Designation: A1028 − 03 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Specification for
Stainless Steel Bars for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1028; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original origin al adoption or, in the case of revis revision, ion, the year of last revision. revision. A number in paren parenthese thesess indicates the year of last reappr reapproval. oval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Sco Scope pe 1.1 Thi Thiss spe specifi cificati cation on cov covers ers stainless stainless stee steell bar barss for compressor and turbine bucket, blade, and airfoil applications. 1.2 The values stated in inch-poun inch-pound d units are to be regar regarded ded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 2. Referenc Referenced ed Documents Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 A275/A275M Practice A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings A484/A484M Specifi Specification cation for Gener General al Requir Requirements ements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings A700 Guide A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment A941 Terminology A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys,, and Ferro Alloys Ferroalloys alloys E112 Test E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size E292 Test E292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials E381 Met Method hod of Mac Macroe roetch tch Test esting ing Stee Steell Bars Bars,, Bill Billets ets,, Blooms, and Forgings E562 Test Met Method hod for Det Determ ermini ining ng Volu olume me Fra Fractio ction n by Systematic Manual Point Count 3. Terminology 3.1 Refer to Terminolog Terminology y A941 A941 for for definitions of terms used in this standard. 4. Orde Ordering ring Information Information 4.1 It is the responsi responsibil bility ity of the purchaser purchaser to spe specif cify y all requirements that are necessary for product under this specification. Such requirements to be considered may include but are not limited to the following: 1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 A01 on on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.17 on A01.17 on Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel. Current Curre nt editi edition on appro approved ved March 1, 2015. Published Published March 2015. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A1028 – 03 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/A1028-03R15. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at
[email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4.1.1 Quant Quantity ity (weight or number of pieces). pieces). 4.1.2 4.1 .2 Gra Grade de and Class (Table (Table 3). 3). 4.1.3 4.1 .3 App Applica licable ble dim dimens ension ionss inc includ luding ing siz size, e, thi thickn ckness ess,, width, and length. 4.1.4 Wheth Whether er bars are to be rolled as bars bars or cut from plate. 4.1.5 Supp Supplementar lementary y Requir Requirements. ements. 5. General Requirements Requirements 5.1 Produ Product ct furnished to this specification specification shall conform to the requir requirements ements of Specifi Specification cation A484/A484M A484/A484M including any supplementary requirements supplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchase order ord er.. Fail Failure ure to com comply ply wit with h the gen genera erall req requir uireme ements nts of Specification A484/A484M constitutes nonconformance with this specification. 5.2 In cas 5.2 casee of co confl nflict ict be betw twee een n th thee re requ quir irem emen ents ts of th this is specification and Specification A484/A484M Specification A484/A484M,, this specification shall preva prevail. il. 6. Manu Manufact facture ure Process— cess— The 6.1 Melting Pro T he st steel eel sh shall all be mad madee us usin ing g th thee Basic Ele Basic Electr ctric ic Fu Furn rnace ace Pr Proce ocess ss wi with th Ar Argo gonn-Ox Oxyg ygenenDecarburization (AOD) refining or by Vacuum Ladle Degassing. Use of Electro-Slag Remelting is permitted unless otherwise wi se sp spec ecifi ified ed by th thee pu purc rcha hase serr (s (see ee Su Supp pple leme ment ntal al Requirement S1).
6.2 Heat Treatment— Heat Heat treating of all bars is required in accordance with Table 1 to develop the required mechanical properties. 6.2.1 Numb comple plete te hea heatt Number er of Hea Heatt Tre reatm atments ents— — Two com treatments, consisting of an austenitize, quench and temper, are permitted. permit ted. Purchaser approval approval is requir required ed prior to any additional heat treatments. Temperature Variation— Heat 6.2.2 Temperature Heat tre treatin ating g tem temper peratu atures res shall be controlled in the range of 625°F. 6.3 Stress When en he heat at tr treat eatmen mentt fo forr me mech chan anica icall Stress Reli Relief— ef— Wh properties is followed by straightening, a stress relieving heat treatment is required in accordance with Table with Table 1. 1. 6.3.1 Quenching after Stress Relief— Water Water or oil quenching of stress-relieved bars is prohibited. 7. Chem Chemical ical Compositio Composition n 7.1 The steel shall conform conform to the requirements requirements for chemical chemical composition prescribed in Table in Table 2. 2.
A1028 − 03 (2015) TABLE 1 Heat Treatment, °F
A u s t e n i ti z i n g Quenching First temper S e c o n d te m pe r A g i ng Stress Relieving
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
Grade D
Grade E
Grade F
Classes 1 and 2
Class 1
Class 1
Class 2
Classes 1 and 2
Class 1
Class 2
Class 1
1725-1775 Ai r o r l i qu i d 1100 min ... ... 10 65 m i n
1600-1750 A i r or l i q ui d 1100 min ... ... 1 0 65 m i n
1 8 2 5 to 1 8 7 5 Ai r or l i q ui d 1 05 0 m i n 1 02 5 m i n ... 10 0 0 m i n
1 72 5 t o 1 8 75 Air or liquid 10 0 0 m i n 10 0 0 m i n ... 1 00 0 m i n
1 8 7 5 to 1 9 2 5 A i r o r l i q ui d 1150 min ... ... 1100 min
2 0 7 5 to 2 1 2 5 A i r o r l i qu i d 1250 min ... ... 1 2 00 m i n
1 7 2 5 to 1 7 7 5 A i r o r l i q ui d 1100 min ... ... 10 5 0 m i n
1 8 7 5 to 1 9 2 5 A i r or l i q u i d ... ... 1135 to 1165 1100 min
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements Composition % Grade A UNS Designation Carbon M a n ga ne s e Phosphorus, max Sulfur, max S i l i c on Nickel Chromium M o l y b de nu m Vanadium Tungsten Nitrogen A l u m i nu m Columbium Cobalt Titanium Copper Tin
Grade B
Grade C
Grade D
Grade E
Grade F
S 4 10 0 0
S4 1 00 5
S 4 14 2 8
S 42 2 25
S410 41
S 17 4 00
0 .1 5 m a x 1 .0 m a x 0 .0 1 8 0. 01 5 0. 5 m ax 0. 75 m a x 11.5 to 13.0 0. 5 m a x ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 . 1 0 to 0 . 1 5 0 .2 5 to 0 .8 0 0 .0 1 8 0. 01 5 0 .5 m a x 0 .7 5 m a x 11.5 to 13.0 0 .5 m a x Report only 0 .1 0 m a x 0. 08 m a x 0 .0 2 5 m a x 0. 20 m a x ... 0. 05 m a x 0 .5 0 m a x 0 .0 5 m a x
0 .1 0 to 0 .1 7 0 .6 5 t o 1 . 0 5 0 .0 2 0 0 .0 1 5 0 .1 0 to 0 .3 5 2 .2 5 to 3 .2 5 11.25 to 12.75 1 .5 to 2 .0 0 .2 5 t o 0 .4 0 0 .1 0 m a x 0 . 0 2 0 to 0 .0 4 5 0 .0 2 5 m a x ... ... 0 .0 5 m a x 0 .5 0 m a x 0 .0 5 m a x
0 . 2 0 t o 0 .2 5 0 .5 to 1 .0 0. 02 0 0. 01 0 0 .2 0 to 0 . 5 0 0 .5 t o 1 . 0 11.0 to 12.5 0 .9 t o 1 .2 5 0 .2 0 to 0 .3 0 0 .9 t o 1 . 2 5 Report only 0. 02 5 m ax 0. 05 m a x 0. 20 m a x 0. 02 5 m a x 0 .1 5 m a x 0. 02 m ax
0 .1 3 t o 0 .1 8 0 .4 to 0 .6 0 .0 3 0 0 .0 3 0 0 .5 m a x 0 .5 m a x 11.5 to 13.0 0 .2 0 m a x ... ... ... 0. 05 m ax 0 .1 5 t o 0 . 4 5 ... ... ... ...
0 .0 7 m a x 1 .0 m a x 0. 04 0 0 .0 3 0 1. 0 m a x 3 .0 t o 5 .0 1 5 . 0 to 1 7 .5 ... ... ... ... ... 0 .1 5 to 0 . 4 5 ... ... 3 .0 to 5 .0 ...
TABLE 3 Tensile, Impact, and Hardness Requirements Grade A Tensile strength, min, ksi Yield strength, min, ksi, 0.2 % offset E l o n g a ti o n i n 2 i n. , m i n, % Reduction of area, min, % Impact strength, min, av., Cv, Rt, ft-lb Hardness, Brinell, max
Grade B
Grade C
Grade D
Grade E
Grade F
Class 1
Class 2
Class 1
Class 1
Class 2
Class 1
Class 2
Class 1
Class 2
Class 1
100 70 20 60 30 255
110 80 18 50 25 2 69
110 90 18 50 30 269
14 5 115 15 30 30 35 2
160 1 20 16 50 40 3 75
14 0 90 13 30 8 33 1
140 1 00 13 35 10 3 31
115 75 15 50 20 277
110 80 18 55 25 26 2
13 5 1 05 16 50 41 341
8. Mechanical Proper Properties ties
9. Wor Workmanship kmanship and Nondestructive Examination Examination
8.1 Lot Size— A lot shall consist of all bars of the same size from one electric furnace heat of steel and heat treated, either in the same charge in either a batch furnace or a continuous type furnace.
9.1 General Requirements— All All bars shall be free of cracks, fissures, seams, laps, bursts, shrinkage, and similar discontinuities.
8.2 Hardness Tests— All All tes testing ting shall be per perfor formed med afte afterr heat treatment and stress relief, as applicable. The test specimens shall meet the requirements of Table Table 3. 3. 8.2.1 Number of Tests— A minimum of four bars or 10 % of the lot, whichever is less, shall be tested on each end. 8.3 Tensile and Impact Tests— One One room temperature tensile test and two room temperature Charpy V-Notch Impact tests shall be taken from the softest and hardest Bar in each lot of material.. Impact tests are only requir material required ed on bars or shapes 1 ⁄ 2 in. or larger in minor dimension. 8.3.1 Test T he ax axis is of th thee sp spec ecime imen n Test Specim Specimen en Locat Location— ion— The 1 shall be located at the center of the bars up to and including 1 ⁄ 2 in. width. For bars over 1 1 ⁄ 2 in. width, the axes of the specimen shall sh all be lo locat cated ed mid midwa way y be betw twee een n th thee ce cent nter er an and d th thee ed edge ge (corner) of the bar.
9.2 Nondestructive Tests— Nondestructive Nondestructive testing and correspon sp ondi ding ng ac accep ceptan tance ce cr crit iter eria ia sh shal alll be as sp speci ecifie fied d by th thee purchaser. 10. Dimensions, Tolerances, Tolerances, and Finish 10.1 10 .1 Hot-r Hot-rol olle led d or co cold ld-fi -fini nish shed ed ba barr, or bo both th,, sh shall all be furnished to the tolerances (permissible variations) in Specification A484/A484M, A484/A484M, with the follo following wing additional requirements: 10.1.1 10.1. 1 All tolerances except except straightness straightness and length shall be plus (+) (over) with no minus (−) (under) tolerance allowed. The total spread in tolerance for any specific size shall be equal to the total spread allowed in Specification A484/A484M Specification A484/A484M.. 10.2 Fla 10.2 Flatt bar with ord ordered ered sizes greater greater tha than n rol rollin ling g mil milll capabilities may be produced by a forging or blooming mill
A1028 − 03 (2015) process, or combination thereof. Such material shall conform to the following tolerances: 10.2.1 Material produced by the blooming mill process process shall havee a nor hav normal mal thic thickne kness ss tol tolera erance nce with a spe special cial allo allowab wable le width tolerance tolerance of plus (+) 0.250 in. with no minus (−) (unde (under) r) tolerance. 10.2.2 10.2. 2 Materi Material al produced by the forging process process shall have special tolerances as agreed upon by the Purchaser and the Supplier. 11. Certification 11.1 All tests required 11.1 required by this specification specification shall be made by the manufacturer and reported on a certificate of test to the purcha pur chaser ser.. Each test cert certific ificate ate sha shall ll inc includ ludee the fol follow lowing ing items: 11.1.1 11 .1.1 Purch Purchase ase order number. number. 11.1.2 11 .1.2 Specifi Specification cation number number and year date of issue, grade, and class.
11.1.3 Heat number. 11.1.3 number. 11.1.4 11 .1.4 Lot number number and size. 11.1.5 Mechanical properties including tension, impact, and hardness. 11.1.6 11 .1.6 Heat tre treatme atment nt and str stress ess reli relief ef tem temper peratu atures res and times. 11.1.7 Results of any specified supplementary requirements. 11.1.8 11 .1.8 Stateme Statement nt that the bars were manuf manufacture actured, d, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this specification and that the results satisfied the requirements. 12. Pro Product duct Marking Marking 12.1 The packing, marking, marking, and loadin loading g methods described described in Practices A700 Practices A700 shall be used. 13. Keyw Keywords ords 13.1 compr compressor essor airfoils; airfoils; marten martensitic sitic stainless steel; stainless steel bar; turbine airfoils
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS The following supplementary supplementary requirements requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, and order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
S1. Seco Secondar ndary y Melting and Refining
S6. Nondestructive Examination—G Examination—Grade rade D
S1.1 S1. 1 ESR or VAR is req requir uired. ed. Use of eith either er is per permitt mitted ed unless otherwise specified.
S6.1 Method— Each E ach ba barr sh shall all be su subj bjec ected ted to ND NDE. E. Th Thee method used shall be Eddy Current (ET), Magnetic Particle (MPI wet or dry), Liquid Penetrant (LPI), or Ultrasonic (UT), at the option of the vendor unless otherwise indicated in the purchase order. S6.2 Acceptance Criteria— For For LPI or MPI, linear indications (those indications longer than 1 ⁄ 16 greater 16 in. with a length greater than three times their width) are unacceptable. For UT or ET, reject levels for linear indications shall be based on the alarm response from a 0.012-in. maximum deep surface notch in a calibration bar.
S2. Ingot Chemical Chemical Analysis Analysis S2.1 If consumable consumable electrode electrode remelting is used, then chemical analyses of each remelted ingot shall meet the chemical composition requirements listed and shall be reported. S3. Macrost Macrostructure ructure S3.1 Samples shall shall be taken from the top and bottom of the first and last ingot of each heat. The structure of the starting billets shall meet the criteria of Method E381 Method E381,, S-3, R-2, C-3 ≤ 2 36 in. , and S-3, R-3, C-3 > 36 in. 2 S4. Heat Treatment Treatment of Cold-Finished Cold-Finished Shapes S4.1 Cold-fi S4.1 Cold-fini nish shed ed sh shap apes es sh shall all be re re-a -aus uste teni nitiz tized ed in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at the temperatures listed in Table 1, acce acceler lerated ated gas coo cooled led,, temp tempere ered, d, and uni unifor formly mly coo cooled led below belo w the mar martens tensite ite fini finish sh tem temper peratu ature. re. Oxi Oxidat dation ion of the surface resulting in decarburization or scale formation is not permitted. S5. Magnetic Particle Particle Inspection Inspection S5.1 Each S5.1 Each ba barr sh shall all be ma magn gneti eticc pa part rticl iclee in insp spec ected ted in accordance accord ance with Test Method Method A275/A275M A275/A275M.. The maximum maximum 1 acceptab acce ptable le ind indicat ication ion size sha shall ll be ⁄ 8 in. unl unless ess oth otherw erwise ise specified by the purchaser.
S7. Microstr Microstructure ucture S7.1 The microstructur microstructuree shall be unifo uniformly rmly fine grain tempered martensite with no more than 1 % delta ferrite as etched with “Vilella’s” etchant. S7.2 Metallo Metallograph graphic ic inspection shall be perfo performed rmed at 100× magnification magnifi cation to determ determine ine the metallu metallurgica rgicall struc structure, ture, grain size, decarburization, and delta ferrite content. Visual estimation for the volume fraction of delta ferrite of various representative areas of examination is acceptable. When the visual estimation method indicates the delta ferrite content is greater than tha n the allo allowed wed limi limit, t, the man manufa ufactu cturer rer may emp employ loy Test Method E562 Method E562 for for determining the acceptability of a lot. S7.3 S7 .3 Grade Gradess A, B, an and d Gr Grad adee E Cl Clas asss 2 sh shal alll ha have ve an aver av erag agee gr grain ain size of ASTM ASTM 5 or fin finer er as de deter termi mine ned d in accordance accord ance with Test Metho Methods ds E112. E112. The maximum size of individual grains, distributed at random, shall be ASTM 3.
A1028 − 03 (2015) S7.4 S7. 4 Gra Grades des C and D sha shall ll have an ave averag ragee gra grain in size of ASTM 4 or fin ASTM finer er as de deter termin mined ed in ac acco cord rdan ance ce wit with h Tes estt Methods E112. E112. The The max maximu imum m siz sizee of in indi divi vidu dual al gr grain ains, s, distributed at random, shall be ASTM 3.
provided the certification so notes. Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less than 1 ⁄ 2 in. in diameter or thickness. S10.2 S10 .2 One test shall shall be made for each heat treat lot.
S8. Decarburiz Decarburization ation
S11.1 Out of square is defined as the differen S11.1 difference ce between the two diagonal measurements of a square or flat bar. Material less than 5 in. in width that has been hot rolled shall meet the following criteria:
S8.1 Surfa Surface ce decarburization decarburization of bars shall not exceed 0.06 in. [1.5 mm]. S9. Minimum Hardness Hardness Requirements Requirements S9.1 Whe S9.1 When n agr agreed eed upon by the purchase purchaserr and produce producer, r, a minimum hardness value is required. S10. Stress Rupture Testing—Grade Testing—Grade D S10.1 S10 .1 Str Stress ess rup ruptur turee test testing ing sha shall ll be con conduc ducted ted at 120 1200°F 0°F and 26 000 psi using a combination combination test bar in accordance with Test Methods E292 Methods E292.. Rupture must occur in the smooth section of each test specimen. The test may be discontinued after 25 h,
S11. Squareness
Specified Thickness, in. 0 . 2 5 to 0 . 3 2 Over 0.32 to 0.44 Over 0.44 to 0.63 Over 0.63 to 0.88 Over 0.88 to 1.00 Over 1.00 to 1.12 Over 1.12 to 1.25 Over 1.25 to 1.37 Over 1.37 to 1.50 Over 1.50 to 2.00 Over 2.00 to 2.50
Maximum Out of Square, in. 0 .0 1 4 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 7 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 2 1 0 .0 2 3 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 3 0 0 .0 3 4 0 .0 3 8
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