj`k~sl`rjlmi`

^{pksch` M Mssmd`f

= 2 3 > 0 5 4 K _ K

Jrk~kjb`r`k~schme~

T`ff kch `~tms emisch lmch`) sgii lmf `s lkr smd`f& Lkr eîii~ `s i`kch~) er`ln` L`fsch`f

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

B&>

@kf` n`r tkch~kds~`f Ermd`f b`kl B`t`rbfdsd`sprîch im~`~1

Tmrl sgii~`f tkr fs eùr Sk` `f~sch`kn`f) bqt& tms skfn Khr` S~îrj`f fn Schtîch`f7

B>&= Lmch`f Sk` skch Fg~kq`f q Khr`r _`rsgf (udi& Schiùssì}mikekjm~kgf`f+ fn u`rsch`f Sk`) skch ùb`rq`d`fn nmrqs~ìi`f&

B`kspkì1 L`kf` S~îrj` ks~) nmss kch s`hr jgf~mj~er`nkd bkf& Lkr eîii~ `s s`hr i`kch~) mfn`r` I`~` j`ff`f q i`rf`f& Fkch~ sg d~ ks~) nmss kch sg klpisku bkf& Kch hmfni` ge~ q spgf~mf& Mb`r lk~ nk`s`r Jrk~kj jmff kch ld`h`f) fn kch u`rsch`) lkch q îfn`rf&

B>&2 A` nr`k _`rsgf`f prîs`f~k`r`f skch kl _i`fl) fn nk` S~nk`r`fn`f `f~sch`kn`f) t`r ml l`ks~`f ùb`rq`d~ hm~&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

C2

@rdîfq`f Sk` n`f ~mbìimrksch`f I`b`fsime) kfn`l Sk` nk` Mfdmb`f rkch~kd qgrnf`f&

• @fdiksch @fdiksch B2 (Sìbs~s (Sìbs~s~îfnk ~îfnkd` d` Sprmchu`rt Sprmchu`rt`fnf `fnfd d kf U`rs~`h`f) U`rs~`h`f) Spr`ch Spr`ch`f) `f) Schr`kb`f+ Schr`kb`f+ • Ermfqõsks Ermfqõsksch ch B= kf U`rs~`h U`rs~`h`f) `f) M2 M2 kf Spr`ch`f Spr`ch`f fn fn Schr`k Schr`kb`f b`f • Rssks Rssksch ch M2 kf U`rs U`rs~`h ~`h`f `f (Hõr` (Hõr`f f fn Schr` Schr`kb` kb`f+ f+ • Erk`nrk Erk`nrkch, ch,F` F`lmf lmff f S~r S~r&& >>) >>) 50=84 50=84 Tk`sbmn`f • H`kjÒmgi&cgl • j`kf` Jk Jkfn`r • ^ì ' Emx Emx11 ?5 ?5 == – =3 =3 22 53 • u`rh`krm~`~ • =3& Fgu` Fgu`lb lb`r `r =;8> =;8> kf Lmrb Lmrbrd rd • n`~sch

• _rmj~k _rmj~kjmf jmf~kf ~kf kl Lmrj`~k Lmrj`~kfdb fdb`r` `r`kch kch b`k Ngdims DlbH) Tk`sbmn`f • E`rk`f E`rk`f~î~ ~î~kdj kdj`k~ `k~ kl U`rsm U`rsmfn fn b`k b`k Hgpp Hgpp`` MD) Tk`sbmn`f • ^ìègf ìègfkf~ kf~`ru `ruk`t k`t`rk `rkf f b`kl b`kl @fkdlm @fkdlm Kfs~k~~ eùr Lmrj~, fn Sgqkmiegrschfd

• Mbschi Mbschiss ss11 Mbk~r Mbk~r)) Scht`r Scht`rpf pfj~ j~ Tkr~schme~ • Tkr~sc Tkr~schme hme~sd ~sd{lf {lfmsk mskl) l) Tk`sbm Tk`sbmn`f n`f • S~nk S~nkl l kl Emchb` Emchb`r`k r`kch ch U`rtm U`rtmi~ i~fd fd fn Lmrj`~kfd mf n`r

• • • •

Eùhr`rsch`kf Rmnemhr`f I`s`f R`ks`f



























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F Mch~`f Sk` kf n`r S~ìi`fmfq`kd` kll`r nmrme) tk` lmf skch b`t`rb`f sgii (gfikf`) ~mbìimrksch) hmfnschrke~ikch+&

C3

Kf lmfch`f Iîfn`rf ks~ `s fgch ùbikch) `kf`f mseùhrikch`f I`b`fsime q schr`kb`f& B`r`k~`f Sk` skch nmrme ugr) kfn`l Sk` nms pmss`fn` U`rb kf n`f Sî~q`f `rdîfq`f&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

C5

Kl I`b`fsime nùre`f j`kf` E`hi`r ugrjgll`f& Tk`n`rhgi`f Sk` n`shmib nk` _rîpgsk~kgf`f fn `rdîfq`f Sk` nk`s` kf n`f Sî~q`f&

kf = 2 3 >

mis

kf

ml

l

ùb`r

lk~

kf

I`b`fsime I`b`fsime ugf Jims Jims Jkrschbml Jkrschbml ‥ ~mbìimrk ~mbìimrksch`r sch`r Egrl& Egrl& Kch trn` trn` ‥ 24& E`brmr E`brmr =;4? d`bgr`f d`bgr`f&& Kch trn` trn` ‥ Sghf n`s Jeq,L`ks~` Jeq,L`ks~`rs rs Aghmff Jkrschb Jkrschbml ml d`bgr`f& d`bgr`f& Kch hmb` hmb` nms Mbk~r Mbk~r ‥ qt`k Eîch`rf Eîch`rf mbdì`d~ mbdì`d~

mf

f~`r

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3 ➏

Lùfch`f) =2& Afk 2?&&

➅

Lk~ er`fnikch`f Drù×`f Jmrgikf Lùii`r

➀

kf Khr`r Mfq`kd` kf n`r RFQ ugl 24& Lmk 2?&& sch`f Sk` _rmj~kjmf~`f kl B`r`kch S~mn~, fn U`rj`hrspimffd& U`rj`hrspimffd& Kch lõch~` lkch l `kf`f sgich`f _rmj~kjlspim~q b`t`rb`f& s~nk`r` kch Bmkfd`fk`rt`s`f) Emchrkch~fd S~rm×`fbm mf n`r ^`chfksch`f

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

Gfikf`b`t`rbfd C=?

I`s`f Sk` nk` dgin`f`f R`dìf eùr nk` Gfikf`,B`t`rbfd&

DGIN@F@ R@D@IF EÙR NK@ GFIKF@,B@T@RBPFD = Skch gfikf` fr me Tfsch n`r Ekrlm b`t`rb`f fn nmb`k ù`f~ìi ugrd`d`b`f` B`t`rbfdsegrlimr` b`f~q`f&

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

FKCH^ U@RD@SS@F Nms _mssku jmff &m& nrch nk` egid`fn`f T`fnfd`f `rs`~q~ t`rn`f1 , nùre`f ' lùss`f ' sgii`f * lmf , s`kf * q * Kfekfk~ku Nms dki~ ugr mii`l eùr nk` ^`x~sgr~`f R`dìf) Spkìr`dìf fn Mft`ksfd`f& B`k Rm~schiîd`f u`rt`fn`~ lmf sgii ' sgii~` fn sgii`f ' sgii~`f sgii~`f * Kfekfk~ku



























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

























@KFH@K^ K Jmpk~ì 3

























AA.vv.- Mit Deutsch, Studieren Arbeiten, Leben (Index, Einheit 1)

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