Nottingham Trent University
A Case Study on International Construction Projects:
Stadiums and Arenas
Written by: Nor Adzierah Adenan ID number : N0606!" Course Tutor: Mukesh Kashyap
Due on #$rd %anuary #0&!
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Table of Contents
................................................................. ............................................. ...........................................................3 ....................................3 &'0 Introdu(tion Introdu(tion........................................... #'0 The SS) *ydro Arena+ ,-as.o/+ K.............................................................................5 .................................................................... .............................................. ..................................5 ...........5 #'& 1ro2e(t In3ormation............................................. .................................................................. ..........................................................7 ...................................7 #'# Mana.ement issues........................................... .................................................................... .............................................8 ......................8 #'$ Te(hno-o.y and Materia-s............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. .............................................9 ......................9 #'" Sustainabi-ity Sustainabi-ity..............................................
#'4 1ro(urement method................................................................................................10 ................................................................. ............................................. ................................................1 .........................11 1 #'6 So(ia- 5a-ues........................................... #'! Cha--en.es and estraints 7So-utions8 ...............................................................12 #'9 In(idents........................................................................................................................12 $'0 Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium+ Tai/an .........................................................................14 .................................................................... .............................................. ................................14 .........14 $'& 1ro2e(t In3ormation............................................. $'# Mana.ement Issues ..................................................................................................16 .................................................................... ...........................................17 ....................17 $'$ Te(hno-o.y and Materia-s............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. ...........................................18 ....................18 $'" Sustainabi-ity Sustainabi-ity.............................................. $'4 1ro(urement method................................................................................................19 ................................................................. ............................................. ................................................ .........................20 20 $'6 So(ia- 5a-ues........................................... $'! Cha--en.es and estraints 7So-utions8 ...............................................................21 ................................................................... .............................................. ...................................22 ............22 "'0 Comparison Ana-ysis............................................ ................................................................. .............................................................22 .......................................22 "'& ;an.ua.e
"'$ 1artnership en=ironment.........................................................................................24 "'" >ua-ity o3 materia-s...................................................................................................25 .................................................................. ......................................................25 ...............................25 "'4 1ro(urement Method ........................................... "'! Contribution to The Community ...........................................................................26
"'! isk o3 Doin. Constru(tion 1ro2e(ts in China ..................................................27 ................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................ ................................. ..28 4'0 Con(-usion Con(-usion............................................ .................................................................... ............................................. ......................................................29 ...............................29 6'0
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Table of Contents
................................................................. ............................................. ...........................................................3 ....................................3 &'0 Introdu(tion Introdu(tion........................................... #'0 The SS) *ydro Arena+ ,-as.o/+ K.............................................................................5 .................................................................... .............................................. ..................................5 ...........5 #'& 1ro2e(t In3ormation............................................. .................................................................. ..........................................................7 ...................................7 #'# Mana.ement issues........................................... .................................................................... .............................................8 ......................8 #'$ Te(hno-o.y and Materia-s............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. .............................................9 ......................9 #'" Sustainabi-ity Sustainabi-ity..............................................
#'4 1ro(urement method................................................................................................10 ................................................................. ............................................. ................................................1 .........................11 1 #'6 So(ia- 5a-ues........................................... #'! Cha--en.es and estraints 7So-utions8 ...............................................................12 #'9 In(idents........................................................................................................................12 $'0 Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium+ Tai/an .........................................................................14 .................................................................... .............................................. ................................14 .........14 $'& 1ro2e(t In3ormation............................................. $'# Mana.ement Issues ..................................................................................................16 .................................................................... ...........................................17 ....................17 $'$ Te(hno-o.y and Materia-s............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. ...........................................18 ....................18 $'" Sustainabi-ity Sustainabi-ity.............................................. $'4 1ro(urement method................................................................................................19 ................................................................. ............................................. ................................................ .........................20 20 $'6 So(ia- 5a-ues........................................... $'! Cha--en.es and estraints 7So-utions8 ...............................................................21 ................................................................... .............................................. ...................................22 ............22 "'0 Comparison Ana-ysis............................................ ................................................................. .............................................................22 .......................................22 "'& ;an.ua.e
"'$ 1artnership en=ironment.........................................................................................24 "'" >ua-ity o3 materia-s...................................................................................................25 .................................................................. ......................................................25 ...............................25 "'4 1ro(urement Method ........................................... "'! Contribution to The Community ...........................................................................26
"'! isk o3 Doin. Constru(tion 1ro2e(ts in China ..................................................27 ................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................ ................................. ..28 4'0 Con(-usion Con(-usion............................................ .................................................................... ............................................. ......................................................29 ...............................29 6'0
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1.0 Introduction
Any (onstru(tion pro2e(t+ despite the s(a-e+ has their o/n risks and (an be ?uite (ha--en.in.' )a(h pro2e(t (omes /ith its o/n uni?ue (ha--en.es+ be it mana.ement issues or materia- prob-ems' These pro2e(ts need to be p-anned /e-to a=oid de-ays and miti.ate risks' ;ar.e@s(a-e pro2e(ts su(h as stadiums and arenas are somethin. that need (are3u- (onsideration be(ause one /ron. (hoi(e o3 materia- (ou-d -ead to the (o--apse o3 the /ho-e bui-din.+ /hi(h in turn+ potentia--y harm a -ot o3 peop-e inside' In addition+ pro2e(ts -ike these /ere usua--y -eased be3ore the (onstru(tion is (omp-eted' In other /ords+ one o3 the (ha--en.es 3or these kinds o3 pro2e(ts is the importan(e in (omp-etin. it be3ore dead-ine' There /i-- be a bi. -oss i3 there /ou-d be de-ays to the pro2e(t' The pressure in (omp-etin. it be3ore the dead-ine pro=ed to be ?uite a (ha--en.e be(ause the (ontra(tor tends to (hoose the ?ui(kest and (heapest route to (omp-ete it on time+ /hi(h /i-- on-y -eads to the 3ai-ure o3 the bui-din.' or instan(e+ one o3 the reason 3or the (o--apse o3 the roo3 o3 Su-tan Mizan Baina- Abidin Stadium in Ma-aysia /as the pressure to ha=e it ready 3or the up(omin. Sukma ,ames #009 7Aumi--er+ 7Aumi--er+ #008'
urthermore+ bui-din. a stadium or an arena /ou-d re?uire a -ar.er amount o3 stee-s and (on(retes+ /hi(h (an be ?uite epensi=e and di33i(u-t to hand-e' Not on-y that+ the pro(urement method used must be suitab-e to a=oid de-ays and unne(essary risks in pro2e(ts -ike these'
“At the same time, careful attention has been paid to acoustics to maximise the impact of crowd’s roar.” - Martin 1ettit
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There3ore+ a stadium or arena re?uires spe(i3i( re?uirements su(h as .ood seatin. p-an+ e(e--ent a(ousti( desi.n as /e-- as the abi-ity to /ithstand hi.h -oads' This report /i-- (o=er t/o (ase studies o3 a stadium and an arena+ /here aspe(ts su(h as mana.ement issues+ pro(urement method+ restraints+ sustainabi-ity+ /i-- be dis(ussed' Fther than that+ ana-ysis and (omparison o3 the t/o pro2e(ts /i-- be eamined' The 3irst (ase study is the SS) *ydro Arena+ /hi(h is situated in ,-as.o/ and the se(ond one is the Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium+ in Tai/an'
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2.0 The SSE ydro !rena" #lasgo$" U%
2.1 &ro'ect Information
The arenaGs stru(ture spans � metres in a sha--o/ dome o3 dia.ona--y -atti(ed stee-/ork and the 3a(adesG (-addin. is the trans-u(ent )T) 7Ethylene
Tetrafluroethylene) pane-s+ /here patterns and ima.es (an be pro2e(ted+ then i--uminated to make the bui-din. .-o/E at ni.ht 7i.ure & and #8' The pro2e(t is a hi.h-y 3-eib-e indoor =enue that pr o=ides a (ombination o3 3ied+ retra(tab-e and remo=ab-e seatin. to enab-e a /ide ran.e o 3 di33erent sta.in. and (on(ert -ayouts 7oster H 1artners+ #0048'
i.ure &: SS) *ydro .-o/in. at ni.ht 7Arup+ #0&48
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i.ure #: The )T) pane- (-addin. 7I2eh+ #0&$8
C-ient
: S(ottish )hibition Con3eren(e Centre ;td 7S)CC8
Ar(hite(t
: oster H 1artners
Main Contra(tor
: ;end ;ease
1ro2e(t Mana.er
: Turner To/nsend
)n.ineerin. Team
: Arup
>uantity Sur=eyin. : ,ardiner Theoba-d
Area
: #4+ 000 m#
Comp-etion date
: #0&$
Capa(ity
: &#+ 400
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Constru(tion (ost
: J+ 000+ 000
<))AM atin.
: 5ery .ood 71assi=ent+ #0&68
2.2 (anagement issues
In o=era--+ the mana.ement o3 the (-ient /ith the (ontra(tors and supp-iers in this pro2e(t /as e(e--ent' In a Corporate eport #0&# in a((ordan(e to the ne/-y bui-t SS) *ydro Arena+ the Chairman o3 S)CC+ D Ian ,rant+ epresses his 2oy in the e(e--ent pro.re ss in the team/ork bet/een main p-ayers and he a-so stated that they de=e-oped a (-oser re-ationship /ith their ma2or shareho-ders+ throu.h (ommuni(ation 7S)CC+ #0&$8' urthermore+ the department has been restru(tured prior to (omp-etion+ to ensure that it is /e-- p-a(ed to meet the (ha--en.es+ optimisin. the e33i(ien(y o3 the pro2e(t as /e-- as preparin. 3or the impa(t o3 the arri=ao3 The SS) *ydro Arena' or instan(e+ the 3ormer p-annin. se(tion has be(ome the )=ent Mana.ementE se(tor'
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Despite the 3ireG in(ident that took p-a(e 2ust be3ore the (omp-etion o3 the (onstru(tion+ S)CC (ontinues to support the main (ontra(tor in their attempts to remediate the dama.e and (omp-ete (onstru(tion 3or openin. in -ine /ith ori.ina- p-ans 7S)CC+ #0&$8' S)CC mana.ed the in(ident /e-throu.h (o--aboration /ith the (ontra(tor'
*o/e=er+ a sma-- -e.a- a(tion bet/een ;end ;ease and a sub@(ontra(tor o((ured durin. the (onstru(tion' As seen in the (ase o3 Marti3er K = ;end ;ease+ Marti3er K+ a sub@(ontra(tor hired 3or /ork pa(ka.es (onsistin. o3 stru(tura- stee-/orks+ roo3 stee-/ork and roo3 (-addin.+ made (-aims 3or additiona- payments under the sub@(ontra(t and 3or etension o3 time 7Marti3er K = ;end ;ease ;td L#0&4 CSF*9&8' *e+ then+ /as denied o3 the (-aims 7S(ottish Courts and Tribuna-s+ #0&48'
2.) Technology and (aterials
The )T) (-addin. o3 the SS) *ydro is one o3 its distin(ti=e 3eatures' It is made up o3 trans-u(ent (ushions 7seen in i.ure #8+ /hi(h /i-- a--o/ natura-i.ht to i--uminate the 3oyers durin. the day and the arena to .-o/G at ni.ht and this uni?ue 3a(ade /on the #0&" S(ottish Desi.n A/ard 3or ;i.htin. 7Arup+ #0&48'
Fther than that+ %1
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i.ure $: <)AMCFN iin. used to 3i the )T) (-addin. 7%1
urthermore+ the dia.rid roo3 3rame /as one o3 the (omp-e .eometry desi.n (ha--en.es that they had to reso-=e' The &+"00 tonne stee- dia.rid roo3 is he-d a-o3t by a (ir(u-ar array o3 an.-ed (on(rete 3ins 71anstadia Arena Mana.ement+ #0&"8' osterH1artner used the
2.* Sustainability
The Arena /as re(o.nised as a sustainab-e bui-d and /as a/arded a 5ery ,oodG <))AM ratin.' Steps /ere taken durin. the (onstru(tion pro(ess to redu(e en=ironmenta- impa(ts' The (ontra(tor+ ;end ;ease+ de=e-oped a /aste se.re.ation approa(h+ /here o=er 0 o3 re(y(-in. /as a(hie=ed 7S)CC+ #0&$8' ;end ;ease is (ommitted to its /aste redu(tion pro.ramme and in #009+ they set an ob2e(ti=e to ha-=e the amount o3 /aste it sent to -and3i-- by #0&# 7Waste esour(es A(tion 1ro.ramme+ #0&&8'
“An underlying theme that has helped achieve results is that waste is everyone’s responsibilty” @ Ni(k C-arke+ Senior Sustainabi-ity Mana.er
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Fther than that+ the bui-din. is desi.ned to redu(e ener.y demands+ /here it uses both natura- and me(hani(a- =enti-ation' resh air is dra/n into the bui-din. abo=e the entran(es and =ented at a hi.h -e=e- 7i.ure "8' The bui-din. re?uired an ener.y e33i(ient =enti-ation system to a--o/ .reater ?uantities o3 3resh air into the bui-din. as /e-- as etra(tin. /arm air 3rom the bui-din.' To a(hie=e this+ 1assi=ent de=e-oped a (ustomised passi=e sta(k =enti-ation strate.y 71assi=ent+ #0&68'
i.ure ": resh air (omin. in 3rom outside 71assi=ent+ #0&68
2.+ &rocurement method
The SS) *ydro Arena /as pro(ured under a traditiona-@3ied pri(e (ontra(t to re3-e(t the (omp-eity and (omp-eteness o3 the de si.n 7Ma.azine o3 the Chartered Institute o3
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(ontra(t+ /hi(h is a-so kno/n as the -ump sum (ontra(t+ is the most (ommon method o3 pro(urin. a pro2e(t' Most (-ients norma--y (hooses this option to redu(e desi.n and (ontra(t administration (osts' This method /i-- si.ni3i(ant-y redu(e the (-ientGs risk and the (ontra(tor has .reater (ontro- o=er pro3it epe(tations'
Fther bene3its o3 optin. 3or this method is that the (ontra(tor is -ike-y to (omp-ete the pro2e(t 3aster+ .i=in. him the in(enti=e to maimize its produ(tion and per3orman(e' *o/e=er+ the tenderin. and biddin. pro(ess mi.ht take some time as seen in the (hrono-o.y o3 the pro2e(t+ so it /i-- be a /hi-e be3ore the (onstru(tion o3 the pro2e(t (ou-d be started'
#00& 1-annin. 3or the pro2e(t started
#00$ A (-ear p-an 3or the stadium un=ei-ed
#00" Appointed orsterH1artner as ar(hite(t
#004 ,ain 3u-- p-annin. (onsent
#0&& Constru(tion started
#0&$ Constru(tion (omp-eted 2., Social -alues
Durin. the pro2e(tGs (onstru(tion pro.ramme+ ;end ;ease had (reated a number o3 emp-oyment and apprenti(eship opportunities 3or the -o(a-s 7S)CC+
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#0&$8' This he-ped the -o(a- in se(urin. 2ob opportunities as /e-- as impro=in. their o=era-- -i3esty-e'
2. Challenges and /estraints Solutions
Fne o3 the (ha--en.es that they had to reso-=e is the seatin. desi.n' The =ie/in. an.-e and the (om3ort o3 spe(tators are their main priority' It be(ame a (ha--en.e be(ause it /as hard to ba-an(e the need to 3it in as mu(h spe(tators as possib-e and their (om3ort' The seats /ere a-so re?uired to ha=e a strikin. desi.n and at the same time+ a--o/in. di33erent set@ups 3or di33erent per3orman(e' ;ast-y+ the seatin. needed to ha=e a spe(ia- a(ousti( 3eature be(ause the arena /i-- main-y be used as a (on(ert ha--'
Thus+ the so-ution to it is to desi.n the seatin. p-an in a /ay that it /raps around the sta.e abo=e .round -e=e- and rises to/ards the 3ront 7i.ure 4 8+ optimisin. the =ie/in. an.-e 7osterH1artner+ #0048' The seat in(-udes the sho(k@absorbent So3t SystemE app-i(ation to impro=e o=era-- a(ousti( per3orman(e 7i.ueras Internationa- Seatin.+ #0048'
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i.ure 4: T he seatin. desi.n 7osterH1artner+ #0048
2. Incidents
Nearin. the dead-ine+ 3-ames (au.ht on the domed roo3 o3 partia--y (omp-eted bui-din.+ /hi(h /as (aused by a /e-derGs tor(h+ a((identa--y settin. -i.ht to insu-ation 71ooran+ #0&"8' *o/e=er+ the e(e--ent mana.ement and (ooperation bet/een S)CC and ;end ;ease has he-ped a=oid the de-ay o3 the pro2e(t' They /ent throu.h the appropriate pro(edures and took suitab-e measures to miti.ate the -oss+ by in(reasin. the number o3 /orkers+ thus maimisin. its per3orman(e'
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).0 %aohsiung National Stadium" Tai$an
).1 &ro'ect Information
Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium is one o3 the .reenest stadium in the /or-d+ /hi(h is shaped -ike a ?uestion mark+ a-thou.h it is o3ten (ompared /ith the symbo- o3 a dra.on /a..in. his tai- 7i.ure 68' The stadium earned its status as one o3 the .reenest stadiums in the /or-d due to the so-ar pane- system used as its roo3+ /hi(h a-so .i=es it a s(a-y appearan(e simi-ar to a dra.onGs skin 7i.ure !8' This stadium /as bui-t 3or the purpose o3 the #00 Wor-d ,ames+ thus itGs a-so (a--ed the Wor-d ,ames Stadium in Kaohsiun.+ Tai/an'
i.ure 6: 5ie/ o3 Kaohsiun. stadium 3rom abo=e 7Toyo Ito+ #0&&8
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i.ure !: S(a-y appearan(e o3 the stadiumOs roo3 7Toyo Ito+ #0&&8
C-ient
: Kaohsiun. City ,o=ernment
Ar(hite(t
: Toyo Ito
)n.ineer
: Takenaka Corporation
1ro2e(t Mana.er
: MAA Consu-tants
Contra(tor
: u Tsu Constru(tion
: #4+ 44$ m#
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Comp-etion date
: #00
Capa(ity
: ""+ 000
Constru(tion (ost
: J&#" mi--ion 7(on=erted a((ordin. to (urrent (urren(y8
).2 (anagement Issues
A3ter the #00 Wor-d ,ames + there /as a prob-em /ith the mana.ement o3 the stadium' Sport A33airs Coun(i- 7SAC8 took o=er the mana.ement o3 the stadium+ ho/e=er+ se=era- -e.is-ators ?uestioned the (apabi-ity o3 the Coun(ito a33ord the hi.h maintenan(e o3 the stadium 7Kao+ #008' It /as su..ested that the stadiumGs mana.ement shou-d be handed o=er to Kaohsiun. City ,o=ernment, so plans were mae to ensure a proper hano!er. The "#$ %ent%f%e 3000
%nfrastru&ture pro'lems at the sta%um an as(e the &%tys &onstru&t%on 'ureau to properly aress the %ssue 'efore the hano!er %s one. *owe!er, the "#$ a&&use the +aohs%un $%ty -o!ernment of the%r %ne&%s%!eness on the ta(%n o!er of manaement at the sta%um
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an &r%t%&%e %t for not a&t%!ely aress%n %nfrastru&ture %ssues at the sta%um /"han, 2010).
).) Technology and (aterials
The solar power system of the sta%um %s one of %ts s%n%f%&ant feature an elta Ele&tron%&s -roup %s respons%'le for %nterat%n an &onstru&t%n the system. The u%l%n nterate hoto olta%& /) solar panels /%ure 8) were es%ne %n a way that they allow 30 of total sunl%ht to sh%ne %nto the sta%um, so the spe&tators &an enoy natural outoor sunl%ht /oanna, 2014). es%es that, the sta%ums solar power system uses eltas enery %n!erters to &on!ert $ to #$ power an to fee ele&tr%&%ty %nto the r% w%th %n!ert%n eff%&%en&y of 98 /oanna, 2014).
es%es that, to ma%m%se the ayl%ht eposure on the panels, four s%e stru&tural sealant la%n was use to 'on the lass solar panel to the alum%n%um su':frame. Ea&h un%t of the roof fa&ae system has three lass panels, %n&lu%n two solar lass panels /&onta%n%n
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solar &ell an low:%ron lass panels) an one 'lue t%nte tempere lass pane, where ow $orn%n 983 "tru&tural -la%n "ealant was use for 'on%n of the solar panels /ow $orn%n, 2011).
i.ure 9:
).* Sustainability
The roof of the sta%um %s mae up of ea&tly 8844 solar panels, wh%&h enerates 1.14 ;ystet, 2009). urthermore, the sta%um %s es%ne to ma%m%se the effe&t of natural &ool%n w%n patterns, where the s%es an roof of the sta%um are not &lose %n a &%r&le /%ure 9), 'ut rather &reate a tunnel throuh wh%&h a%r passes ur%n the summer /$allahan, 2013). Thus, %t oes not nee any a%r:&on%t%on%n ur%n the summer an sa!e up a lot of enery &onsumpt%on.
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i.ure : Desi.n o3 the stadium (reatin. a tunne- 3or the /ind 7MAA ,roup+ #0&08
).+ &rocurement method
This parti(u-ar pro2e(t uses the desi.n@and@bui-d pro(urement method' Kaohsiun. City ,o=ernment /as appointed by the Sports A33airs Coun(i- 7SAC8
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and /as responsib-e 3or a-- the p-annin. and (onstru(tion o3 the main stadium' They+ then+ approa(hed and se-e(ted MAA Consu-tants ,roup as a pro2e(t mana.er+ /ho is in (har.e o3 the (on(eptua- desi.n+ ar(hite(tura- pro.rams+ tender do(uments and hand-in. tender pro(ess' A3ter a detai-ed study and (omprehensi=e (onsu-tations+ an internationa- tender 3or the desi.n@and@bui-d (ontra(t is put up in #004 and /as a/arded to a %apanese ar(hite(t+ Toyo Ito'
Fne o3 the bene3its o3 optin. 3or this parti(u-ar pro(urement method is that it is a ?ui(k a-ternati=e 7as seen in the (hrono-o.y o3 the pro2e(t8 due to the o=er-appin. desi.n and (onstru(tion pro(esses' It a-so trans3ers most o3 the risk to the main (ontra(tor' *o/e=er+ it is not suitab-e 3or pro2e(ts that re?uires desi.n 3-eibi-ity be(ause any (han.es made /i-- ha=e (ost or time imp-i(ations'
#004 A/arded the D< (ontra(t to Toyo Ito
#006 Desi.n p-ans started
#00! Constru(tion started
#00 Comp-etion o3 (onstru(tion
)., Social -alues
Fn days /hen the stadium is not used+ the etra ener.y is so-d to Tai/an 1o/er Com pany an fees the lo&al r%, that helps power up surroun%n ne%h'ourhoos. t %s
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est%mate that the sta%um w%ll enerate an a!erae 1.1 m%ll%on (%lowatt:hours per year, an at the &urrent &ost of ele&tr%&%ty %n Ta%wan, >T?3 per (%lowatt:hour, the stru&ture w%ll sa!e >T?3.3 m%ll%on /rouhly J 94+0008 per year for the &%ty />ystet, 2009).
=ther than that, th%s proe&t only ut%l%ses lo&al raw mater%als to support the%r own e&onomy. es%es, the sta%um %s surroune w%th an ur'an e&o:par( /%ure 10), wh%&h also ser!es as a l%!%n &lassroom open year:roun to the &ommun%ty. n a%t%on, %ts reen 'u%l%n %s a &onu%t for tea&h%n people a'out suta%na'le e!elopment an %t has su&&eee %n ra%s%n the ar&h%te&tural an en!%ronmental awareness %n the &ommun%ty /=@oun, 2014).
i.ure &0: StadiumOs urban e(o@park 7FGyoun.+ #0&"8
21
). Challenges and /estraints Solutions
As%n solar panels %s one of the 'u%l%n spe&%f%&at%on an Toyo to, the ar&h%te&ture, planne on us%n the solar panels as the sta%ums ma%n roof %nstea of putt%n %t on top of the roof.
“Since solar panels were required for this project, I thought to use them to cover almost the entire stadium seating roof. The climate in Kaohsiung is subtropical. Therefore, in addition to functioning as an energy source, the solar panels are also used as a shading device to bloc direct sunlight.! : Toyo to /reyer, 2009)
*owe!er, %t %s te&hn%&ally %ff%&ult to prou&e a new roof%n system us%n the solar panels. They &reate new mater%als ur%n &onstru&t%on an f%t the panels toether us%n the te&hnolo%es ment%one a'o!e. es%es that, they also use &omputer moell%n /;) to eterm%ne the poss%'le %mpa&t earthBua(es an typhoons &oul ha!e on them /$allahan, 2013). =ther than that, %t was also &hallen%n 'e&ause ea&h solar panel ha to 'e f%tte to the !ary%n shape of the sp%ral%n stru&ture, so etra attent%on %s neee when &onstru&t%n the roof.
*.0 Com3arison 4 !nalysis
oth of the proe&ts are s%m%lar %n terms of the s&ale an the &ost. *owe!er, ea&h of the proe&t was ee&ute !ery %fferently, %n terms of pro&ur%n %t, the es%n as well as the mater%als use. elow %s a thorouh analys%s an &ompar%son of the two proe&ts.
22
*.1 5anguage 6arrier
oth of the proe&ts employ fore%nC%nternat%onal wor(ers, so there m%ht 'e some lanuae 'arr%er throuhout the proe&t. or eample, the ar&h%te&t &hosen for the +aohs%un >at%onal "ta%um, wh%&h %s lo&ate %n $h%na, %s a apanese ar&h%te&t. ur%n the es%n stae, a translator %s neee to help the &l%ent epla%n the proe&ts reBu%rements to the ar&h%te&t, where the pro'a'%l%ty of any m%s&ommun%&at%on or m%sunerstan%ns to happen %s h%h. Th%s w%ll %n&rease the r%s(s, su&h as suen &hanes or elays, %n the proe&t, %f there %s no alternat%!e %n m%t%at%n %t. *owe!er, ue to the h%h populat%on of youn aults %n $h%na, the +aohs%un >at%onal "ta%um proe&t %s a'le to ut%l%se lo&al wor(for&e an % not employ any m%rant wor(ers, thus, a!o%%n the pro'lem of m%sunerstan%ns ur%n the &onstru&t%on per%o. urthermore, the *yro arena proe&t employs a small amount of %nternat%onal su': &ontra&tor /ortuuese), where one of them was &la%me to 'e the &ause of the f%re %n&%ent. The 'lae was starte 'y fly%n spar(s from a tor&h use 'y a ortuuese &ontra&tor /;&onal an ;&herson, 2013). *owe!er, the &l%ent % not ta(e any leal a&t%on 'e&ause they 'el%e!e %t was only an a&&%ent. 'el%e!e that the f%re %n&%ent woul not ha!e happene pro!%e that the wor(er was tra%ne to wor( %n a safe manner, wh%&h means that the &apa'%l%ty of m%rant wor(ers to wor( safely %s Buest%ona'le. Therefore, the r%s( %n a proe&t s%n%f%&antly %n&reases when %t %n!ol!es %nternat%onal wor(ers, 'ut a r%s( manaement &an 'e one to m%t%ate %t. *.1 7eadlines
The +aohs%un >at%onal "ta%um was es%ne an 'u%lt for the purpose of host%n the 2009
23
sta%um was not one a&&or%n to the appropr%ate stanars.
es%es, the *yro #rena %n -lasow was 'u%lt 'e&ause the "E$$ wante a new enterta%nment an sports arena that &oul hol a larer &apa&%ty of au%en&es. t was not 'u%lt for a spe&%f%& '% e!ent, therefore, there was no pressure %n &omplet%n %t, other than to (eep the%r reputat%on %nta&t. The arena ha no pro'lems after &omplet%on an the &onstru&t%on was one a&&or%n to the r%ht Bual%ty.
*.2 5a$suits
“ Integrated "roject #elivery $I#"% is a holistic approach to building in which all project staeholders and participants wor in highly collaborative relationships throughout the complete facility life cycle to achieve effective and efficient building! & 'eorge (lvin, )I) $(lvin, *++%
n orer to ensure an %nterate proe&t el%!ery, there nees to 'e a Dno lawsu%t pro!%s%on where ea&h party arees to l%m%t or el%m%nate &la%ms aa%nst ea&h other to esta'l%sh a reu&e r%s(F en!%ronment /asBu%re, 2016). *owe!er, a su':&ontra&tor too( leal a&t%on aa%nst the ma%n &ontra&tor, Gen Gease, %n the *yro #rena proe&t / Marti3er K = ;end ;ease ;td L#0&4 CSF*9&8' ;a/suits su(h as this on-y -eads to a /aste o3
24
time and money' ;end ;ease mana.ed it /e--+ and took it to (ourt+ /here e=entua--y+ the Marti3er -ost the (ase'
*.) &artnershi3 environment
A partnership en=ironment is /here a-- the key p-ayers in a pro2e(t (o--aborates and are in=o-=ed in a de(ision@makin. pro(ess' In the S)CC Corporate e=ie/ #0&#@#0&$ on the SS) *ydro Arena in ,-as.o/+ Chie3 )e(uti=e+ %ohn Sharkey+ hi.h-i.hts the importan(e o3 a partnership en=ironment to ensure a su((ess3u- inte.rated pro2e(t de-i=ery 7S)CC+ #0&$8' Fpen (o--aboration a--o/s the p-annin. and predi(tion o3 3uture out(omes+ risks and .ains+ /hi(h -eads to shorter (onstru(tion time as /e-- as errors and disputes redu(tion' This is /hy the S)CC and ;end ;ease sti-- mana.ed to (omp-ete the pro2e(t on time despite the sudden 3ire in(ident'
*.* 8uality of materials
The (ost o3 (onstru(tion 3or both o3 the pro2e(ts is s-i.ht-y simi-ar+ /hi(h is around J mi--ion ea(h and both o3 them had the same bui-din. area 7around #4+000 m#8' )=en so+ the Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium pro2e(t shou-d ha=e (ost more due to the 3a(t that it used a tota- o3 99"" so-ar pane-s as a roo3in. system+ /hi(h (an be ?uite epensi=e' This mi.ht mean that the other materia-s used 3or the pro2e(t is bou.ht at a (heaper pri(e+ /here the ?ua-ity o3 the materia-s is debatab-e+ thus+ ep-ains the in3rastru(ture prob-ems that they had a3ter the (omp-etion o3 the stadium' *o/e=er+ In China+ there is an abundant supp-y o3 (heap -o(a- materia-s and (heap
25
-abourers due to its hi.h popu-ation 7F3ori+ #0&&8' This mi.ht a-so ep-ain /hy the (ost o3 bui-din. a stadium /ith so-ar pane-s in China is (onsiderab-y (heap'
*.+ &rocurement (ethod
The *ydro Arena pro2e(t used the traditiona- pro(urement method /hereas the Kaohsiun. City ,o=ernment pro(ured its pro2e(t throu.h Desi.n@ and@
The bene3its o3 usin. a D< method to pro(ure a pro2e(t is that it is time sa=in. as /e-- as the sin.-e point responsibi-ity+ /here the responsibi-ity o3 desi.nin. and bui-din. 3a--s under the (ontra(tor+ /hi(h a-so means that the (-ient has -o/er risks sin(e most o3 the risks ha=e been trans3erred to the (ontra(tor' *o/e=er+ it mi.ht produ(e a -o/ ?ua-ity produ(t be(ause it norma--y takes the (heapest route to meet (ontra(t spe(i3i(ation 7Desi.nin.
Fne o3 the ad=anta.es o3 optin. 3or traditiona- method is that the (-ient /i-- ha=e (ontro- o=er the desi.n be3ore puttin. it out to tender' A-thou.h+ the (-ient (annot tender 3or main (ontra(tor unti- the 3ina- desi.n is 3ina-ized+ /hi(h means that this method (onsumes more time than D<'
There3ore+ the (-ient shou-d (onsider the (ost+ time and ?ua-ity 3or a
26
pro2e(t be3ore de(idin. on /hi(h pro(urement method to use be(ause the nature o3 ea(h pro2e(t is uni?ue'
*. Contribution to The Community
)a(h o3 the pro2e(t (ontributes to the so(iety' or eamp-e+ the (ontra(tor+ ;end ;ease+ in=o-=ed in the *ydro Arena pro2e(t ensured that there /ere apprenti(eship and 2ob opportunities opened 3or that parti(u-ar pro2e(t' Fther than that+ they /ere (ommitted in redu(in. /aste durin. the (onstru(tion phase by 3o--o/in. throu.h the *a-=in. the Waste to ;and3i--E pro.ramme'
A-thou.h+ I be-ie=e that the Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium pro2e(t (ontributes the s' This is be(ause they used the so-ar pane-s to redu(e the ener.y (onsumption+ /hi(h in turn he-ped to redu(e a si.ni3i(ant amount o3 (arbon dioide output' Fther than that+ they so-d the e(ess ener.y that /as produ(ed by the so-ar pane-s and 3eeds the -o(a- .rid' This .reat-y he-ped the so(iety to redu(e the (ost o3 .eneratin. e-e(tri(ity' They a-so -ands(aped the surroundin. o3 the stadium /ith an e(o@park that ser=es as a -i=in. (-assroom open to pub-i(+ /hi(h (ontributes to the so(ietyGs edu(ationa- en=ironment'
*. /is9 of 7oing Construction &ro'ects in China
irst o3 a--+ there is a risk o3 in=o-=ement o3 ChinaGs .o=ernment in the pro2e(ts' A((ordin. to a resear(h done by Bou et a-+ the risk re-atin. to bureau(ra(y and e(essi=e pro(edures o3 appro=a-s in the Chinese ,o=ernment a.en(ies /ere re(o.nized+ /hi(h a-so sho/s that it in3-uen(es pro2e(t (ost+ time and en=ironmenta- sustainabi-ity 7Bou et a-+ #00!8'
27
a/areness o3 the importan(e o3 ha=in. insuran(e' Fther than that+ internationa- or.anisations /i-- need to ha=e permits and -i(enses be3ore they (an start doin. pro2e(ts in China+ /hi(h (an be ?uite tedious be(ause o3 its -on. pro(ess'
There3ore+ a risk mana.ement and a SWFT ana-ysis needs to be done to ensure that the risk is miti.ated'
+.0 Conclusion
As a (on(-usion+ the method in pro(urin. ea(h pro2e(t is important be(ause it a33e(ts the time+ (ost and ?ua-ity o3 the pro2e(t+ /hi(h is (onsidered as the three bi..est aspe(ts in the business' Fther than that+ inte.rated pro2e(t de-i=ery 7ID18 is one o3 the key su((ess in mana.in. a -ar.e@s(a-e pro2e(ts su(h as stadiums and arenas' ID1 ensures a smooth pro(ess throu.h (o--aboration and more+ /hi(h (an be seen in the *ydro Arena pro2e(t'
28
so(ia- and e(onomi( en=ironment is one o3 the most important thin.s to (onsider in a pro2e(t'
In addition+ both o3 the pro2e(ts used the re(ent so3t/are 7
As a /ho-e+ the SS) *ydro Arena pro2e(t /as .reat-y ee(uted be(ause they mana.ed to (omp-ete on time despite the 3ire in(ident and there /as no prob-em a3ter its (omp-etion' The Kaohsiun. Nationa- Stadium pro2e(t+ on the other hand+ /as 3air-y ee(uted be(ause there /ere in3rastru(ture prob-ems a3ter a year o3 (omp-etin. it+ but this is due to the pressure o3 needin. to (omp-ete it on time 3or the #00 Wor-d ,ames' There3ore+ aspe(ts su(h as the pro(urement methods+ te(hno-o.y and materia-s used+ mana.ement 7ID18 as /e-- as the so(ia- =a-ue in(orporated in the pro2e(t are key su((esses 3or a pro2e(t'
,.0 6ibliogra3hy
1.
#rup /2015) ) global firm of consulting engineers, designers, planners and project managers. #!a%la'le atH
httpHCCwww.arup.&omCnewsC2013I09Iseptem'erC30Iseptem'erIs&otlansIlarestIenterta%nm entI!enueIthe20sseIhyroIopens /#&&esseH 7 anuary 2017).
29
2.
#um%ller, #. /2009) Sultan -ian /ainal )bidin stadium roof collapse. #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCfa%lures.w%(%spa&es.&omC"ultanJ;%anJKa%nalJ#'%%nJ"ta%umJLoofJ$ollapse /#&&esseH 5 anuary 2017).
3.
entley "ystems /2011) 0oster 1 partners & SS( 2ydro stadium project . #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.'entley.&omCenCproe&t:prof%lesCfoster:partnersIsse:hyro /#&&esseH 7 anuary 2017).
4.
reyer, ;. /2009) The greenest, coolest stadium3 Toyo Ito on his sun&powered Stunner . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.treehuer.&omCa'out:treehuerCthe:reenest:&oolest:sta%um: toyo:%to:on:h%s:sun:powere:stunnerCpae2.html /#&&esseH 16 anuary 2017).
5.
$allahan, #. /2013) Kaohsiung stadium. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCar&h%te&tuul.&omCar&h%te&tureC(aohs%un:sta%um /#&&esseH 15 anuary 2017).
6.
es%n%n u%l%ns Gt /2016) "rocurement route pros 4 cons & designing buildings 5ii. #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.es%n%n'u%l%ns.&o.u(Cw%(%Cro&urementILouteIrosI 26I$onsM.26Iro&urement /#&&esseH 19 anuary 2017).
7.
ow $orn%n /2011) #ow 6orning provides solutions for *++7 world games stadium. #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.ow&orn%n.&omC&ontentCpu'l%shel%tC63:1199:01.pf /#&&esseH 14 anuary 2017).
8.
El!%n, -. /2007) Integrated project delivery3 ) guide 6alifornia council national . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.a%a.orCroupsCa%aCo&umentsCpfCa%a'083423.pf /#&&esseH 21 anuary 2017).
9.
%ueras nternat%on "eat%n /2005) The SS( 2ydro arena & case studies & multipurpose -acro&spaces & projects & 0igueras international seating . #!a%la'le atH
httpHCCwww.f%ueras.&omCu(Cproe&tsClare:mult%:purpose:!enuesC284Ithe:sse:hyro: arena.html /#&&esseH 6 anuary 2017). 10. oster J artners /2005) The SS( 2ydro 8 foster 1 partners. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.fosteranpartners.&omCproe&tsCthe:sse:hyroC /#&&esseH 6 anuary 2017). 11. eh, . /2013) 0oster 1 partners9 the 2ydro. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.'u%l%n.&o.u(Cfoster: 20:partners:the:hyroC5061062.art%&le /#&&esseH 20 anuary 2017).
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12. N u%l%n "ystems /2013) :()-6;< at the SS( 2ydro in 'lasgow = case study. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.p:u(.&omC'loC'eam&on:at:the:sse:hyro:%n:lasow:&ase:stuyCM /#&&esseH 7 anuary 2017). 13. oanna, $. /2014) search 8 0;6?S T)I5)< & 6<) (<'@IS2 <(5S . #!a%la'le atH
httpHCCfo&usta%wan.twCsear&hC200910010036.aspOBP#s%an20ames /#&&esseH 12 anuary 2017). 15. lpe&( /2011) International solar energy3 Kaohsiung world stadium $Taiwan%. #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.solareneryworl.&omC2011C07C07C%nternat%onal:solar:(aohs%un:worl:sta%um: ta%wanC /#&&esseH 15 anuary 2017). 16. ;## -roup /2010) -)) 'A;?" consulting engineering . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww2.maa&onsultants.&omCenCproe&tsCeta%l.phpOp%P388 /#&&esseH 15 anuary 2017). 17. ;aa%ne of the $hartere nst%tute of u%l%n /2012) The 2ydro )rena . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.&onstru&t%onmanaermaa%ne.&omCon:s%teCnow:%ts:s&otlans:turnC /#&&esseH 8 anuary 2017). 18. ;&onal, $. an ;&herson, G. /2013) 5elder9s torch blamed for starting huge fire at 'lasgow9s new BC*Dm 2ydro arena which puts opening in doubt . #!a%la'le atH
httpHCCwww.a%lyre&or.&o.u(CnewsCs&ott%sh:newsCwelers:tor&h:'lame:start%n:hue: 1941218 /#&&esseH 18 anuary 2017). 19. >ystet, . /2009) 6omputer modeling helps build sun&powered stadium. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.&%o.&om.auCart%&leC311263C&omputerImoel%nIhelpsI'u%lIsun: powereIsta%umC /#&&esseH 15 anuary 2017). 20. =for%, -. /2011) 6ontemporary issues in construction in developing countries. E%te 'y -eore =for%. GononH Taylor N ran&%s.
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21. =@oun, ;. /2014) Taiwan national stadium sculpted from concrete, steel, and :I"E panels. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.a'report.&omC2014C01Cta%wan:nat%onal:sta%um:s&ulpte:
from:&on&rete:steel:an:'%p!:panels /#&&esseH 16 anuary 2017). 22. ansta%a N #rena ;anaement /2014) 'lasgow adds C*,+++ seat arena to city9s riverside venues . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.psam.u(.&omCtaC&on&ert:arena /#&&esseH 7 anuary 2017).
23. asBu%re, $. /2016) Integrated "roject #elivery. . 24. ass%!ent /2016) The SS( 2ydro entertainment venue, 'lasgow "assivent, woring in partnership with )rup, designed, manufactured and supplied a natural ventilation system for the SS( 2ydro arena, situated in 'lasgow . #!a%la'le atH
httpHCCwww.pass%!ent.&omCuploasCe739248ff0496a1215efaf46&42'a0.pf /#&&esseH 6 anuary 2017). 25. ett%tt, ;. /2010) The architecture of football stadiums . #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.ar&h%te&ture.&omCeploreCstor%esCthear&h%te&tureoffoot'allsta%ums.asp /#&&esseH 5 anuary 2017). 26. ooran, >. /2014) BDmillion blae at 'lasgow9s 2ydro arena was spared by welder9s torch . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.a%lyre&or.&o.u(CnewsCs&ott%sh:newsC5m%ll%on:'lae:lasows: hyro:arena:2979219 /#&&esseH 9 anuary 2017). 27. "&ott%sh $ourts an Tr%'unals /2015) Fudgment . #!a%la'le atH httpsHCCwww.s&ot&ourts.o!.u(Csear&h:umentsCumentO%P'152a6:8980:692:'500: ff000074aa7 /#&&esseH 7 anuary 2017). 28. "E$$ /2013) Secc corpreview *+C* . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.se&&.&o.u(Cme%aC165867Cse&&I&orpre!%ewI2012.pf /#&&esseH 6 anuary 2017). 29. "han, ". /2010) Sports affairs council accuses Kaohsiung over stadium . #!a%la'le atH httpHCCwww.ta%pe%t%mes.&omC>ewsCta%wanCar&h%!esC2010C09C07C2003482305 /#&&esseH 12 anuary 2017). 30. "ta%um ataase /2001) Kaohsiung national stadium = Stadium#:.6om. #!a%la'le atH httpHCCsta%um'.&omCsta%umsCtpeC(aohs%unIsta%um /#&&esseH 12 anuary 2017).
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