A4_Transformação evidente

@fgok`kr @rks`kr @fepjrtihojr Nkus k eigoj oistðrij nk vinj

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^rjgscfrejäàf kvinkgtk

@FGOK@KR

@RKP@KR

@FE\JRÎHOJR

Nkus k eigoj oistðrij nk vinj ^R JGPCFREJÄÀF \KHJ \JHJSRJ NK NK[P  ^RJGPCFREJÄÀF ^RJGPCFREJÄÀ F NK NKG^RF \JRJ ^RJGPCFREJÄÀF \JPPF J \JPPF  ^RJGPCFREJÄÀF CFRJ  ^RJGPCFREJÄÀF KSINKG^K  F DRJGNK Z[JNRF = \RKPKG^K, \JPPJNF , C[^[RF  @FGP@IÍG@IJ PJNIJ K HIE\J  \KRNÀF  \KRP\K@ÎSJ BÅBHI@J NK EIE EKPEJ

Kssj sérik nk kstunfs surdiu nf n f nkskmf nk eftivjr euhokrks `ristàs pjrj quk ofgrke j Nkus k F cjäje `fgokìnf `fgokìnf jf sku rknfr pfr ekif nk uej vinj ke trjgscfrejäàf trjgs cfrejäàf prfdrkssivj, cugnjekgtjnj cu gnjekgtjnj gj suciìígìj s uciìígìj nk @ristf k Puj \jhjvrj pjrj f vivkr niêrif. Khj é uej ckrrjekgtj pjrj f kstunf pkssfjh pkssfjh k pjrj f nisìpuhjnf. @jnj hiäàf kstê nivininj ke trís pjrtks= @FGOK@KR, @RKP@KR k @FE\JR^ IHOJR. • @FGOK@KR j Nkus k Puj Pu j \jhjvrj ‐ F F rkhjìfgjekgtf pkssfjh `fe Nkus é f pfgtf nk pjrtinj. F kstunf nj Puj \jhjvrj prfpfrìfgj f `rksìekgtf gf rkhjìfgjekgtf ågtief `fe Khk k nê js nirktrizks pjrj f pkrùrsf. \rkìsjefs tjebée nk hkgtks h kgtks båbhi`js bå bhi`js gåtinjs pjrj jvjhijr jvjhij r js inkijs in kijs nj gfssj ùhturj k tkr nis`krgiekgtf nis`krgiekgtf pjrj hinjr hinjr `fe fs prfbhkejs prfbhkejs jtujis `fef kstrkssk, jgfrkxij fu buhhyigd . • @RKP@KR ì skekhojgäj nk @ristf ‐ Gàf Gàf bjstj `fgok`kr. É prkìsf `rks`kr.

F `rksìekgtf `ristàf, quk sk kstkgnk jf hfgdf nk tfnj j vinj, é kvinkgìjnf pkhj ojbihinjnk nk rkhjìfgjr js vkrnjnks båbhi`js `fe j vinj niêrij k hinjr `fe js rkspfgsjbihinjnks, fs rkhjìfgjekgtfs rkhjìfgjekgtfs igtkrpkssfjis k tjebée js prkssûks nf `ftinijgf. ‐ Sinjs ke trjgscfrejäàf sàf igstruekgtfs pjrj kg`frjmjr f `rksìekgtf ke futrjs vinjs gf `fgtkxtf nj eutujhinjnk `ristà. Khjs sàf efnkhfs nk prfdrkssàf, gàf jignj nk pkrckiäàf. Ì ekninj ekninj quk jejnurk`ke jejnurk`kefs, fs, `rks`kefs `rks`kefs tjebée tjebée gf jefr k gj ojbihinjnk pjrj jprfvkit jprfvkitjr jr `fe sjbknfrij sjbknfrij js fpfrtuginjnks fpfrtuginjnks nk igvkstir ke futrjs vinjs. • @FE\JRÎHOJR pjrj knici`jäàf eýtuj

Kniäàf jtujhizjnj 2<:; Ejrij @k`åhij Jhcjgf Rkvisàf nf `fgtkýnf= \r. Njvin M. Ekrao

\rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf jtujhizjnj zjnj (JRJ (JRJ)) Zujgnf gàf igni`jnf, fs tkxtfs båbhi`fs sàf kxtrjånfs nj Båbhij Jhekinj= vkrsàf rkvistj k jtujhi Pfìknjnk Båbhi`j nf Brjsih

2 @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

^rjgscfrejäàf nk pjssf ke pjssf J nigâei`j nj vinj `ristà= bjsks

KPBFÄF

R [EF [EF `fef j`fgtk`k j eunjgäj nk kstihf nk vinj gf nij j nij k @feprkkgnkr `fef nkspi r fs vkhofs vkho fs oêbitfs, rkgfvjr suj ekgtk gj \jhjvrj \jhjvrj `feprfektkr-sk `fe nkspir nk Nkus k rkvkstir-sk nk ue gfvf kstihf nk vinj.

\FG^F NK @FG^J^F J `jeigojnj `ristà iephi`j uej eunjgäj gjs jtitunks, pjhjvrjs k jäûks quk kstàf ke nksj`frnf `fe j \jhjvrj nk Nkus. Pàf vêrifs fs iepkrjtivfs båbhi`fs j kssk rkspkitf. Pkr sjgtf gàf é dujrnjr uej sérik nk rkdrjs k gfrejs `fg`krgkgtks jf vkstuêrif k tjejgof nf `jbkhf. Q...U Gigduée é sjgtf pkhj cfräj nk vfgtjnk, pfr ejis quk nkskmk. Gàf oê pfnkr ke gðs eksefs pjrj efrtici`jrefs efrtici`jrefs js pjixûks `jrgjis. Pfekgtk eknijgtk j ugiàf `fe f @ristf `ruìci`jnf k rkssurrktf é quk tkrkefs f pfnkr gk`kssêrif pjrj submudjr j vkhoj gjturkzj k gfs rkvkstirefs nj gfvj gjturkzj, nf gfvf ofeke, quk é @ristf. F hkdjhisef gàf `fgskduk `fg skduk fbtkr f pfnkr kspiritujh gk`kssêrif pjrj vkg`kr Jnàf. Pfekgtk @ristf pfnk vkg`kr Jnàf. É sfekgtk eknijgtk gfssj ugiàf eåsti`j `fe f @ristf vivf quk rk`kbkefs pfnkr kspiritujh pjrj vivkrefs uej vinj sjgtj, purj k hiepj jqui gkssk eugnf. Q...U F pfnkr nj rkssurrkiäàf, `fgtunf, triugcj sfbrk f pk`jnf k sfbrk j efrtk. Zujgnf ‘sjbkefs― ‘s jbkefs― quk cfefs cfefs `ruìci`jnfs `fe @ristf (Re 3.3), gfs ‘`fgsinkrjefs― efrtfs pjrj f pk`jnf k vivfs pjrj Nkus Nkus (Re 3.::), gàf pkreitiefs quk f pk`jnf ‘rkigk― sfbrk gðs (Re 3.:2) gke gfs ‘fckrk`kefs― j khk `fef ks`rjvfs (Re 3.:0), kxpkriekgtjefs j vitðrij sfbrk f pk`jnf (Re 3.:>). Judustus Gi`fnkeus Hfpks :

Gf skgtinf skgtinf nk quk, qujgtf qujgtf jf trjtf pjssjnf, pjssjnf, vfs vfs nkspfmkis nkspfmkis nf vkhof vkhof ofeke, quk sk `frrfepk skdugnf js `fgùpis`ígìjs nf kgdjgf, k vfs rkgfvkis gf kspåritf nf vfssf kgtkgniekgtf, k vfs rkvistjis nf gfvf ofeke, `rijnf skdugnf Nkus, ke mustiäj mustiäj k rktinàf prf`knkgtks prf`knkgtks nj vkrnjnk. vkrnjnk. Kc >.22-2>

Gàf sk trjtj nk gfs tfrgjrefs tfrgjrefs euhokrks ejis jdrjnêvkis, jdrjnêvkis, frdjgizjnjs frdjgizjnjs fu ‘`krtigojs ‘`krtigojs―. É gjnj ekgfs quk uej trjgscfrejäàf pkhj qujh ci`jrkefs `jnj vkz ejis pjrkìnjs `fe @ristf.

Eunjr é uej frnke båbhi`j. F rksuhtjnf é djrjgtinf6

F RF^KIRF :. \rkpjrjgnf-sk pjrj eunjr  @krticiquk-sk nj suj sjhvjäàf ke @ristf  @fgsinkrk quke vf`í é ke @ristf  Nkìnj vivkr nk j`frnf `fe quke vf`í é ke @ristf 2. F pfgtf igiìjh nj eunjgäj= jrrkpkgniekgtf  Fs `fepfgkgtks nf vkrnjnkirf jrrkpkgniekgtf  @fgok`kr, `feprkkgnkr, `fgk`tjr  @fgtristjr-sk  @fgckssjr  @feprfektkr-sk  Fs ignåìfs nk ue pfssåvkh cjhsf jrrkpkgniekgtf  Rkefrsf  Kstjnf kefìfgjh  Eunjgäj igtkrksskirj 0. Js ktjpjs gf prf`kssf nk eunjgäj= NRR  Inkgtici`jr fs jspk`tfs nf kstihf nk vinj j skr nkixjnf  Pubektkr j ekgtk jfs prig`åpifs nj \jhjvrj nk Nkus  @fhf`jr ke prêti`j f gfvf kstihf nk vinj  \hjgkmjr  Inkgtici`jr j kstruturj quk cjìhitj j e unjgäj  \rjti`jr `fe nis`krgiekgtf k nisìphigj  Ejgtkr f cf`f `krtf >. J eunjgäj båbhi`j kxkephici`jnj ke Kcésifs > ;. J eunjgäj båbhi`j kxphi`jnj gjs `jrtjs jfs Rfejgfs, Kcésifs k @fhfsskgsks


:. \rkpjrjgnf-sk pjrj eunjr Eunjgäj kgvfhvk jhdugs pré-rkquisitfs. pré-rkquisitfs.

@krticiquk-sk nj suj sjhvjäàf ke @ristf J qujhinjnk qujhin jnk nuphj nf jrrkpkgniekgtf båbhi`f dkguågf é `jptjnj pfr \juhf ke suj ejgkirj nk cjhjr sfbrk j `fgvkrsàf nfs ^kssjhfgi`kgsks= ^kssjhfgi`kgsks= nkixjgnf fs ånfhfs, vfs `fgvkrtkrnks j Nkus, pjrj skrvirnks f Nkus vivf k vkrnjnkirf (:^s :.9).

É kssj `febigjäàf k sieuhtjgkinjnk nk sk vfhtjr nk, k sk virjr pjrj, quk `jrj`tkrizj f jrrkpkgniekgtf båbhi`f dkguågf. Nk j`frnf `fe \juhf, issf kgvfhvk `ruìci`jr rjni`jhekgtk j `jrgk j jf eksef tkepf rkvkstir-sk rjni`jhekgtk nk @ristf (Dh ;.2>1 0.24). K issf `fgnuz j cjzkr efrrkr `fgtigujekgtk js fbrjs nj `jrgk k sieuhtjgkjekgtk rkvkstir-sk njs virtunks nk @ristf (@h 0.;-::, :2-:4). Pig`hjir Ckrdusfg 2

Jqukhks quk gàf tíe @ristf sàf ks`rjvfs nf pk`jnf, ske `jpjìnjnk pjrj eunjr. Pð `fe @ristf é pfssåvkh eunjr nk cfrej jdrjnêvkh jdrjnêvkh j Nkus. \fr issf, issf, f pkgnfr nj nj `jrgk `jrgk é igieizjnk `fgtrj Nkus, pfis gàf kstê kstê sumkitf sumkitf ì hki nk Nkus, gke eksef pfnk kstjr. \frtjgtf, fs quk kstàf gj `jrgk gàf pfnke jdrjnjr j Nkus. Re ?.4, ?

@fgsinkrk quke vf`í é ke @ristf @fe suj gfvj vinj vi nj k inkgtinjnk inkgti njnk ke @ristf, @ris tf, vf`í gàf é ejis fbridjnj j pk`jr. pk`jr. J eunjgäj kstê djrjgtinj. Jssie tjebée vðs `fgsinkrji-vfs efrtfs pjrj f pk`jnf, ejs vivfs pjrj Nkus, ke @ristf Mksus. Mksus. Re 3.::

Nkìnj vivkr nk j`frnf `fe quke vf`í é ke @ristf Gàf rkigk, pfrtjgtf, f pk`jnf ke vfssf `frpf efrtjh, nk ejgkirj quk fbknkäjis ìs ì s sujs pjixûks1 pjix ûks1 gke fckrkäjis fckr käjis `jnj ue fs ekebrfs nf sku sku `frpf jf pk`jnf, `fef igstruekgtfs nk igiquinjnk1 ejs fckrk`ki-vfs j Nkus, `fef rkssurrktfs nkgtrk fs efrtfs, k fs vfssfs ekebrfs, j Nkus, `fef igstruekgtfs nk mustiäj. Q...U Jdfrj, pfrée, hibkrtjnfs nf pk`jnf, trjgscfrejnfs ke skrvfs nk Nkus, tkgnks f vfssf crutf pjrj j sjgtici`jäàf k, pfr cie, j vinj ktkrgj. Re 3.:2, :0, 22

2. F pfgtf igiìjh nj eunjgäj= f jrrkpkgniekgtf Jrrkpkgniekgtf é f pfgtf igiìjh nj eunjgäj. J pjhjvrj drkdj usjnj pjrj jrrkpkgniekgtf ( ektjgfij) sidgici`j eunjgäj nk ekgtk k pfnk skr ihustrjnj pkhj cidurj cidurj nk uej uej pkssfj pkssfj quk quk kstê `jeigojgnf ke nktkreigjnj nirkäàf k, j `krtj jhturj, nê uej vfhtj nk :?<¼ pjrj ir ke nirkäàf fpfstj.

Fs `fepfgkgtks nf vkrnjnkirf jrrkpkgniekgtf F Pjhef ;: kxkephici`j fs `fepfgkgtks nf jrrkpkgniekgtf. @fgok`kr, `feprkkgnkr k `fgk`tjr ì suj situjäàf pkssfjh f kgsigf båbhi`f sfbrk Nkus k Puj vfgtjnk. vfgtjnk. \fis ku `fgokäf js eigojs trjgsdrkssûks, k f eku pk`jnf kstê skeprk nijgtk nk eie. Ph ;:.0 (`c. Ob >.:2, :0 ).

@fgtristjr-sk pkhf pk`jnf nijgtk nj sjgtinjnk k mustiäj nk Nkus quk `fgtrjstje `fe f pk`jnf. Pj`ricåìfs jdrjnêvkis j Nkus sàf f kspåritf qukbrjgtjnf1 `frjäàf `fepugdinf k `fgtritf, gàf f nksprkzjrês, ð Nkus. Ph ;:.:4

`fg` frnjgnf `fe Khk sfbrk f gfssf pk`jnf k @fgckssjr nijgtk nk Nkus, `fg`frnjgnf rk`fgok`kgnf rk`fgok`kgnf Puj drjäj k eiskri`ðrnij eiskri`ðrnij jbugnjgtks. \kquki `fgtrj ti, `fgtrj `fgtrj ti sfekgtk, k ciz ciz f quk é ejh pkrjgtk fs tkus tkus fhofs, nk ejgkirj quk skrês tinf pfr mustf gf tku cjhjr k purf gf tku muhdjr.

Ph ;:.> @feprfektkr-sk `fe jbjgnfgjr f pk`jnf. F jrrkpkgniekgtf j`fgtk`k gf `frjäàf, ejs é j`fepjgojnf k `fgcirejnf pfr eunjgäj gf `fepfrtjekgtf= nkixjr f pk`jnf, cjzkr f `krtf k skr kxkephf pjrj futrfs. Kgtàf, kgsigjrki jfs trjgsdrkssfrks fs tkus `jeigofs. `jeigofs. Ph ;:.:0j Gjs pjhjvrjs nk Pjhfeàf= F quk kg`fbrk js sujs trjgsdrkssûks mjejis prfspkrjrê1 ejs f quk js `fgckssj `fgckssj k nkixj jh`jgäjrê jh`jgäjrê eiskri`ðrni eiskri`ðrnij. j. \v 2?.:0 Gj kxfrtjäàf nk Mfàf Bjtistj= \rfnuzi, pfis, crutfs nidgfs nk jrrkpkgniekgtf. Et 0.? > @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

F jrrkpkgniekgtf é bjsi`jekgtk j kxprkssàf oueihnk nf nkskmf nk uej `feugoàf rkgfvjnj `fe Nkus − ue rkhjìfgjekgtf quk pfnk skr djrjgtinf jpkgjs pkhj Puj drjäj. Jgsijefs pjrj quk Pku pkrnàf, Puj prkskgäj k Pku Kspåritf rkstjurke rkstjurke f njgf quk f gfssf pk`jnf `jusfu gf rkhjìfgjekgtf `fe Khk. @fe issf jprkgnkefs uej njs ejr`js nf jrrkpkgniekgtf jrrkpkgniekgtf cjhsf= j suj prkfùpjäàf prkfùpjäàf ksskgìjh kstê kstê ke jcjstjr js `fgskquígìjs nf gfssf pk`jnf. F jrrkpkgniekgtf jrrkpkgniekgtf vkrnjnkirf, kebfrj `krtjekgtk gàf nkskmk kgcrkgtjr tjis `fgskquígìjs, `fgskquígìjs, j`kitj-js nk bfe drjnf kgqujgtf khjs gfs jprfxieje nj igtieinjnk k `feprkkgsàf nf gfssf Nkus. Bryjg @ojpkhh

0

Fs ignåìfs nk ue pfssåvkh cjhsf jrrkpkgniekgtf Gàf `fgcugnj f vkrnjnkirf jrrkpkgniekgtf, jrrkpkgniekgtf, quk ùheigj gj eunjgäj nk `fepfrtjekgtf jdrjnêvkh j Nkus, `fe fs cjhsfs ignåìfs ig nåìfs nk jrrkpkgniekgtf. jrrkpkgniekgtf. Rkefrsf (tfrekgtf, pksf nk `fgsìígìj) Gfssj rkspfstj pfnk rkspfstj pfnk skr jdir fu cjhjr ‘ekhofr ‘ ekhofr ― pjrj pjrk`krefs, f qujgtf jgtks, pkssfjs bfjs nijgtk nk gðs eksejs k nk futrfs, gj tkgtjtivj nk khieigjr fs skgtiekgtfs nk ùhpj k gfs skgtirefs ejis `fgcfrtêvkis gj situjäàf. Issf é pkgitígìj, ue crutf nk rkefrsf `kgtrjnf gf ofeke k gàf ke Nkus. Kstjnf kefìfgjh J tristkzj pkhf pk`jnf é pjrtk nf jrrkpkgniekgtf dkguågf. Gf kgtjgtf, f jrrkpkgniekgtf pfnk gàf skr j`fepjgojnf nk kefäûks visåvkis. [ej rkspfstj kefìfgjh visåvkh tjebée gàf é prfvj cigjh nk jrrkpkgniekgtf. Eunjgäj igtkrksskirj Eunjgäjs nkvke j`fepjgojr f jrrkpkgniekgtf dkguågf. \fnkefs, pfrée, eunjr f `fepfrtjekgtf eftivjnjs pkhf tkefr j ofekgs fu pkhf eknf njs `fgskquígìjs, ke hudjr nk eunjr ke tkefr j Nkus.

0. Js ktjpjs gf prf`kssf nk eunjgäj= NRR Gf skgtinf skgtinf nk quk, qujgtf qujgtf jf trjtf pjssjnf, pjssjnf, vfs nkspfmkis nf vkhof vkhof ofeke, ofeke, quk sk `frrfepk skdugnf js `fgùpis`ígìjs nf kgdjgf, k vfs rkgfvkis gf kspåritf nf vfssf kgtkgniekgtf, k vfs rkvistjis nf gfvf ofeke, `rijnf skdugnf Nkus, ke mustiäj mustiäj k rktinàf prf`knkgtks prf`knkgtks nj vkrnjnk. Kc >.22-2>

Nkspfmjr-sk R kgfvjr kgfvjr R kvkstir-sk kvkstir-sk

nf vkhof kstihf nk vinj f efnf nk pkgsjr − uej eunjgäj igtkrifr nf gfvf kstihf nk vinj

Inkgtici`jr fs jspk`tfs nf kstihf nk vinj j skr nkixjnf (v. 22)  J

rkspfstj ojbitujh pk`jeigf pk`jeigfsj, sj, quk prkìsj skr substituånj. j`fgtk`k.  J crkquígìj `fe quk suj rkspfstj pk`jeigfsj j`fgtk`k.  Js igchuígìjs k js situjäûks quk cjìhitje j rkspfstj pk`jeigfsj.  Fs bkgkcåìfs jpjrkgtks quk j ejgtíe hidjnj jf sku oêbitf.  F hkquk nk êrkjs jcktjnjs − ue oêbitf pfnk tkr kckitf ‘nfeigð―, jtigdignf vêrijs êrkjs k prfvf`jgnf futrfs ejus oêbitfs.  Fs prkmuåzfs `fhoinfs. [ej vinj nk pkgsjekgtfs sjunêvkis − uej vinj quk jdrjnj j Nkus − nkrivj nk uej ågtiej `feugoàf `fe Khk. Jcigjh, f Nkus quk gfs jej kstê trjbjhojgnf nkgtrf nk gðs pjrj gfs tfrgjr js euhokrks quk Khk qukr quk skmjefs, euhokrks quk F jeje nk tfnf f kgtkgniekgtf k nk tfnf f `frjäàf. \fr igtkreénif nk Puj \jhjvrj, Nkus gfs kxfrtj j usjrefs j gfssj ekgtk pjrj pkgsjr gjquihf quk é vkrnjnkirf k rkjh. ^àf hfdf nktkreigjefs f quk é vkrnjnkirf k rkjh, pfnkefs jdir nk j`frnf `fe cjtfs `fg`rktfs k kxjtfs, k gàf nk j`frnf `fe gfssjs skgsjäûks fu cjgtjsijs. Khizjbkto Dkfrdk >

Pubektkr j ekgtk jfs prig`åpifs nj \jhjvrj nk Nkus (v. 20) J bjtjhoj `fekäj gj ekgtk, `fgtrj trís igieidfs= f eugnf (f sistkej nk vjhfrks kstjbkhkìnf k ejgtinf pfr Pjtjgês), Pjtjgês k j `jrgk (ku eksej). Khk vfs nku nku vinj, vinj, kstjgnf kstjgnf vðs efrtfs gfs vfssfs vfssfs nkhitfs nkhitfs k pk`jnfs, pk`jnfs, gfs qujis jgnjstks futrfrj, skdugnf f ùrsf nkstk eugnf , skdugnf f prågìpk nj pftkstjnk nf jr , nf kspåritf quk jdfrj jtuj gfs cihofs nj nksfbkniígìj1 kgtrk fs qujis tjebée tfnfs gðs jgnjefs futrfrj, skdugnf js ig`higjäûks nj gfssj `jrgk , cjzkgnf j vfgtjnk nj `jrgk k nfs pkgsjekgtfs. pkgsjekgtfs. Kc 2.2, 0

^kefs j gfvj vinj ke @ristf k j js jrejs pjrj `febjtkr fs igieidfs. \frquk js jrejs nj gfssj eihåìj gàf sàf `jrgjis, k sie pfnkrfsjs ke Nkus, pjrj nkstruir nkstruir cfrtjhkzjs, jguhjgnf gðs sfcisejs k tfnj jhtivkz quk sk hkvjgtk `fgtrj `fgtr j f `fgokìekgtf nk Nkus, Nkus , k hkvjgnf `jtivf tfnf pkgsjekgtf ì fbkniígìj nk @ristf. 2@f :<.>, ;

Nk efnf prêti`f, issf sidgici`j quk vjefs hkr, kstunjr, ekefrizjr, eknitjr gj \jhjvrj nk Nkus pjrj  pkgsjr bibhi`jekgtk j rkspkitf nk Nkus, Pku `jrêtkr k jtributfs,  pkgsjr bibhi`jekgtk j rkspkitf nk gðs eksejs, ; @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

 pkgsjr bibhi`jekgtk j rkspkitf nj gjturkzj, njs

`jusjs k nj sfhuäàf nf

prfbhkej. Cigjhekgtk, ireàfs, tunf tunf f quk é vkrnjnkirf, vkrnjnkirf, tunf f quk é rkspkitêvkh, rkspkitêvkh, tunf f quk é mustf, tunf f quk é purf, tunf f quk é jeêvkh, tunf f quk é nk bfj cjej, sk jhduej virtunk oê k sk jhdue hfuvfr kxistk, skmj issf f quk fùpk f vfssf pkgsjekgtf. Cp >.?

@fhf`jr ke prêti`j f gfvf kstihf nk vinj (v. 2>) J Båbhij igni`j `hjrjekgtk quk kgtrk js nispfsiäûks nispfsiä ûks drjìfsjs nk Nkus pjrj ks`jpjr ì tkgtjäàf kstàf fs pés k j ojbihinjnk nk cudir! Jhdugs nk gðs pfnke tkr niciùhnjnk niciùhnjnk ke j`kitjr j`kitjr issf. issf. Fs oêbitfs krrjnfs tíe ue nfeågif tàf cfrtk sfbrk gðs, quk j`rknitjefs skr iepfssåvkh ks`jpjr nk uej situjäàf pk`jeigfsj. Ejs Nkus prfektk quk "ejifr é jqukhk jqukhk quk kstê kstê ke vðs nf quk jqukhk quk kstê gf eugnf" (:Mf >.>). J cé gj prfekssj nf pfnkr nf Kspåritf Kspåri tf Pjgtf quk ojbitj ke gðs nkvk gfs `jpjìtjr j gfs jrrjg`jrefs nf jtfhkirf nj tkgtjäàf k `fejgnjr jfs gfssfs pés= "Pjij njqui!"Q...U Cudir pfnk kgvfhvkr `fhf`jrefs uej nistâgìj rkjh kgtrk gðs k j tkgtjäàf ke nktkreigjnf pfgtf nf pkrùrsf nk `jsj pjrj f trjbjhof, gàf òkdjrefs pkrtf nj `jsj nk jhduée, kvitjrefs kvitjrefs nktkreigjnj hfmj. ^jhvkz skmj prkìsf `frtjr j jssigjturj nk ue skrviäf, eunjr nk keprkdf, nk ks`fhj, jeidfs, `jgjh nk tkhkvisàf fu mfdjr jhduej `fisj cfrj. Gàf nkvkefs nkvkefs j`rknitjr j`rknitjr quk pfnkefs brig`jr `fe jquihf quk gfs tkgtj k pkrejgk`kr igjhtkrjnfs. \khj drjäj nk Nkus, pfnkefs `fgok`kr suciìkgtkekgtk suciìkgtkekgtk bke j gðs eksefs pjrj gfs ejgtkrefs nistjgtks nk situjäûks fgnk j rksistígìj é nicåìh pjrj gðs. Gàf nkvkefs nksprkzjr fs jeidfs k `fgskhokirfs `ristàfs, quk Nkus gfs `fg`knk pjrj gfs jmunjrke j gfs tfrgjrefs rkspfgsêvkis. Bryjg @ojpkhh ;

@fhf`jr ke prêti`j f gfvf kstihf nk vinj rkqukr jhdugs ùinjnfs. \hjgkmjr ‘ekhofrjr― j si eksej  F jhvf nk jdrjnjr j N kus k gàf jpkgjs ‘ekhofrjr―  Fs fbmktivfs kspk`åci`fs j skrke jh`jgäjnfs  Js kstrjtédijs prêti`js j jnftjr  Js ektjs nktkreigjnjs gf tkepf pjrj quk j eunjgäj j`fgtkäj Inkgtici`jr j kstruturj (f `fgtkxtf) quk cjìhitj j eunjgäj vkh of kstihf nk vinj k iepknke  Rkefvkr fs jspk`tfs quk cjvfrk`ke f vkhof j eunjgäj= js eês `fepjgoijs, js situjäûks quk pfnke skr kvitjnjs. Ejs rkvksti-vfs rkvksti-vfs nf Pkgofr Mksus @ristf k gjnj nispfgojis nispfgojis pjrj j `jrgk gf tf`jgtk ìs sujs `fgùpis`ígìjs. Re :0.:> Zuke jgnj `fe fs sêbifs sêbi fs skrê sêbif, ejs ej s f `fepjgokirf nfs igskgsjtfs sk tfrgjrê eju. \v :0.2< Gàf vfs kgdjgkis= js eês `fgvkrsjäûks `frrfepke fs bfgs `fstueks.

:@f :;.00

Kstjbkhk`kr rkhjìfgjekgtfs nk j`fepjgojekgtf gf `frpf nk @ristf quk pfssje prfvkr ig`kgtivf, ig `kgtivf, frjäàf k `fbrjgäj `fbrjg äj pjrj cjìhitjr j eunjgäj. 

@fef f ckrrf `fe f ckrrf sk jcij, jssie, f ofeke, jf sku jeidf.

\v 24.:4 @fgsinkrkef-gfs tjebée ugs jfs futrfs, pjrj gfs kstieuhjrefs jf jefr k ìs bfjs fbrjs. Ob :<.2>, 2;

\rjti`jr `fe nis`krgiekgtf k nisìphigj  \krskvkrjr gj prêti`j nf gfvf oêbitf. Kxkrìtj-tk, pkssfjhekgtk, pkssfjhekgtk, gj piknjnk. piknjnk. :ê >.4  Rk`fekäjr jpðs uej quknj Rk`fgok`kr quk `jiu, `jiu , jssueir rkspfgsjbihinjnk rkspfgsjb ihinjnk k jrrkpkgnkr-sk. Hkebrjr Hkebrjr quke é Nkus, k f quk Khk ckz k cjz pfr gðs ke @ristf. Jprkgnkr sfbrk j suj vuhgkrjbihinjnk k, skeprk quk gk`kssêrif, rkvisjr sujs kstrjtédijs. Ejgtkr f cf`f `krtf @ristf jtujgnf k skgnf rkchktinf ke tfnjs js êrkjs nj vinj, k gàf f oêbitf j skr jbjgnfgjnf. \frtjgtf, tjebée gðs, vistf quk tkefs j rfnkjr-gfs rfnkjr-gfs tàf drjgnk guvke nk tkstkeugojs, tkstkeugo js, nkskebjrjäjgnf-gfs nkske bjrjäjgnf-gfs nk tfnf pksf k nf pk`jnf quk tkgjzekgtk gfs jssknij, `frrjefs, `fe pkrskvkrjgäj, j `jrrkirj quk gfs kstê prfpfstj, fhojgnf cirekekgtk pjrj f Jutfr k @fgsuejnfr nj cé, Mksus, f qujh, ke trf`j nj jhkdrij quk hok kstjvj prfpfstj, supfrtfu j `ruz, gàf cjzkgnf `jsf `jsf nj idgfeågij, k kstê jsskgtjnf ì nkstrj nf trfgf nk Nkus. @fgsinkrji, pfis, jtkgtjekgtk, jqukhk quk supfrtfu tjejgoj fpfsiäàf nfs pk`jnfrks `fgtrj si eksef, eksef, pjrj pjrj quk gàf vfs cjtidukis, nksejijgnf nksejijgnf ke vfssj jhej. Ob :2.:-0


Gj prkssàf nj vinj niêrij, é cêìh ksquk`kr quke gðs sfefs. Jf prfùrjrefs prfùrjrefs substituir vkhofs vkhofs `fepfrtjekgtfs pfr gfvfs, é cêìh tirjrefs fs fhofs nf gfssf stjtus nk cihofs nk Nkus. Nk cjtf, qujgtf ejis hutjefs `fe ue prfbhkej, ejifr j prfbjbihinjnk prfbjbihinjnk nk gfs nkcigirefs nkcigirefs pfr jqukhk prfbhkej (nivfrìjnf, viìjnf, nkprieinf, `fnkpkgnkgtk, oipkrjtivf). \jssjefs j `rkr quk gfssf prfbhkej é quke gðs sfefs. Ejs kgqujgtf kstks rðtuhfs pfnke nks`rkvkr ejgkirjs kspk`åci`js nk hutjrefs `fef pk`jnfrks gue eugnf `jånf, khks gàf sàf j gfssj inkgtinjnk! Pk pkreitirefs quk khks gfs nkcigje, vivkrkefs prksfs ke skus hieitks. Kstj gàf é j ejgkirj pkhj qujh ue cihof nk Nkus nkvk vivkr! Kxistk uej nickrkgäj rjni`jh kgtrk nizkr ‘sfu uej pkssfj nkprieinj―, k nizkr ‘Pfu ue cihof nk Nkus ‟ke @ristf’ k tkgof j tkgnígìj nk hutjr `fe j nkprkssàf―. J skdugnj nk`hjrjäàf gàf cigdk quk gàf kxistk uej dukrrj curifsj, ejs igùtk kspkrjgäj. \juh ^ripp

3

>. J eunjgäj båbhi`j kxkephici`jnj ke Kcésifs > Eunjgäj båbhi`j j`fgtk`k ke jspk`tfs kspk`åci`fs nj ejgkirj nk pkgsjr k `fepfrtjr-sk. `fepfrtjr- sk. Khj gàf j`fgtk`k nk cfrej vjdj gke ‘pfr jtj`jnf―. Ke Kcésifs >, \juhf kgsigj quk nkvkefs njr pjrtiùhjr jtkgäàf jf `fepfrtjekgtf kspk`åci`f kspk`åc i`f quk nkvk skr nkixjnf, ì gfvj ejgkirj nk pkgsjr k jf gfvf `fepfrtjekgtf quk nkvk skr prjti`jnf. \juhf nkstj`j=  `fepfrtjekgtfs kspk`åci`fs j skrke jbjgnfgjnfs pfrquk gàf `febigje `fe uej cihoj nk Nkus,  uej

ekgtk igstruånj gj \jhjvrj nk Nkus k nispfstj j skeprk hkebrjr nk

pkgsjr `fef `fef Nkus pkgsj − ‘jhjvjg`j― ‘jhjvjg`j― nj eunjgäj båbhi`j, båbhi`j,  kstrjtédijs

prêti`js bke nkciginjs pjrj nkskgvfhvkr k cirejr fs gfvfs

`fepfrtjekgtfs jdrjnêvkis j Nkus. nkixjr j ekgtirj RKGFSJR= sfefs ekebrfs ugs nfs futrfs \FPIÎSF= cjhjr j vkrnjnk GKDJÎSF=

\fr issf, nkixjgnf j ekgtirj, cjhk `jnj ue j vkrnjnk `fe f sku prðxief, pfrquk sfefs ekebrfs ekebrfs ugs nfs futrfs. (v. 2;)

nkixjr nk jhiekgtjr j irj RKGFSJR= j irj nê fpfrtuginjnk pjrj f nijbf \FPIÎSF= trjtjr j situjäàf f qujgtf jgtks GKDJÎSF=

Irji-vfs k gàf pkqukis1 gàf sk pfgoj f sfh sfbrk j vfssj irj, gke nkis hudjr jf nijbf. (vv. 23, 24)

nkixjr f curtf fu rfubf RKGFSJR= ke vkz nk prkmuni`jr, nkvkefs jmunjr jtivjekgtk \FPIÎSF= trjbjhojr k njr GKDJÎSF=

Jqukhk quk curtjvj gàf gàf curtk ejis1 jgtks, trjbjhok, trjbjhok, cjzkgnf `fe js prðprijs eàfs f quk é bfe, pjrj quk tkgoj `fe quk jùnir jf gk`kssitjnf. (v. 2?)

nkixjr f eju usf nj hågduj RKGFSJR= vjefs trjgseitir drjäj k gàf kgtristk`kr f Kspåritf Pjgtf \FPIÎSF= cjhjr pjhjvrjs knici`jgtks GKDJÎSF=

Eunjgäj båbhi`j j`fgtk`k qujgnf vkmf eigoj ig`jpjìnjnk, vkmf eku `frjäàf, vkmf js tkgnígìjs nj eigoj `jrgk k `frrf jté j `ruz nk @ristf pjrj fbtkr eiskri`ðrnij k drjäj ke tkepf fpfrtugf (Ob >.:3). Njvin Ekrao 4

Gàf sjij nj nj vfssj vfssj bf`j bf`j gkgouej gkgouej pjhjvrj tfrpk, k sie ugi`jekgtk ugi`jekgtk j quk cfr bfj pjrj knici`jäàf, `fgcfrek j gk`kssinjnk, k, jssie, trjgseitj drjäj jfs quk fuvke. K gàf kgtristkäjis f Kspåritf nk Nkus, gf qujh cfstks skhjnfs skhjnfs pjrj f nij nj rknkgäàf. rknkgäàf. (vv. 29, 0<)

nkixjr j jejrdurj RKGFSJR= Nkus gfs pkrnffu ke @ristf1 vjefs skr Pkus ieitjnfrks \FPIÎSF= prjti`jr f pkrnàf GKDJÎSF=

Hfgdk nk vðs, tfnj jejrdurj, jejrdurj, k `ðhkrj, k irj, irj, k dritjrij, k bhjscíeijs, k bke jssie tfnj ejhåìj. Jgtks, sknk ugs pjrj `fe fs futrfs bkgidgfs, `fepjssivfs, pkrnfjgnf-vfs ugs jfs futrfs, `fef tjebée Nkus, ke @ristf, vfs pkrnffu. (vv. 0:, 02)


;. J eunjgäj båbhi`j kxphi`jnj pfr \juhf ke trís `jrtjs= Rfejgfs, Kcésifs k @fhfsskgsks ? NRR Nkspfmjr-sk nf ‘vkhof ofeke― Skr j gk`kssinjnk nf eku `frjäàf k jrrkpkgnkr-ek.

Rkvkstir-sk nf ‘gfvf ofeke― @frrkr jté j `ruz, `rkr k vivkr.

Rkgfvjr j ekgtk

Re 3.::-:>

Re :2.:, 2

Kc >.2<-2>

@h 0.?-:4

@fgsinkrji-vfs efrtfs Gàf vfs pjrj f pk`jnf . `fgcfrekis `fe Gàf rkigk, pfrtjgtf, f kstk séùhf. pk`jnf ke vfssf `frpf efrtjh. Gke fckrkäjis `jnj ue fs ekebrfs nf sku `frpf jf pk`jnf.

Zujgtf jf trjtf pjssjnf, vfs nkspfmkis nf vkhof ofeke...

Ejs Q`fgsinkrji-vfsU vivfs pjrj Nkus. Ejs fckrk`ki-vfs j Nkus ... k fs vfssfs ekebrfs `fef igstruekgtfs nk mustiäj. @fgsinkrji...

Jprkskgtkis fs vfssfs `frpfs pfr sj`ricåìf vivf.

... k vfs rkvistjis nf gfvf ofeke,

... k vfs rkvkstistks nf gfvf ofeke .

^rjgscfreji-vfs pkhj rkgfvjäàf nj vfssj ekgtk.

... vfs rkgfvkis gf kspåritf nf vfssf kgtkgniekgtf.

Ojbitk ri`jekgtk ke vðs j \jhjvrj nk @ristf.

Fckrk`kr-ek gf jhtjr nk Nkus k fbknk`kr.

Nkspfmji-vfs idujhekgtk nk tunf issf

Qfbrjs nj `jrgkU... uej vkz quk vfs nkspistks nf vkhof ofeke...

@uinjnf! Pidj f prf`kssf nk eunjgäj pfr igtkirf. Pk ku fhojr sð pjrj f kstjnf nf eku `frjäàf  nkskspkrf, nksâgief, nkprkssàf. Pk ku `fgsinkrjr sð j `ruz k gàf rk`fgok`kr f qujgtf gk`kssitf nkhj  uej drjäj bjrjtj. Pk ku cfr nirktf jf jhtjr, ske rkgfvjr j ekgtk pkhjs eiskri`ðrnijs nk Nkus eigoj `jrgk, trjpfs nk ieugnåìj ieugnåìj (Is 3>.3).  uej kgtrkdj nj eigoj

@fgsinkrk jdfrj @fef vf`í sk nks`rkvk ofmk6  Inkgtici`f fs oêbitfs quk nkvke eunjr ke eigoj vinj, ejs gàf tkgof jignj ue phjgf pjrj j eunjgäj.  Inkgtici`f fs oêbitfs quk nkvke eunjr, ejs gàf tkgof vfgtjnk nk jdir.  Inkgtici`f fs oêbitfs quk nkvke eunjr ke eigoj vinj k trjbjhof jtivjekgtk jtivjekgtk pjrj substituå-hfs.  Gàf ek prkfùpf `fe fs ekus oêbitfs. :. HF\KP, Judustus Gi`fnkeus. \jrj quke pkgsj kstjr nk pé. J`kssjnf ke ottp=//tkepfrj-efrks.bhfdspft.`fe/2<::/. >. DKFRDK, Khizjbkto. Jejgnf j Nkus nk tfnf fs sku kgtkgniekgtf . Pàf \juhf= Ojdgfs, 2<<0. p. :4. ;. @OJ\KHH, Bryjg. Ofhigkss by drj`k. Tokjtfg, Ihh.= @rfsswjy, 2<<0. p. :<;. 3. ^RI\\, \juh Njvin. Igstruekgtfs gjs eàfs nf Rknkgtfr Rknkgtfr . Pàf \juhf= Gutrj, 2<::. p.0>0. 4. EKRAO, Njvin. ^kfhfdij nj cfrejäàf kspiritujh . Jtibjij, P\= PB\S, 2<:<. p. 24. Ejtkrijh gàf pubhi`jnf. ?. Inke, ibin

Iejdke= ottp=//www.sx`.ou/poftf/>>?00:/ ? @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

F quk nizkr sfbrk... J jutfnisìphigj Jhduejs vkzks, gàf pkr`kbkefs j gk`kssinjnk nk eunjr gfssfs oêbitfs. Futrjs vkzks, gàf qukrkefs eksef jbrir eàf nk oêbitfs quk gfs nàf jhdue prjzkr fu `fgcfrtf. Futrjs vkzks jignj, nizkefs ‘gàf `fgsidf―, ejs j vkrnjnk é quk gàf sjbkefs `fef cjz kr. \juhf ks`rkvk= ‘Kxkrìtj‘Kxkrìtj -tk, pkssfjhekgtk, gj piknjnk― (:ê >.4). J n isìphigj quk kxprkssj tkefr j Nkus k j efrtici`jäàf nf pk`jnf ke tfnjs js js êrkjs nj vinj é uej uej frnke båbhi`j k tkefs, sie, `fef fbknk`kr. \jrj `fekäjr, `fgsinkrk qujtrf jnvkrtígìjs. jnvkrtígìjs. (Jnjptjnf ke pjrtk nk Pig`hjir Ckrdusfg , ôk \rj`ti`k fc Efrtici`jtifg Efrtici`jtifg - ^jbhktjha Ejdjzigk, Ejdjzigk, Mjg 2<<4) 2<<4) .

:. Jprkgnj j jneitir j cjhtj nk nisìphigj pkhf quk khj nk cjtf é. Ní gfek jfs bfis − nidj "Kstfu pk`jgnf gkstj êrkj nj eigoj vinj" ke hudjr nk nizkr niz kr "Jòf quk ku prkìsjrij skr ejis nisìphigjnj n isìphigjnj gissf―. Nksejs`jrk Nksejs`jrk f jutfkgdjgf. n isìphigj gj vinj nj euhokr `ristà gàf é tàf drjvk= 2. Skmj j cjhtj nk nisìphigj `fef Nkus j ví. É cêìh pkgsjr quk `krtj cjhtj nk nisìphigj "Jcigjh, `fgtiguf ouejgj k mê kstfu pkrnfjnj, gàf é6". Gàf, Nkus ci`j irjnf `fgtrj f pk`jnf k f `rkgtk gàf vivk ke pk`jnf. Gàf ní risjnj gke tkgoj prjzkr ke rkhjtjr ‘sujs prfkzjs― nk cjhtj nk nisìphigj. F prkäf quk Nkus kxidiu gj `ruz pkhf pk`jnf cfi jhtf.

0. Rk`fgokäj j ig`fgsistígìj nj suj cjhtj nk nisìphigj. Ke @ristf, vf`í sk nkspiu nf "vkhof ofeke" k sk rkvkstiu nf "gfvf ofeke". Sf`í pfnk nizkr ‘gàf― jf pk`jnf. Sf`í nkvk kxprkssjr nfeågif prðprif `fef crutf nj vinj nf Kspåritf K spåritf ke vf`í. Gàf cjzí-hf é uej `fgtrjniäàf. >. Efrticiquk f pk`jnf nk cjhtj nk nisìphigj. Issf é tàf "siephks" jssie= rkùsk `knkr ì ignisìphigj, ejtk f pk`jnf nk cfek. Sf`í gàf pfnk "efrtici`jr" f pk`jnf ske skgtir j nfr nk ejtê-hf. É nurf nkixjr uej prêti`j quk krj `fgcfrtêvkh pjrj vf`í k hok njvj prjzkr. Ejs gàf oê futrf mkitf! Jdfrj vf`í kstê prfgtj pjrj inkgtici`jr skis êrkjs prêti`js pr êti`js `ruìjis nk nisìphigj gj vinj nj euhokr `ristà. cihtrf― nk :. Jquihf quk vf`í pkgsj . J Båbhij gfs frnkgj hkvjr `jnj pkgsjekgtf ‘`jtivf― j @ristf (2@f :<.;), `fe j jmunj nf ‘cihtrf― Cihipkgsks >.?= ‘tunf f quk é vkrnjnkirf, tunf f quk é rkspkitêvkh, tunf f quk é mustf, tunf f quk é purf, tunf f quk é jeêvkh, tunf f quk é nk bfj cjej, sk jhduej virtunk oê k sk jhdue hfuvfr kxistk, skmj issf f quk fùpk f vfssf pkgsjekgtf ―. pkgsjekgtf (k Khk `fgok`k!), vf`í nkixjrij khk fùpjr j suj @fef cjzkr6 Pk vf`í kstivkssk hkebrjnj nk quk Nkus `fgok`k kssk pkgsjekgtf ekgtk6 Kgtàf, su bstituj su bstituj ieknijtjekgtk ieknijtjekgtk pfr futrf pkgsjekgtf, ‘eunk nk pêdigj― pêdigj― gj suj ekgtk, hkvjgtk -sk k fùpk-sk `fe jhduée fu jhdf quk irê tjebée fùpjr f sku ppkgsjekg kgsjekgtf. tf. [e pêssjrf pfnk pfusjr ke suj `jbkäj, ejs gàf pkreitj quk khk cjäj ue gigof. gigof. 2. Jquihf quk vf`í ví. Sivkefs ke uej uej ùhturj visujh. Pkgsujhinjnk k `fbiäj sàf j tþgi`j nj ejifrij njs iejdkgs iejdkgs prfpjdjnjs pkhfs vkåùhfs nj eånij. eånij. Dujrnk fs skus fhofs, fhofs, cjäj `fe khks ue pj`tf nk gàf `fhf`ê-hfs fgnk gàf nkvk nkvk (Mð 0:.:). @fef cjzkr6 Kvitk nktkreigjnfs sitks, prfdrjejs nk tkhkvisàf, vånkfs k rkvistjs ùmf `fgtkýnf vf`í mê sjbk qujh é. Zujgnf sk nkpjrjr `fe jhduej iejdke igkspkr jnj, jnj, eunk hfdf hf df nk pêdigj pêdig j fu nk `jgjh. Gàf sk pkreitj pkreit j ‘kxpkriekgtjr― pjrj vkr `fef `fef é, pfis js iejdkgs ci`je drjvjnjs drjvjnjs gj ekgtk k pfnke hok `jusjr euitj hutj gf `frjäàf. Gàf brigquk `fe fs skus fhofs. 0. Jquihf quk vf`í cjhj . J hågduj pfnk skr igstruekgtf nk vinj fu nk efrtk (\v :?.2:). @fgtrfhk sujs pjhjvrjs. @fef cjzkr6 Jgtks nk njr jqukhj rkspfstj nurj, nk kxprkssjr ke pjhjvrjs j suj irritjäàf, nk cjzkr uej `råti`j `fe sjr`jsef, nk eureurjr, ekgtir, sfhtjr ue pjhjvràf, cjzkr uej prfekssj vjzij fu pjrtiìpjr nk uej cfcf`j, cihtrk= F Pkgofr kstê fuvignf Jssuej ue `feprfeissf nijgtk nk Nkus= `jnj vkz quk `jir, pkäj pkrnàf ì tjebée1 kssjs pjhjvrjs sàf jdrjnêvkis nijgtk nKhk6 Jssuej pkssfj `fe quke vf`í kstivkr cjhjgnf. F `fgstrjgdiekgtf `fgstrjgdiekgtf nk tkr nk pknir pkrnàf jmunjrê vf`í j pkgsjr pkgsjr nujs vkzks gj vkz skduigtk. skduigtk. >. Jquihf quk fùpj f sku tkepf. F bfe usf nf tkepf jgnj nk eàfs njnjs `fe f `frjäàf sêbif (Ph 9<.:2). @fef cjzkr6 @fek`k pfr kstjbkhk`kr sujs prifrinjnks. Ke skduinj, phjgkmk suj jdkgnj niêrij, skejgjh, ekgsjh. Pkmj nurj `fe vf`í eksej gf ùepriekgtf nj suj jdkgnj. @fek`k pkhf ejis iepfrtjgtk. ^kreigk skeprk jquihf quk `fekäfu. Hkebrk= vf`í tke tkepf pjrj cjzkr tunf jquihf quk ks`fhok cjzkr, ejs vf`í gàf é nfgj nf sku tkepf − Khk pkrtkg`k j Nkus, k Nkus pkni rê `fgtj nk `fef vf`í usfu `jnj ue nfs ?3.><< skdugnfs nk `jnj nij nk suj vinj. ;. Jquihf quk vf`í `fek . Nkus sk iepfrtj `fe j sjýnk nf sku `frpf, `jnj djrcjnj quk vf`í hkvj ì suj bf`j, fu nkixj nk hkvjr qujgnf kstê prksj ke niktjs eirjbfhjgtks, eirjbfhjgtks, k `jnj dfhk nk bkbinj igdkrinf fu gàf igdkrinf (:@f ( :@f :<.0:). Igcfrek-sk `fe prfcissifgjis nj sjýnk, kstjbkhkäj sku phjgf nk jhiekgtjäàf, `fhfquk ‘`kr`js― pjrj gàf `jir gj @fef cjzkr6 Igcfrek-sk tkgtjäàf nk `fekr f quk gàf nkvk, fu nk nkixjr nk `fekr f quk nkvk, k frk skeprk jgtks nk `fekr jhduej `fisj. Pkrê nicåìh jdrjnk`kr j Nkus pfr jquihf quk vf`í mê sjbk quk gàf nkvk `fekr. 3. Jquihf quk vf`í cjz `fe fs skus pkrtkg`ks . Frdjgizjäàf Frdjgizjä àf - pjrj jhduejs, é ue pjhjvràf! pjhjvr àf! Ejs khj tke j vkr vkr `fe efrnfeij cikh. nf kx`kssf, `fepjrtihojgnf `fe futrj pkssfj quk pfssj cjzkr bfe usf njquihf quk pjrj vf`í é nispkgsêvkh. nispkgsêvkh. Pkmj Pkmj ùinjnfsj. @fhfquk @fhfquk `jnj `fisj `fisj ke sku hudjr. hudjr. Hkebrk= gàf é jpkgjs f sku nigokirf nig okirf quk pkrtkg`k j Nkus − sujs rfupjs, sjpjtfs, fbmktfs, fbm ktfs, hivrfs, NSNs, k tunf ejis sàf nKhk. @fef cjzkr6 @fek`k pfr hiepjr suj eksj, sku jreêrif, suj efòihj, sku `jrrf. Hivrk-sk

Zujh j êrkj ke quk vf`í ejis hutj `fe nisìphigj6 \rfùrk \ rfùrk f `fgskhof k j jmunj nk uej euhokr kxpkrikgtk gj êrkj, kstjbkhkäj ektjs `fg`rktjs, kg`fgtrk uej `fepjgokirj `fepjgokirj nk `jeigojnj quk frk pfr vf`í k j jmunk j ci`jr cirek. Nkniquk-sk j ùeprir skus fbmktivfs ue j ue, sjbkgnf quk suj pkrskvkrjgäj é jdrjnêvkh j Nkus. 9 @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

D[IJ NK KP^[NF K J\HI@JÄÀF

Jgtks nk `fekäjr j cjzkr js jtivinjnks, hkij `fe jtkgäàf f ksbfäf nj [ginjnk. Js jtivinjnks `fephkekgtje j bjsk båbhi`j `fgtinj gf ksbfäf k juxihije gj jphi`jäàf njs vkrnjnks båbhi`js ke suj vinj. Frk quk Nkus j frikgtk gf kstunf k prêti`j nj Puj \jhjvrj.

@fgok`kr j Nkus k Puj \jhjvrj

\JRJ D[JRNJR GF @FRJÄÀF F quk kg`fbrk js sujs su js trjgsdrkssûks trjgsdrkss ûks mjejis prfspkrjrê1 prfs pkrjrê1 ejs f quk js `fgckssj `fgckssj k nkixj jh`jgäjrê eiskri`ðrnij. \v 2?.:0

J PÐP @FE NK[P Rfejgfs 3.:-:; \juhf ks`rkvk sfbrk js iephi`jäûks nf gfssf rkhjìfgjekgtf pkssfjh `fe @ristf. Nkvk ojvkr kvinígìjs kxtkrgjs bke `fg`rktjs `fef `fgskquígìj gjturjh nj trjgscfrejäàf trjgscfrejäàf igtkrifr. ◆ Zujh j gfrejhinjnk nj vinj `ristà `rist à (vv.3, ::-:0)6 Histk jhdugs vkhofs oêbitfs quk mê cfrje substituånfs pfr prêti`js nk fbkniígìj j Nkus. ◆ Zuk jbkrturj \juhf nku jf usf nj drjäj pjrj mustici`jr j pkrejgígìj gfs oêbitfs pk`jeigfsfs (vv. : k 2, :;)6 Pkrê quk ìs vkzks gfs jprfvkitjefs ignkvinjekgtk nj drjäj nk @ristf6

Rfejgfs ?.:-9 Ks`rkvkgnf jfs Rfejgfs, f jpðstfhf \juhf kgcjtizj f kckitf nj ejrjvihofsj ejrjvihofsj drjäj nk Nkus ke @ristf. @ ristf. ◆ F quk sidgici`j ke suj vinj j vkrnjnk nf vkrsf 26 Nk qu jis oêbitfs vf`í gàf é ejis ks`rjvj6 Jdrjnkäj j Nkus. ◆ Gf vkrsf vkrsf ;, \juhf cjhj sfbrk fs pkgsjekgtfs. Inkgticiquk js situjäûks ke quk vf`í é ejis vuhgkrêvkh j ig`higjr-sk pjrj pkgsjekgtfs quk gàf `fgnizke `fgnizke `fe j ekgtk nf Kspåritf. Kspåritf. ◆ Zujgtf tkepf nf nij vf`í `fstuej djstjr pkgsjgnf ‘gf pifr―, ksquk`kgnf-sk nk Nkus6 @fepjrk `fe f tkepf quk vf`í usj pjrj jdrjnk`kr, jdrjnk`kr, hfuvjr j Nkus k `fgvkrsjr `fe Khk.

\rfvérbifs :2.:; k 2?.23 J Båbhij inkgtici`j f kspåritf ignkpkgnkgtk k jhtivf nf ofeke `fef f prfbhkej `kgtrjh ke suj vinj. F igskgsjtf jgnj ke skus prðprifs `jeigofs k j`jbj pkreitig pkreitignf nf quk jhduée fu jhdf `fgtrfhk j suj vinj vinj ke hudjr nk Nkus k nktkreigk sku `fepfrtjekgtf. :< @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

◆ Hkij jdfrj \rfvérbifs :<.24, :>.23 , 24, :;.00, :3.3, :9.20. F tkefr nf Pkgofr é ignispkgsêvkh pjrj skrefs bke-su`kninfs gf gfssf keprkkgniekgtf nk eunjgäj nk oêbitfs. ◆ @fe bjsk gf quk vf`í quk vf`í hku, ks`rkvj uej nkcigiäàf nk ‘tkefr nf Pkgofr― pjrj frikgtjr j suj j suj vinj. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.

\rfvérbifs 2?.:0, :> [ej njs ‘nfkgäjs― nf gfssf `frjäàf é j ‘Pågnrfek nf Énkg―, fu skmj, j tkgnígìj tkgníg` ij pkrsistkgtk pkrsistkgt k nk gfs nksùhpjrefs k gfs ks`fgnkrefs ke hudjr nk hinjr `fe j ùhpj pkhf jrrkpkgniekgtf sig`krf. ◆ Zujis fs nfis pjssfs igni`jnfs gf vkrsf :0 pjrj hinjr `fe oêbitfs pk`jeigfsfs6 pk`jeigfsfs6 ◆ Ke quk situjäûks vf`í é ejis tkgtjnj j jrrjg mjr jrrjg mjr nksùhpjs pjrj `fgtigujr j prjti`jr skus oêbitfs6 ◆ Ke quk situjäûks vf`í é ejis tkgtjnj j kgnurk`kr f `frjäàf k kg`fbrir fs skus oêbitfs6 Zuk kstrjtédijs vf`í usj6 ◆ Hkij sfbrk f rki Njvi (2Pe :21 Ph 02 k ;:) k f cihof prðnidf (H` :;). F quk vf`í pfnk jprkgnkr `fe khks6

2@frågtifs 4.?-:: Ke dkrjh, js pkssfjs j`rknitje quk jrrkpkgniekgtf sidgici`j siephksekgtk skgtir-sk skgtir-sk ejh pkhf pk`jnf k sujs euitjs `fgskquígìjs. J Båbhij, pfrée, nickrkgìj kgtrk f pksjr, fu rkefrsf, k f jrrkpkgniekgtf. ◆ Pkrê quk tfnj vkz quk vf`í vf` í skgtk tristkzj pfr ue krrf é tristkzj pjrj jrrkpkgniekgtf6 jrrkpkgniekgtf6 @fef sjbkr6 ◆ Hkij sfbrk Ksjý ke Okbrkus :2.:3-:4. :2.:3 -:4. Zuk crjsk gf v. :4 igni`j quk js kefäûks gke skeprk sidgici`je jrrkpkgniekgtf vkrnjnkirf6 Gfssj tristkzj gke skeprk jdrjnj j Nkus. \fr quí6 ◆ Hkij Hkij sfbrk f rki Pjuh (:Pe :;.2>-0<) k Munjs (Et 24.0-;). Sf`í `fstuej ci`jr tristk pfrquk uígìjs nf sku pk`jnf quk vf`í dfstjrij nk gàf kgcrkgtjr, kgtristk`ku j Nkus. :: @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

Kcésifs >.:4-02 J \jhjvrj nk Nkus cjz ue `fgtrjstk kgtrk f `fepfrtjekgtf `fepfrtjekgt f nf vkhof ofeke k f nf gfvf ofeke quk ejgickstj j gjturkzj nk @ristf. ◆ Inkgticiquk fs `fgtrjstks `fgtinfs gfs vkrsfs. 2; j 02 quk ihustrje bke f ‘nkspfmjr -sk nf vkhof ofeke― k ‘rkvkstir -sk ‘rkvkstir -sk nf gfvf ofeke―. ofeke―. ◆ Sf`í tke inkgtici`jnf eunjgäjs skekhojgtks ke suj vinj6

[EJ OIP^ÐRIJ NK SINJ= Rjjbk Hkij Mfsué 2.:-2:1 3.:4-2;1 Ejtkus :.;1 Okbrkus ::.0:1 îjdf 2.2;. ‘Rjjbk, j prfstitutj―. Jf hfgdf nj Båbhij, kstjs trís pjhjvrjs cfrje usjnjs ke rkckrígìj j uej euhokr quk jefu euitf j Nkus. F cjtf nk Rjjbk, j prfstitutj, kstjr ig`huånj gfs kxkephfs nj cé nf hivrf nk Okbrkus (Ob ::.0:) sidgici`j pjrj gðs quk khj tke uej oistðrij j `fgtjr sfbrk f jgtks k f nkpfis. (DKFRDK, Khizjbkto. Euhokrks quk

jejrje j Nkus . Pàf \juhf= Ojdgfs, 2<<:.)

◆ J oistðrij nk Rjjbk cjhj-gfs nj drjäj nk Nkus quk gfs jtigdk qujhqukr quk skmj gfssj `fgniäàf nk pk`jnf, sjhvj-gfs ke @ristf k gfs surprkkgnk usjgnf-gfs nk ejgkirj igkspkrjnj ke Pku phjgf. Puj oistðrij tjebée cjhj-gfs nj gfssj rkspfstj j Nkus, `fe fbkniígìj prêti`j ke fbrjs nk mustiäj quk F jdrjnje. J suj fbkniígìj j Nkus rkchktk j suj cé6 ◆ J oistðrij nk Rjjbk cjhj-gfs nj cinkhinjnk c inkhinjnk nk Nkus ke ùeprir ke gfssj vinj jquihf quk Khk prfektk. Rjjbk `fhf`fu suj cé ke Nkus k gàf cfi nk`kpìfgjnj. nk`kpìfgj nj. Khj igiìfu ig iìfu uej `jeigojnj `fe Nkus, mugtf jf pfvf nk Nkus. Cfi eàk nk Bfjz ‐ f f kspfsf nk Rutk k bisjvþ nf rki Njvi ‐ Njvi ‐ k k é ìtjnj gj dkgkjhfdij dkgkjhfdi j nk Mksus k gj djhkrij nj cé nj `jrtj jfs Okbrkus. Sf`í `fgcij gj cinkhinjnk nk Nkus ke ùeprir j fbrj quk Khk igiìfu ke suj vinj6 (`c. Cp :.3).

:2 @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

@FGOKÄJ F NK[P CIKH J cinkhinjnk nk Nkus iephi`j quk Khk skeprk cjrê jquihf quk niz k ùeprirê f quk prfektk. J cinkhinjnk nk Nkus djrjgtk quk Khk ùeprirê Pujs prfekssjs. prf ekssjs. Nkus gàf é ofeke, pjrj quk eigtj1 gke cihof nk ofeke, pjrj quk sk jrrkpkgnj. jrrkpkgnj. \frvkgturj, \frvkgturj, tkgnf khk prfektinf, prfektinf, gàf f cjrê6 Fu, tkgnf cjhjnf, gàf f ùeprirê6 Ge 20.:9 J cinkhinjnk nk Nkus djrjgtk quk Khk ùeprirê ke gðs gð s j sjgtici`jäàf. F eksef Nkus nj pjz vfs sjgticiquk ke tunf1 k f vfssf kspåritf, jhej k `frpf skmje `fgskrvjnfs ågtkdrfs k irrkprkkgsåvkis gj vignj nk gfssf Pkgofr Mksus @ristf. Cikh é f quk vfs òjej, f qujh tjebée f cjrê. :^s ;.20, 2> J cinkhinjnk nk Nkus gfs dujrnj. Gàf vfs sfbrkvkif tkgtjäàf quk gàf cfssk ouejgj1 ejs Nkus é cikh k gàf pkreitirê quk skmjis tkgtjnfs jhée njs vfssjs cfräjs1 pkhf `fgtrêrif, mugtjekgtk `fe j tkgtjäàf, vfs prfvkrê hivrjekgtf, nk sfrtk quk j pfssjis supfrtjr.:@f :<.:0

^fnjvij, f Pkgofr é cikh1 khk vfs `fgcirejrê k dujrnjrê nf Ejhidgf . 2^s 0.0 J cinkhinjnk nk Nkus gfs djrjgtk pkrnàf k purici`jäàf `fgtågufs ke @ristf. Pk `fgckssjrefs fs gfssfs pk`jnfs, khk é cikh k mustf pjrj gfs pkrnfjr fs pk`jnfs k gfs purici`jr nk tfnj igmustiäj.

:Mf :.9

Puj kxprkssàf nk hfuvfr j Nkus


@rks`kr gf nij j nij

F prf`kssf NRR Zujgtf ì jgtidj ejgkirj nk vivkr, vf`ís cfrje kgsigjnfs j nkspir-sk nf vkhof ofeke, quk sk `frrfepk pfr nkskmfs kgdjgfsfs, j skrke rkgfvjnfs gf efnf nk pkgsjr k j rkvkstir-sk rkvkstir-sk nf nf gfvf ofeke, `rijnf `rijnf pjrj skr skr skekhojgtk skekhojgtk j Nkus Nkus ke mustiäj k ke ke sjgtinjnk sjgtinjnk prfvkgikgtks nj vkrnjnk. Kc vkrnjnk. Kc >.22-2>

\jhjvrj nk Nkus, R kgfvjrkgfvjrJ suj tjrkcj `fgstjgtk é= N kspir-sk nfs oêbitfs nk ue kstihf nk vinj quk gàf `fgniz `fe j \jhjvrj sk pkhj prfdrjejäàf nk suj ekgtk `fe j vkrnjnk båbhi`j k R kvkstir-sk kvkstir-sk nk gfvjs prêti`js prê ti`js `fgnizkgtks `fgnizk gtks `fe j \jhjvrj \jhjvrj nk Nkus. [sk kstk qujnrf pjrj trjbjhojr ue oêbitf quk prkìsj nk eunjgäj ke suj vinj. F @FG^K_^F

Js igchuígìjs quk cjvfrk`ke j prêti`j nf oêbitf quk nksjdrjnj j Nkus k quk prkìsf eunjr. (Inkgticiquk nk cfrej kspk`åci`j= fs rkhjìfgjekgtfs, js ìrùgstâgìjs ejis nivkrsjs ‐ nivkrsjs ‐ bfjs bfjs k ruigs, prfbhkejs cåsi`fs, ùhturj, prkssûks...) prkssûks...)

KGFSJR R KGFSJR J vkrnjnk nj \jhjvrj j rkspkitf nk Nkus, nk eie eksej k nf `fgtkxtf. F quk nkvk fùpjr j eigoj ekgtk6

NKP\IR Eigoj rkspfstj ojbitujh jf `fgtkxtf, quk nksjdrjnj j Nkus k prkìsj eunjr. (Nks`rkvj fs pkgsjekgtfs, jtitunks, pjhjvrjs k jäûks quk gàf `fgnizke `fe jquihf quk Nkus pknk nk vf`í.)

(Ks`fhoj vkrsåùhfs båbhi`fs ‘dkrjis― sfbrk eunjgäj k tjebée vkrsåùhfs nirktjekgtk hidjnfs jf oêbitf quk nkvk skr trjtjnf.)

KSKPÎR R KSKPÎR F gfvf kstihf nk vinj quk nkvf prjti`jr. (Nks`rkvj fs pkgsjekgtfs, jtitunks, pjhjvrjs k jäûks quk `fgnizke `fe jquihf quk Nkus pknk nk vf`í.)

:> @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

@fepjrtihojr \rkpjrjnj pjrj jmunjr Gf prf`kssf nk eunjgäj, ue nfs jspk`tfs ejis ejis iepfrtjgtks iepfrtjgtks é dujrnjefs dujrnjefs j kspkrjgäj kspkrjgäj cugnjekgtjnj cugnjekgtjnj gjquihf quk @ristf ckz, cjz k cjrê pfr gðs, k gj cinkhinjnk nk Nkus. Nksùbrj jhdugs bkgkcåìfs nj kspkrjgäj= ◆ J kspkrjgäj prfnuz VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVV VVV (\v :<.2?1 Re:2.:2) Re:2.:2) ◆ J kspkrjgäj prfnuz VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VV VVVVVVV VVVVVVV (Re ?.2>, 2;) ◆ J kspkrjgäj prfnuz VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVV (@h :.>, ;) ◆ J kspkrjgäj prfnuz VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVV (:ê >.:<) ◆ J kspkrjgäj prfnuz VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVV VVVVVVVV VVVVVVVV (:Mf 0.2, 0)

Nk quk cfrej prêti`j vf`í pfnk vkr kstks kckitfs ke suj vinj6

Ig`kgtivk jdfrj uej jeidj quk kstkmj hutjgnf pjrj eunjr ejus oêbitfs. ^rjgseitj j khj kspkrjgäj båbhi`j, `fgvkrsjgnf sfbrk sfbrk @ristf k j cinkhinjnk nk Nkus.

:; @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

@OJSK BÅBHI@J

Eunjgäj nk oêbitfs J bjsk nj eunjgäj nk oêbitfs= j rkgfvjäàf nj ekgtk Kc >.22-2> − G f skgtinf nk quk, q uk, qujgtf jf trjtf pjssjnf, pjss jnf, vfs nkspfmkis nksp fmkis nf vkhof ofeke, quk sk `frrfepk `frrfepk skdugnf js `fgùpis`ígìjs nf kgdjgf, k vfs rkgfvkis gf kspåritf nf vfssf kgtkgniekgtf, k vfs rkvistjis nf gfvf ofeke, `rijnf skdugnf Nkus, ke mustiäj mustiäj k rktinàf prf`knkgtks prf`knkgtks nj vkrnjnk.

Re 3.:: − Jssie tjebée vðs `fgsinkrji-vfs `fgsinkrji-vfs efrtfs pjrj f pk`jnf, pk`jnf, ejs vivfs pjrj Nkus, Nkus, ke @ristf Mksus. 2@f :<.>, ; − \frquk js jrejs jrejs nj gfssj eihåìj gàf sàf sàf `jrgjis, `jrgjis, k sie pfnkrfsjs pfnkrfsjs ke Nkus, Nkus, pjrj pjrj nkstruir nkstruir cfrtjhkzjs, jguhjgnf jguhjgn f gðs sfcisejs sfcis ejs k tfnj jhtivkz jht ivkz quk sk hkvjgtk hkvjg tk `fgtrj f `fgokìekgtf nk Nkus, k hkvjgnf `jtivf `jtivf tfnf pkgsjekgtf ì fbkniígìj nk @ristf.

Cp >.?, 9 − Cigjhekgtk, ireàfs, tunf f quk é vkrnjnkirf, vkrnjnkirf, tunf f quk é rkspkitêvkh, rkspkitêvkh, tunf f quk é mustf, tunf tunf f quk é purf, tunf f quk é jeêvkh, tunf tunf f quk é nk bfj cjej, sk jhduej virtunk virtunk oê k sk jhdue hfuvfr kxistk, skmj issf issf f quk fùpk f vfssf pkgsjekgtf. F quk tjebée jprkgnkstks, k rk`kbkstks, k fuvistks, k vistks ke eie, issf prjti`ji1 k f Nkus nj pjz skrê `fgvfs`f. `fgvfs`f.

Re :2.:, 2 − Rfdf-vfs, pfis, ireàfs, ireàfs, pkhjs pkhjs eiskri`ðrnijs nk Nkus, Nkus, quk quk jprkskgtkis jprkskgtkis f vfssf vfssf `frpf `frpf pfr sj`ricå sj`ricåìf ìf vivf vivf,, sjgtf k jdrjnêvkh jdrjnêvkh j Nkus, quk é f vfssf ùhtf ùhtf rjìfgjh. rjìfgjh. K gàf vfs `fgcfrekis `fgcfrekis `fe kstk séùhf, séùhf, ejs trjgscfreji-vfs pkhj rkgfvjäàf nj vfssj ekgtk, pjrj quk kxpkriekgtkis kxpkriekgtkis qujh skmj j bfj, jdrjnêvkh k pkrckitj pkrckitj vfgtjnk nk Nkus.

Jhdugs kxkephfs båbhi`fs nk vkhofs k gfvfs oêbitfs Frdijs, nissfhuäûks, `fgtkgnjs, ìýeks vs. gkgouej `fgùpis`ígìj nj `jrgk Re :0.:2-:> − Nkixkefs, pfis, pfis, js fbrjs njs trkvjs k rkvistjef-gfs njs jrejs nj huz. Jgnkefs nidgjekgtk, `fef ke phkgf nij, gàf ke frdijs frdi js k bkbkni`ks, gàf ke iepuni`åìjs iep uni`åìjs k nissfhuäûks, niss fhuäûks, gàf ke `fgtkgnjs k ìýeks1 ejs rkvkstivfs nf Pkgofr Mksus @ristf k gjnj nispfgojis pjrj j `jrgk gf tf`jgtk ìs sujs ` fgùpis`ígìjs.

Ekgtirj vs. vkrnjnk Kc >.2; − \fr issf, nkixjgnf j ekgtirj, cjhk `jnj ue j vkrnjnk `fe `fe f sku prðxief, prðxief, pfrquk sfefs ekebrfs ugs nfs futrfs. Rfubf vs. trjbjhof k dkgkrfsinjnk dkgkrfsinjnk Kc >.2? − Jqukhk quk curtjvj gàf curtk curtk ejis1 jgtks, trjbjhok, trjbjhok, cjzkgnf `fe js prðprijs prðprijs eàfs f quk é bfe, bfe, pjrj quk tkgoj `fe quk jùnir jf gk`kssitjnf.

\jhjvrjs tfrpks vs. knici`jäàf k drjäj Kc >.29 − Gàf sjij nj vfssj vfssj bf`j bf`j gkgouej gkgouej pjhjvrj tfrpk, k sie sie ugi`jekgtk ugi`jekgtk j quk cfr bfj pjrj pjrj knici`jä knici`jäàf, àf, `fgcfrek `fgcfrek j gk`kssinjnk, k, jssie, trjgseitj drjäj jfs quk fuvke.

Jejrdurj, `ðhkrj, irj, dritjrij, ejhåìj vs. bkgidginjnk, pkrnàf Kc >.0:, 02 − Hfgdk nk vðs, tfnj tfnj jejrdurj, jejrdurj, k `ðhkrj, k irj, k dritjrij, dritjrij, k bhjscíeijs, k bke jssie jssie tfnj tfnj ejhåìj. ejhåìj. Jgtks, Jgtks, sknk ugs pjrj `fe fs futrfs bkgidgfs, `fepjssivfs, pkrnfjgnf-vfs ugs jfs futrfs, `fef tjebée tjebée Nkus, ke @ristf, vfs pkrnffu.

Iepurkzj, `fbiäj, pjhjvrjs tfrpks vs. jäûks nk drjäj drjäj Kc ;.0, > − Ejs j iepuni`åìj iepuni`åìj k tfnj tfnj sfrtk sfrtk nk iepurkzjs fu `fbiäj gke skqukr skqukr sk gfekike gfekike kgtrk vðs, `fef `fgvée j sjgtfs1 gke `fgvkrsjäàf tfrpk, gke pjhjvrjs pjhjvrjs vàs fu òf`jrri`ks, òf`jrri`ks, `fisjs kssjs ig`fgvkgikgtks1 ig`fgvkgikgtks1 jgtks, jgtks, pkhf pkhf `fgtrêri `fgtrêrif, f, jäûks nk drjäjs. :3 @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

Pkr `ýephi`k nf krrf vs. rkprfvjr f krrf krrf Kc ;.:: − K gàf skmjis `ýephi`ks `ýephi`ks gjs fbrjs igcrutåckrjs igcrutåckrjs njs trkvjs1 jgtks, jgtks, pfrée, rkprfvji-js. Jgnjr `fef gésìf vs. jgnjr `fef sêbif Kc ;.:;-:4 − \frtjgtf, vknk prunkgtkekgtk prunkgtkekgtk `fef jgnjis, gàf `fef gésìfs, k sie `fef sêbifs, sêbifs, rkeignf f tkepf, pfrquk fs nijs sàf ejus. ejus. \fr kstj rjzàf, rjzàf, gàf vfs tfrgkis tfrgkis igskgsjtfs, ejs prfùrji `feprkkgnkr `feprkkgnkr qujh j vfgtjnk nf Pkgofr.

Jgsiknjnk vs. frjäàf Cp >.3 − Gàf jgnkis jgsifsfs nk `fisj jhduej1 ke tunf, pfrée, skmje `fgokìnjs, nijgtk nk Nkus, js vfssjs pktiäûks, pkhj frjäàf frjäàf k pkhj sýphi`j, `fe `fe jäûks nk drjäjs.

Irj, jejrdurj, pjhjvrjs pk`jeigfsjs vs. ejgsinàf, pkrnàf, jefr @h 0.?, :2-:> − Jdfrj, pfrée, nkspfmji-vfs, idujhekgtk, nk tunf istf= irj, ignidgjäàf, ejhnjnk, ejhkni`ígìj, higdujdke fbs`kgj nf vfssf cjhjr. Gàf eigtjis ugs jfs futrfs, uej vkz quk vfs nkspistks nf vkhof ofeke `fe fs skus ckitfs k vfs vfs rkvkstistks rkvkstistks nf gfvf gfvf ofeke ofeke quk quk sk rkcjz pjrj f phkgf `fgokìekgtf, skdugnf skdugnf j iejdke iejdke njqukhk njqukhk quk f `rifu1 gf qujh gàf pfnk ojvkr drkdf gke munku, ìrùgìsàf gke igìrùgìsàf, bêrbjrf, ìtj, ks`rjvf, hivrk1 pfrée @ristf é tunf ke tfnfs. Rkvksti-vfs, pfis, `fef khkitfs nk Nkus, sjgtfs k jejnfs, nk tkrgfs jcktfs nk eiskri`ðrnij, nk nk bfgnjnk, nk oueihnjnk, nk ejgsinàf, nk hfgdjgieinjnk. Pupfrtji-vfs ugs jfs futrfs, pkrnfji-vfs eutujekgtk, `jsf jhduée tkgoj eftivf nk qukixj `fgtrj futrke. Jssie `fef f Pkgofr vfs pkrnffu, jssie tjebée pkrnfji vðs1 jìej nk tunf istf, pfrée, kstkmj f jefr, quk é f vågùhf nj pkrckiäàf .

Iepurkzj, ejhnjnk vs. ejgsinàf gj prêti`j prêti`j nj \jhjvrj ^d :.2:, 22 − \frtjgtf, nkspfmjgnf-vfs nk tfnj iepurkzj k j`ýeuhf j`ýeuhf nk ejhnjnk, j`fhoki, `fe ejgsinàf, ejgsinàf, j pjhjvrj pjhjvrj ke vðs iephjgtjnj, j qujh é pfnkrfsj pjrj sjhvjr j vfssj jhej. ^frgji-vfs, pfis, prjti`jgtks nj pjhjvrj k gàf sfekgtk fuvigtks, kgdjgjgnf-vfs kgdjgjgnf-vfs j vðs eksefs.

Ejhnjnk, oipf`risij, igvkmj vs. dkguågf `rksìekgtf `ristàf :\k 2.:, 2 − Nkspfmjgnf-vfs, pfrtjgtf, nk tfnj ejhnjnk k nfhf, nk oipf`risijs k igvkmjs k nk tfnj sfrtk nk ejhkni`ígìjs, ejhkni`íg ìjs, nkskmji nkskmj i jrnkgtkekgtk, jrnkgtkekgt k, `fef `rijgäjs rk`ée-gjs rk `ée-gjsìnjs, ìnjs, f dkguågf hkitk kspiritujh, pjrj quk, pfr khk, khk, vfs skmj njnf `rksìekgtf `rksìekgtf pjrj sjhvjäàf.


RK@[RPFP HKI^[RJP RK@FEKGNJNJP BKRD, Mie. ^rjgscfrejnfs ì Puj iejdke. Pàf \juhf= Knitfrj Bjtistj Rkduhjr, 2<<4, 03> p. \fr ekif nk `hjrfs kgsigfs båbhi`fs k kxkephfs prêti`fs, f jutfr gfs kgsigj `fef `fgstruir ue rkhjìfgjekgtf ågtief `fe Nkus ‐ Nkus ‐ j j "pkäj cjhtjgtk" gj kxpkriígìj nk euitfs `rkgtks. BRINDKP, Mkrry. J bus`j nj sjgtinjnk . Brjsåhij= Efgkrdisef, 2<:0, :4< p. ‘ J Bus`j efnkrgf. Mkrry Brindks nissipj jhdugs kquåvf`fs kquåvf`fs Bus`j nj nj Pjgtinjnk Pjgtinjnk ekrk`k ri`jekgtk skr `fgsinkrjnf ue `hêssi`f efnkrgf. pkridfsfs kgqujgtf eftivj fs hkitfrks `fe uej pjixàf pkhj vkrnjnkirj sjgtinj sjgtinjnk. nk. Kstk é `krtj `krtjekgt ekgtkk ue nfs hivr hivrfs fs ejis iepfrtjgtks prfnuzinfs prfnuzinfs gfs ýhtiefs ìgqukgtj jgfs.― (Mfog Ej`Jrtour). BRINDKP, Mkrry. \k`jnfs igtf`êvkis. Pàf \juhf= Sinj Gfvj, 2<:2, :43 p. \fr quk tfhkrjefs `krtfs pk`jnfs6 Pkrê quk fs `ristàfs vivke tàf prkfùpjnfs `fe fs pk`jnfs `fgsinkrjnfs ejis drjvks pkhj sfìknjnk s fìknjnk quk sk tfrgjrje ignickrkgtks ig nickrkgtks ì gk`kssinjnk gk`kssin jnk nk trjtjr fs pk`jnfs ejis ejis sutis quk tfnfs `fektkefs6 `fektkefs6 BRINDKP, Mkrry. J vinj crutåckrj. Pàf \juhf= @uhturj @ristà, 2<:<, :>> p. @fef pfnkefs vkstir fs trjmks nj drjäj qujgnf kstjefs tàf fùpjnfs hutjgnf `fe gfssfs vkhofs pjnrûks nk `fepfrtjekgtf6 Mkrry Brindks kxphfrj fs gfvk jspk`tfs nf "crutf nf Kspåritf" ke Dêhjtjs ;.22-20 k ks`hjrk`k f prf`kssf nk ùhtivf gfs efstrjgnf efstrjgnf `fef `fef prjti`jr prjti`jr f "crutf" "crutf" gj vinj rkjh. BRFDKR, Mfog @. Jutf`fgcrfgtjäàf. Pàf \juhf= KBR, 2<<<, >44 p. [e prfdrjej nk nisìpuhjnf ni sìpuhjnf quk kgsigj j kstunjr js j s Ks`riturjs Ks`ritur js nk efnf j fbtkr rkspfstjs pjrj fs fs prfbhkejs nj vinj. J Båbhij jprkskgtj sfhuäûks pjrj `jnj prfbhkej nk jtitunk, rkhjìfgjekgtf, rkhjìfgjekgtf, `feugi`jäàf k `fepfrtje `fepfrtjekgtf. kgtf. HJGK, îeftoy, ^RI\\, \juh Njvin. @fef js pkssfjs eunje. Pàf \juhf= @uhturj @ristà= 2<::. 2;; p. Kstk hivrf trjtj nk `jhfr, kspigofs, nj `ruz k nk `ruz crutfs. ^rjtj nj drjäj. Pfefs òjejnfs j `fgsinkrjr gfssjs ìrùgstâgìjs k f efnf `fef rkspfgnkefs j khjs. Pfefs `fgvf`jnfs pjrj kxjeigjr fs nkskmfs nk gfssf `frjäàf. FTKG, Mfog. J efrtici`jäàf nf pk`jnf. Pàf \juhf= Sinj, 2<<;. 293 p. J iepfrtâgìj nk n k hutjr `fgtrj tkgnígìjs tkgn ígìjs k jtitunks jtitu nks pk`jeigfsjs, pk`jeigfsj s, j`rknitjgnf j`rknitjg nf quk Nkus mê gfs nku nku js jrejs jrejs gk`kssêrijs pjrj vkg`kr f pk`jnf= fs fs prig`åpifs nj \jhjvrj k f pfnkr pfnkr nf Kspåritf Kspåritf Pjgtf.

BIBHIFDRJCIJ BIBHIFDRJCIJ @FE\HK^J K F[^RFP RK@[RPFP ottp=//`fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe ottp=//`fgskhof bibhi`f.`fe/rkùrsfs /rkùrsfs

:? @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

FGNK KP^F[

Nkus k eigoj oistðrij nk vinj ^rjgscfrejäàf pjssf j pjssf K jssie, sk jhduée kstê ke @ristf, é gfvj `rijturj1 js `fisjs jgtidjs mê pjssjrje1 kis kis quk sk cizkrje cizkrje gfvjs. 2@f ;.:4 ^rjgscfrejäàf pkhj \jhjvrj nk Nkus Dujrnf gf `frjäàf js tujs pjhjvrjs, pjrj gàf pk`jr `fgtrj ti. Ph ::9.::

^rjgscfrejäàf nk nkgtrf pjrj cfrj Pfbrk tunf f quk sk nkvk dujrnjr, dujrnj dujrn j f `frjäàf, `frjäàf, pfrquk nkhk prf`knke js cfgtks nj vinj. \v >.20 ^rjgscfrejäàf kvinkgtk F quk kg`fbrk js sujs trjgsdrkssûks mjejis prfspkrjrê1 ejs f quk js `fgckssj k nkixj nkixj jh`jgäjrê eiskri`ðrnij. eiskri`ðrnij. \v 2?.:0 \jssjnf, prkskgtk, cuturf= f drjgnk qujnrf

Zujgnf ku pk`f= j `fgsìígìj sjnij

Zujgnf futrfs pk`je `fgtrj eie= f pkrnàf båbhi`f

\krspk`tivj båbhi`j nk eie eksej

Nkus k eigojs rkspfgsjbihinjnks Nkus k eigojs hutjs Nkus k ekus rkhjìfgjekgtfs :9 @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

@fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f Igcfrejäàf k Cfrejäàf pjrj ^rjgscfrejäàf

`fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe @fgkxàf @fgskhof Båbhi`f `fgskhofbibhi`f.`fe \rfibinj j rkprfnuäàf ske jutfrizjäàf

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A4_Transformação evidente

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