The Vietnamese alphabet analysed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Consonant letters, vowel letters, accents for tones, the dialects a...
For Good Health You have to do the some mudras that are described in this book. so read it and follow it and do it and get good health in the fast life.
For Good Health You have to do the some mudras that are described in this book. so read it and follow it and do it and get good health in the fast life.
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a quick IPA guide to the Vietnamese alphabet by Bùi Hoàng Duy / Dzwee H. Bui
revised December 10, 2012
Oririgi gina nally lly,,
Vietna Viet name mese se wa wass wr writ itte ten n us usin ing g a Ch Chin ines esee-ba base sed d sc scri ript pt kn know own n as Chữ Nô Nôm m th (“Southern script”) or Nôm. During the 17 century, Portuguese Jesuits introduced a Latinbased orthography for Vietnamese called Chữ Quốc Ngữ (“script for the national language”), which was then perfected and published by a French missionary named Alexander de Rhodes. The two systems co-existed until the early 20th cen centur tury, y, when when Chữ Nôm died died out. out. Now, Now, only only Chữ Quốc Ngữ is used. The Vietnamese alphabet alphabet consists of 17 17 consonant letters and and 12 vowel letters: letters:
a ă â b c d đ e ê g h i k l m n o ô ơ p q r s t u ư v x y The alphabet suits Northern Northern dialects better than than Southern ones, due to the the latter group having drifted further from 17th century Vietnamese.
Consonants / Phụ âm Vietnamese has 25 consonant letters and digraphs:
b c ch d đ g gh h k kh l m n ng ngh p ph qu r s t th tr v x Note: never goes alone but always with .
•
might be used as shorthand for , but this usage is not official.
•
Onsets / Phụ âm đ ầu Below are the consonant letters and digraphs found in initial position:
Bb
ɓ
[ ]
implosive
C c [k] tenuis Ch ch ch [c] D d [z / j] /j/ in the the South; South; /z/ in the the North; North; evolved evolved from from /ʝ /
Đđ
[ ]
ɗ
implosive
Gg
[ ]
ɣ
also
Hh Kk Kh kh Ll Mm Nn Ng ng
[h] [k] [x] [l] [m] [n] [ŋ]
Nh nh [ɲ]
tenuis shifted to in Northern working class speech (NWCS) shifted to in NWCS also clearest Portuguese influence
P p [p] Ph ph [f] Rr Ss
only in loanwords; merged with for most speakers
ɹ, ɣ] [s / ʂ]
ɹ
[z /
ɣ
/ / or / / in the South; /z/ in the North now only /s/ is commonly heard
Tt [t] Th th [th]
tenuis
Tr tr
also /t / in the South (pedantry)
[c]
aspirated
ɹ
Vv
[v / j] /j/ South; /v/ North
Xx
[s]
ɕ
evolved from / /
Stemming from Portuguese tradition, and have to be written written different differently ly before before front vowels vowels in order to preserve preserve their phonetic phonetic value. So before before , <ê>, and , we write and instead. E.g.: ga vs. ghi; ngô vs. nghe
•
It’s common for Northern speakers from the countryside and the working class to mix up and , with becoming far more often then the other way around. This trend is quite stigmatised. stigmatised.
•
Codas / Phụ âm cuố i Vietnamese, like most Austroasiatic languages, has fairly restricted syllable codas. Out of the 23 consonant letters and digraphs, only 8 can stand in a final position: c ch m n ng nh p t
c
[k, kp]
ch
[k ~ t]
m
[m]
n
[n / ŋ]
/n/ in the North; complicated in the South
ng nh
[ŋ, ŋm] [ŋ ~ n]
/ŋm/ is allo allophon phonic ic after after rounded rounded vowels vowels
p t
[p] [t ~ k]
/kp/ is allophonic after rounded vowels In the North, like final . In the South, like final .
North; South /t/ in the North; complicated in the South
Notes:
All obstruent codas - , ,
, - are unreleased. English speakers and speakers of European languages languages in general general have the habit habit of releasing their voiceless voiceless stops stops very strongly.
•
It’s not certain what consonants and truly represented at the time the alphabet was made; those sounds are lost to history. Another theory is that these digraphs were an effort on the missionaries’ part to compromise between the two groups of dialect.
