A Short History of South East Asia

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A SHORT HISTORY OF

SOUTH-EAST

ASIA 5TH EDITION

''

A SHORT HISTORY OF

SOUTH-EAST

ASIA 5TH EDITION EDITED BY

PETER CHURCH

John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd

'''

Copyright © 2009 Asean Focus Group Pty Limited, ACN 050 058 672 Published by John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809 All rights reserved. re served. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher,or authorizarion through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809, tel: 65-6463-24000, fax: 65-6463-4605, E-mail: [email protected] This publication is designed to provide ae curate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester PO19 BSQ, England John Wiley & Sons (Canadá) Ltd, 5353 Dundas Street West, Suite 400, Toronto, Ontario M9B 6H8, Canadá John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia Wiley-VCH, Boschstrasse 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN-13 978-0-470-82481-8

Typeset in 11/15, Galliard by Thomson Digital Printed in Singapore by International Press Softcom Limited 10987654

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V&*-- 3#$,'<5*+)'#$; + *-+/'(+)'#$ #, Y* =+&+)&'*Q( ECE[ 3#$3-2) ?5) :')& [&'$+; +$. $#) C>EC" #* J+2+$; +( )&- 1+'$ .*'B-*f W'$+//4; :')) :'(&'$< )# (#5$. + 2+*#3&'+/ $#)-; (#1-)&'$< $--.( )# ?- (+'. ?*'-,/4 +?#5) )&- 2#(')'#$ #, C5()*+/'+6 V&- C5()*+/'+$ 2-*(2-3)'B- &+( ?-3#1- 1#*- *-(-*B-.; +) /-+() +) )&- <#B-*$1-$) /-B-/; +$. )&- ()*-$5#5( -$,#*3-1-$) #, @?#*.-* 2*#)-3)'#$@ 1-+(5*-(; +( :-// +( 3#$,5('#$ +?#5) +$ C5()*+/'+$ @.-25)4 (&-*',,Q *#/- +$. 2*-2+*-.$-(( )# 5$.-*)+A- @2*-%-12)'B-@ +3)'#$ )# ()#2 -1-*<'$< )&*-+)(; &+B- ?--$ +1#$< )&- ,+3)#*( (--$ '$ )&- *-<'#$ +( -B'.-$3- #, + (&',) '$ C5()*+/'+$ +))')5.-( +:+4 ,*#1 )&- @-$<+<-1-$)@ 2#/'34 #, )&- 2*-B'#5( 4-+*(6 V# (#1- -R)-$) )&+) 2-*3-2)'#$ #B-*/##A( )&- ,+3) )&+) )&- C5()*+/'+$ -$<+<-1-$) 2#/'34 (5,,-*-. + (-*'-( #, *-?5,,( ?4 )&- *-<'#$ :&'3& :#5/. &+B- 1+.- ') .',,'35/) ,#* +$4 <#B-*$1-$) )# 1+'$)+'$6 S) +/(# $--.( )# ?- )+A-$ '$)# +33#5$) )&+) C5()*+/'+$ 25?/'3 #2'$'#$ X)# :&'3& <#B-*$1-$) '( &'<&/4 *-(2#$('B-\ :+( '$-B')+?/4 +,,-3)-. ?4 )&-R)-$('B- +$. <*+2&'3 1-.'+ 3#B-*+<- #, -B-$)( '$ E+() V'1#*6 V&+) 3#B-*+<- :+( ,+* 1#*- '$)-$('B- '$ C5()*+/'+; /+*<-/4 ?-3+5(- #, 2*#R'1')4; )&+$ +$4:&-*- -/(- '$ )&- *-<'#$6 V&- ?'<<-() 3&+//-$<- ,#* C5()*+/'+ '( )# 3#1?'$- *-+/'()'3 -R2-3)+)'#$( :')& + .-)-*1'$+)'#$ )# 1+A- -B-*4 *-+(#$+?/- -,,#*) )# 5$.-*()+$. +$. 3##2-*+)- :')& )&- 3#5$)*'-( #, )&- *-<'#$6 V&+) '$3/5.-(; ,#* -R+12/-; .-3/'$'$< )# -$)-* '$)# +*<51-$) :')& )&#(- /'AY* =+&+)&'* :&# #,)-$ B'/',4 C5()*+/'+ ,#* .#1-()'3 25*2#(-( #* +( + 2*#R4 ,#* +$ +))+3A #$ )&- U$')-. >)+)-(6 S) 1-+$(; 1#*- '12#*)+$)/4; *-)5*$'$< )# )&- 2#/'34 #, 2*-B'#5( <#B-*$1-$)( <#'$< ?+3A g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

NTRODUCTION

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S (-- )&'( (1+// ?##A +( + 3#$)*'?5)'#$ )# )&+) +$. - )&+) ') :'// 3#$)'$5- )# ?- :'.-/4 *-+. ?4 ?5('$-(( +$. #)&-* B'(')#*( )# )&- *-<'#$ ,*#1 +*#5$. )&- :#*/.6 >4.$-4; KO J5$-; ONN^ 4&)56' 7&8-9:;8" 21 1$0)&2034 !)6)*%&+ 7%0&5 %, !*803 9%:-* ;&%-< 9%&28& !-*'&0=)03 !2>0**05%& '% ?35%38*)04 @0<03 035 '$8 A3)'85 #'0'8*

INTRODUCTION TO THE 1999 SECOND EDITION

>#5)&%E+() C('+ &+( ,#* 1+$4 3-$)5*'-( ?--$ + 2+*) #, )&- :#*/. :&#(,#*)5$-( :-*- /+*<-/4 .-)-*1'$-. ?4 3-$)*-( #, 2#:-* -/(-:&-*-6 S) :+( + )&-+)*- ,#* )&- '$)-*(-3)'#$ #, S$.'+$ +$. [&'$-(- '$,/5-$3-h *-/'<'#5(; 3#11-*3'+/; 35/)5*+/ +$. 2#/')'3+/6 7+)-*; ') :+( )&- -+()-*$% 1#() -R)-$('#$ #, )&- (2*-+. #, S(/+16 S) (+: *'B+/*4 +$. 3#$,/'3) ,#* 3#11-*3'+/ +$. 2#/')'3+/ 3#$)*#/ ?-):--$ )&- *'B+/ E5*#2-+$ 3#/#$'+/ 2#:-*( +$. )&-$ + /#$< 2-*'#. #, (5?(-*B'-$3- )# )&#(- 2#:-*( 5$)'/ )&?*'-, +(3-$.+$34 #, J+2+$-(- '12-*'+/ 2#:-* '$ )&- KLgN(6 S$ )&- KLMN( +$. 52 5$)'/ KLLc; >#5)&%E+() C('+ -R2-*'-$3-. -3#$#1'3 <*#:)& #$ + (3+/- +$. +) + *+)- :&'3& :+( 5$2*-3-.-$)-. '$ :#*/. &'()#*46 V&- *-<'#$ (+: )&- ?-<'$$'$< #, + (-$(- #, (&+*-. 25*2#(-; +$. + 3#$,'.-$3- )&+) )&- >#5)&%E+() C('+$ $+)'#$( :#5/. ?-3#1- 2*#(2-*#5( +$. '$,/5-$)'+/ '$ )&- :#*/.6 S$ )&- :#*.( #, )&C1-*'3+$ 2'#$--* #, .-B-/#21-$)+/ ()+)- )&-#*4; I*#,-((#* [&+/1-*( J#&$(#$; )&-4 /##A-. ,#*:+*. )# +3&'-B'$< $#) #$/4 -$*'3&1-$) ?5) +/(# -12#:-*1-$)6 V&-*- :+( + B'<#*#5( .-?+)- '$ )&- '$)-*$+)'#$+/ ,'$+$3'+/ '$()')5)'#$( +$. '$ +3+.-1'3 3'*3/-( +?#5) )&- ,+3)#*( :&'3& &+. 1+.- ') 2#(('?/- )# +3&'-B- (53& (2-3)+35/+* -3#$#1'3 2*#<*-((6 b$- .'1-$('#$ #, )&+) .-?+)- 3#$3-*$-. )&- '$,/5-$3- #, )&- @J+2+$-(1#.-/@6 V&- @,/4'$< <--(-@ )&-#*4 &+. ') )&+) +( J+2+$ 1#B-. #5) #, /+?#5*%'$)-$('B- '$.5()*4 ') '$B-()-. '$ >#5)&%E+() C('+ +$. #)&-* -1-*<'$< -3#$#1'-( :&'3& :-*- +?/- )# )+A- #,, '$)# -R2#*)%.*'B-$ -3#$#1'3 <*#:)& :')& + &'<& .-<*-- #, ()+)- .'*-3)'#$6 b22#(-. )# )&+) :+( )&- )&-#*4 )&+) )&- >#5)&%E+() C('+$( &+. +3&'-B-. *-3#*.%?*-+A'$< -3#$#1'3 <*#:)& ?4 #2-$'$< )&-'* -3#$#1'-( '$3*-+('$
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)&-1 +))*+3)'B- '$B-()1-$) #22#*)5$')'-(6 b$ )&+) )&-#*4; .-*-<5/+)'#$ +$. #2-$$-(( :-*- )&- A-4( )# 3#$)'$5'$< (533-((6 V&- 3*'('( :&'3& ()+*)-. :')& )&- 3#//+2(- #, )&- V&+' ?+&) '$ J5$KLLc :+( :'.-/4 (--$ '$ )&- T-() +( .'(3*-.')'$< )&- J+2+$-(- 1#.-/ NTRODUCTION +$. J+2+$-(- /-+.-*(&'2 '$ )&- *-<'#$6 V&- S$)-*$+)'#$+/ =#$-)+*4 W5$.Q( *-(35- #2-*+)'#$( '$ )&- *-<'#$ :-*- .*'B-$ ?4 + ?-/'-, )&+) )&3*'('( -3#$#1'-( $--.-. ()*'3) 3#$)*#/ #, 25?/'3 -R2-$.')5*-; )*+$(2+*-$34 '$ *-<5/+)'#$ #, )&- ?+$A'$< +$. ,'$+$3- (-3)#*; +$. /'?-*+/'(+)'#$ #, ,'$+$3'+/ ,/#:( '$ 2+*)'35/+* +$. )&-'* -3#$#1'-( <-$-*+//46 Y-?+)- 3#$)'$5-( +?#5) )&- :'(.#1 #, )&- W5$.Q( 2#/'3'-( :&'3& :-*- 1#.','-. +,)-* +$ '$')'+/ 2-*'#.; -(2-3'+//4 '$ S$.#$-('+6 S) '( 2*#?+?/4 ,+'* )# (+4 )&+) $# #$- :#5/. $#: ?-/'-B- )&+) >#5)&%E+() C('+ 3+$ *-)5*$ )# ()*#$< <*#:)& '$ )&- /#$< )-*1 :')) (5?()+$)'+/ *-,#*1( #, <#B-*$+$3-6 ]5) )&-*- *-1+'$( '$ )&- *-<'#$ + ()*#$< ?-/'-, )&+) )&-(- 3#5$)*'-( 3+$$#) +,,#*. )# 2/+3- )&-1(-/B-( )#)+//4 +) )&1-*34 #, '$)-*$+)'#$+/ ,'$+$3'+/ 1+*A-)( +$. )&+) (#1- 1-+(5*-( #, 3#$)*#/ +*- $-3-((+*46 S) :'// ?- (#1- )'1- ?-,#*- )&-(- 2#/'3'-( +$. #)&-* 2*#?/-1( +**-(#/B-. ?5); '$ )&- 1-+$)'1-; )&- (-$(- #, +3&'-B-1-$) (--$ +( ?+(-. #$ $+)'#$+/ +$. 1#*- ?*#+./4 C('+$ 35/)5*+/ )*+.')'#$( +$. B+/5-(; +$. $#) ('12/4 .-*'B-. ,*#1 )&- T-(); &+( ?--$ .'1'$'(&-.6 V&- (-$(- #, *-<'#$+/ (#/'.+*')4 ?+(-. #$ )&- (&+*-. -3#$#1'3 (533-(( +$. #$ )&<*#:'$< '$)-*$+)'#$+/ ()+)5( #, )&- C((#3'+)'#$ #, >#5)&%E+() C('+$ "+)'#$( XC>EC"\ &+( +/(# ?--$ +,,-3)-.6 C>EC" +( + ?#.4 :+( (&#:$ )# ?- /+*<-/4 '**-/-B+$) :&-$ )&- ,'$+$3'+/ 3*'('( ()*53A6 C<+'$ '$ >-2)-1?-* KLLL :&-$ E+() V'1#*; +,)-* B#)'$< 1+(('B-/4 ,#* '$.-2-$.-$3- ,*#1 S$.#$-('+; :+( 2/5$<-. '$)# + ,*-$04 #, A'//'$< +$. .-()*53)'#$; C>EC"; 2#(('?/4 .5- )# ')( /#$<%()+$.'$< 2#/'34 #, $#) 3#11-$)'$< #$ #* ?-'$< (--$ )# ?- '$)-*,-*'$< '$ )&- .#1-()'3 +,,+'*( #, ')( 1-1?-*(; (--1-. 5$:'//'$< #* 5$+?/- )# 2/+4 +$4 (5?()+$)'+/ *#/- '$ '$)-*$+)'#$+/ -,,#*)( )# *-%-()+?/'(& #*.-*6 V&-*- &+B- ?--$ + $51?-* #, #)&-* -B-$)( #B-* *-3-$) 4-+*( :&'3& .-1#$()*+)- )&- '$)-*.-2-$.-$3#, C>EC"Q( 1-1?-*( +$. &#: -B-$)( '$ #$- 3#5$)*4 &+B- )&- 2#)-$)'+/ )# (-B-*-/4 +,,-3) +$#)&-*6 V&-(- *+$<- ,*#1 #335**-$3-( #, -)&$'3 +$. *-/'<'#5( 3#$,/'3) )# 5$3&-3A-. ,#*-() ,'*-( '$ S$.#$-('+ 3+5('$< &+B#3 '$ #)&-* C>EC" 3#5$)*'-( (53& +( >'$<+2#*-; ]*5$-' +$. =+/+4('+6 EB-$)( (53& +( )&-(- &+B- /-. + $51?-* #, 1-1?-*( )# -R2*-(( )&- B'-: )&+) C>EC" $--.( )# *-B'-: ')( *+'(#$ .Q-)*- +$. #$- (5(2-3)( )&'( :'// &+B)# /-+. )# (5?()+$)'+/ 3&+$<-( '$ 2#/'3'-( ', )&- <*#52'$< '( )# 3#$)'$5- )# &+B- *-/-B+$3-6 NTRODUCTION

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]5) '$ )&- /#$<-* )-*1 )&- 2*-(-$) (')5+)'#$ '( /'A-/4 )# ?- (--$ +( +$ '$)-*/5.-; +/)<& '$ (#1- 3+(-(h+$. -(2-3'+//4 '$ S$.#$-('+h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b*.-* -*+6 b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a/#?+/ 35**-$)( 3+5(-. &+B#3 '$ )&*-<'#$ '$ KLLc +$. KLLM +$. )&+) &+( /-. (#1- )# )&'$A '$ )-*1( #, ?5'/.'$< .-,-$(-( +$. :+//(6 a/#?+/'0+)'#$ :'//; &#:-B-*; +,,-3) >#5)&% E+() C('+ '$ 2#(')'B- :+4(h(#3'+//4; 2#/')'3+//4 +$. -3#$#1'3+//46 S$.--. )&-4 3+$$#) +,,#*. $#) )# *-(2#$. )# '); +$. #$- #, )&- F5-()'#$( :&'3& ,+3-( )&-1 '( :&-)&-* #* &#: )&-4 3+$ ?-() (522#*) -+3& #)&-* '$ )&+) -$)-*2*'(-6 >4.$-4; K J+$5+*4; ONNN 4&)56' 7&8-9:;8" 21 1$0)&2034 !*803 9%:-* ;&%-< HORT

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#Y

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#H

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=.5 O(,)5; $1),%(2 52)1:8,2.5; O$=39 Ô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c,(7 %* U+%(7+1(7 A,). 5P6*522,%(2 %> ;,268512'*5 1(; >%*5:%;,(7< O$=39 A%( 681';,)2@ .%A5D5*@ >%* ,)2 .1(;8,(7 %> ).5 585&),%(2 ,( [1+ "BBC< $51*8+ BI 65* &5() %> 5(*%885; D%)5*2 ^&8%25 )% >,D5 4,88,%( 65%685_ A5() )% ).5 6%8,2@ ;526,)5 ).*51)2 %> E.45* G%'75 D,%85(&5< =.5 E.45* G%'75 .1; ;5&,;5; )% :%+&%)) ).5 585&),%(2@ 6*52'41:8+ >51*,(7 1 ;,2418 *5:'>> >*%4 ).5 65%685< XO$9L$U09 &1(;,;1)52 A%( RK %> ).5 SIA A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

#K

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c(.'.+>D N.'.9)%. .+> ?,3&0@.'D (<(+&0.''9 3()&,3(> ,3>(3: T+ "K N.9 ?3()%>(+& b0)2., >(7'.3(> . )&.&( ,= (2(3@(+79 .+> ?3%2( N%+%)&(3 R'*.&%3% 3()%@+(> ,+ CB X0+( %+ =.<,03 ,= X,)Y U.2,)6;,3&.: G+ W(/30.39 CKKPD U.2,)6;,3&. >(7'.3(> 8%) 7.+>%>.79 =,3 =,3&867,2%+@ 53()%>(+&%.' ('(7&%,+) .+> b0)2., >(7'.3(> 8%) 7.+>%>.79 =,3 53%2( 2%+%)&(3 ,+ /(8.'= ,= . +(- 5,'%&%7.' 5.3&9D &8( [,+)('8, V.7%,+.' >( U(7,+)&307., >, 1%2,3 \[VU1]D -8%78 -.) )(& 05 &, ,55,)( W3(&%'%+4) 7,+&3,' ,= 5.3'%.2(+&: G+ CKKP 53()%>(+&%.' ('(7&%,+)D U.2,)6;,3&. >(=(.&(> W3(&%'%+4) 7.+>%>.&( W3.+7%)7, b0&(33() &, /(7,2( 53()%>(+&D -8%'( '(@%)'.&%<( ('(7&%,+) %+ &8( ).2( 9(.3 3()0'&(> %+ . 7,.'%&%,+ @,<(3+2(+& \(H7'0>%+@ W3(&%'%+D -8%78 +,+(&8('()) 3(2.%+(> &8( '.3@()& )%+@'( 5.3&9 %+ 5.3'%.2(+&] '(> /9 &8( [VU1: b0)2., /(7.2( 53%2( 2%+%)&(3: W3(&%'%+4) =.%'03( &, >, .) -('' .) (H5(7&(> )&(22(> =3,2 -%>()53(.> >%)%''0)%,+2(+& .& 7,3305&%,+ /9 5.3&9 =0+7&%,+.3%() .+> .& &8( )',- 5.7( ,= 3(=,32: 18( 7,0+&39 -.) )8,7*(> %+ (.3'9 CKK` /9 7,,3>%+.&(> .)).))%+.&%,+ .&&(25&) /9 3(/(' ),'>%(3) ,+ /,&8 b0)2., .+> U.2,)6 ;,3&.: T+ &8( 2,3+%+@ ,= AA W(/30.39D b0)2., ()7.5(> .+ .&&(25&(> .2/0)8 -8%'( U.2,)6;,3&. -.) )8,& %+ &8( 78()& %+ . )(5.3.&( .&&.7*: ;( 2.>( . 3(2.3*./'( 3(7,<(39 %+ .+ R0)&3.'%.+ 8,)5%&.' .+> 3(&03+(> &3%0258.+& &, E%'% &, 3()02( ,==%7%.' >0&%() %+ R53%' CKK`: 18( 3(/('4) '(.>(3D R'=3(>, U(%+.>,D -.) *%''(> %+ &8( .&&.7* ,+ U.2,)6;,3&.: F.)& 1%2,3 %) ,+( ,= &8( 5,,3()& 7,0+&3%() %+ &8( 3(@%d+ -%&8 2,3( &8.+ #K 5(3 7(+& ,= %&) A:A 2%''%,+ 5(,5'( '%<%+@ /(',- &8( 5,<(3&9 S+(: S+(25',92(+& %+ &8( 03/.+ .3(.) 3(2.%+) )&0//,3+'9 8%@8 -8%'( &8( SIA "B A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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b3(.&(3 Q0+3%)( =%('> &8.+ %& -,0'> 8.<( 0+>(3 .+ %+&(3%2 >(.' )&307* %+ CKKC: G+ N.9 CKKC R'*.&%3% )(& 05 . 5(&3,'(02 3(<(+0( 3()(3<( =0+> /.)(> ,+ &8( V,3-(@%.+ 2,>(' %+ -8%78 %+&(3()& .7730(> =3,2 &8( =0+> %) 0)(> &, =0+> +.&%,+.' >(<(',52(+&: G+ CKKO W3(&%'%+D &8(+ %+ ,55,)%&%,+D /%&&(3'9 ,55,)(> .+ .&&(25& /9 b0)2., \.) 53%2( 2%+%)&(3 .+> '(.>(3 ,= &8( [VU1] &, >3.- ,+ SQe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

FRQ1 1GNTU "P

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%& "$'$* +,- .41- -&5-6I4D<-5 +4 2-++0- +,- C4>>-634< 14E-<2* .4<+D;60 6&5 :16/&* F8 5-+-<>/&/&; +,6+ :16&/2, -L1-5/+/4&2 2,4D05 26/0 E-2+E6<52 6&5 .4<+D;D-2-L1-5/+/4&2 -62+E6<52 4= 6& />6;/&6<8 &4<+,X24D+, 0/&- /& +,- >/550- 4= +,- ?+06&+/C 4C-6&B T-&C-* .4<+D;60 -2+6F0/2,-5 C404&/-2 /& ?=4I-5 /&+4 +,- A-E J4<05* -2+6F0/2,/&; 6 F62- /& A-E :16/& P1<-2-&+G568 7^L/C4R 6&5 =<4> +,-<- >4I/&; +4 C4&MD-< >DC, 4= O-&+<60 6&5 :4D+, ?>-- +,- =/<2+ +4 C/&6I/;6+- +,- ;04F- /& "Q##B 76;-006& 5/5 &4+ 2D/2, E/+, &6+/I-2 /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2B ? =-E 8-6<2 06+-<* 6&4+,-< -L1-5/+/4& 6<--5 4= 6CMD/4&4140/2- +,- 2D1108 4= 21/C-2 +4 @D<41-B 9,- 5<-6>2 4= +,- :16&/2, -L1-5/+/4& E-<- 2,6++-<-5 E,-& +,-8 5/2C4I-<-5 +,6+ .4<+D;60 ,65 F-6+-& +,-> +4 /+ /& "Q"#B 9,E4<05 1<4I-5 +4 F- 21,--B :6/0/&; -62+* +,- .4<+D;D-2- 6<4+/I-2 5<4I- +,- :16&/2, +4 +,- .,/0/11/&-2` =/<2+* 6 5-+-<>/&6+/4& +4 21<-65 +,[6/+,a 2-C4&5* +,- 1422/F/0/+8 4= 41-&/&; &-E +<65/&; 142+2 6&5 -L16&5/&; +<65- +4 ?2/6B 9,- =/<2+ :16&/2, 2-++0->-&+ E62 -2+6F0/2,-5 4& +,- /206&5 4= O-FD* /& +,- 24D+,-<& .,/0/11/&-2* /&0Q(QB%&0Q)"* :16&/2, ,-65MD6<+-<2 E-<- >4I-5 +4 76&/06* +,-& 6 +,/&6+-5 F8 O,/&-2>-4<- +,6& bKK 8-6<2 4= :16&/2, /&=0D-&C- 4& +,.,/0/11/&-2B 9,- /206&52 E-<- &6>-5 6=+-< +,- :16&/2, O<4E& ./&; H&4E& 62 +,- .,/0/11/&-2B %& +,- ")+, C-&+D<8* :16/& +1/<-* F62-5 4& 76&/06 62 F4+, 6& -&+<-14+ 6&5 6 &6I60 F62- =<4> E,/C, /+ C4D05 C,600-&;- +,- _D+C, /& +,- 760DH62B 9,- 6++->1+ =6/0-5B :16&/2, -C4&4>/C SIA A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

"#(

6&5 140/+/C60 14E-< 2+-65/08 5-C0/&-5 6&5 :16/& E62 &4 >6+C, =4< +,<-2D<;-&+ &4<+,-<& @D<41-6& .<4+-2+6&+ &6+/4&2 4= U1/<-2B 9,-C4&4>/C F62- 4= :16&/2, 4CCD16+/4& 4= +,- .,/0/11/&-2 /& +,- ")+, 6&5 "W+, C-&+D/<-5 +,- =/&- O,/&-2- 2/0H2 +<65-5 6+ 76&/06 F8 O,/&-2- >->--6 76C64B 9,2/0H E62 +,-& +<6&214<+-5 +4 ?C61D0C4 6&5 4& +4 @D<41-* E,-<- /+ ;<6C-5 +,- 0/I-2 4= +,- @D<41-6& ^0/+-* /& +,- 1<4C-22 1<4I/5-5 I-<8 1<4=/+6F0<-+D<&2 +4 +,- +<65-<2B 76&/06 E62 MD/CH08 +<6&2=4<>-5 =<4> 6 2>600 FD+ FD28 14<+ +4E& 0/&H-5 +4 <-;/4&60 +<65/&; &-+E4
634< C404&/60 14<+ C/+/-2 /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6B %+2 -F-<2 E-<- 4&08 2>600B ?+ +,- F-;/&&/&; 4= +,- "'+, C-&+D<8* +,-<- E-<- 1<4F6F08 &4 >4<- +,6& $*KKK O,/&-2- /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2* >42+08 F62-5 /& 76&/06B 76&8 4= +,- O,/&-2- >6<- F-C6>- 6 >-2+/]4 C4>>D&/+8B %& >6&8 E682* ")+, 6&5 "W+, C-&+D<8 76&/06 E62 6 O,/&-2C/+8 4<* 6+ 0-62+* 6 C/+8 4= O,/&-2- 6&5 >-2+/]42B 9,-8 4<;6&/2-5 +,- -&+<-14+ +<65- 6&5 1<4I/5-5 +,- /&+-<&60 +<65/&; 6&5 C<-5/+ &-+E4
42+ E,4 0/I-5 +,-<- <-2/5-5 /& 76&/06B 742+ C6<&- I/6 A-E 7^L/C4 6&5 >6&8 E-<- +,->2-0I-2 C<-40-2 E,4 >6<-2+/]4 C4>>D&/+/-2* 4&- :16&/2,G5-- +,- >42+ 14E-<=D0 140/+/C60 6&5 -C4&4>/C =4/C />16C+ 4& +,- 1-410-2 4= +,- .,/0/11/&-2* /+2 140/+/C60 6&5 <-0/;/4D2 />16C+ E62 C4&2/5-<6F0-B %& C4&+<62+ +4 @D<41-6& /&I65-<2 -02-E,-<- /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6* +,- :16&/2, E-<- &4+ C4&=<4&+-5 F8 /&5/;-&4D2 2+6+-2 2D114<+-5 F8 FD<-6DC<6C/-2* 645-<& 2+6+- 4= +,- .,/0/11/&-2 6&5 /+2 24C/60* <-0/;/4D2 6&5 /5-404;/C60 D&5-<1/&&/&;2B :16&/2, 14E-< E62 PHILIPPINES

"#)

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d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
"#W

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
9,- .,/0/11/&-2 &6+/4&60/2+ >4I->-&+ E62 +,- -6<0/-2+ &6+/4&60/2+ >4I->-&+ /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6B 76&8 4= /+2 0-65-<2 26E +,-/< >4I->-&+ 62 6 F-6C4& =4< 4+,-< :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6& C404&/-2B %& <-60/+8* /+ ,65 0/++0- />16C+B A6+/4&60/2> +44H 6 5-C/5-508 5/==-<-&+ C4D<2- /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 =<4> -02-E,-<- /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6B .,/0/11/&- /&+-00-C+D60 6&5 140/+/C60 ^0/+-2 /5-&+/=/-5 +,->2-0I-2 >4<- E/+, :16/& 6&5* 06+-<* +,- e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

"#'

C,/05<-& /& :16&/2, 2C,4402* 2->/&62 /& :16/& 6=+-< "W(WB [<4> +,- "W)K2* +,-8 F-;6& +4 5->6&5 +,26>- -&+B ?I4E-508 6&+/GC0-6&5-5 +,- 2-16<6+/4& 4= 2+6+6&5 C,D/&6+-5 6&52 E-<- 5/2<-;6<5-5 F8 F4+, +,- C404&/60 ;4I-<&>-&+ 6&5 +,- O6+,40/C O,D 62 -MD602 6&5 /+2 5/2>/2260 4= +,-/< 1<4142602 =4< 24C/60 6&5 -C4&4>/C <-=4<>* F8 +,- "W'K2 +,- !"#$%&'()$ F-;6& +4 C600 +,->2-0I-2 [/0/1/&42B 9,-8 E-<- 0-5 F8 d42^ N/]60* 6 E-60+,8 =/=+,G ;-&-<6+/4& O,/&-2- >-2+/]4B T/+,-<+4* +,- :16&/2, ,65 611<41 Y[/0/1/&4Y =4< :16&/6<52 F4<& /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2* <-=-< Y[/0/1/&4Y &4E F-C6>- 6 28>F40 4= &6+/4&60/2>B %& C4&+<62+ +4 +,-/< >45-<6+- &6+/4&60/2> 4= +,- !"#$%&'()$* 6 <-F-00/4& 4<;6&/2-5 F8 6 =6< >4<- <65/C60 ;<4D1 H&4E& 62 +,- f6+/1D&6& 6&5 0-5 F8 ?&5<^2 U4&/=6C/4* 6 <-06+/I-08 144<08 -5DC6+-5 76&/06 C0-6&8 !"#$%&'()$ 62 E-00B N/]60 E62 6<<-2+-5* C,6<;-5 E/+, +<-624& 6&5 1DF0/C08 -L-CD+-5B .,/0/11/&- &6+/4&60/2> &4E ,65 6 >6<+8634< <-F-00/4& /& /+2 C-&+<60 ?>-/+-5 <-24D>-&2-B e&/+-5 :+6+-2 /&+--45-<& &6+/4&G2+6+-B e&=4<+D&6+-08 =4< +,- &62C-&+ .,/0/11/&- N-1DF0/C* +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2 5-C/5-5 +,6+ 4CCD16+/4& 4= +,- .,/0/11/&-2 E4D05 1<4I/5- /+ E/+, 6 F62- /& +,- E-2+-<& .6C/=/C =<4> E,/C, /+ C4D05 1<4>4+- /+2 140/+/C60 6&5 -C4&4>/C /&+-<-2+2 /& @62+ ?2/6B @6<08 /& "W''* 41-& ,42+/0/+/-2 F<4H- 4D+ F-+E--& +,.,/0/11/&- N-1DF0/C 6&5 +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2* -I-&+D6008 /&I40I/&; >4<- +,6& "K*KKK e&/+-5 :+6+-2 +<4412B 742+ ,42+/0/+/-2 -&5-5 /& "'K" E,-& +,e&/+-5 :+6+-2 -==-C+/I-08 F4D;,+ 4== +,- !"#$%&'() ^0/+-* 1<4>/2/&; +4 >6/&+6/& +,-/< E-60+, 6&5 14E-< /& <-+D<& =4< C4006F4<6+/4& E/+, ?>- 24D+, <->6/&-5 D&5-< ?>-
"bK

>/0/+6<8 3D-- 8-6<2B 9,- 6;<-->-&+ 4= "'K" O4&240/56+-5 +,- 14E-< 4= +,- 06&5-5 O,/&-2- >-2+/]4 ^0/+- -&6F0/&; +,-> +4 54>/&6+- +,- 140/+/C60 6&5 -C4&4>/C 2+/C 6&5 140/+/C60 16+<4&6;- FD+ 6024 62 /+2 /&+-00-C+D60 6&5 CD0+D<60 >45-0B 9,06&5-5 !"#$%&'() ^0/+- /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 ,65 &4 16<600-0 -02-E,-<- /& :4D+,G @62+ ?2/6* +,-/< 24C/60 6&5 140/+/C60 14E-< 2+->>/&; =<4> 6& -C4&4>/C F62/&5-1-&5-&+ 4= +,- C404&/60 2+6+-B .-(*!1 )*"*!) 2+$+-("$()0

%+ ,62 F--& 6<;D-5 +,6+ /= :16/& 4CCD1/-5 +,- .,/0/11/&-2 =4< Y+,- ;04<8 4= c45Y +,-& +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2 4CCD1/-5 +,- .,/0/11/&-2 =4< Y+,- 5->4C<6+/C >/22/4&YB O-<+6/&08* ?>-1-2-0I-2 62 6 1-410- E,4 ,65 +,<4E& 4== +,- C404&/60 84H- +4 F-C4>- +,- F-6C4& =4< =<--* 5->4C<6+/C 6&5 -;60/+6- -&2D<-5 +,6+ +,-<- E-<- 2/;&/=/C6&+ 5/==-<-&C-2 /& e: C404&/60 +,- 4D+2-+* +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2 >65- C0-6< +,6+ /+2 ;460 E62 +4 0-65 +,- .,/0/11/&-2 +4 /&5-1-&5-&C-B A6+/4&60/2> E62 6 0-;/+/>6+- =44D05-5 /& /+2 4E& />6;- 4= C4D<2-R* &4+ 4&- +4 F- 5/2+ +,/2 +,6+ +,- <40- 4= +,- C404&/60 2+6+- E62 +4 +D+4< [/0/1/&42 /& +,- 65>/&/2+<6+/4& 4= 6 >45-<& &6+/4&G2+6+- /& 4<5-< +,6+ +,-8 0-6<& +,- 2H/002 &-C-226<8 =4< /&5-1-&5-&C- 62 MD/CH08 62 1422/F0-B c/I-& +,6+ +,- ?>-2-0I-2 62 F-/&; /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 =4< +,- F-2+ 4= <-624&2gY+,- 5->4C<6+/C >/22/4&Yg/+ /2 &4+ 2D<1/&/2+<6+/4&2 ->1,62/]-5 +,- />14<+6&C- 4= 5-I-041/&; -5DC6+/4&* ,-60+, 6&5 5->4C<6+/C 1<4C-22-2B @0-C+4<60 282+->2 E--&+ E62 -&C4D<6;-5 +4 >4&/+4< 4==/C/602 6&5 /&=0D-&C- C404&/60 140/C/-2B U8 "'b$* +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2 O4&;<-22 >6&56+-5 .,/0/11/&- /&5-1-&5-&C- E/+,/& "# 8-6<2B ?2 6 =/<2+ 2+-1 +4E6<52 +,/2 ;460* /& "'bQ 6 .,/0/11/&-2 O4>>4&E-60+, E62 -2+6F0/2,-5 6&5 E62 ;/I-& 6D+4&4>8 /& 54>-2+/C 6==6/<2B 76&D-0 hD-]4& E62 /+2 =/<2+ 1<-2/5-&+B 9,4D;, 140/+/C60 5-I-041>-&+2 /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 E-<- D&/MD- /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6* /& +,04&; -&+ -L1-&5-5 >4&-8 4& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 <6+,-< +,6& -L+<6C+-5 >4&-8 =<4> /+g6&4+,-< D&/MD- 4CCD<<-&C- /& PHILIPPINES

"b"

C404&/60 :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6B 7DC, 4= +,/2 >4&-8 62 21-&+ 4& 5-I-041/&; -5DC6+/4& 6&5 ,-60+, 282+->2 =6< 2D1--* +,- e&/+-5 :+6+-2 E62 C4>>/++-5 +4 >622 -5DC6+/4& 6+ 600 0-I-02* /& C4&+<62+ +4 U600 ^0/+@5DC6+/4& 140/C/-2 /& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 <-=0-C+-5 ?>--2+/C -5DC6+/4&60 1,/04241,/-2* /& +,- 26>- E68 62 -5DC6+/4& 140/C/-2 /& U-2+/C 140/C/-2 9,- C4&+<62+ F-+E--& +,- .,/0/11/&-2 6&5 %&54&-2/6 4& +,- -I- 4= J4<05 J6< %% /00D2+<6+-2 +,-2- 5/==-<-&C-2B %& "'bWGb'* +,-<- E-<- )*QKK 2+D5-&+2 6+ +,e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hD-]4&B \-65-<2 E-<- =<4> +,- 06&5-5 ^0/+-* E,4 E-<- -I-& >4<- E-60+,8 6&5 14E-<=D0 D&5-< ?>-6&5/&; />>-5/6+- /&5-1-&5-&C-* /& =6C+ +,-/< 1-<24&60 -C4&4>/C /&+-<-2+2 E-<- E-00 2--&+ 6=+-< "'bQ* 6&5 D&5-< 6 <-06+/I-08 F-&/;& C404&/60/2>* +,- [/0/1/&4 &6+/4&60/2+ ^0/+- <->6/&-5 1<4G?>-6&8 E682 +,-8 E-<- F/GCD0+D<60B 9,- 2,61- 4= [/0/1/&4 &6+/4&60/2>g/& /5-404;8* >8+,2 6&5 28>F402gE62 I-<8 5/==-<-&+ =<4> -02-E,-<- /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6B J/+, &4 &--5 +4 =42+-< 6 2+<4&; Y&6+/4&60Y C4&2C/4D2&-22 6&5 =-E Y&6+/4&60Y 28>F402* <-;/4&60/2> 6&5 <-;/4&60 04860+/-2 F62-5 4& <-;/4&60 06&5-5 ^0/+-2 <->6/&-5 2+<4&;B 9,/2 ,65 2/;&/=/C6&+ C4&2-MD-&C-2 6=+-< "'$QB [/0/1/&4 &6+/4&60/2+2 E-<- F6<-08 C4&2C/4D2 4= +,- -I-&+2 ;4/&; 4& -02-E,-<- /& :4D+,G@62+ ?2/6 6&5 +,/2 0-=+ 6 0-;6C8 4= 2-16<6+-&-22 =<4> +,<-2+ 4= +,- <-;/4& E,/C, ,65 4&08 16<+/6008 C,6&;-5 F8 +,- "''K2B

SIA A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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c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1622-5 4& 5-+6/02 4= 14+-&+/60 I/C+/>2V E4<+,B UD+ 06E 6&5 4<5-< 2+/00 <->6/&2 6 H-8 C4&C-<& =4< >42+ [/0/1/&42B :/&C- +,- O4&2+/+D+/4& -L1<-2208 =4F-&+ 1<-2/5-&+ =<4> 2+6&5/&; +E/C- /& "''W* N6>42 2+445 62/5-g24>-E,6+ <-0DC+6&+08 /+ 2-->2g6&5 6 =4<>-< =/0> 2+6<* d42-1, @2+<656* E62 -0-C+-5 4& 6 141D0/2+ 106+=4<> /& 6 06&520/5- <-2D0+B %&/+/60 =-6<2 F8 +,- =/&6&C- 2-C+4< +,6+ @2+<656V2 1068F48 />6;-* /&2D114<+6F0- 141D0/2+ -0-C+/4& 1<4>/2-2 6&5 06CH 4= -L1-/C =D&56>-&+602g600 /& +,- >/52+ 4= 6 <-;/4&60 =/&6&C/60 C 1<4C-22 /&/+/6008 1<4I-5 D&=4D&5-5B 9,- &-E 1<-2/5-&+ 1<4I-5 E/00/&; +4 =4004E +,65I/C- 4= ,/2 -L1-<+2 6&5 &4+ -&;6;- /& =<--G21-&5/&; 140/C/-2 E,/C, >/;,+ ,6I- D&2-++0-5 /&I-2+4<2 6&5 0-5 +4 6 =0/;,+ 4= =4<-/;& C61/+60B T4E-I-<* F8 +,- +D> 4= +,- C-&+D<8* 4<2 E-<- C/ /00-;60 ;6>F0/&; 28&5/C6+-2B %& 06+- #KKK* +,- T4D2- 4= N-1<-2-&+6+/I-2 F-;6& >4I-2 +4 />1-6C, ,/> 6>/5 C06/>2 4= >622/IC4<1+-5 +4 F04CH +,- 2DF2-MD-&+ /&I-2+/;6+/4&* + +4 2+6&5 62/5- /& d6&D6<8 #KK"B i/C-G.<-2/5-&+ c04- 1<-2/5-&+ E/+, 2+<4&; 2D114<+ =<4> +,- >/0/+6<8* +,- FD2/&-22 C4>>D&/+8 6&5 +,- N4>6& O6+,40/C O,D6&8 144<-< [/0/1/&42 <-=D2-5 +4 F-0/-I-g6&5 1<4F6F08 C4&+/&D- +4 54 24g+,6+ +,-/< -<2+E,/0- ,-<4 E62 ;D/0+8 4= +,C4</2>6&6;->-&+ C,6<;-2 0-I-0-5 6;6/&2+ ,/>B ?<<484* 6 =4<>-< -C4&4>/2+* />>-5/6+-08 2-+ 4D+ +4 <-622D<- =4<-/;& /&I-2+4<2 F8 =4CD2/&; 4& +,- -C4&4>8B %& 16<+/CD06<* 2,- 6CC-0-<6+-5 106&2 +4 5-<-;D06+- +,- 14E-< /&5D2+<8* 2+6+- >/2G>6&6;->-&+ 4= E,/C, ,65 0-5 +4 +,- C4D&+<8 F-/&; 2DF3-C+ +4 <-1-6+-5 F<4E&G4D+2 /& +,- "''K2B :,- 6024 C4>>/++-5 ,-< ;4I-<&>-&+ +4 -&6C+/&; 4+,-< 0/F-<60/26+/4& >-62D<-2* 2DC, 62 2/>10/=8/&; +,- +6L C45-* 6&5 10-5;-5 +4 <-G/&I/;4<6+- 2+600-5 -==4<+2 4& 06&5 <-=4<> 6&5 14I-<+8G<-5DC+/4& 1<4;<6>>-2 P+,4D;, +,-2- 1<4>/2-2 ,6I- F--& >65- F8 [/0/1/&4 0-65-<2 >6&8 +/>-2 /& +,- 162+RB %& dD&- #KK$* 2,- E62 -0-C+-5 1<-2/5-&+* E/+, $K 1-< C-&+ 4= +,- I4+-B T-< &-6<-2+ 14<+6&+ F442+ +4 ,-< 6D+,41-6C,>-&+ 6&5 C4D05 +,D2 &4+ ,/+,-<+4 C06/> 6 141D06< >6&56+-B 9,- &-L+ 1<-2/5-&+/60 C4&+-L+ /2 2C,-5D0-5 =4< #K"K +,4D;, /& /+2 1<-2-&+ =4<>* +,- C4&2+/+D+/4& =4 2--H/&; 6 2-C4&5 +-<>B J,/0- 1<4;<-22 ,62 F--& >65- F8 +,- ;4I-<&>-&+ /& 6CC4>>456+/&; +,- 5->6&52 4= I642+08 6F/5-5 F8 6 1-6CSIA A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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6;<-->-&+ 2+/+-5 65>/&/2+<6+/I6D+4&4>8 4& +,- /206&5 4= 7/&56&64B 9,- A.?V2 2D114<+ 5-C0/&-5 2,6<108 /& +,- "''K2 62 6 <-2D0+ 4= +,- <-2+4<6+/4& 4= 5->4C<6C8* >4<- -==-C+/I6<>8 41-<6+/4&2 6&5 /&+-<&60 5/I/2/4&B %+ <-G->-<;-5 62 6 =48 C6>1* H/00/&; ") 2405/-<2B ?<<484 /&/+/6008 4<5-<-5 6 >/0/+6<8 C<6CH54E& FD+ 6;<--5 +4 1-6C- +60H2 /& A44&+,2 F-C6D2- +,-8 C06/>-5 +,6+ +,-/< C616C/+8 +4 &-;4+/6+- ,65 F--& ,6>2+/C \/F-<6+/4& [<4&+ P7%\[R* 6& %206>/C 2-16<6+/2+ ;<4D1 E,/C, 4 +,- 7A\[* F-;6& &-;4+/6+/4&2 E/+, +,;4I-<&>-&+ +4 -&5 &-6<08 =4D< 5-C65-2 4= =/;,+/&; /& #KK"B %& 21/+- 4= 6 +/++-&+ =/;,+/&; C4&+/&D-5B T41-2 E-<- ,/;, +,6+ 6 C4>1<-,-&2/I- 1-6C- 6;<-->-&+ F<4H-<-5 F8 760682/6 /& #KKW E4D05 6+ 062+ 2-- 6& -&5 +4 +,- =/;,+/&;B 9,- 5-60 E62 5-2/;&-5 +4 1<4I/5- 6& -L16&5-5 6D+4&4>4D2 ,4>-06&5 =4< 6F4D+ =4D< >/00/4& 7D20/>2 /& +,24D+,-<& .,/0/11/&-2B %&5--5 /+ 5/5 611-6< F4+, 2/5-2 E4D05 6F/5- F8 +,+-<>2 4= +,- +<-6+8* FD+ 6+ +,- ""+, ,4D< +60H2 C400612-5 6>/5 6C4&8 6&5 C4D&+- 4& F4+, 2/5-2B 9,- 7%\[ ,65 1<-I/4D208 65>/++-5 6004E/&; +,- %&54&-2/6GF62-5 d->66, %206>/6, Pd%R +-<<46/&+6/& +<6/&/&; C6>12 4& +-<-&+08 5-&/-2 54/&; 24 &4Eg2DC, 5-&/60 F-/&; 6CC-1+-5 F8 >42+ 4F2-60 0/&H2 >68 C4&+/&D-B :DC, 0/&H2 612 P62 /& +,- 162+R* +,4D;, /+ /2 1422/F0- +,6+ d% >->F-<2 F-/&; 1D<2D-5 F8 %&54&-2/6 6&5 760682/6 >68 F- <-C-/I/&; 26&C+D6<8 /& +,- 24D+,-<& .,/0/11/&-2B ?&4+,-< %206>/C /&2D<;-&C8 4<;6&/26+/4&* +,- ?FD :6886= c<4D1 P?:cR* ,62 I/40-&+08 1<-22-5 /+2 C06/>2 =4< +,- -2+6F0/2,>-&+ 4= 6& %206>/C 2+6+- /& +,- 24D+, F8 D2/&; H/5&611/&;2 +4 -L+<6C+ 06<;- <6&24>2B %& [-F62+-<>/&5-5 +,- F4>F/&; 4= 6 &-E 2D1-60 C4&+6C+ /2 F-0/-I-5 +4 4CCD2 /& +,- 24D+, C6& F- 1-<2D65-5 +4 =--0 16<+ 4= +,.,/0/11/&-2* E,/C, /& +D<& 5-1-&52 4& C-&+<60 C4&C-22/4&2 +4 <-;/4&60* CD0+D<60 6&5 <-0/;/4D2 5/==-<-&C-2 62 >DC, 62 C4&+/&D-5 -C4&4>/C ;<4E+,B

PHILIPPINES

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SIA "#$ A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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M5- :,&0&.5 1+//-,1&)> 1+//7'&02 ()A- .0,+'( .7**+,0 0+ 05)167&.&0&+' +? %&'()*+,-D .--&'( &0 ). ) 9++.0 0+ 0,)8- &' %+705CS).0 F.&)3 B' ";$#D 05- F'(>+C`7015 M,-)02 .-00>-8 0-,,&0+,&)> 8&.*70-. 9-0=--' 05- 0=+ 1+7'0,&-.D =&05 05- \-05-,>)'8. ,-1+('&b&'( :,&0)&'I. *+..-..&+' +? @->)K) )'8 %&'()*+,-D )'8 :,&0)&' 5)'8&'( :-'1++>-' 9)1K 0+ 05- \-05-,>)'8.3 :2 05- ";Q[.D %&'()*+,- 5)8 9-1+/- 05- /)N+, 0,)8&'( *+,03 B0 =). 15)>>-'(-8 92 @)'&>) )'8 :)0)A&) 970 5)8 05,-- 1,71&)> )8A)'0)(-. +A-, 05- +05-, 1+>+'&)> *+,0 1&0&-. )'8 +A-, 05- /)N+, &'8&(-'+7. *+,0.3 Z&,.0D &0. (-+(,)*5&1 >+1)0&+'c /+.0 .5&*. 0,)8&'( 9-0=--' L5&')D B'8&) )'8 S7,+*5)8 0+ *).. %&'()*+,- %-1+'8D &0. .0)07. ). ) ?,-- *+,0c 05- `7015 &' :)0)A&) )'8 05- %*)'&.5 &' @)'&>) >-A&-8 ) ,)'(- +? 0),&??. )'8 15),(-. +' &/*+,0.D ). 8&8 >+1)> ,7>-,. &' 05- ./)>>-, *+,0.3 M5&,8D &0. >&'K)(-. &'0+ 05- :,&0&.5 1+//-,1&)> )'8 &'87.0,&)> -/*&,-c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`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

SIA "## A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

.+705-,' M5)&>)'8 =). 05- .+7,1- +? =-)>05 ?+, ) '7/9-, +? L5&'-.?)/&>&-. =5+ >)0-, =-'0 +' 0+ 9-1+/- 0,)8-,. )'8 ?&')'1&-,. &' 05- ,-(&+'3 M5- L5&'-.- =-,- 05- >)9+7, ?+,1- +' =5&15 :,&0&.5 %&'()*+,- 4 97&>0 )'8 %&'()*+,- =). 05- 1+'87&0 ?+, 05- 57'8,-8. +? 05+7C.)'8. ,-1,7&0-8 0+ 1+>+'&)> @)>)2) )'8 05- \-05-,>)'8. S).0 B'8&-.3 @+.0 L5&'-.- 1),'- 0+ %&'()*+,- ). &/*+A-,&.5-8 &'8-'07,-8 >)9+7,-,.3 M5- ?+,1-8 +*-'&'( +? 05M,-)02 V+,0. &' .+705-,' L5&') )'8 :,&0)&'I. )''-Y)0&+' +? P+'( d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

SINGAPORE "#a

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d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e>&0-D 05- /+05-, 0+'(7- )'8 >)'(7)(- +? 8)2C0+C8)2 1+//7'&1)0&+' ?+, 05L5&'-.- ,-/)&'-8 .+705-,' L5&'-.- 8&)>-10.3 :2 05- -),>2 $[05 1-'07,2D 05-,- =-,- ')0&+')>&.0 /+A-/-'0. 8-/)'8&'( &'8-*-'8-'1- &' /+.0 %+705CS).0 F.&)' 1+>+'&-.D ?,+/ :7,/) 05,+7(5 0+ 05- V5&>&**&'-.3 %&'()*+,- =). )' -Y1-*0&+'3 M5-,- =). '+ .-'.+? 9-&'( %&'()*+,-)'c *-+*>- &8-'0&?&-8 05-/.->A-. ). L5&'-.- +, \)'2)'( L5&'-.-3 M5-,- =).D 05-,-?+,-D '+ 1>-),>2 ),0&17>)0-8 /+A-/-'0 .--K&'( 051,-)0&+' +? )' &'8-*-'8-'0 ')0&+'C.0)0-3 F>05+7(5 05- @)>)2)' L+//7'&.0 V),02 T@LVU +*-,)0-8 &' %&'()*+,- &' 05- "<$[. )'8 "> ). &' :,&0&.5 @)>)2)D )'8 =). &'A+>A-8 &' +,()'&.&'( )/+'( L5&'-.- )'8 B'8&)'

SIA "#E A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

=+,K-,.D &0 /)8- '+ )00-/*0 0+ 8-A->+* ) .*-1&?&1)>>2 %&'()*+,- &8-'0&02 +, ')0&+')>&./3 V+>&0&1)> )10&A&02 &' %&'()*+,- &' 05- "<$_. )'8 "- 9-0=--' 05- L5&'-.- L+//7'&.0 V),02 TLLVU )'8 05d7+/&'0)'( Td@MU ?+, 1+'0,+> +? L5&')3 :+05 05- LLV )'8 05- Gf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e>&0-D &0. 1+//-,1&)> 1+,- )'8 &0. +??&1&)> -05+. =). :,&0&.53 :70 9-2+'8 05- S7,+*-)' 5+/-.D 1>79. )'8 +??&1-.D 05- &.>)'8 =). 17>07,)>>2 *,-8+/&')'0>2 L5&'-.-3 M5-,- =).D 5+=-A-,D ) .&('&?&1)'0 B'8&)' /&'+,&02D A),2&'( ?,+/ E 0+ "$ *-, 1-'0 +? 05- *+*7>)0&+'3 M5&. /&'+,&02 =). >),(- -'+7(5 0+ 1,-)0- &0. +=' 1+//7'&0&-.D =5-,- 05- A&.&0+, =+7>8 9- 1>-),>2 )=),- +? /+A&'( +70 +? 058+/&')'0 L5&'-.- .+1&-02 &'0+ ) g>&00>- B'8&)g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

SINGAPORE "#W

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e>&0-3 %+1&)> 1+'0,+> =). /)&'0)&'-8 '+0 /-,->2 92 05- *+>&1- )'8 1+7,0 .2.0-/. 970 )>.+ 92 05*,+C:,&0&.5 L5&'-.- 97.&'-.. )'8 1>)' 5-)8. )'8 92 05- =-)>052 >-)8-,. +? 05- B'8&)' 1+//7'&023 B0 =). ) K-2 *),0 +? 05- :,&0&.5 -/*&,-c ),(7)9>2 05/+.0 &/*+,0)'0 1+//-,1&)> *+..-..&+' -).0 +? B'8&) )'8D ?,+/ 05- "<$[.D ) /)N+, ')A)> 9).- (7),8&'( :,&0&.5 &'0-,-.0. &' %+705CS).0 F.&) )'8 *,+A&8&'( ) 8-?-'.- .5&->8 ?+, F7.0,)>&) )'8 \-= h-)>)'83 *+, -&.&$,', "!!/.&*%"$

%&'()*+,- ?->> 0+ 05- G)*)'-.- B/*-,&)> F,/2 +' "a Z-9,7),2D "<#$3 M5- >+.. +? 05&. .0,)0-(&1)>>2 &/*+,0)'0 &.>)'8 67&1K>2 >-8 0+ 05- 1)*&07>)0&+' +? 05\-05-,>)'8. S).0 B'8&-.3 M5+7.)'8. +? S7,+*-)'.D 1&A&>&)'. ). =->> ). .+>8&-,.D =-,- 0,)**-8 &' %&'()*+,-3 @)'2 =-,- 8&.*)015-8 0+ 97&>8 05&'?)/+7. :7,/) ,)&>=)23 M5- 8-)05 ,)0- =). 5&(53 @+,- 05)' #a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d7+/&'0)'( .7**+,0-,.3 F,9&0,),2 ),,-.0.D 0+,07,)'8 -Y-170&+'. =-,- 1+//+'*>)1-3 %*-1&)> 0)Y-. =-,- &/*+.-8 +' L5&'-.-

SIA "#; A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

&'1+/-. )'8 )..-0.3 Z+, 05- ,-.&8-'0. +? %&'()*+,-D 05- G)*)'-.- +117*)0&+' =). ) 0&/- +? .0,7((>- ?+, .7,A&A)>3 :,&0&.5 ,7>- =). 9-'&(' 92 1+/*),&.+'3 M5- G)*)'-.- +117*)0&+' +? %+705CS).0 F.&) (,-)0>2 ,-871-8 S7,+*-)' *,-.0&(-3 B'8--8D =5&>- 5&.0+,&)'. 8&??-, ). 0+ 05- >+'(C0-,/ &/*),0 +? 05- +117*)0&+' &' &'8&A&87)> .+1&-0&-.D 05-,- &. (-'-,)> )(,--/-'0 05)0 &0 7.5-,-8 &' 05- 9-(&''&'( +? 05- -'8 +? S7,+*-)' 1+>+'&)>&./ &' 05,-(&+'3 G)*)'-.- *+>&1&-. )'8 )10&+'. 1>-),>2 5)8 )' &/*)10 +' &'8&A&87)>. &' %&'()*+,-3 F*),0 ?,+/ 05- L5&'-.-D B'8&)'. )'8 @)>)2. =5+ 8&-8 &' *,&.+'.D &' >)9+7, 1)/*. +, ). ) ,-.7>0 +? &'8&.1,&/&')0- G)*)'-.- 9,70)>&02D )>/+.0 )>> =5+ >&A-8 05-,- .7??-,-8 .-A-,- 8)2C0+C8)2 5),8.5&*. 87,&'( 05- 05,--C )'8C)C5)>? 2-),. +? G)*)'-.- +117*)0&+'3 M5- 8--*-,D >+'(C0-,/ &/*)10 &. 5),8-, 0+ )..-..3 F >-()12 +? 8&.0,7.0 +? G)*)' &' %&'()*+,- )'8 05,+7(5+70 %+705CS).0 F.&) /)2 =->> 9- 05- /+.0 .&('&?&1)'0 1+'.-67-'1-3 *"0&12' %$2,.,$2,$!,

:,&0)&' ,-+117*&-8 %&'()*+,- &' 9-0=--' F7(7.0 )'8 %-*0-/9-, "<#a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d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e>&0-. =-,- -67)>>2 )>),/-8c 1+//7'&./ 05,-)0-'-8 05-&, &'0-,-.0. ). /715 ). &0 8&8 05- &'0-,-.0. +? 05- :,&0&.53 M5- @LV >)7'15-8 &0. &'.7,,-10&+' &' %&'()*+,- )'8 @)>)2) &' "<#;D ,-.7>0&'( &' ) 8-1>),)0&+' +? ) %0)0- +?

SINGAPORE "#<

S/-,(-'12 =5&15 =). 0+ >).0 7'0&> ">-8 >)9+7, 7'&+'. &' 05- >)0- "<#[. )'8 -),>2 "&.0.D =5+ 5)8 =&058,)=' 0+ M)&=)'D 1+/*-0-8 A&(+,+7.>2 &' 05- " .7**+,0 ?,+/ 05- +A-,.-). L5&'-.-3 %&'()*+,- =). )()&' ) A&0)> 579 &' 05- %+705C S).0 F.&) 1)/*)&('3 J&/&0-8 .->?C(+A-,'/-'0 =). &'0,+871-8 &'0+ %&'()*+,- &' "-I. F10&+' V),02 TVFVU ()&'-8 ) /)N+,&02 +? .-)0. &' 05J-(&.>)0&A- F..-/9>2D 9-(&''&'( ) 8+/&')'1- +? %&'()*+,- *+>&0&1. 1+'0&'7&'( 0+ 05- *,-.-'0 8)23 J-8 92 J-- d7)' i-=D ) 2+7'( L)/9,&8(-C -871)0-8 >)=2-,D 05- VFV =). ) *),02 +? ) '-= S'(>&.5C-871)0-8 e>&0-/-,(&'( &' %&'()*+,- &' 05- "2 &'?>7-'1-8 92 S7,+*-)' .+1&)> 8-/+1,)0&1 &8-).D 05- VFV *,+871-8 ) 9>7-*,&'0 ?+, %&'()*+,-I. 8-A->+*/-'0 9).-8 +' ) .0,+'( .0)0- )'8 .0)0- &'0-,A-'0&+' &' 05- -1+'+/2 0+ 1,-)0- ) '-=D &'87.0,&)>&b-8D %&'()*+,-3 J-- )'8 5&. ?->>+= VFV >-)8-,. K'-= 05)0 05-&, .0,+'(-.0 +**+'-'0. =-,- 05- 1+//7'&.0.D =5+ =-,+*-,)0&'( 05,+7(5 A),&+7. >-()> )'8 &>>-()> .0,7107,-. )'8D &' 05- -),>2 "2 05,+7(5 05- :),&.)' %+1&)>&. *),023 M5+,()'&.)0&+')> .0,7107,- +? 05- VFV /&,,+,-8 05)0 +? 1+//7'&.0 *),0&-.3 B0. 8-/+1,)0&1 1-'0,)>&./ *>)1-8 -??-10&A- 1+'0,+> &' 05- 5)'8. +? ) .->?C .->-10&'( e>&0-3 :2 05- -),>2 "- +? %&'()*+,- =5&>- .0&>> .)?-(7),8&'( &0. .0,)0-(&1 )'8 1+//-,1&)> &'0-,-.0.D =5&15 =-,- .--' ). &'-Y0,&1)9>2 1+''-10-8 =&05 *,-A-'0&'( %&'()*+,- ?,+/ g(+&'( 1+//7'&.0g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e>&0- ). ) 1+'.7//)0&+' +? 05- .0,+'( -1+'+/&1 &'0-,8-*-'8-'105)0 5)8 8-A->+*-8 9-0=--' @)>)2) )'8 %&'()*+,- +A-, /+,- 05)' ) 1-'07,23 %&'()*+,- =+7>8 ,-0)&' 1+'0,+> +A-, ) '7/9-, +? 1,71&)> ),-).D &'1>78&'( -871)0&+' )'8 L+//7'&1)0&+'.D &' ,-07,' ?+, ) >+=-, *,+*+,0&+'

SIA "a[ A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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g05-&,g 1+7'0,2 =). )9+70 0+ 90)K-' +A-, 92 g?+,-&('-,.g3 J-- d7)' i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g4-.0-,' .02>-g 1&A&> >&9-,0&-.3 SA-' 9-?+,- &'8-*-'8-'1-D J-- d7)' i-=I. (+A-,'/-'0 8-0-,C/&'-8 05)0 05- -1+'+/2 5)8 0+ 7'8-,(+ /)..&A- .0,7107,)> 15)'(- A-,2 67&1K>2 &? %&'()*+,- =). 0+ *,+.*-,3 B' 7'8-, ?&A- 8-1)8-.D %&'()*+,- 5). /+A-8 ?,+/ )' -..-'0&)>>2 -'0,-*+0 -1+'+/2 0+ ) *,-8+/&')'0>2 &'87.0,&)> )'8 .-,A&1-.C 9).-8 -1+'+/23 M5- '-Y0 8-1)8- =&>> .-- %&'()*+,- 1+'.+>&8)0- &0. /+A&'0+ ) *+.0C&'87.0,&)> *5).-D =&05 /+.0 +? &0. =-)>05 (-'-,)0-8 92 .-,A&1&'87.0,&-.D ,)'(&'( ?,+/ *,+A&8&'( ,-(&+')> ?&')'1&)> )'8 5&(5C0-15'+>+(2 .-,A&1-. 0+ +05-, %+705CS).0 F.&)' ')0&+'. 0+ /)'7?)107,&'( 5&(5C 0-15'+>+(2 *,+8710. ?+, ) =+,>8 /),K-0D 70&>&.&'( =+,>8I. 9-.0 *,)10&1-3

SINGAPORE "a"

P-'1-D &' $[[" J-- d7)' i-=D &' 5&. 1)*)1&02 ). %-'&+, @&'&.0-,D 7,(-8 %&'()*+,- 0+ g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

SIA "a$ A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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e>&0- =). 7'1-,0)&' )9+70 &0. &8-'0&02 &' 05- "2 L5&'-.- +A-,.-). +, ) (-'7&'- *),0 +? 05- ,-(&+'Oj92 05"<;[. 05-2 =-,- ?), /+,- 1+'?&8-'0 )9+70 %&'()*+,-I. ?707,- &' 05- F%SF\ ,-(&+' )'8D 92 05- 07,' +? 05- 1-'07,2D 05-2 =-,- .7*,-/->2 1+'?&8-'0 +? 05-&, )9&>&02 0+ 1+'0&'7- 0+ *,+.*-, &' )' &'1,-).&'(>2 (>+9)> -1+'+/2 )'8 =&05&' 05- .0,+'(>2 8-A->+*&'( %+705CS).0 F.&) ,-(&+'3 %+/- 1+//-'0)0+,. 5)A- 0)>K-8 +? ) g,-C.&'+?&1)0&+'gD '+0 N7.0 +? 05- %&'()*+,-)'. 970 +? -05'&1 L5&'-.- 1+//7'&0&-. 05,+7(5+70 %+705CS).0 F.&)D ). 05-2 '-0=+,K =&05 -)15 +05-, )'8 1+'0&'7- 0+ 5)A- ) 8+/&')'0 ,+>- &' ')0&+')> )'8 ,-(&+')> -1+'+/&-.3 B' 05- '-= /&>>-''&7/D %&'()*+,- &. 92 ?), 05- /+.0 *,+.*-,+7. ')0&+' &' %+705CS).0 F.&) T).&8- ?,+/ 05- )9-,,)0&+' +? 05- 0&'2 +&>C,&15 .0)0+? :,7'-&U3 B0 &. ) .+1&-02 ?7>> +? 1+'0,)8&10&+'.3 B' /)'2 =)2. &0 &. ) /+8-,' L+'?71&)' .0)0-j)>=)2. &'0,7.&A-D /+.0>2 *)0-,')>&.0&1D .+/-0&/-. )705+,&0),&)'D =&05 ) .0,+'( &8-+>+(2 +? 05- *-+*>-I. 870&-. 0+=),8. 05.0)0-3 B0 &. ,7>-8 92 ) 1>+.-CK'&0D /-,&0+1,)0&1 e>&0- ?+17.-8 +' 05- VFV3 M5.0)0- 1>)&/. 05- ,&(50 0+ 9- &'A+>A-8 &' )>> ).*-10. +? &0. *-+*>-I. >&A-.c )..-,0&'( 05- ,&(50 0+ 8-?&'- ?)/&>2 .&b- )'8 05- ')07,- +? *-,.+')> ,->)0&+'.5&*.D ). =->> ). 0+ 8-0-,/&'- 05- .0,7107,- +? 05- -1+'+/23 M57.D =+,,&-8 92 ) 8-1>&'- &' 05- ?-,0&>&02 ,)0- +? 05- /+.0 -871)0-8D /)&'>2 L5&'-.- e>&0- T9,+7(50 )9+70 92 05- ,->710)'1- +? )/9&0&+7. 2+7'( =+/-'

SINGAPORE "aQ

0+ &'0-,,7*0 05-&, 1),--,.UD 05- (+A-,'/-'0 +??-,. (-'-,+7. 0)Y 9,-)K. )'8 +05-, &'1-'0&A-. ?+, =+/-' 0+ 5)A- 15&>8,-'3 M5- .0)0- 8&,-10>2 +='. +, 1+'0,+>. >),(- .-10&+'. +? 05- -1+'+/2 )'8D 05,+7(5 5 &'A-.0/-'0 9+),8D 5). .5),-. &' +05-, %&'()*+,-)' 1+/*)'&-. ). =->> ). +A-,.-).3 i-0 &0 &. )>.+ 0515)/*&+' +? ?,-- -'0-,*,&.-D =->1+,'&'- ?+,-&(' /7>0&')0&+')>. )'8 '7,07,&'( &0. +=' /7>0&')0&+')> 1+,*+,)0&+'. &' ) 1+/*-0&0&A- -'A&,+'/-'0 )>/+.0 0+0)>>2 ?,-- +? 05- 1+,,7*0&+' =5&15 9-8-A&>. +05-, 1+7'0,&-. &' 05- ,-(&+'3 :2 $[[aD 9&>)0-,)> ?,--C0,)8- )(,--/-'0. 5)8 9--' .&('-8 =&05 05- ]'&0-8 %0)0-.D G)*)'D F7.0,)>&) )'8 \-= h-)>)'83 B0 5). )' -'A&)9>,-1+,8 &' *,+A&8&'( >+=C1+.0 5+7.&'(D 5&(5C67)>&02 -871)0&+' )'8 -Y0-'.&A5-)>05 1),- ?+, )>> %&'()*+,-)'.3 i-0 &0. .+1&)> .-17,&02 '-0 &. 5&(5>2 1+'8&0&+')>D &'.&.0&'( 05)0 &'8&A&87)>. /7.0 =+,K 5),8 )'8 .0)'8 +' 05-&, +=' ?--03 B0 &. ) .0)0- =5&15 -'1+7,)(-. )((,-..&A- -1+'+/&1 )10&A&02D )'8 ,-=),8. &'8&A&87)> )9&>&02 )'8 )15&-A-/-'03 i-0 &0 &. ) *7,&0)' .0)0-D =&05 ) .0)0-C1+'0,+>>-8 >+1)> /-8&)D 1-'.+,C.5&* +? ?+,-&(' /-8&) )'8 ) A-,2 *79>&1 1+'1-,' )9+70 /+,)> *+>>70&+' +? 05- 2+7'( ?,+/ 4-.0-,' 17>07,)> &'?>7-'1-.3 B' /)00-,. +? ')0&+')> .-17,&02D ,-.0,&10&+'. 5)A- 9--' ?7,05-, 0&(50-'-8 .&'1- >)0- $[[" =5-' ) *>+0 0+ >)7'15 .7&1&8- )00)1K. 92 /&>&0)'0. 9->+'(&'( 0+ 05- ,-(&+')> B.>)/&.0 0-,,+,&.0 +,()'&b)0&+' G-/))5 B.>)/&)5 TGBU )()&'.0 ) '7/9-, +? %&'()*+,-I. 1,&0&1)> &'?,).0,7107,- &'.0)>>)0&+'. )'8 -/9)..&-. +? ?+,-&(' 1+7'0,&-. =). 7'1+A-,-83 M5- (+A-,'/-'0 =). 5&(5>2 -/9),,)..-8 92 05- -.1)*- ?,+/ 17.0+82 &' Z-9,7),2 $[[; +? 05- >-)8-, +? 05- GB '-0=+,K &' %&'()*+,-D @). %->)/)0 d).0),&3 d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

SIA "a# A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA

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ABOUT AFG VENTURE VENTURE GROUP

AFG Venture Group is an Australian and Asian corporate advisory firm with activities throughout Australia, South East Asia and India (www.afgventuregroup.com). AFG Venture Group has a number of core sector competencies, including Education, Health and Life Sciences, Mining and Resources, IT&T, Retail, Services (including Environmental and Clean Technology) and Manufacturing and Engineering. AFG Venture Group was created by the merger of Asean Focus Group, with its 20 year history of creating alliances, relationships and transactions in Asia and in particular in South East Asia and India, and Venture Group, with its 14 year history of corporate and equities advisory in Australia. AFG Venture Group's principal offices are in Sydney but it has representative and joint venture offices throughout Asia including Bangkok, Chennai, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Manila, Mumbai, New Delhi, Singapore, Vientiane (Lao PDR), and Yangon (Myanmar).

A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA SIA 217

ABOUT BLAKE DAWSON

Blake Dawson Blake Dawson (www.blakedawson.com) is one of Australia's largest law firms with over 1,500 people, including more than 180 partners and 625 lawyers offering expertise to private and public sector clients in over 30 areas of law. It maintains a network of offices across Australia in Sydney, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Brisbane, Canberra, Perth and Adelaide and has extensive extensive experience experience in acting for clients across across the Asia Pacific region. The 2009 opening of a Singapore office further expands on its existing regional capability and on the ground client services from its own or affiliated offices in Jakarta, Indonesia, Shanghai, China and Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. The firm also has significant experience in other Asian and the Middle East markets. It is the provider of legal services to Australia's top Stock Exchange listed companies, global corporations and government and in 2007 was named "Best Financial Law Firm 2007" (Finance Asia Achievement Achievement Awards) and in 2008 "Law Firm Of The Year: Australia & Oceania -PLC Which lawyer? Law Firm Awards". It has 89 Best Lawyer listings in Best Lawyers Australia, 2008 across 41 different areas of commercial practice, the equal most listings in Australia. Blake Dawson was also nominated as Employer of Choice 2008 (for the 8th consecutive year) by the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

218

INDEX

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 104 Barisan Nasional, 96, 104 Abdurrahman Wahid, 57, 58 Abu Sayyaf, 139 Aceh,42-44,60,62,86, 125 Acehnese, 40, 42, 46, 62 Agriculture Brunei, 4 Cambodia, 14, 18, 19, 23 Indonesia, 45, 49, 56, 57 Lao PDR, 71, 72, 77, 78 Malaysia, 88 Thailand, 118, 166, 167, 176 Vietnam, 187, 188, 192, 195 al Qaeda, 60 Ambon,43,44 Anand Panyarachun, 173 Ananda (Rama VIII), 167, 169 Ang Chan, 17 Ang Duang, 17 Ang Mei, 17 Angkor, 10, 11, 12-15, 19, 25, 68, 125, 160, 161 Anglo-Burmese War, 111, 112, 117 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 5, 88, 144 Annam, 183, 187, 190 Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, 115, 116 Anwar Ibrahim, 103, 104 Apolinario Mabini, 130 Aquino, Benigno, 136Aquino, Cory, 136, 137 Arakanese, 109 Aris, Michael, 119 ASEAN, ix, xii- xvii, 1, 7, 8, 11, 27, 30, 37, 65,79,100,107,120,124,137,152, 153,181,196,213 Aung San Suu Kyi, 119, 120 Aung San, 114--116, 119 Australia, ix, xii, xiv, 5, 28, 30, 34, 36, 46, 145,148,154,193,199,200-202, 213,214 Ava, 110, 111 Ayudhya,10, 15,16,68,84,87,110,156, 158, 161-163

Balinese, 40, 42, 44 Bangladesh, 108, 109, 117, 118 Bantan, 43 Bao Dai, 190, 191, 192 Batavia, 4, 43, 44, 47, 127, 144 see also Jakarta Battambang, 16, 19 Bayinnaung, 162 Belo, Bishop Carlos, 35 Bencoolen, 143, 144 Bengal, 111-113 Bhurnibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King, 170 Borneo,2, 5-7,80,82-86,88-90,92,93, 95, 125, 150 see also Brunei Boun Ourn, 75 Bowring Treaty, 164 Britain, 70, 106, 132, 140 Bowring Treaty and, 164 and Brunei, 5-7 acquires Hong Kong, 46 in Malaysia, 88-96 in Myanmar, 111-116 in Singapore, 143-150 and Thailand-World War II, 169 British North Borneo Company, 6 British East India Company (EIC), 111, 143 Brooke, Charles, 89, 90 Brooke, James, 5, 89, 90 Brooke, Vyner, 92 Brunei, xvi, 2-9, 205 early history, 2-5 Britain and, 5-8 Independence, 7 future of, 8-9 Buddhism, 2, 14, 15, 28, 41, 42, 69, 83, 109, 114, 125, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 176, 183 see also Mahayana Buddhism; Theravada Buddhism Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party (BLDP), 29 Bugis, 86, 87 Bumiputera, 82, 97, 98 Burma Socialist Program Party, 117 Burma, 13,15,49,66,67, 71,106,107, INDEX

219

108, 116, 117, 125, 146, 148, 158, 159, 164, 168, 201 see also Myanmar Burmese Communist Party, 115, 116 Calcutta, 111, 112, 143 Cambodia, 66, 125, 158, 165, 168, 172, 177,206,213 15th-18th centuries, 15-17 1945-1953,20,21 1993 elections, 28, 29 21st century, in, 29-31 colonial era, 17-19, 70-71 early history, 13-15, 163-165 Khmer Rouge government and, 24-26 revolution and, 24 Sihanouk, under, 21-24 early wars with Thailand, 163, 164, 168 as Vietnamese Protectorate, 26-28 180 181, 184, 187, 194 , , World War II, 19, 20 Cambodian People's Party (CPP), 29 CCP see Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Provident Fund, 152 Chakri dynasty, 110 Chamlong Srimuang, 174 Champa, 14, 16, 184 Chao Anou, 70 Chaophraya Chakri, 162, 163 Chaophraya river, 161 Chatichai Choonhavan, 173 Chiang Kai-Shek, 149 Chiang Mai, 68, 161, 162 China,xiv, 13,23,43,84,125 and Cambodia, 25-28, 30 and Laos, 64, 71, 72, 78 and Myanmar, 106, 109, llO and Singapore, 143-151, 153, 154 and Thailand, 159, 173, 177 and Vietnam, 180-197 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 147 Chittagong, 111 Chuan Leekpai, 174 Chulachomklao Military Academy, 173 Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King, 165-166, 176 Cold War, xiii, 12, 28, 30, 149 Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), 92-93 Confucian, 153, 182-186, 188-189 CPP see Cambodian People's Party (CPP) Crony capitalism, 99, 136 Da Nang, 78, 186 Dayak,4,86, 87,90,92 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 95, 96, 97,99

Democratic Kampuchea, 24, 25 Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) 73,75,76,191-195 Devawongse, Prince, 165 Dien Bien Phu, 191 Dili, 35, 36 "Doi moi" (renovation), 195-197 Dutch, 5, 162 see also Netherlands and East Timor, 32, 34 and Indonesia, 38, 43-51 and Malaysia, 80, 85, 88 and Philippines, 126, 127, 132 and Singapore, 143, 144 Dutch East Indies, 34 East India Company (EIC) see British East India Company (EIC) East Timor, riv, xvi, 34-37,46,58,62,207 EIC see British East India Company (EIC) Emerald Buddha, 163 Emperor Gia Long, 185 English East India Company (EIC) see British East India Company Estrada, Joseph, 138 Fa Ngurn, 68 Federated Malay States (FMS), 89 Felipe, Crown Prince, 126 Filipinos, 125, 130, 131, 133-135, 138 see also Philippines First Indochina War, 72, 190 Ford, President Gerald, 194 Foreign aid, Cambodia, 16,22,23,27-30 East Timor, 36 Lao PDR, 66, 74-79 Myanmar, 120 Thailand, 170-172 Vietnam, 181, 191-197 France/french, 6 and Cambodia, 10, ll, 17-21, 25 and Lao PDR, 64-68, 70-73 and Philippines, 128, 132 and Singapore, 144, 145 and Thailand, 166-169 and Vietnam, 169, 180, 183-191, 197 Free Thai Movement, 168 Fretilin, 35, 36, 37 "Funan", 13 FUNCINPEC (French acronym for National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Co-operative Cambodia), 27-30 Gas, 2, 6-8, 37, 62, 177 Geneva Conference, 22, 74-75, 191 A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA 220 SIA 220

Goa, 43 Goh Chok Tong, 155 Golkar, 52, 53, 57 Great Depression, 91, 166 Guided Democracy, 52, 61 Gusmao, Xanana, 35, 36, 37 Habibie, President (Doctor) B.] ., 35, 57, 58,62 Hamzah Haz, 99 Han dynasty, 183 Hanoi, 184, 185, 187, 191, 195, 196 Hanoi Hilton, 195 Hassanal Bolkiah, Sir, 2 Heng Samrin, 26 Hindu/flindillsm,2, 13, 15,41,42,86, 109,125,148,160,183 Hmong, 68, 71, 74, 75, 76 Ho Chi Minh, 73, 75, 76, 190-191, 193 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 75, 76, 193 Hoa Hao, 189 Hong Kong, 6, 46, 145, 146 Horta, Jose Ramos, 35 Huk, 134 Hun Sen, 26, 29, 30, 31 Iban, 4, 86 Ilustrados, 130 Immigrants, 51, 82, 86, 87, 94 see also migrants Chinese, 113, 146 Indian, 109, 114 Singapore and, 142, 146 Yangon and, 113 India,2, 5, 13,27,38,41,43-45, 75,83, 87,88,93, 106,108,109,111,113, 114, 118, 125, 126, 140, 143, 144, 147, 148, 202, 213 Indians, 82, 91-93, 103, 112, 113, 114, 118, 147, 149 Indochina, 20, 22, 24 Geneva Conference 1954, 22, 64 First Indochina War, 72-74, 190-191 French control of, 71-72, 180, 187 Indochina Communist Party, 189 Indonesia, 20, 88, 125, 154, 208 afterSuharto, 55-63 and ASEAN, 124 colonialism, 43-46 and East Timor, 32-37 independence, 51-55 Japanese occupation, 48-49 nationalism, 46-48 pre-colonial, 41-43 Suharto era, 52-55 Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 47, 52

Indonesian Democratic Struggle Party 57 58 Internal Security Act (ISA), 100, 152 Irian Jaya, 62 Irrawaddy, 109, 120 Islam, ix, xiii, 3, 9, 42, 44 48 51 53 61 84,85,93,95,99,100,101,125,126 Jakarta,33,35,41,43,49,52,56,58,61, 127, 214 see also Batavia Japan, 6, 115, 189 and Cambodia, 19, 30 occupation of Indonesia, 49, 50 and Laos PDR, 64 occupation of Singapore, 148, 149 and Thailand, 168, 169, 176 and Vietnam, 190, 191 Japanese, xv, xvi, 16, 20, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 72,93,114-115,133,134,146,148, 149, 159, 162, 168, 169, 190-191, 202 Java,40-46,48,49,50,52,57,59,62,83, 85,143,201 Javanese, 3, 40-42, 45, 46, 83 Jayakarta, 43 see also Batavia Jayavarman II, 13, 14 Jayavarman VII, 14, 15 Jefri, Prince, 8 Jemaah Islamiah, 60, 139, 154 Johnson, President L., xv, 193 Johor,85,86, 88, 89,143 Kadazan-Dusun, 4 Kalimantan, xvi, 2-5,40, 55 see also Borneo Karens, 109 Kaysone Phomvihan, 73, 77, 78 Kedah,87,88,89,96 Kelantan, 87, 89, 96 Kennedy, President John F., 75, 192 Kha, 68, 69 Khamtay Siphandon, 77, 79 Khmer Issarak, 21 Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF), 27 Khmer Republic, 24 Khmer Rouge, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 172, 173 Khmer, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18-19, 21, 24-30, 67,68, 161,172,173 Kissinger, Henry, 193 Kong Le, 75 Kriangsak Chomanand, General, 172 Kuomintang (KMT), 92, 147, 148, 189 LanNa, 161 Lan Xang, 68, 69 Lao Issara, ("Free Laos") 72, 73 INDEX

221

Lao Loum, 67 Lao PDR, 64-79, 209 see also Laos early history, 67-70 French conquest of, 70-72 Indochina War, 72-74 "Neutralisation" in, 74, 75 since 1975, 77-79 Vietnam War and, 75- 77 World War II and, 72-74 Lao People's Democratic Republic see LaoPDR Lao People's Revolutionary Party, 77, 79 Lao Theung, 68 Laos, 13-14,16,66,65,66-68,70-79, 108, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 177, 187, 200, 213 see also LaoPDR Lee Hsien Loong, 155 Lee Kuan Yew, ix, 95, 150-151, 155, 202 Legaspi, Governor Miguel, 127 Lon Nol, 24 Lowlander Lao, 67, 69 Luzon, 3,126-128,134,201 Macapagai-Arroyo, Gloria, 138 MacArthur, General, 133 Macau, 4, 43, 127 Madras, 113 Magellan, Ferdinand, 126 Mahabharata, 42 Mahathir Mohamad, Doctor, Prime Minister, 99 Mahayana Buddhism, 14, 83, 183 Malay Annals, 83 Malay States, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 144, 145, 163, 165, 168 Malay/s, 2-5, 9, 16, 43, 47, 82-89, 91-103, 124, 142-145, 148, 150, 151, 153, 160, 161-165, 166, 168, 170, 179, 201 Malaya,45,80, 82,89,91-95,113,126, 141, 145, 146, 148-151, 168 Malayan Communist Party see Communist Party of Malaya (MCP) Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), 93 MP AJA see Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) Malaysia, 7, 80-105, 124-125, 137, 150, 153-154,210 15th century, 83-85 16th-18th centuries, 85-87 alliance and independence, 94, 95 British advance into, 88-90

Colonial era, 90-93 creation of, 95 Dr Mahathir and, 99-105 early history, 8 3 Japanese occupation of, 93 New Economic Policy and, 97-98 Post-War Period, 93-94 UMNO and Barisan government, 96-97 Malaysian-Chinese Association (MCA), 94,96 Malaysian-lndian Congress (MIC), 94, 96 Malukas, 43, 126, 127 Mandalay, 110, 112 Manila,4, 16,126-128,130,132,136, 144,202,203 Marcos, President Ferdinand, 135 Mari Alkatiri, Prime Minister, 36 MCP see Communist Party of Malaya (MCP) Megawati Sukarnoputri, 57, 59 Mekong,13,14,17,19,66,67,70-72,78, 160, 184, 188 Melaka (Malacca), 3, 4, 5, 41, 43, 83-86, 88,94, 125,142-144 Melayu Islam Beraja, 9 Melayu, 9, 83 Mestizo, 127, 129, 130, 131 Mexico, 126, 127 Migrants, 50, 87, 109 see also Immigrants Minangkabau,40,86,87 Mindanao, 125, 128, 139 Minh Mang, 17, 186 Mining, 78,88,89, 144,145,177 Missionaries, 16, 109, 162, 186, 189 Mongkut (Rama IV), King, 17, 18, 156, 160, 164-166 Mongkut, Prince, 17, 156, 160, 164-166 Mongol, 109, 159 Moro Nationalist Liberation Front (MNLF), 136, 138, 139 Murut, 4 Muslim, 3, 4, 9, 42, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61, 84-87, 91, 92, 100, 101, 117, 125, 128, 130, 136, 142, 148, 165, 179 Myanmar, 64, 106--121, 177, 211 colonial period, lll-115 independence, 115-121 Japanese Occupation of, 115 pre-colonial, 109-111 Nahdlatul Ulama, 58 Nanchao, 159 Nan-viet, 183 Nanyang Chinese (overseas Chinese), 146 Nan-yiieh, 183 A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA 222 SIA 222

Napoleonic Wars, 44, 129, 143 Narai, King, 162 Narasuen, King, 16 Narong Kittikachorn, 171 National League for Democracy (NLD), 119 National Liberation Front (NLF), 27, 192 Nationalism Cambodia, 19-21 Indonesia, 47, 48, 50, 51 Lao PDR, 72 Malaysia, 93 Myanmar, 114 Philippines, 129-131, 148 Thailand, 166, 167 Ne Win, General, 116-119 Negeri Sembilan, 86, 88, 89 Netherlands East Indies government, 44 Netherlands United East India Company (VOC), 43, 143 Netherlands, 5, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 92, 12 7, 129, 143-145, 148 see also Dutch New Economic Policy (NEP), 97-99 New Order, xvii, 52, 54, 57, 59 New People's Army (NPA), 136, 139 Ngo Dinh Diem, 192 Ngo Dinh Nhu, 192 Nguyen Van Thieu, General, 193 Nguyen, 184-187, 191, 193, 196, 197 Nixon, President Richard, 193 NLD see National League for Democracy NLF see National Liberation Front Norodom Ranariddh, Prince, 27, 29 Norodom Sihanouk, King see Sihanouk, King Norodom

People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), 26 Perak, 80, 84, 87-89 Peterson, Pete, 195 Phao Siyanon, 170 Phaulkon, Constantine, 162 Phetracha, 162 Phibun Songkhram, Lt Colonel, 167 Philippines, xii, 3, 86, 90, 122-141, 146, 212, 213 early history, 125-126 Filipino nationalism, 129-131 Independence, 134, 135 Japanese occupation, 133-134 Marcos era, the, 135-137 Restoration of democracy, 137-139 Spanish rule, 126-129 U.S. colonisation, 131-132 Phnom Penh, 15,17-20,24,76 PKI see Indonesian Communist Party "Plain of Jars", 68, 74, 75 Pol Pot (Saloth Sar), 25, 26, 30, 195, 200 Portugal/Portuguese, 3, 4, 80, 85, 125-127, 162 and East Timor, 32-36 and Indonesia, 38, 43, 46 Pradjahipok (Rama VII), King, 166 Prambanan, 38, 42 Praphas Charusathian, 170 Prem Tinsulanonda, General, 173 Pridi Phanomyong, 169 PRK see People's Republic of Kampuchea Puni, 2

Oil, 1, 2, 6--9, 37, 39, 45, 55, 90, 91, 98, 108,153,171,177,196,200 Opium, 68, 71, 75, 87, 118, 145, 164, 170, 188 "P'o-ni", 85 Pagan, 106, 110, 125, 160, 201 Pancasila, 53, 61 Pangkor Treaty, 80, 89 Papua, 62 Paris, 25, 28, 76, 181, 194 Partai Rakyat Brunei, 7 Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS), 96, 100, 101 Party of National Awakening, 57 Patani, 87 Pathet Lao, 65, 73-76 Pavie, Auguste, 71 Pegu, 106, 110 Penang, 80,87, 88,94, 140,143,147 "People power", 137

Raffles, Stamford, 140, 143 Rainsy, Sam, 29, 30 Rama I, 16, 163, 164 Rama II, 164 Rama III, 164 Rama IV see Mongkut (Rama IV), King Rama V see Chulalonghorn (Rama V), King Rama VI see Vajiravudh (Rama VI), King Rama VII see Pradjahipok (Rama VII) Rama VIII see Ananda (Rama VIII) Rama IX, 170 Ramayana, 42, 163 Ramkhamhaeng, 160 Ramos, Fidel, 137 Rangoon see Yangon Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 73, 181, 191, 192, 195 Revenue, 6, 7, 31, 55, 62, 71, 128 Riau Islands, 8 5

Quezon, President Manuel, 131, 132 Quoc ngu, 189

INDEX

223

Rizal, Jose, 130 Roman Catholic, 138 Royal Dutch Shell, 45 Royal Lao, 74-76 Royal Philippine Company, 129 Sabah,3,4,7,85,86,90,93,95,98, 150 Smgon,16,17,19,23,76,186,187, 191, 194 Sakdina, 161 Saloth Sar see Pol Pot Sangha, 15,20,25, 161,163,171, 176 Sarawak, 3, 5-7, 85, 89, 92, 93, 95, 98,150 Sarit Thanarat, 170 Saw Maung, General, 107, 118 Seni Pramoj, 168 Shans, 109, 159 Siam, 160, 168 see also Thailand Siem Reap, 14, 16 Sihanouk, King Norodom, 10, 13, 18, 20-24,27-30,200 Singapore, 4--6, 17, 78, 83, 93, 95, 113, 124,127,137,140-155,177,213, 214 colonialism, 143-148 Japanese occupation, 148-149 towards Independence, 149-155 Singapura, 143 Sisowath Sirik Matak, 24 Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), 195 Son Ngoc Thanh, 20, 21 Son Sann, 27, 29 Souligna Vongsa, King, 69 Souphanouvong,Prince, 73-77 Souvanna Phouma, Prince, 73-76 Spain/Spanish,3,4, 16,43,85,86, 122, 126-132, 144, 162 Spice Islands, 43, 126 Sri Vijaya, 80, 83, 84 State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), 107, 118 State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), 107, 119-121 Strmts of Melaka, 41, 142, 143 Strmts Settlements, 80, 88, 89, 91, 140, 143, 146, 164 Suchinda Kraprayoon, General, 173 Suharto, President, xii, 34, 35, 39, 52-57, 59,62,200 Sukarno, President, 38,47-50, 52, 53, 57, 59,61,200 Sukhotm, 68, 156 Sulawesi, 43, 57, 62, 86 Sultan Iskandar, 83

Sultan Mahrnud, 86 Sulu,3,4,86,90, 125,128 Sumatra, a, 5,40-45,80,83,84,86, 88, 125, 143 Suryavarman II, 14 Sutarto, General, 62 T'ang dynasty, 180, 183 Ta Mok, 30 Tai, 64, 67, 68, 156, 159-161, 168 Taksin, General, 16, 162 Taxation/taxes see also Tributes Brunei, 4, 6 Cambodia, 18, 19 Indonesia, 42 Lao PDR, 69, 71 Myanmar, 113 Philippines, 139 Singapore, 149, 154 Thailand, 163-165, 168 Vietnam, 186, 188 Temasek, 143 Tet, 193 Thailand, 124,144,156-179,213 1973-1992, 171-175 Bangkok and the West, 163-166 Bangkok empire, 162-163 and Cambodia, 13, 15, 19, 27, 30 early history, 159-160 kingdom of Ayudhya, 160-162 and Laos PDR, 66-69, 71, 75-79 and Malayasia, 87, 89, 93, 102 military government 1932-1948, 167-169 monarchy, eclipse of, 166-167 and Myanmar, 109-111, 118 in prospect, 175-180 "Strong Man" era, 169- 171 Thaksin Shinawatra, 157, 174, 178, 179 Than Shwe, General, 121 Thanom Kittikachorn, General, 170 "The Emergency", 94 Theravada Buddhism, 15, 68, 69, 160, 182, 183 Thieu Tri, 186 Thirry Comrades, 115 Thonburi, 156, 162 Timor see East Timor; West Timor Tonkin, 16, 187, 190 Tonie Sap, 14, 18 Trmlok, King, 161 Trengganu, 87, 89, 101 A S A SHORT HISTORY OF SOUTH-E AST A SIA 224 SIA 224

Tributes, 2, 17, 84, 87 Trinh, 180,184,185 Tsunarni,xii, 39,60,62, 157,178 Tu Due, 186 Tun Abdul Razak, 96 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 81, 94, 95, 100 Tunku Razaleigh Hamzah, 99 U Nu, 114,116,117 U Thong, 160,161 Un Kham, King, 71 Unfederated Malay States (UMS), 89 United Development Parry, 61 United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), 94-100, 102-104 United Nations (UN), 11, 27, 28, 33, 35,50,58,62,67, 118,120,121 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 11, 28 United States, 34, 46, 136, 145, 177 and Cambodia, 22-24, 27, 30 and East Timor, 34 and Lao PDR, 65, 74--77 and Myanmar, 120 and Thailand, 170, 171 colonisation of Philippines, 131-132 and Vietnam, 183, 191-197 as foreign md provider, 23, 25, 37, 52, 76-79, 170 Unity in Diversity, 40 UNTAC see United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Upland Lao, 68 USSR, 26, 28, 181, 191, 193, 195 Vajiravudh (Rama VI), King, 166 Vientiane, 67, 69, 70, 74-76,78, 160, 163

Vietcong, 75, 181, 192 see also National Liberation Front Vietrninh, 73, 180, 190-192 Vietnam, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20-23, 25-28, 66-73,158,159,171,172,177,213 and Laos, 69-72, 75, 76 early history, 183-185 Confucian revival, 185-186 colonial history, 186-188 First Indochina War, 190-191 partitioning of, 191-194 since 1975, 194--197 World War II, 190-191 Vietnamese, 16-19, 21, 23-27, 30, 68-71,78, 10, 111, 163, 164, 182-190, 192, 194, 195, 197 VOC see Netherlands United East India Company (VOC) West Irian, 47 West Timor, 35, 58 "White Raja", 89 World War II, 6, 34, 66, 132 Cambodia, 19, 20 Lao PDR, 72-74 Malaysia, 82, 92 Myanmar, 108, 115 Singapore, 142, 148 Thailand, 158, 159, 169 Vietnam, 190-191 Xieng Khouang, 68, 70 Yangon (formerly Rangoon), 106, 110, 111, 113, 115-117, 119 Yogyakarta,41,42, 50 Yunnan, 159

INDEX

225

A Short History of South East Asia

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