JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR Course Structure and Syllabus for M. Pharm- Pharmacology for affiliated Pharmacy Colleges 2009-10 I YEAR
I SEMESTER
Subject Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques Biostatistics, Intellectual property rights and regulatory affairs Advanced Pharmacology Advanced Pharmacology & Toxicology Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis -Practical Advanced Pharmacology & Toxicology - Practical Mini-project- I I YEAR
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Cell and Molecular biology Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Screening methods in Pharmacology and clinical research Clinical Pharmacology & Molecular Biology Screening Methods in Pharmacology & Clinical Research Mini-project- II
(III & IV Semesters)
SUBJECTS Seminar Project work
4 4 6 6 3
II SEMESTER
Subject
II YEAR
Hours/ Week 4 4
Hours/ Week 4 4 4 4 6 6 3
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry I year I semester MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 1. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY: Brief review of electromagnetic spectrum, UV-Visual range, energy, wavelength and color relationships. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation (UV-visible) with matter and its effects. Chromophores and their interactions with E.M.R. Absorption spectra of organic compounds and complexes illustrating the phenomenon and its utilization in qualitative and quantitative studies of drugs. Shifts and their interpretation (including solvent effects). Empirical correlation of structure with absorption phenomena (Woodward’s rules etc) Quantitative estimations, Modern instrumentation. 2. a) INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: Nature of Infra-red radiation. Interaction of I.R radiation with I.R molecules and effects on bonds. Molecular Infrared Spectra. Brief outline of classical I.R instrumentation and practical details of obtaining spectra, including sample preparation for spectroscopy, quantitative interpretation of I.R spectroscopy including FT-IR, ATR. b) OPTICA OPTICAL L ROTA ROTATOR TORY Y DISP DISPERS ERSION ION:: Fundamental principles of ORD, cotton effect curves, their characteristics and interpretation. Octant rule and its application with examples. Circular dichroism and its relation to ORD. 3. NMR SPECTROSCOPY: Fundamental principles of NMR (Magnetic properties of nuclei, applied field and precession; absorption and transition; frequency). Chemical shifts concept: Isotopic nuclei, Reference standards: Proton magnetic spectra, their characteristics, presentation terms used in describing spectra and their interpretation (Signal No., Position, Intensity). Brief outline of instrumental arrangements and some practical details. Signal multiplicity phenomenon in high resolution PMR. Spin-spin coupling. Application of Signal split and coupling constant data to interpretation of spectra. De-coupling and shift reagent methods. Brief outline of principles of FT-NMR with reference to 13CNMR. Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation phenomenon. Free induction decay (FID) proton noise de-coupling signal, average time domain and frequency domain signals nuclear overhauser enhancement 13CNMR spectra, their presentation; characteristics, interpretation, examples and applications. Brief indication of application of magnetic resonance spectral data of other nuclei by modern NMR instruments. Introduction to 2-D NMR techniques. 4. MASS SPECTROSCOPY: Basic principles and brief outline of instrumentation. Ion formation and types; molecular ion, Meta stable ions, fragmentation processes. Fragmentation patterns and fragmentation characteristics in relation to parent structure and functional groups. Relative abundances of isotopes and their contribution to characteristic peaks. Mass spectrum, its characteristics, presentation and interpretation. Chemical ionization Mass Spectroscopy. GC-MS, other recent advances in MS. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. LC-MS, LC MS-MS.
5. CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES: Classification of chromatographic methods based on mechanism of separation. Column chromatography, column materials, merits and demerits. Paper chromatography; techniques and applications. Thin Layer Chromatography, comparison to paper chromatography and HPLC, adsorbents for TLC. Preparation techniques, mobile phase selection, reversed phase TLC, High performance TLC detection methods, quantitative methods in TLC. Programmed multiple development techniques.
6. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: Instrumentation packed and open tubular column, Column efficiency parameters, the Vandeemeter equation, Resolution, liquid stationary phase, derivatization methods of GC including acylation, perfloro acylation, alkylation and esterification. Detectors: FID, ECD, TCD, NPDA. Critical comparison of sensitivity, selectivity and field of applications of these detectors. Examples of GC applications in pharmaceutical analysis. 7. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: Comparison of GC and HPLC, instrumentation in HPLC, analytical, preparative and microbore columns, normal and reversed phase packing materials, reverse phase HPLC, Column selection, Mobile phase selection, Efficiency parameters, resolution, detectors in HPLC refractive index, photometric and electrochemical. Comparison of sensitivity, selectivity and field of applications of these detectors. HPTLC-instrumentation and applications. 8. ELECTROPHORESIS: Moving boundary electrophoresis, Zone electrophoresis, Iontophoresis, PAGE, Isotacophoresis and applications in pharmacy. X-ray Diffraction methods: introduction, generation of X-rays, elementary crystallography, Miller Indices, X- rays diffraction, Bragg’s law, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray powder diffractometer, obtaining and interpretation of X-ray powder diffraction data. Principle, instrumentation and application of the following: Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), DTA &TGA in analysis of pharmaceuticals. REFERENCES: th 1. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis by chatwal. K, anand, 5 edition. 2. Vogel’s text book of quantitative chemical analysis by G.H.Jeffery, J.Bassett, J.Mendhan, R.C.Denny. 3. Instrumental methods of analysis by Willard, Merit, Dean, Settle. 4. Organnic spectroscopy by Y.R.Sharma. 5. Spectrometric identification of organic compounds by silverstein, Webster. 6. Spectroscopy by B.K.Sharma 7. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry by Skoog 8. Instrumental methods of analysis by Skoog. 9. Text book of pharmaceutical analysis by S.Ravishankar. 10. Organic spectroscopy by William kemp 11. Spectroscopic methods in Organic chemistry by Dudley William and Ian Flemming, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year I semester BIO-STATISTICS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & REGULATORY AFFAIRS I.
BIO-STATISTICS
1. An introduction to statistics and biostatistics-collection and organization of data, graphical, pictorial presentation of data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, sampling techniques, sample size, Coefficient of variation, mean error, relative error, precision and accuracy 2. Tests of significance: Testing hypotheses – Principles and applications of Z, t, F – ratio and chi-square tests in pharmaceutical and medical research. Non-parametric tests: sign test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal Wallis test, run test and median tests. 3. Design of Experiments: Principles of randomization, replication and local control; CRD, RBD, LSD – their applications and analysis of data; Factorial Experiments – Principles and applications; Probit analysis: Dose – effect relationships, calculation of LD50, ED50. 4. Statistical quality control : Meaning and uses , Construction of
X, R, P, ηp and
charts II.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS & REGULATORY AFFAIRS
1. Patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Definition, scope, objectives, sources of patent information, patent processing and application. Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Salient features, international and regional agreements. 2. GATT & WTO: GATT – Historical perspective, objectives, fundamental principles, impact on developing countries. WTO – objectives, scope, functions, structure, status, membership and withdrawal, dispute settlement, impact on globalization, India – task and challenges, trade related aspects (TRIPS). 3. Regulatory Affairs : Indian context – requirements and guidelines of GMP, understanding of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 with reference to Schedule N ,U & Y. 4. a).Related Quality Systems: Objectives and guidelines of USFDA, WHO and ICH. Introduction to ISO series.
b).Documentation: Types related to pharmaceutical industry, protocols, harmonizing formulations, development for global filings, ANDA, NDA, CTD, dealing with post – approval changes – SUPAC, handling and maintenance including electronic documentation.
Recommended Books: I a) KS Negi ‘Biostatistics’ AITB Publishers, Delhi. b) Irfan Alikhan ‘Fundamentals of Biostatistics’ Ukaaz Publications c) Khan and Khanum ‘Biostatistics for Pharmacy’ Ukaaz Publications d) J.E, Demuth ‘Basic statistics and Pharmaceutical applications’ Mercel & Dekker. e) Applied statistics by S.C.Gupta & V.K.Kapoor f) Funadamentals of mathematical statistics by S.C.Gupta & V.K.Kapoor II 1. Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, S.H. Wiling, Vol. 78, Marcel Decker. 2. Protection of Industrial Property rights, P. Das & Gokul Das 3. Law and Drugs, Law Publications. S.N. Katju 4. Original Laws Published By Govt. of India 5. Laws of drugs in India, Hussain 6. New Drug Approval Process, R.A.Guarino,Vol 100, Marcel Decker, NY 7. fda.org,wipo.int,patentlawlinks.com, hc-sc.gc.ca,ich.org,cder.org
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year I semester ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY 1.
Receptor Pharmacology: - Drug receptor interaction theory, occupation theory and rate theory. Receptor occupation and response relationship, spare receptors, silent receptors, orphan receptors, presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. Receptor characterization method: Pharmacological characterization methods, radio ligand methods, monoclonal antibodies, receptor subtypes, IUPHAR – nomenclature, clinical significance of receptor sub classification. Receptor down regulation and upregulation.
2.
Structural activity relationships, Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of chiral drugs, allo-steric binding, thermodynamics of drug interactions with the receptors.
3.
Neurotransmitter receptor mechanism, ion channel and G-protein linked receptors, secondary messenger systems: receptor expression and regulation with specific emphasis and adrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, seratonergic, histaminenargic, GABA/BZ and excitatory aminoacid receptors, opioid receptors, purinoceptors and their sub types with agonists and antagonists. Isolation and their characterization of receptors.
4.
Mediators of inflammation and allergy: Autacoids (histamine, bradykinins, PAF, eicosanoide, prostaglandins, thrombaxanes, leukotrienes and related compounds), nitric oxide/EDRF and vascular substances, oxygen free radicals, their scavengers. Cytokinins and their actions Cox-I, Cox-II inhibitors and their load in inflammatory process, antiinflammatory agents, asthma and COPD.
5.
Immuno-modulators Rheumatoid arthritis.
6.
Theoretical aspects of drug action
7.
Microbial conversions as tools in the preparation of drugs: introduction, practical aspects of microbial transformation, some theoretical aspects of microbial transformation, conversion by microorganisms.
8.
Prodrug design: various aspects governing prodrug design.
(immunosuppressant
and
immunostimulants),
AIDS
and
REFERENCE: 1. Basic and clinical pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung (International edition) lange th medical book / Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 8 edition 2. Pharmacology by Rang H.P, Dale MM and Ritter JM., Churchill Livingston, London, 4/e 3. Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (International th edition) Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 10 edition 4. Pharmacology by K.D.Tripati. 5. Pharmacology by Sathoshkar
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year I semester ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
1. Drugs acting on central nervous system
General Anaesthetics, anxiolytics and hypnotics, anti-psychotics, depressants anti-epileptics, analgesics, anti-migraine agents and parkinsonism agents.
antianti-
2. Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system
Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics and neuro muscular junction blockers. 3. Drugs acting on cardiovascular system: Anti-hypertensive, cardiotonics, anti-arrhythmics, anti-anginal, hypolipidemics and anti-atherosclerotic agents. 4. Drugs acting on hormones
Pitutary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic, adrenal. male and female sex hormones. Diabeties Mellitus. 5. Drugs acting on GIT, respiratory and kidney
GIT-GERD and Anti-ulcer agents, emetics and anti-emetics, laxatives and purgatives, anti-tussives, expectorants, Inflammatory bowel disease, antiasthmatics, cough and pneumonia, diuretics and anti-diuretics.
6. Recent developments in chemotherapeutic agents, mechanism of multi drug resistance (MDR), anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-protozoal and anti-helmenthic, cancer chemotherapy.
7. Toxicology: Definition, scope and general principles of toxicology, dose-response relationship, factors influencing toxicity, evaluation safety, biotransformation and toxico-kinetics, target organ toxicity, neuronal and behavioral toxicity, kidney, pulmonary, hepatic, cutaneous, oto-toxicity. Haemato-toxicity, mutagenecity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, environmental and industrial toxicology, management of toxicity reactions in humans.
8. Pharmacotherapy of alcohol, barbiturate, opoid, organophosphorus, paracetamol, heavy metal, snake bite. REFERENCE: 1. Basic and clinical pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung (International edition) th lange medical book / Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 8 edition 2. Pharmacology by Rang H.P, Dale MM and Ritter JM. Churchill lingston, London, th 4 edition,1999 3. Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutcs (International th edition) Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 10 edition 4. Pharmacology by K.D.Tripati. 5. Pharmacology by Sathoshkar 6. General and applid toxixology by B.Ballantyne, T.Marrs, P.Turner (Eds) The Mc Millan press Ltd, London. 7. Clinical Pharmacy by Dr.Laurence , PN Bennet and MJ.Brown, 8 th edtion, Churchil Livingston. 8. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine two Vols, 2001 by Braunwald, Fauci, th Kasper, Hauser, Longo Jameson, Mc Graw Hill, Newyork 15 edition
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry I year I semester MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS - PRACTICAL
1. Simultaneous estimation of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen, Rifampicin and INH, Aspirin and Caffeine. 2. UV-Visible spectrum scanning of certain organic compounds- absorption and co-relation of structures, comparisons. Ex: a. Chloramphenicol b. Sulphadiazine c. Analgin 3. Effect of pH and solvent on UV spectrum of certain drugs. 4. Two dimensional paper chromatography and TLC. 5. Gradient elution and other techniques in column chromatography. 6. Separation by electrophoresis.(PAGE and agarose Gel electrophoresis) 7. Experiments based on HPLC and GC. 8. IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy of compound each. 9. DSC/XRD curves of a sample and mixture to understand polymorphism. 10. Determination of insulin / any other hormones by ELISA method.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year I semester ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY LAB
1. Common laboratory animals: breeding, maintenance, handling and CPCSEA regulations. 2. Effect of various drugs on isolated mammalian heart preparation using Langendorff’s setup. 3. Effect of various drugs on rat / rabbit thoracic aorta (with and without endothelium). 4. Effect of various drugs on rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. 5. Anti-arrhythmic activity in rats using ECG. 6. Effect of various autonomic drugs on rabbit blood pressure. 7. Effect of various drugs on rabbit jejunum preparation. 8. Determination of LD 50 and ED50 of some drugs (mice). 9. Estimation of insulin by ELISA. 10. Serum estimation of SGOT, SGPT, AST, glucose, bilirubin, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, catalase, SOD, lipid peroxidation.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year II semester BIO PHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS 1. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies: Designing of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies and interpretation of results. Tests of significance test ANOVA. 2. Physicochemical properties affecting bioavailability, pH-partition theory, dissolution, surface area adsorption, complexation, polymorphism and techniques of enhancing dissolution rate. 3. Formulation factors affecting bioavailability of drugs in dosage forms of tablets, capsules, parenterals, liquid orals and topical dosage forms. 4. Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics: compartment models: One, two and noncompartmental approaches to pharmacokinetics. Recent trends, merits and limitations of these approaches. Application of these models to determine the various pharmacokinetic parameters pertaining to a. Absorption: (wherever applicable) absorption rate constant, absorption halflife, lag time and extent of absorption, AUC. b. Distribution: Apparent volume of distribution and its determination. c. Metabolism: Metabolic rate constant d. Elimination: Over all apparent elimination rate constant, and half life. All the above under the following conditions: 1. Intravenous bolus injection 2. Intravenous infusion 3. Single dose oral administration 4. Multiple dose injections 5. Multiple dosage oral administration e. Noninvasive methods of estimating pharmacokinetics parameters with emphasis on salivary and urinary compartments f. Concept of clearance: organ, total clearance, hepatic clearance, lung clearance and renal clearance. g. Concept of loading dose, maintenance dose, accumulation index, dosage adjustment in renal and hepatic impairment, individualization of therapeutic drug monitoring. 5. Non-linear pharmacokinetics: Concepts of linear and non-liner pharmacokinetics, Michaelis-Menten Kinetics characteristics. Basic Kinetic parameters, possible causes of non-induction, non-linear binding, and non-linearity of pharmacological responses. 6. Non compartmental pharmacokinetics.
7. Time dependent pharmacokinetics: Introduction, classification, physiologically induced time dependency, Chronopharmacokinetics. 8. Clinical pharmacokinetics: Altered kinetics in pregnancy, child birth, infants and geriatrics, liver and renal disease states.
REFERENCE: rd
edition, 1. Bio Pharmaceutics And Pharmacokinetics by Leon Shargel, 3 Williams and Wilkins1997 2. Bio Pharmaceutics And Pharmacokinetics by Madan 3. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology by MN.Ghosh, Scientific book nd agency, 2 edition, Calcutta 1984. 4. Screening methods in pharmacology Academic press, Newyork and London 1965. 5. Drug Discovery and evaluation – Pharmacological assays by H.Gerhard.Vogel, nd 2 edition, Springer verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year II semester CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1.
The cell, cell cycle, cellular aging and death, transformation of cell-metastasis, tumour gland part animal cell culture.
2.
Structure and functions of plasma membrane: Chemical composition of membrane, integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, lipid anchored membrane proteins, restriction on protein and lipid mobility, study of RBC, defects in ion channels and transporters as a cause of inherited disease.
3.
Cell signaling: Communication between cells and their environment, ion channels, organization of signal transduction pathways, third messengers, biosensors.
4.
Role of gene in cells, elucidation of genetic code, gene expression, genetic elements that control gene expression.
5.
r-DNA Biotechnological aspects, cloning of DNA, Expression of cloned DNA, manipulation of DNA sequence information, now biological targets of drugs development, novel drug screening stragies, novel biological agents, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, gene therapy.
6.
Recombinant and human genetics: DNA sequencing, mapping and cloning of human disease genes, DNA based diagnosis of genetic diseases.
7.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peptide and protein drugs: elimination, distribution, pharmacodynamics and immunogenecity of protein therapeutics.
8.
Cancer: Basic properties of a cancer cell, causes of cancer, the genetics of caner, oncogenes, tumour-suppressor genes, new strategies for combating cancer, inhibiting the activity of cancer promoting proteins, Angiogenesis.
REFERENCE: 1. The Cell by Cooper. 2. Cell and Molecular Biology by Gerald Karp., Wiley International student th version, 5 edition. 3. Cell and Molecular Biology by De Robertis and De Robertis. 4. The Cell by Albert. 5. The World of the Cell by W.M. Becker. 6. Pharmacology by Rang H.P, Dale MM and Ritter JM., Churchill Livingston, th London, 4 edition,1999 7. Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics th (International edition) Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 10 edition
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year II semester
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS 1. Principles of Pharmacokinetics
a. Revision of basic concepts. b. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. i. Dose – response in man. ii. Influence of renal and hepatic disease on Pharmacokinetics. iii. Therapeutic drug concentration monitoring. iv. Population Pharmacokinetics. 2. Adverse Drug Reactions, Drug Interactions and ADR monitoring. 3. Pathophysiology and drug therapy of the following disorders.
a. Schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s diseases, migraine, hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, myocardial infraction,
4. TB, leprosy, leukemia, solid tumours, lymphomas, psoriasis, respiratory, urinary, GI tract
infections, endocarditis, fungal and HIV infection, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma, menstrual disorders, menopause. 5. Drug therapy in Geriatrics. 6. Drug therapy in Pediatrics, Pregnancy & Lactation. 7. Pharmacogenetics: Inter-racial and individual variability in drugs metabolism. 8. Orphan diseases and its management.
REFERENCE: 1. Basic and clinical pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung (International edition) lange th medical book / Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 8 edition 2. Pharmacology by Rang H.P, Dale MM and Ritter JM., Churchill Livingston, London, th 4 edition,1999 3. Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutcs (International th edition) Mc Graw Hill, USA 2001 10 edition 4. Pharmacology by K.D.Tripati. 5. Pharmacology by Sathoshkar 6. General and applid toxicology by B.Ballantyne, T.Marrs, P.Turner (Eds) The Mc Millan press Ltd, London. 7. Clinical Pharmacy by Dr.Laurence , PN Bennet and MJ.Brown, 8 th edtion, Churchil Livingston. 8. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine two Vols, 2001 by Braunwald, Fauci, th Kasper, Hauser, Longo Jameson, Mc Graw Hill, Newyork 15 edition
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year I semester SCREENING METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
1. Drug discovery process: Principles, techniques and strategies used in new drug discovery. High throughput screening, human genomics, robotics and economics of drug discovery, Regulations, for laboratory animal care and ethical requirements. 2. Bioassays: Basic principles of bioassays, official bioassays, experimental models and statistical designs employed in biological standardization. Biological standardization of vaccines and sera, vasopressin, oxytocin, acetylcholine, adrenaline, insulin, dtubocurarine, HCG, hyaluronidase, corticotrophin, pertussis, rabies and plague. 3. Preclinical models employed in the screening of new drugs belonging to following categories-I Anti-fertility agents, sympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics, muscle relaxants (both central and peripheral), sedatives, hypnotics, anti-arrhythmic agents, anti hypertesnsive, cardiac stimulants, cardiotonic agents, bronchodilators, anti-histaminics, eicosanoids. 4. Preclinical models employed in the screening of new drugs belonging to following categories-II Anti-psychotic agents, anti-anxiety agents, nootropic drugs, antidepressant drugs; anti-parkinsonian agents, anti-epileptics ; analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents; antiulcer agents; myocardial infarction; anti-atherosclerotic drug, hepatoprotective;
5. Preclinical models employed in the screening of new drugs belonging to following categories-III antimalarials; anti-helmintics anti-diabetics; models for status epilepticus drugs/ cerebroventricular and other newer techniques of drug administration and development; transgenic animals and other genetically prone animal models. 6. Alternatives to animal screening procedures, cell-line, patch – clamp technique, In-vitro models, molecular biology techniques. 7. Principles of toxicity evaluations, ED50, LD50 and TD values, International guidelines (ICH recommendations). 8. Drug development process, clinical trials, safety evaluation, preparation IND/NDAs, statistical design in clinical trials, data analysis technique and presentation skills.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year II semester
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Monitoring of concentration of drugs in saliva/urine. 2. Determination of concentration of drugs in blood of children, adults, following oral administration of a safe drug. 3. Drug mutagenicity studies using mice bone-marrow chromosomal aberration tests. 4. Drug mutagenicity studies using mice bone-marrow micro nucleus tests. 5. Transformation of bacteria. 6. Isolation of plasmid DNA containing resistant gene ( p
BR322
).
7. Establishing of Breast cancer cell line and testing the anti cancer activity of a drug 8. Preparation of antibody (polyclonal) from rabbit. 9. Study of possible drug interactions from prescription of local doctors (10-20 prescriptions are to be collected).
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR M.Pharm Pharmacology I year II semester SCREENING METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
1. Bioassay of acetylcholine/histamine using guinea pig ileum preparation. 2. Bioassay of oxytocin using rat uterine preparation. 3. Bioassay of 5-HT using rat fungus preparation. 4. PA-2 values of various antagonists using suitable isolated tissue preparations. 5. Screening of anxiolytic drugs. 6. Screening of anti-depressant drugs. 7. Screening of anti-ulcer drugs. 8. Screening of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. 9. Ames test - for mutagenicity.
MINIMUM EQUIPMENTS FOR PHARMOCOLOGY List of equipment:
1. Student physiograph ----3No.s 2. Auto analyzer
-----1 No
3. Langendorf’s heart perfusion apparatus ----3No.s 4. Students organ bath (Temperature controlled) ----10 No.s 5. Elevated plus Maze -----1No . 6. Condon’s manometer (for rat B.P) ----3No.s 7. Bio Pac----01 No
Mini Projects:
The mini projects can be taken up as industrial visit/training and report submission. Or A suitable project shall be carried out in the college. The Project Work:
Separate guidelines will be issued
