Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy buo`gs, `glo`js, `gd tbm mgvlrigomgt mdltmd fy
X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr & Vixlm Vixlm S`jemr
Xldmstigm ^rmss @ g m w c m g m r` r`tt l i g i a ^u ^uf f j l sb sbll g c
\iu \ iu `r `rm m rm rm`d `dlg lgc c ` au aujj jj vm vmrs rsli lig g ia tb tbls ls fi fiie ie,, ai airr ar armm mm!! Tbls fiie ls p`rt ia tbm Xldmstigm m-jlfr`ry wbmrm oist ia iur pufjlh`tligs `rm aujjy `hhmsslfjm air armm. Air `hhmss ti oirm armm fiies vlslt; www.sldmstigm.hio/jlfr`ry
Diwgji`d Aujj ^DA Qlslt tbm Xldmstigm m-jlfr`ry ti friwsm iur m-fiies. Air ` olglo`j amm yiu h`g purhb`sm ` aujjy aughtlig`j ^DA `gd fy dilgc si, yiu bmjp ti emmp iur jlfr`ry rugglgc.
www.sldmstigm.hio/jlfr`ry
Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy
Xldmstigm ^rmss
Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy buo`gs, `glo`js, `gd tbm mgvlrigomgt mdltmd fy
X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr & Vixlm Vixlm S`jemr
© 6>0= tbm `utbirs ^ufjlsbmd fy Xldmstigm ^rmss, Jmldmg www.sldmstigm.hio www.sldmstigm.hio LXFG <32-<>-22<>-623-0 <32-<>-22<>-623-0 ^DA m-fiie; LXFG <32-<>-22<>-622-2 <32-<>-22<>-622-2 J`y-iut & hivmr dmslcg; Xldmstigm ^rmss ^biticr`pb hivmr; arigt hivmr; hipyrlcbt X`jlo` Ler`o5 f`he hivmr; hipyrlcbt ]pps`j` Ouooy Xurvmy
Higtmgts @fstr`h @fs tr`hts ts
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^rma`hm
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X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr `gd Vixlm S`jemr
Buo`g Vmo`lgs Furl`js ugdmr tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp @omgbitm p LL ‘ Juxir, Smst Smst Tbmfms Tb mfms
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Cliv`gg` Fmjj`gdl, Vifmrt` Dm O`rzi, Xtma`gi Fmg`zzl & @gcmji Xms`g` Fli`rhb`mijicy, Fli`rhb`mijicy, TT 1= ^rikmht, Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms
88
Kmriom X. Hyfujs Hyf ujsel, el, Vifmrt Vifmr t K. Xt`re & T`oà T`oàss @. Fàhs Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ebmt`tmg; ]gmxpmhtmd ]gmxpmhtmd Vmsujts ario ` H`plt`j Hlty
48
Crmthbmg V. D`ffs, Kmriom H. Vism & Omjlss` [`fmhel Flrtb lg @ghlmgt Mcypt; Tlolgc, Tr`uo`, `gd Trluopb9 Mvldmghm ario tbm D`ebjmb I`sls
=8
Tisb` J. Dupr`s, X`gdr` O. Sbmmjmr, J`g` Sljjl`os & ^mtmr Xbmjdrlhe Xtudylgc Mcyptl`g Ouoolms lg tbm Almjd
13
X`jlo` Ler`o @ H`sm H` sm ia i a Omt`st` Omt `st`tlh tlh H`rhlgio` H`rhl gio` lg `g ` g Ijd Elgcdi Elg cdio-^mrli o-^mrlid d Xemjmt Xem jmtig ig ario X`qq`r`
33
Lwig` Eizlmr`dze`-Icugo`elg Eizlmr`dze`-Icugo`elg Xtudy ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms upig Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Eb`rc` I`sls
23
Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc Ario Mcypt ti Jltbu`gl`; Jltbu`gl` ; O`rlk` Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo` Vudzlgse `ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē“ vlďlmgē“ss Ouooy `gd lts V`dlijiclh`j Lgvmstlc`tlig Lgvmstlc`tlig
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Ar`ge K. Vúbjl, @flc`lj X. Fiuwo`g `gd Olhb`mj M. B`flhbt @ Dmh`dm Dm h`dm ia @dv`ghms @dv` ghms lg tbm t bm ^`jmip ^`j mip`tb `tbiji ijicy cy ia i a tbm tb m @ghlmg @g hlmgtt Mcyptl Mc yptl`gs `gs
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Mucmg Xtriub`j Viy`j Ouslh`j Hb`lrs; Hb`lrs ; Ti Sbio Dims tbm Gmw ^yr`old lg X`qq`r` Fmjigc9
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Ar`gãilsm Dug`gd, Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc & Hìhljm H`jjiu Amjlgm Dmshmgd`gt ia tbm Vmd ir tbm Fj`he J`gd; @ Oujtldls Oujt ldlshlpj hlpjlg`r lg`ryy Lgvmstl Lg vmstlc`t c`tlig lig ia `g ugusu u gusu`jjy `jjy j`rcm j`r cm @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Mcyptl` Mcy ptl`g g H`t Ouooy
033
H`rijlg Kib`gssig, Cmiaarmy Omtz & O`rc`rmt` ]bjbirg
Dmgdri`rhb`mijicy Tbm ^itmgtl`j ia Dmgdrihbrigijicy lg Mcypt; ]gdmrst`gdlgc ]gdmrst`gdlgc @ghlmgt Buo`g/Mgvlrigomgt Lgtmr`htligs
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^m`rhm ^`uj Hrm`so`g Flfjlicr`pby
600
@f @ f s t r ` h t s Furl`js ugdmr tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgb @om gbitm itmp p LL L L ‘ Juxi J uxir, r, Sms Smstt Tbmf Tb mfms ms
Cliv`gg` Fmjj`gdl, Vifmrt` Dm O`rzi, Xtma`gi Fmg`zzl & @gcmj @gc mjii Xms`g Xms `g` ` Tbm `rm` ia tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia tbm pb`r`ib @omgbitmp LL w`s p`rtl`jjy lgvmstlc`tmd fy tbm Mgcjlsb `rhb`mijiclst Xlr S.O. Ajlgdmrs ^mtrlm lg 02<4-02<=. Igjy lg 0<<3 wmrm mxh`v`tligs rmsuomd lg tbm `rm` ia tbm Tmopjm ugdmr tbm dlrmhtlig ia @gcmji Xms`g`, prmsldmgt ia tbm HMAF ‘ Hmgtri dl Mclttijicl` ‚Ar`ghmshi F`jjmrlgl‟ (Hioi, Lt`jy). Tbm mxh`v`tligs, giw `ppri`hblgc tbmlr 0=tb sm`sig, b`vm pmrolttmd tbm dmvmjipomgt ia ` git`fjy dmt`ljmd pj`g ia tbm tmopjm, mxp`gdlgc `gd rmgdmrlgc oirm prmhlsm tbm suoo`ry d`t` rmhirdmd fy ^mtrlm. Mxh`v`tlig b`s fmmg higtlgumd diwg ti fmdrihe `gd b`s rmvm`jmd guomrius augmr`ry struhturms `gd hiopjmxms tb`t ihhuplmd tbm `rm` fmairm tbm Tmopjm Tmopjm `gd `c`lg `atmr lts `f`gdigomgt `gd tbm jiitlgc ia lts stigms. ^rlir ti higstruhtlig higstr uhtlig ia tbm Tmopjm ia @omgbitmp LL tbm `rm` w`s ihhuplmd fy ` gmhripijls d`tlgc f`he ti Olddjm Elgcdio. Twi ugdmrcriugd tiof hiopjmxms ario tbls prm-tmopjm hmomtmry higslstlgc ia ` r`op, ` b`jjw`y `gd smvmr`j hb`ofmrs `rm stljj fmlgc studlmd. Tbm tiof-aljj b`s privldmd ugmxpmhtmdjy ugmxpmhtmdjy rlhb algds; vmssmjs ia o`gy dlaamrmgt typms `gd slzms, tmrr`hitt` iaamrlgc tr`ys, a`lmghm fm`ds `gd smol-prmhlius stigms `oujmts `jigc wltb semjmt`j rmo`lgs. Tbm wbijm `rm` w`s `c`lg usmd `s ` gmhripijls ario tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid igw`rds. Ti d`tm 66 tiofs lg tbm gmhripijls b`vm fmmg lgvmstlc`tmd fut igjy 04 stljj higt`lgmd buo`g rmo`lgs; m`hb b`s ` squ`rm sb`at ia 6 ti 1 o dmptb wltb igm ir oirm so`jj lrrmcuj`rjy sb`pmd riios jm`dlgc iaa lt. Oist ia tbm cr`vms b`d `jrm`dy fmmg jiitmd lg `ghlmgt tloms ir, lg siom h`sms, wmrm ldmgtlalmd `gd hjm`rmd fy ^mtrlm. Lg itbmr h`sms, biwmvmr, mjmomgts ia tbm augmr`ry `ssmofj`cms rmo`lg. Tbm usm ia tbm `rm` ia tbm tmopjm hiopjmx `s ` hmomtmry higtlgumd lgti tbm ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g pmrlid. Tbm buo`g rmo`lgs aiugd lg tbm tiofs ia tbm Tmopjm ia @omgbitmp LL `rm hurrmgtjy fmlgc studlmd. Sm `rm aihusmd ig rmhigstruhtlgc tbm tbm bm`jtb st`tus `gd jlam-stirlms ia tbm lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg twi spmhlalh higtmxts; - Tbm j`rcm tiof, higslstlgc ia ` r`op, ` b`jjw`y `gd smvmr`j hb`ofmrs, lg `rm` @03 tb`t w`s usmd lg tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd `c`lg lg tbm J`tm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid-m`rjy Gmw Elgcdio. Lt higt`lgmd tbm p`rtl`jjy ir aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs ia 0< lgdlvldu`js `jigc wltb siom itbmr sh`ttmrmd rmo`lgs. Tbm rmo`lgs `rm stljj fmlgc `g`jyzmd si `s ti privldm ` oirm prmhlsm guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js `gd d`t` ig smx, `cm `gd p`tbijicy. p`tbijicy. - Tbm tiof lg `rm` H8 d`tlgc ti tbm pist-tmopjm pmrlid (Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid) ^mrlid) dlvldmd lgti twi hb`ofmrs wblhb higt`lgmd slx `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs `gd sh`ttmrmd ar`comgt`ry rmo`lgs.
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3
Tbm plhturm tb`t momrcms ario ` prmjlolg`ry `gtbripijiclh`j study ls ia ` vmry prmh`rlius st`tm ia bm`jtb wltb blcb lga`gt oirt`jlty `gd dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm `oigcst `joist `jj `dujts. Tbm armqumgtjy vmry prigiughmd oushjm lgsmrtligs succmst lgtmgsm d`ljy pbyslh`j j`fiur, siomtloms si bm`vy `s ti lgduhm tbm airo`tlig ia istmipbytms `gd mgtbmsipbytms lg tmgdig lgsmrtligs `t tbm o`rclgs ia tbm vmrtmfr`j fidlms. Fli`rhb`mijicy, Fli`rhb`mijicy, TT 1= ^rikmht, Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms
Kmriom Kmri om X. Hyfuj Hyf ujse sel, l, Vifm Vi fmrt rt K. Xt`re Xt` re & T`o T`oàs às @. Fàhs Fà hs TT 1= ls ` prlv`tm tiof lg tbm Tbmf`g Gmhripijls ig tbm wmst f`ge ia tbm Gljm ippisltm Juxir, Juxir, Mcypt. Iur pistmr prmsmgts ` higtmxtu`j ivmrvlmw ia buo`g rmo`lgs ario alvm furl`j jih`tligs studlmd ig sltm durlgc tbm 6>0> (04tb) almjd sm`sig ia tbm Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms. Blcbjlcbtmd `rm Xb`at 0 lg tbm airmhiurt ia TT 1=, wblhb bmjd tbm egiwg j`tmst furl`j ihhup`gt, `gd Xb`ats 8 `gd 4 ig tbm m`stmrg sjipm ia tbm airmhiurt, wblhb bmjd tbm m`rjlmst. Xb`at 0 w`s lgtmgdmd air tbm irlclg`j 02tb Dyg`sty iwgmr ia TT 1= fut gmvmr usmd fy blo `gd tbm tiof ltsmja w`s `f`gdigmd air rm`sigs ugegiwg. Lgstm`d, tbm rmo`lgs ia ` g`tur`jjy prmsmrvmd Hiptlh pmrlid b`ja-ouooy w`s aiugd lg tbm sb`at, pisslfjy dlsturfmd fy jiitmrs ia ` gm`rfy cr`vm `gd b`stljy dlsh`rdmd. Sm Sm dmshmgdmd Xb`at 4 ti study lts jigm ihhup`gt, `g 02tb Dyg`sty ouooy tb`t b`d ifvliusjy fmmg d`o`cmd fy jiitmrs. Tbm mstlo`tmd jmgctb ia tbls prif`fjm o`jm, ` rm`sig`fjm prixy lgdlh`tir ia st`turm durlgc jlam, w`s 01= ho. Xb`at 8 privldmd ` hb`jjmgclgc olx ia `t jm`st 03 lgdlvldu`js, siom rmprmsmgtmd igjy fy igm ir ` amw figms, itbmrs fy jlofs wr`ppmd lg blcb qu`jlty jlgmg pjus jiism figms o`thbmd durlgc tbm `g`jysls. Tbm j`ttmr o`y b`vm fmmg tbm irlclg`j 02tb Dyg`sty ihhup`gts; tbrmm `dujt o`jms, ` amo`jm, ` hbljd `gd `g lga`gt `s dmtmrolgmd ario tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs. ^isslfjm j`tmr lgtrusligs, `hhldmgt`j ir lgtmgtlig`j, lghjudmd tbrmm lga`gts, tbrmm hbljdrmg, ` kuvmglj kuvm gljm, m, twi t wi `dujt ` dujt o`jms o`j ms `gd ` gd twi amo`jms. amo` jms. ^`tbijicy ^`tbij icy lg tbm ivmr`jj ivmr` jj hijjmht hij jmhtlig lig w`s olglo`j; pirius irflt`j riias lg yiugcstmrs `gd aihl ia figm splhujms `gd kilgt sura`hm mrislig lg `dujts tb`t dld git g it rmsmofjm tbm usu`j sh`rs ia dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm. Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ebmt`tmg; ]gmxpmhtmd Vmsujts ario ` H`plt`j Hlty
Crmthbmg V. D`ffs, Kmriom H. Vism & Omjlss` [`fmhel Tbm sbirt-jlvmd h`plt`j hlty ia @ebmg`tmg, @ebmt`tmg (oidmrg @o`rg`), ls uglqum `oigc `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hltlms lg tb`t lt w`s fuljt, ihhuplmd, `gd `f`gdigmd lg `g g`rriw tmopir`j spmhtruo durlgc @ebmg`tmg“s rmlcg (h. 084<-0886 FH) `gd ` frlma `atmro`tb tb`t mgdmd durlgc tbm rmlcg ia Tut`geb`oug. Tbm hlty, `s biom ti @ebmg`tmg `gd bls hiurt, swmjjmd qulhejy ti pmrb`ps `s o`gy `s 8>,>>> rmsldmgts `s tbm iaalhl`js, sijdlmrs, `rtlsts, o`gua`hturmrs, `gd itbmrs rmspigslfjm
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air lts higstruhtlig, `gd tbism lg smrvlhm ti blcbmr iaalhl`js `rrlvmd `gd fmc`g tbm prihmss ia fuljdlgc jlvms lg tbm gmw h`plt`j hlty. @s Mcypt“s oist `hhmsslfjm urf`g `rhb`mijiclh`j sltm, @o`rg` b`s jigc fmmg ` siurhm ia lgairo`tlig ig tbm diomstlh `rhbltmhturm `gd o`tmrl`j hujturm ia jlam durlgc tbm @o`rg` ^mrlid. ^mrlid. Tbm `ddltlig ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j d`t` ario tbm igcilgc mxh`v`tligs ia tbm Xiutb Tiofs Hmomtmry (XTH) `t @o`rg` b`s mgb`ghmd tbm ugdmrst`gdlgc ia jlam `t @ebmt`tmg fy privldlgc d`t` ti mx`olgm git igjy tbm highmptlig ia dm`tb `gd splrltu`jlty tbriucb furl`j trm`tomgt, fut `jsi tbm flijiclh`j r`olalh`tligs ia jlvlgc durlgc tbls pmrlid ia rmjlclius `gd sihl`j upbm`v`j tbriucb `g`jysls ia buo`g semjmt`j rmo`lgs. Sbljm Sblj m prif`fj prif `fjyy gmvmr gmvm r lgtmgdm lgt mgdmdd ti rmajmht rmaj mht tbm jlvms jlvm s ia tbm gig-mjlt gig- mjltmm pufjlh, pufj lh, tbm tbmoms pirtr`ymd lg tbm d`ljy jlam shmgms ig tbm w`jjs lg tbm rihe hut tiofs ia tbm @o`rg` mjltms `rm diolg`tmd fy dmplhtligs ia `fugd`ghm `gd ipujmghm, wltb iaamrlgcs ti tbm @tmg higslstlgc ia bm`plgc pljms ia frm`d `gd cr`lg, sb`ges ia om`t, `gd vmssmjs ia bm`rty drlge. Tbm rm`dy lgtmrprmt`tlig lgtmrprmt`tlig ia tbls ls tbm succmstlig tb`t jlam `t @ebmt`tmg w`s ia ` jlam aujj ia dlmt`ry dlvmrslty `gd surpjus. Tbm `g`jyzmd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario tbm gig-mjltm XTH `t @o`rg` (g?634) rmajmht tbm `gtltbmsls ia tbls diolg`gt tbmom, prmsmgtlgc prmsmgtlgc ` higtr`stlgc plhturm ia ` jlam aljjmd wltb blcb blcb jmvmjs ia cmgmr`j, gutrltlig`j, `gd wireji`d strmss. Cmgmr`j lgdlh`tirs ia strmss lghjudm tbm oirt`jlty prialjm (blcb pist-lga`ghy suf`dujt oirt`jlty lg siom `rm`s ia tbm hmomtmry) `gd `dujt st`turm (@o`rg` `dujts `rm tbm sbirtmst ia `gy egiwg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pipuj`tlig). Gutrltlig`j strmss ls dlrmhtjy rmajmhtmd lg tbm semjmt`j jmsligs ia hrlfr` irflt`jl` (66.4%), piritlh bypmristisls (8.0%), `gd tbism jmsligs hb`r`htmrlstlh ia shurvy (8.0%). Sireji`d Sireji`d strmss lg `dujts (g?03=) ls o`glamst lg tbm armqumghy ia splg`j tr`uo` (Xhboirj“s (Xhboirj“s gidms 84.<%5 hioprmsslig ar`hturm 6>.1%), `gd dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm (ivmr`jj splgm 43.4%). Tbmsm bm`jtb p`ttmrgs `rm b`rdjy wb`t igm wiujd mxpmht air `gy criup ia pmipjm jlvlgc lg tbm h`plt`j ia Mcypt durlgc tbm prispmrius Gmw Elgcdio. ^mrb`ps tbm sihl`j, rmjlclius, `gd pijltlh`j upbm`v`j h`usmd fy @ebmg`tmg“s dmvitlig ti tbm @tmg mxtmgdmd lgti tbm rm`jo ia lgdlvldu`j bm`jtb `s wmjj. Flrtb lg @ghlmgt Mcypt; Tlolgc, Tr`uo`, `gd Trluopb9 Mvldmghm ario tbm D`ebjmb I`sls
Tisb` J. Dupr`s, X`gdr` O. Sbmmjmr, J`g` Sljjl`os & ^mtmr Xbmjdrlhe Tbm oirtu`ry j`gdsh`pm `gd lghjuslig ia `jj lgdlvldu`js, gi o`ttmr `cm ir p`tbijiclh`j higdltlig, lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls prmsmgts ` uglqum sltu`tlig `jjiwlgc air mx`olg`tlig ia flrtblgc pr`htlhms ti fmttmr ugdmrst`gd o`tmrg`j `gd lga`gt oirt`jlty lg rmj`tlig ti hbljdflrtb durlgc tbm Vio`gi-Hbrlstl`g pmrlid lg Mcypt. Vmsujts ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tligs lgdlh`tm ` p`ttmrg ia sm`sig`j lga`gt flrtb ihhurrlgc durlgc O`rhb-O`y, wblhb hirrmj`tms dlrmhtjy wltb tbm sm`sig`j oirt`jlty p`ttmrg air flrtblgc `cm wiomg. Lg `ddltlig, mvldmghm ia semjmt`j tr`uo` jlgemd ti tbm flrtblgc prihmss, lghjudlgc h`sms ia buomrus v`rus dmairolty, `gd ar`hturms ia tbm rlfs, hj`vlhjms, buomrl,
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`gd hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m, dmoigstr`tm tb`t lg o`gy h`sms flrtb w`s ` dlaalhujt `gd d`gcmrius mvmgt tb`t oist jlemjy rmqulrmd tbm `ld ia ` oldwlam. Sbljm `ghlmgt mplcr`pblh siurhms privldm sp`rsm mvldmghm ia flrtblgc pr`htlhms, tbm mvldmghm ario Emjjls 6 succmsts tb`t tbm o`kirlty ia flrtb tr`uo`s lg lgdlvldu`js ario tbm hmomtmry `rm oist jlemjy dum ti a`htirs suhb `s prijigcmd j`fir, hioprmsslig `gd tr`htlig airhms, `gd mxtr`htlig pr`htlhms durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss. @jsi, tbm dlaalhujtlms surriugdlgc hbljdflrtb dlrmhtjy rmj`tm ti tbm p`ttmrgs ia o`tmrg`j `gd lga`gt oirt`jlty smmg wltblg tbm Emjjls 6 pipuj`tlig. Xtudylgc Mcyptl`g Ouoolms lg tbm Almjd
X`jlo` Ler`o @jtbiuc @jtb iucbb o`gy o` gy pmipjm pmip jm b`vm studlmd stud lmd ouoolms ouo olms,, dlc dl c dlrmh d lrmhtirs tirs `gd mxh`v`ti mxh` v`tirs rs iatmg iatm g `rm git `w`rm ia `jj tbm lgairo`tlig tb`t h`g fm dmrlvmd ario tbmsm `rtma`hts `gd biw tbmy h`g fm studlmd lg irdmr ti privldm tbm o`xlouo ia lgairo`tlig.Tbls p`pmr mopb`slsms wb`t ls pisslfjm ti di lg tbm almjd wltb ` olglouo ia augdlgc `gd tbm jm`st `oiugt ia tmhbgijicy, `gd `los ti privldm lgvmstlc`tirs wltb tbm r`gcm ia pisslfljltlms ia lgairo`tlig tb`t h`g fm dmrlvmd ario ouoolms. Tbls lghjudms `g ivmrvlmw ia tbm mvldmghm mvldmghm tb`t h`g `gd sbiujd fm ift`lgmd ario ario ` ouooy, fitb lg tbm almjd `gd lg ldm`j stir`cm/ousmuo sltu`tligs5 tbm dlaamrmgt omtbids tb`t h`g fm mopjiymd ti mxtr`ht tbm o`tmrl`j5 `gd ` rmhirdlgc sbmmt tb`t a`hljlt`tms tbm rmhirdlgc. @ H`s H `smm ia Omt`s Omt `st` t`tl tlhh H`rhl H`r hlgi gio` o` lg `g Ijd Elgc El gcdio dio-^mrl -^mrlid id Xemjmtig ario X`qq`r`
Lwig` Eizlmr`dze`-Icugo`elg Lgtmgslvm study ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g rmo`lgs ivmr tbm p`st 0>> ym`rs b`s priduhmd ugdlsput`fjm mvldmghm air tbm prmsmghm ia prlo`ry `gd smhigd`ry o`jlcg`ghlms lg tbls p`st pipuj`tlig. @ smhigd`ry o`jlcg`ghy w`s ldmgtlalmd lg tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia `g ijdmr amo`jm rmhivmrmd ario tbm Ijd Elgcdio gmhripijls `t X`qq`r` Smst. O`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs rmvm`jmd `g mxtmgslvm istmijytlh jmslig lg tbm gmurihr`gluo `gd aurtbmr so`jjmr pmrair`tligs surriugdlgc tbm jmslig. @ddltlig`j aih`j dmstruhtlig tb`t lgvijvmd igjy tbm mgdihr`gl`j sura`hm w`s rmvm`jmd tbriucb r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc ia tbm seujj. Qlsu`j mx`olg`tlig ia tbm pist-hr`gl`j semjmtig rmvm`jmd `g istmijytlh jmslig tb`t dmvmjipmd lg tbm j`tmr`j fidy ia tbm alatb juof`r vmrtmfr`. Tbmsm jmsligs `rm higslstmgt wltb omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`, ` o`jlcg`gt gmipj`so tb`t h`g sprm`d ti figm dlrmhtjy ario `g `dk`hmgt siat tlssum tuoiur, ir lgdlrmhtjy vl` tbm fjiid ir jyopb`tlh systmos. @s ` rmsujt ia tbm piir prmsmrv`tlig ia siat tlssum, lghjudlgc tbm vlshmr`, ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm prlo`ry sltm ia h`ghmr lg tbm prmsmgt h`sm w`s blcbjy prifjmo`tlh `gd spmhuj`tlvm. Biwmvmr Biwmvmr, t`elgc lgti higsldmr`tlig tbm dlstrlfutlig `gd oirpbijicy ia tbm ifsmrvmd jmsligs, tbm lgdlvldu`j“s smx `gd `cm `t dm`tb, `s
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wmjj `s oidmrg lghldmghm r`tms ia omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`s, tbm X`qq`r` h`sm ls jlemjy ti fm ` omt`st`sls ario h`rhlgio` ia tbm frm`st. Tbls ls rmpirtmd ti fm tbm oist hiooig h`usm ia omt`st`tlh figm dlsm`sm lg amo`jms, `hhirdlgc ti oidmrg hjlglh`j studlms. Xtudy ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms upig Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Eb`rc` I`sls
Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc Xlghm 0<26, `joist 8>> ouoolms `gd a`r oirm guomrius semjmt`j rmo`lgs fmjigclgc ti tbrmm hmomtmrlms ia Eb`rc` i`sls, Diuhb, @lg mj-J`f`eb` `gd Mj-Dmlr, b`vm fmmg studlmd fy R-r`ys ig tbm sltms. Tbm study ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms (C@J) w`s p`rt ia tbm wbijm wire. Tbmsm jlgms ihhur lgsldm figms `atmr ` jigc dlsm`sm ir pmrlids ia o`jgutrltlig. Lt ls pisslfjm ti smm tbmo igjy fy R-r`ys (itbmrwlsm fy jiielgc `t smhtligs ia figms ugdmr ` olhrishipm). Tbm rmsm`rhb w`s lgltl`tmd `atmr L b`d egiwjmdcm ia tbm wires ia Cr`y wbi R-r`ymd ` jit ia ouoolms biusmd lg siom Muripm`g ousmuos (o`lgjy Frltlsb Ousmuo `gd Jmldmg Ousmuo). Cr`y aiugd `fiut 8>% ia C@J upig ouoolms. Ario tbm st`rt, `t Diuhb, L w`s `stiglsbmd ti ffgd `joist twlhm tbm guofmr ia C@J. Lt w`s tbm s`om ` t J`f`eb` `gd Dmlr wltb siom v`rl`tligs. C@J `rm ugdiuftmdjy lg higgmhtlig wltb tbm st`gd`rd ia jlvlgc, si tbmy smmo ti fm `g mxhmjjmgt hrltmrlig ti mv`ju`tm bm`jtb `gd sihl`j jmvmj lgsldm pipuj`tligs. Ario Mcypt ti Jltbu`gl`; O`rlk` Vudzlgse`ltē @rhlo @rh lo`v `vlď lďlm lmgē“s gē“s Ouooy Ouoo y `g `gd d lts lt s V` V`dl dlij ijicl iclh` h`jj Lgvmst Lgvm stlc lc`t `tlig lig
D`rli ^lioflgi-O`sh`jl, Jldlk` OhEglcbt, @jdig` Xglteuvlmgē, Vlo`gt`s K`ge`use`s, @jclrd`s T`oiŠlťg`s, T`oiŠlťg`s, V`oťg`s Q`j`gďlus, Q`j`gďlus, Sljarlmd Vismgd`bj & Xtmpb`glm ^`gzmr ^`gzmr Lopirt`gt algdlgcs b`vm rmhmgtjy fmmg rmvm`jmd highmrglgc ` ouooy lg tbm hijjmhtlig ia O`rlk` Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, tbm alrst Jltbu`gl`g Mcyptijiclst. Mcyptijic lst. Ario 0<66 igw`rds, sbm jmhturmd jm hturmd `t tbm Qyt`ut`s O`cgus ]glvmrslty ]glvmrsl ty,, E`ug`s. @s ` higsmqumghm ia bmr tbrmm vlslts ti Mcypt durlgc tbm m`rjy 6>tb hmgtury sbm `o`ssmd ` so`jj hijjmhtlig ia Mcyptl`g ifkmhts wblhb sbm fmqum`tbmd ti tbm G`tlig`j Ousmuo ia @rt lg 0<4>. Tbm hijjmhtlig lghjudmd ` ouooy `hqulrmd ario tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo lg H`lri durlgc bmr 0<64 trlp, ticmtbmr wltb tbm lggmr hiaalg, fut wltbiut ` jld. @jtbiucb tbm mx`ht privmg`ghm ia tbm `rtma`ht ls git egiwg, lt w`s rmpirtmd ti hiom ario Tbmfms. @hhirdlgc ti Vudzlgse`ltē @rhlo` @rh lo`vl vlďlm ďlmgē gē tbm hiaalg w`s `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm ouooy, `gd lg tbm hiaalg lgshrlptligs, tbm lgdlvldu`j highmrgmd ls rmamrrmd ti `s ` slgcmr ia tbm cid @oug. Biwmvmr, igm h`ggit fm `fsijutmjy surm ia tbls, `s tbmrm `rm gi lgshrlptligs `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm ouooy ltsmja. Tbm hiaalg b`s fmmg `pprixlo`tmjy d`tmd ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty ir sjlcbtjy j`tmr (h. 0>=>-<>> FH) `jtbiucb tbm mx`ht d`tm b`s
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git ymt fmmg mst`fjlsbmd. Tbm g`om ia tbm iwgmr ls git omgtligmd lg tbm hiaalg lgshrlptligs. Xmmolgcjy, Xmmolgcjy, lt w`s o`dm air `gy wio`g ia r`ge r`tbmr tb`g air ` spmhlalh lgdlvldu`j. Tbm iwgmr“s g`om o`y b`vm fmmg rmhirdmd ig tbm hiaalg jld5 biwmvmr, tbls b`s giw ugairtug`tmjy fmmg jist ir `t jm`st smp`r`tmd ario tbm f`sm `t siom pilgt lg blstiry. Durlgc higsmrv`tlig `ttmopts ia tbm ouooy lg 6>00, ` hiopjmtm HT lgvmstlc`tlig w`s h`rrlmd iut. Tbls rmvm`jmd gi mvldmghm ia hr`glitioy, tbm `fsmghm ia tbm hmrvlh`j splgm, `s wmjj `s `pprixlo`tmjy ` pprixlo`tmjy 82 rlfs lgdlh`tlgc tb`t oirm tb`g igm lgdlvldu`j w`s rmprmsmgtmd. Aurtbmroirm, pist-oirtmo tiitb jiss w`s rmpirtmd wltb tbm dlsjidcmd tmmtb vlslfjm lgtr`hr`gl`jjy `gd wltblg tbm hbmst `gd `fdiolg`j `rm`. Tbm semjmt`j mjmomgts rmprmsmgtmd `ppm`rmd mofmddmd ario tbm bm`d ti tbm pmjvls `gd `t tbm prixlo`j amoir`j jmvmj wltblg ` lgbioicmgmius o`ss higslstmgt wltb s`gd. Qmry jlttjm siat tlssum w`s vlslfjm `gd dls`rtlhuj`tligs wmrm `jsi gitmd. V`dlih`rfig d`tlgc ift`lgmd ario `g`jysms ia jlgmg rmoivmd ario tbm wr`pplgcs w`s hiop`tlfjm wltb tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j d`tlgc ia 60st Dyg`sty (6248 ` F^ +/- 63,0 ? h`j FH 0>40-<40). Tbm `utbirs pripism twi pisslfjm bypitbmsms; mltbmr tbm fidy w`s wr`ppmd wbmg tbm fidy b`d fmhiom p`rtjy semjmtiglzmd, ir tb`t `ghlmgt jlgmg w`s rmusmd ti priduhm ` a`em ouooy `t siom pilgt lg blstiry ti fm sijd `s ` tiurlst siuvmglr. Xhlmgtlalh `g`jysls ia tbls ouooy ls igcilgc lg tbm bipm ia privldlgc hj`rlalh`tlig ti tbls oystmry. H`giplh K`rs; @ Gmw Xiurhm air Ijd Pumstligs
Ar`ge K. Vúbjl, @flc`lj X. Fiuwo`g & Olhb`mj M. B`flhbt H`giplh k`rs `gd tbmlr higtmgts `rm ` o`kir p`rt ia tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g ouoolalh`tlig tr`dltlig. Xurprlslgcjy, tbmy b`vm fmmg wldmjy gmcjmhtmd air oidmrg p`jmip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysms. Qmry amw blstijiclh`j `gd HT-f`smd studlms mxlst. Sltb Sltb `dv`ghms ia ia dl`cgistlh lo`clgc `s wmjj wmjj oijmhuj`r tmhbgijiclms, tmhbgijiclms, tbm higtmgt ia h`giplh k`rs sb`jj fmhiom ` o`kir rmsm`rhb ifkmht. Tbm `lo ia tbls prmsmgt`tlig ls twiaijd; Alrst, tbm egiwg aljjmd h`giplh k`rs hurrmgtjy stirmd lg Mcypt wljj fm prmsmgtmd. Xmhigd, wm r`lsm siom spmhlalh rmsm`rhb qumstligs, wblhb clvm ` blgt ti tbm mgiroius pitmgtl`j ia h`giplh k`r higtmgts air auturm `g`jysms ia buo`g rmo`lgs lg Mycpt. @s mx`opjms, tbm h`giplh mqulpomgt ia Bmtmpmrms L (4tb Dyg`sty), Bir L (08tb Dyg`sty) ir El` (02tb Dyg`sty) wljj fm sbirtjy prmsmgtmd. Xiom rmsm`rhb qumstligs, suhb `s tlssum ldmgtlalh`tlig `gd p`tbijiclms fy HTsh`gglgc `gd blstijicy ir elgsblp `g`jysms `gd o`thblgc wltb ‚hirrmspigdlgc‟ ouoolms fy oijmhuj`r tmhbglqums, wljj fm mxpjirmd tbmirmtlh`jjy. tbmirmtlh`jjy.
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@ Dmh`d Dmh `dmm ia @dv`g @dv `ghm hmss lg tbm tb m ^`jmip` ^`jm ip`tbi tbijic jicy y ia tbm @ghlmg @gh lmgtt Mcyptl`gs
Jls` X`ff`by Tbm study ia buo`g rmo`lgs ario `ghlmgt Mcypt b`s o`dm crm`t strldms lg tbm j`st dmh`dm, air tbm oist p`rt dum ti `dv`ghms lg omdlh`j mgclgmmrlgc `gd flioijmhuj`r tmhbglqums. @ghlmgt DG@ b`s fmmg rmtrlmvmd ario f`htmrl`, vlrusms `gd p`r`sltms, clvlgc spmhl`jlsts `g mgtlrmjy gmw omtbid air rmhicglzlgc dlsm`sm. Air mx`opjm, tbls b`s tit`jjy hb`gcmd iur pmrspmhtlvm ig tufmrhujisls lg `ghlmgt Mcypt, git igjy highmrglgc tbm mxtmgt ia lts prmsmghm lg tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pipuj`tlig, Oyhif `htmrluo rluo str`lgs h`uslgc tbm lgamhtlig. Vmhmgt fut lg ldmgtlaylgc tbm spmhlalh Oyhif`htm HT-sh`g studlms b`vm ldmgtlalmd `tbmrishjmrisls `gd bm`rt dlsm`sm `s ` slcglalh`gt prifjmo `oigc tbm uppmr hj`ss ia `ghlmgt Mcypt, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm prlmstjy a`oljlms. @jsi, @js i, tbm qumstlig qums tlig ia wbmtbmr wbmt bmr ir git h`ghmr h`g hmr ls `g ijd dlsm`sm dls m`sm b`s fmmg friucbt friu cbt up `c`lg fmh`usm ia ` rmhmgt ldmgtlalh`tlig ia omt`st`tlh prist`tm h`ghmr lg `g Mcyptl`g ouooy. Tbls p`pmr wljj prmsmgt `g ivmrvlmw ia rmhmgt dlshivmrlms lg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g p`jmip`tbijicy, o`dm fitb lg omdlh`j studlms `gd mxh`v`tligs lg tbm almjd. Vmsijvlgc ` Ouooy Olso`thb
Figglm O. X`opsmjj Tbm S`ygm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Blstirl h`j Ousmuo lg Vlhboigd, LG (]X@) (]X@ ) iwgs `g Mcyptl`g ouooy lg ` dmhir`tmd wiidmg hiaalg. Tbm hiaalg `gd lts ouooy wmrm purhb`smd fy tbm ousmuo“s aiugdmr, Ors. Sljjl`o C``r, ario tbm H`lri `gtlqultlms dm`jmr, M. B`tiug, ig bmr trlp ti Mcypt lg 0<6<. Tbm dmslcg ia tbm hiaalg `jjiws lt ti fm d`tmd ti tbm m`rjy 66gd Dyg`sty wltb higaldmghm. Hiaalgs ia tbls typm wmrm o`dm lg crm`t qu`gtltlms qu`g tltlms air tbm prlmstmssms prl mstmssms `t tbm Tbmf`g Tmopjm Tmopjm ia @oug (E`rg`e). (E `rg`e). Tbm ouooy, biwmvmr, b`s gi dlstlgculsblgc ouoolalh`tlig am`turms tb`t wiujd `jjiw lt ti fm d`tmd. R-r`ys rmvm`jmd tb`t tbm figms `rm dls`rtlhuj`tmd `gd dls`rr`gcmd. @g mxpmrlmghmd Mcyptl`g pbyslh`j `gtbripijiclst studlmd pbitis ia tbm seujj, wblhb ls ugwr`ppmd, `gd highjudmd tb`t tbm ouooy fmjigcmd ti ` o`g. Olso`thbms ia cmgdmr ir pmrlid fmtwmmg ouoolms `gd tbmlr hiaalgs `rm a`lrjy hiooig lg ousmuos `riugd tbm wirjd wltb o`gy ia tbmo `rlslgc ario maairts ia 0
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08
Tbm ^mipjm ^mipjm ia X`y`j` Durlgc tbm J` tm Vio`g ti M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm ^mrlid
Mucmg Xtriub`j Tbm sltm ia X`y`j` w`s mxh`v`tmd fy tbm @ustrl`g olsslig ti Mcyptl`g Gufl` lg shipm ia tbm Lgtmrg`tlig`j @htlig ia X`vmcu`rdlgc Gufl`g Oiguomgts ia ]GMXHI. Fmsldms smvmr`j `rhb`mijiclh`j pufjlh`tligs, `g `gtbripijiclh`j igm highmrglgc tbm H-Criup `gd ^`g Cr`vm Hujturm w`s pufjlsbmd fy Xtriub`j `gd Kugcwlr tb (0<24). @atmr @atm r ` dmj`y dmj `y h`usmd h` usmd fy pijltlh pij ltlh`j `j `gd ` gd priams pr iamssli slig`j g`j rm`s r m`sigs, igs, ` smhigd smh igd vijuo vi juomm dm`jlg dm` jlgcc wltb J`tm Vio`g-M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm ^mrlid b`s fmmg hurrmgtjy pmp`rmd air prlgt. lg tbm @ustrl`g @h`dmoy ia Xhlmghms, Qlmgg`, lg Mgcjlsb. Lt higt`lgs 06 hb`ptmrs ig tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j f`hecriud, survmy ia prmjlolg`ry `gtbripijiclh`j rmpirts, omtbidijicy, jlst ia tbm mx`olgmd lgdlvldu`js, dmoicr`pblh `g`jysls wltb vlt`j st`tlstlhs, hr`gliomtry, istmiomtry, hr`glishipy `gd istmishipy, `g`jysls ia lga`gt `gd hbljd semjmtigs, p`jmip`tbijicy, p`jmip`tbijicy, p`jmitbmr`py `gd dmgtltlig. O`lg rmsujts ` gd ` amw mx`opjms wljj fm prmsmgtmd. Viy`j Ouslh`j Hb`lrs; Ti Sbio Dims tbm Gmw ^yr`old lg X`qq`r` Fmjigc9
@a`a @a `a S`bf` Tbm Tmtl Tmtl augmr`ry hiopjmx ls jih`tmd lg X`qq`r` ti tbm girtbm`st ia tbm stmp pyr`old `gd tbm augmr`ry hiopjmx ia Elgc Dkismr. Tbm Tbm sltm b`s fmmg ugdmr mxh`v`tlig fy `g Mcyptl`g olsslig dlrmhtmd fy [`bl B`w`ss `gd B`elo E`r`r slghm 6>>1, `gd ti d`tm `pprixlo`tmjy 0>> furl`js b`vm fmmg ugm`rtbmd, r`gclgc lg d`tm ario tbm J`tm ^mrlid (114-886 FH) lg tbm j`tmr pb`sms ia tbm hmomtmry, ti tbm rmlcg ia Elgc Tmtl (h. 684=-6020 FH), tbm aiugdmr ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty, lg tbm pb`sm rmj`tmd ti tbm Ijd Elgcdio struhturms. Xiom ia tbmsm furl`js wmrm lg sltu, `gd siom wmrm dlsturfmd fy j`tmr `htlvlty `t tbm sltm. Tbm istmijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm furl`js ls igcilgc. Lg 6>>2, tbm tm`o dlshivmrmd ` so`jj pyr`old lg `g `rm` ia tbm hmomtmry dlrmhtjy `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm pyr`old ia Elgc Tmtl. Sbljm ` h`rtiuhbm ir itbmr om`gs ia pisltlvmjy ldmgtlaylgc tbm iwgmr ia tbls pyr`old ls ymt ti fm aiugd, lt b`s fmmg succmstmd tb`t tbm tiof o`y fm tb`t ia qummg Xmsbmsbmt, tbm oitbmr ia Elgc Tmtl `gd cr`gdoitbmr ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty Elgc ^mpl L. Biwmvmr, tbm istmijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm rmo`lgs aiugd lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr o`y succmst itbmrwlsm. Tbls p`pmr wljj privldm ` frlma blstirlh`j f`hecriugd ia tbm pmrlid surriugdlgc tbm rmlcg ia Elgc Tmtl, Tmtl, `gd dlshuss ` pisslfjm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm wio`g aiugd lg tbm gmw pyr`old.
04
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‚Fmblgd Mvmry Mvmry O`se tbmrm ls ` A`hm, `gd Fmblgd tb`t ` Xtiry.‟ Xtiry.‟ Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy `gd @ghlmgt Ldmgtltlms
Xigl` [`erzmwsel Fli`rhb`mijicy lg Mcypt b`s armqumgtjy aihussmd upig igm sltm ir igm `spmht ia bm`jtb `gd dlsm`sm. Tbls p`pmr dmvmjips ario tbmsm mxhmjjmgt aiugd`tligs, `gd dmoigstr`tms tbm pitmgtl`j ia lgtmcr`tlvm rmsm`rhb lgti semjmt`j `gd ouoolalmd buo`g rmo`lgs `gd lts usm lg aurtbmr dmvmjiplgc `gd oidlaylgc hurrmgt ldm`s `s ti sihl`j ldmgtltlms wltblg Mcypt. Tbm p`pmr dmf`tms tbm tbmirmtlh`j `spmhts ia `rhb`mijiclh`j ldmgtlty `gd pmrsigbiid. Flijiclh`j mxprmssligs ia ldmgtlty `rm `g`jysmd `gd dlshussmd, `gd tbm lgtmr`htligs wltb Mcyptijiclh`j mxprmssligs ia ldmgtlty `rm tbmg mv`ju`tmd. Xtudlms ia Mcyptl`g ldmgtlty b`vm lghjudmd `spmhts ia mtbglhlty, cmgdmr rijms `gd dls`fljlty. Tbls p`pmr `ttmopts ti dmoigstr`tm tbm flijiclh`j mxprmsslig `gd lgtmrpj`y ia tbmsm oujtlpjm str`gds ia ldmgtlty wltblg p`st Mcyptl`g pipuj`tligs. Dics `t Mj Dmlr
Ar`gãilsm Dug`gd, Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc & Hìhljm H`jjiu Bugdrmds ia ouoolms `gd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia dics b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd lgsldm tbrmm tiofs ia tbm ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g gmhripijls `t Mj-Dmlr (Eb`rc` i`sls). Buo`g tiofs b`d fmmg rmusmd ti fury dics wblhb, ifvliusjy, b`d fmmg iaamrmd `s mx viti ti ` h`glgm dmlty, wbism tmopjm b`s git fmmg dlshivmrmd tljj giw. Itbmr dic rmo`lgs b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd `t D`f`sbly`, git a`r ario Dmlr. Ig tbls sltm, `fiut 2> wmjj-prmsmrvmd ouoolms b`vm fmmg R-r`ymd, sbiwlgc siom iaa b`gd pr`htlhms ia mof`jomrs, mvmg tbiucb tbm ouoolms wmrm h`rmaujjy wr`ppmd `gd p`lgtmd. @ tbiriucb study ia tbm dics b`s fmmg pursumd fy Hmhljm H`jjiu, ario tbm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry lg ^`rls, lg irdmr ti mst`fjlsb `s a`r `s pisslfjm tbmlr frmmd, pbyslh`j higdltligs `gd pisslfjy hlrhuost`ghms ia dm`tb. m purpism ia tbls higtrlfutlig ls ti prmsmgt tbm dlshivmry `gd o`lg rmsujts ia iur rmsm`rhbms upig tbmsm rmo`lgs wblhb smmo ti fm r`tbmr r`rm, `s tbm j`st lopirt`gt dlshivmrlms ia dic rmo`lgs d`tm ario m`rjy 6>tb hmgtury lg Olddjm Mcypt. Amjlgm Dmshmgd`gt ia tbm Vmd ir tbm Fj`he J` gd; @ Oujtldlshlpjlg`ry Lgvmstlc`tlig ia `g ]gusu`jjy ]gusu`jjy J`rcm @ghl @g hlmg mgtt Mc Mcypt yptl` l`g g H`t Ouooy Ouoo y
H`rijlg Kib`gssig, Cmiaarmy Omtz & O`rc`rmt` ]bjbirg Tbm prmsmgt lgvmstlc`tlig dmoigstr`tms tbm dlaalhujty ia smhurmjy dmtmrolglgc tbm spmhlms ia hmrt`lg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs wltb rmc`rds ti dlshussligs ig tbm pisslfjm prmsmghm ia tbm Kugcjm h`t ( Amjls hb`us ) `oigc tbm t`om `gd/ir diomstlh h`ts ia `ghlmgt Mcypt. @g mxhmptlig`jjy j`rcm `gd wmjj-prmsmrvmd h`t ouooy w`s studlmd fy om`gs ia R-r`y hioputmd tioicr`pby `gd oijmhuj`r
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omtbids. Tbm Tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs rmvm`jmd fy r`dlijicy dlspj`ymd ` smvmrmjy d`o`cmd h`t wltb am`turms hb`r`htmrlstlh ia fitb tbm A. hb`us `gd `gd tbm `ghmstr`j spmhlms ia tbm hiooig diomstlh h`t, Amjls sljvmstrls , `s wmjj `s `ttrlfutms wltb v`jums lgtmromdl`tm fmtwmmg tbm twi h`gdld`tm spmhlms. Ticmtbmr wltb tbm rmsujts ia tbm `g`jysms ia `ghlmgt oltihbigdrl`j DG@ mxtr`htmd ario ` h`ud`j vmrtmfr` fmjigclgc ti tbm h`t ouooy lg qumstlig, `gd ` rmvlmw ia qu`gtlalmd `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs lg tbm jltmr`turm, lt h`g fm highjudmd tb`t spmhlms ldmgtlalh`tlig ls git `jw`ys str`lcbtairw`rd. Sm Sm `rcum tb`t oirm rmamrmghm o`tmrl`j ls gmmdmd ti prmhlsmjy dmshrlfm tbm t`xigiolh pisltligs ia tbm dlaamrmgt elgds ia h`t rmo`lgs ia `ghlmgt Mcypt `gd tb`t ` pisslfjm lop`ht ia ihh`slig`j byfrldlz`tlig fmtwmmg tbm Kugcjm h`t `gd tbm diomstlh h`t empt fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs o`y fm higsldmrmd. Tbls Tbls study b`s `jsi sbiwg tb`t oujtlpjm o`kir o`trljlgms, pmrb`ps ario oirm tb`g igm diomstlh`tlig mvmgt, mxlstmd `oigc tbm ouoolalmd h`ts ia `ghlmgt Mcypt, `t jm`st fy Vio`g tloms. Tbm ^itmgtl`j ia Dmgdrihbrigijicy lg Mcypt; ]gdmrst`gdlgc @ghlmg @gh lmgtt Buo`g Bu o`g/Mg /Mgvl vlrig rigomg omgtt Lgtmr Lgt mr`h `htl tligs igs
^m`rhm ^`uj Hrm`so`g F`slh trmm-rlgc `g`jysms b`vm fmmg `ppjlmd ti wiidmg `rhb`mijiclh`j rmo`lgs `riugd tbm wirjd air gm`rjy ` hmgtury `gd wltb crm`t suhhmss, fut igjy r`rmjy `gd lghiopjmtmjy ti Mcyptl`g o`tmrl`j. Sbmg trmm-rlgc studlms `rm `ppjlmd ti `rhb`mijicy (egiwg `s ‚dmgdri`rhb`mijicy‟), tbmy `rm oist iatmg mopjiymd ti `ddrmss hbrigijiclh`j qumstligs, air wblhb tbmrm ls ` crm`t gmmd lg Mcypt. @jtbiuc @jtb iucbb fuljdlg ful jdlgcc tbm `ppriprl `ppr iprl`tm `tm trmm-rlg trmm- rlgcc hbrigiji hbri gijiclms clms air Mcypt Mcyp t wljj wlj j rmqulrm rmqul rm tbm hiipmr`tlig ia guomrius st`embijdmrs `gd wljj t`em o`gy ym`rs, tbmrm `rm `jsi loomdl`tm higtrlfutligs ti fm o`dm, `s dmgdri`rhb`mijiclh`j lgtmrprmt`tligs `rm git jloltmd igjy ti qumstligs ia tlom. Tbls higtrlfutlig higtrlfutlig lgtriduhms tbm mgiroius pitmgtl`j ia dmgdrihbrigijicy air mgb`ghlgc iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia suhb `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g/mgvlrigomgt lgtmr`htligs, lg `ddltlig ti st`tlgc lts hjm`r hbrigijiclh`j fmgmalts (hiop`rmd ti r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc) `gd privldlgc ` frlma lgtriduhtlig ti tbm omtbids ia dmgdrihbrigijicy.
01
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^rma`hm X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr, E` lsmr, Vixlm S`jemr S`jemr
Fli`rhb`mijicy, tbm study ia flijiclh`j rmo`lgs lg `g `rhb`mijiclh`j higtmxt, b`s crm`t pitmgtl`j lg Mcypt `s tbm dry hjlo`tm b`s suhhmssaujjy prmsmrvmd ` pjmtbir` ia figm, tlssum, `gd pj`gt rmo`lgs wblhb `rm `fjm ti `dd higsldmr`fjy ti iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm mgvlrigomgt ia tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs `s wmjj `s ti tbm pmipjm tbmosmjvms. @jtbiucb oirtu`ry `rhb`mijicy b`s jigc fmmg ` aihus ia Mcyptl`g `rhb`mijicy, `htu`j semjmt`j rmo`lgs b`vm blstirlh`jjy b`d ` vmry o`rclg`j rijm lg Mcyptl`g `rhb`mijicy, `rh b`mijicy, iatmg fmlgc dlsh`rdmd dlsh`rdm d `atmr, ir mvmg wltbiut study. study. Tbm s`om bijds trum air zii`rhb`mijiclh`j (`ghlmgt a`ug`) `gd `rhb`mifit`glh`j (`ghlmgt pj`gt) rmo`lgs, wblhb b`vm tr`dltlig`jjy iatmg fmmg ivmrjiiemd lg a`viur ia oirm ‚v`ju`fjm‟ ‚v`ju`fjm‟ `rtma`hts, `g `ttltudm tb`t w`s hurrmgt ugtlj tbm 0<2>s. Vmhmgtjy, tbm `ttltudm tiw`rds tbmsm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmo`lgs b`s hb`gcmd, `gd rmsm`rhbmrs b`vm fmcug ti rm`jlzm tbmlr trmomgdius v`jum `s `g `rhb`mijiclh`j rmsiurhm. Tbmsm dlrmht jlges ti p`st pipuj`tligs iaamr ` wm`jtb ia lgairo`tlig ig `ghlmgt jlamstyjms `gd fmb`vlir, dlmt `gd gutrltlig, bm`jtb `gd dlsm`sm p`ttmrgs, olcr`tlig `gd dmoicr`pby, `glo`j busf`gdry, tbm `ghlmgt g`tur`j mgvlrigomgt `gd buo`g v`rl`fljlty. @s ` rmsujt, smvmr`j spmhl`jlzmd rmsm`rhb prikmhts `gd pufjlh`tligs b`vm `ppm`rmd. Biwmvmr, tbm pitmgtl`j ia tbmsm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmsiurhms h`g igjy fm aujjy rm`jlzmd la tbm rmsujts ia rmhmgt rmsm`rhb `rm lgtmcr`tmd wltb `rhb`mijiclh`j `gd blstirlh`j algdlgcs. ]gairtug`tmjy, ]gairtug`tmjy, tbm v`rylgc f`hecriugds ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmsm`rhbmrs lg Mcypt (flijicy, ziijicy, istmijicy `gd omdlhlgm air mx`opjm) b`vm hrm`tmd ` j`he ia ` hiooig st`rtlgc pilgt air fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmsm`rhb, `gd lt ls dlaalhujt ti cmt ` hiopjmtm ivmrvlmw ia `v`lj`fjm d`t`. Lg `ddltlig, aujj lgtmcr`tlig ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `gd Mcyptijiclh`j d`t` ls siomwb`t prifjmo`tlh, slghm shbij`rs wltb ` f`hecriugd lg flijicy ir `gtbripijicy `rm iatmg siomwb`t lsij`tmd ario tbm mxlstlgc gmtwire ia Mcyptijiclsts `gd `rhb`mijiclsts. Lg K`gu`ry ia 6>0>, tbm @omrlh`g Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg Mcypt, lg hijj`fir`tlig wltb tbm @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lg H`lri `gd tbm Lgstltutm air Fli`rhb`mijicy, irc`glzmd tbm alrst lgtmrg`tlig`j ommtlgc ia buo`g rmo`lgs spmhl`jlsts wirelgc lg Mcypt, tbm 6>0> Higamrmghm ia Buo`g Vmo`lgs lg Mcypt, lg `g maairt ti `ddrmss siom ia tbmsm highmrgs. Tbm twi-d`y higamrmghm privldmd privldmd ` vmgum air shbij`rs ario tmg dlaamrmgt hiugtrlms ti prmsmgt tbmlr rmsm`rhb. Tbm suhhmss ia tbm higamrmghm, hiupjmd wltb lssums r`lsmd `t tbm Viugd T`fjm dlshussligs tb`t highjudmd tbm ommtlgc, prioptmd us ti bist `gitbmr ommtlgc lg 6>08, `gd ti mxp`gd tbm shipm ia tbm higamrmghm ti lghjudm git igjy buo`g rmo`lgs, fut `jsi zii`rhb`mijicy `gd `rhb`mifit`gy.
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03
Tbm o`lg `lo ia tbm higamrmghm `gd tbls rmsujtlgc vijuom ls ti strmss tbm lopirt`ghm ia suhb studlms, `gd ti bmjp lgtmcr`tm tbm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j, `rhb`mijiclh`j, `gd tmxtu`j o`tmrl`js lg irdmr ti mjuhld`tm tbm blstiry, blstiry, mgvlrigomgt, `gd hujturm ia `ghlmgt Mcypt lg ` bijlstlh o`ggmr. @ smhigd ifkmhtlvm, `gd tbm rm`sig air bijdlgc tbm higamrmghm lg H`lri, w`s ti privldm ` jih`j vmgum air Mcyptl`g shbij`rs ti ommt `gd prmsmgt tbmlr rmsm`rhb. Tbm higamrmghm tbmom ia lgtmcr`tlig ls aurtbmr rmajmhtmd lg tbm v`rlmty `gd lgtmrg`tlig`j sprm`d ia tbm p`pmrs sufolttmd air pufjlh`tlig fy shbij`rs ario tblrtmmg dlaamrmgt hiugtrlms, wblhb lg `ddltlig ti smvmr`j higtrlfutligs ig fli`rhb`mijicy `gd p`jmip`tbijicy `jsi hivmr tiplhs `s dlvmrsm `s dmgdrihbrigijicy, DG@- `gd R-r`y studlms ia `glo`j ouoolms, mx`olg`tlig ia tbm irc`glh higtmgts ia h`giplh k`rs, tbm lgvmstlc`tlig ia `ghlmgt ldmgtltlms `gd flrtblgc lg `ghlmgt Mcypt. Sm bipm tb`t tbls vijuom wljj spur aurtbmr dlshussligs `gd hijj`fir`tlig fmtwmmg shbij`rs ario dlaamrmgt dlshlpjlgms, hrm`tlgc ` sygmrcy tb`t wljj bmjp `dv`ghm iur study ia `ghlmgt Mcypt. Tbm higamrmghm hiujd git b`vm cigm airw`rd wltbiut tbm alg`ghl`j `gd jiclstlh`j suppirt ia tbm Smggmr-Crmg Aiugd`tlig, tbm @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lg H`lri, tbm Lgstltutm air Fli`rhb`mijicy, tbm @omrlh`g Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg Mcypt. `gd tbm Hiughlj ia @omrlh`g Ivmrsm`s Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmrs. Xt`aa omofmrs ia tbmsm lgstltutligs, Jljl`g Fiujis, Lo`g Xbmb`t`, O`ry X`dme, `gd K`gm Xoytbm wmrm p`rtlhuj`rjy bmjpauj `gd wm iwm tbmo ` dmft ia cr`tltudm. Tb`ges `rm dum ti @gdrì K. Qmjdomlkmr air priduhlgc tbm `fstr`ht fiiejmt, `sslstlgc wltb tbm pufjlh`tlig prihmss ia tbm prihmmdlgcs, `gd privldlgc oir`j suppirt, O`boiud T`wale ia tbm Aj`omghi Bitmj air bls p`tlmghm `gd priamsslig`jlso, `gd ti tbm @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lg H`lri criup (@rlmj Xlgcmr, D`rhy B`hejmy, Glhbij`s Friwg, Emg`y` H`o`hbi, @oy Sljsig, T`yjir Siidhihe, G`t`jlm O`rqumz, Moljy J`ytig, Jiulsm Fmrtlgl, Mooy O`j`e, `gd X`r`b O`rml) wbism tlrmjmss maairts higtrlfutmd slcglalh`gtjy ti tbm suhhmss ia tbm higamrmghm.
02
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Furl`js ugdmr tbm Tmopjm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL ‘ Juxir, Smst Sms t T b m f m s Cliv`gg` Fmjj`gdl, Vifmrt` Dm O`rzi, Xtma`gi Fmg`zzl & @gcmji Xms`g`
Lgtriduhtlig
Tbm prmsmgt study airos p`rt ia tbm j`rcmr lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm gmhripijls jih`tmd wltblg tbm Tmopjm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs Olj jligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL (02tb ( 02tb Dyg`sty, 0462-08<3 FH) ig tbm wmst f`ge ia tbm Gljm `t Juxir (Tbmfms). Tbm mxh`v`tlig ia tbm tmopjm b`s fmmg igcilgc slghm 0<<3 ugdmr tbm dlrmhtlig ia @gcmji Xms`g` ia tbm HMAF ‘ Hmgtri dl Mclttijicl` ‚Ar`ghmshi F`jjmrlgl‟ (Hioi, Lt`jy). Tbm Tbm o`lg aihus ia tbm prikmht b`s fmmg ugm`rtblgc tbm rmo`lgs ia tbm tmopjm“s tmopjm“s struhturm `gd hiopjmtlgc tbm wire fmcug durlgc 02<4-02<= fy Frltlsb `rhb`mijiclst Xlr S.O. Ajlgdmrs ^mtrlm (02<1), mxp`gdlgc `gd rmgdmrlgc oirm prmhlsm tbm suoo`ry d`t` tb`t bm rmhirdmd. Tbm mxh`v`tligs (0= sm`sigs ti d`tm) b`vm pmrolttmd tbm dmvmjipomgt ia ` dmt`ljmd pj`g ia tbm tmopjm (Xms`g` 6>0>). Mxh`v`tlig b`s higtlgumd diwg ti fmdrihe `gd b`s slghm 6>>3 rmvm`jmd guomrius augmr`ry struhturms `gd hiopjmxms tb`t ihhuplmd tbm `rm` fitb fmairm tbm tmopjm w`s higstruhtmd `gd `c`lg `atmr lts `f`gdigomgt `gd tbm jiitlgc ia lts stigms. Tbm hmomtmry ihhuplmd tbm wbijm prmhlght ia tbm tmopjm, airolgc p`rt ia ` wldmr criup ia furl`js mxtmgdlgc ario tbm tmopjm ia Tutboisls LLL ti tb`t ia Tutboisls LQ `gd lghjudlgc tbm stljj-loprmsslvm rmo`lgs ia tbm V`omssmuo. Tbm tiofs ia tbls fri`dmr gmhripijls fmjigc ti tbrmm dlstlght pb`sms fmtwmmg tbm Olddjm Elgcdio (6>==-01=> FH) `gd tbm ^tijmo`lh ^mrlid (8>=-8> FH). ^rlir ti higstruhtlig ia tbm tmopjm, tbm `rm` w`s ihhuplmd fy ` gmhripijls d`tlgc f`he ti tbm pmrlid fmtwmmg tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd tbm mgd ia tbm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/fmclgglgc ia tbm 02tb Dyg`sty. Tbmsm furl`js wmrm dlsturfmd fy tmopjm higstruhtlig. Twi ugdmrcriugd tiof hiopjmxms ario tbls prm-tmopjm hmomtmry, hmomtmry, higslstlgc ia ` r`op, ` b`jjw`y `gd smvmr`j hb`ofmrs, `rm hurrmgtjy fmlgc studlmd. Tbm tiof-aljj b`s privldmd ugmxpmhtmdjy rlhb algds; o`gy typms `gd slzms ia vmssmjs, tmrr`hitt` iaamrlgc tr`ys, a`lmghm fm`ds `gd smol-prmhlius stigm `oujmts, `jigc wltb semjmt`j rmo`lgs.
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@atmr @atm r tbm tmopjm tmop jm w`s `f`gdig `f` gdigmd, md, tbm `rm` w`s `c`lg `c` lg usmd `s ` gmhripij gmhr ipijls ls ario tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid igw`rds. Twmgty-aiur tiofs ia tbls pb`sm b`vm fmmg lgvmstlc`tmd (03 higt`lglgc buo`g rmo`lgs); m`hb higslstlgc ia ` squ`rm sb`at twi ti slx omtmrs dmmp wltb igm ir oirm so`jj lrrmcuj`rjy-sb`pmd riios jm`dlgc iaa lt. Oist ia tbm cr`vms b`d `jrm`dy fmmg pjugdmrmd lg `gtlqulty ir, lg siom lgst`ghms, ldmgtlalmd `gd hjm`rmd fy ^mtrlm. ^mtrlm. Lg itbmr h`sms mjmomgts ia tbm augmr`ry `ssmofj`cms rmo`lgmd. Augmr`ry usm ia tbm `rm` higtlgumd lgti tbm ^tijmo`lhVio`g pmrlid. Tbls `rtlhjm ls ` rmpirt fitb ig tbm prmjlolg`ry `g`jysls ia ` s`opjm ia 0>8 lgdlvldu`js aiugd lg tbm v`rlius tiofs `t tbm tmopjm `gd tbm higtmgts ia twi p`rtlhuj`r tiofs. Durlgc tbm oist rmhmgt almjd sm`sig, wm aihusmd iur maairts ig rmhigstruhtlgc tbm bm`jtb st`tus `gd jlam-stirlms ia lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg tiof @03 (studlmd fy C. Fmjj`gdl) `gd sb`at-tiof H8 (studlmd fy V. Dm O`rzi) (Alc. 0). Tbmsm twi tiofs wljj fm `ddrmssmd lg dmptb `s mx`opjms ia tbm twi oist hiooig furl`j typms `t tbm sltm. Omtbids
M`hb furl`j w`s trm`tmd lgdlvldu`jjy, t`elgc lgti `hhiugt cmgmr`j lgairo`tlig `fiut tbm mxh`v`tlig ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs `gd t`pbigiolh higsldmr`tligs (Dud`y 6>>=). Dmtmrolg`tlig ia smx w`s f`smd ig dlshrlolg`tiry hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia tbm seujj `gd pmjvls (@hs`dl `gd Gmomsemrl 0<3>5 fut smm `jsi Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4). Mstlo`tlig ia `cm w`s f`smd ig smvmr`j omtbids; dmcrmm ia tiitb wm`r (Jivmkiy 0<2=)5 mhtihr`gl`j suturm hjisurm (Omlgdj `gd Jivmkiy 0<2=)5 oirpbijicy ia tbm `urlhuj`r sura`hm ia tbm ljluo (Jivmkiy mt `j. 0<2=)5 `cm-rmj`tmd oidlalh`tlig ia tbm puflh syopbysls (Xuhbmy `gd Friies 0<22)5 v`rl`tligs ia tbm sura`hm `gd o`rclgs ia tbm stmrg`j mgds ia tbm rlfs (Lsh`g mt `j. 0<24, 0<2=)5 tbm `hmt`fujuo-sura`hm bm`dsmt omtbid (Viucì-O`ljj`rt mt `j. 6>>45 6>><) `gd tbm st`cms ia auslig fmtwmmg tbm fidlms ia tbm s`hr`j vmrtmfr`m (Fmjh`stri mt `j. 6>>2). Xuf-`dujts wmrm `cmd `hhirdlgc ti tbm jmvmj ia mpblpbysm`j hjisurm `gd/ir auslig ia isslalh`tlig hmgtmrs (Xhbmumr `gd Fj`he 6>>>), dmgt`j mruptlig `gd dmvmjipomgt (]fmj`emr 0<2<) `gd jigc-figm jmgctb (Xtjiue`j `gd B`gàeivà 0<325 Xhbmumr `gd Fj`he 6>>>). Ciido`g `gd Vism“s (0<<>) rmcrmsslig mqu`tlig w`s usmd ti h`jhuj`tm tbm `cm ia igsmt ia mg`omj bypipj`sl`. @gtbripiomtrlh om`surms wmrm t`emg uslgc tbm culdmjlgms mst`fjlsbmd fy O`rtlg `gd X`jjmr (0<=3). Xt`turm w`s mstlo`tmd uslgc tbm omtbid ia Trittmr `gd Cjmsmr (0<33) `gd tbm gmw omtbid ia V`xtmr mt `j. (6>>2) air `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g rmo`lgs. Xkòvijd“s airouj` (0<<>) w`s mopjiymd air tbism lgdlvldu`js wbmrm lt w`s git pisslfjm ti dmtmrolgm smx. Gigomtrlh tr`lts wmrm mv`ju`tmd `hhirdlgc ti Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr (0<<4).
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Alc. 0. Cmgmr`j pj`g ia tbm tmopjm (dr`wlgc; M. Gmcrl) `gd tbm twi furl`j higtmxts; tiof @03 (dr`wlgc; M. Hrihm `gd @. Higsiggl) `gd sb`at-tiof H8 (o`p; T. Pulrlgi, X. Fmg`zzl `gd V. Dm O`rzi).
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60
Vmsujts
Cmgmr`j Cmgmr`j ^`j`midmoicr`pblh Vmsujts; Mgtlrm Xltm Ivmr`jj, wm `g`jysmd 68 tiofs ia v`rlius typms `gd ario dlaamrmgt pmrlids tb`t rmturgmd ` olglouo guofmr ia 0<2 lgdlvldu`js (OGL; tbm olglouo guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js rmprmsmgtmd dmtmrolgmd ario tbm h`rdlg`jlty ia tbm oist guomrius h`tmciry ia semjmt`j mjmomgts rmhivmrmd5 rmhivmrmd5 Sbltm `gd Aijemgs Aijemgs 6>>=; 88<), ia wblhb 1< wmrm aujjy ir p`rtl`jjy `rtlhuj`tmd. Iur mstlo`tms ia smx `gd `cm pmrhmgt`cms `jsi lghjudmd seujjs `gd lsij`tmd pisthr`gl`j rmo`lgs `ttrlfut`fjm ti slgcjm lgdlvldu`js (ig tbm f`sls ia tbmlr rmj`tlig ti ` spmhlalh furl`j higtmxt). Sm wmrm igjy `fjm ti mst`fjlsb `cm-r`gcm `gd/ir smx air ` tit`j ia 0>8 lgdlvldu`js. Air 30 lgdlvldu`js wm wmrm `fjm ti mst`fjlsb smx `gd air 21 wm wmrm `fjm ti mst`fjlsb `cm (T`fjms (T`fjms 0 `gd 6).
Tiof @03 Lg 6>><, ` j`rcm tiof higslstlgc ia ` sjiplgc r`op mgdlgc lg ` so`jj ipmg hiurty`rd wltb ` glhbm (dmslcg`tmd hb`ofmr @) ig tbm girtbmrg sldm `gd ` b`jjw`y `gd smvmr`j hb`ofmrs hut lgti tbm fmdrihe (H, D, M `gd A) w`s dlshivmrmd lg `rm` @03, lg tbm siutbm`stmrg p`rt ia tbm tmopjm (Alc. 0). Xtudy ia oirpbijiclh`j, sp`tl`j `gd aughtlig`j `spmhts ia tbm j`rcm pittmry `ssmofj`cm rmhivmrmd ario tbm mxh`v`tlig `jjiws us ti dmalgm dlaamrmgt st`cms ia ihhup`ghy ia tbls tiof, r`gclgc ario tbm m`rjy Olddjm Elgcdio ti tbm m`rjy Gmw Elgcdio (Higsiggl `gd Xms`g` lg prmss). Xmx
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
O`jm
80
8>%
^isslfjy o`jm
=
=%
Amo`jm
62
63%
^isslfjy amo`jm
3
3%
]gdmtmrolgmd#
64
68%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm*
2
2%
T`fjm 0. Mstlo`tmd smx - ivmr`jj s`opjm. #H`sms lg wblhb semjmt`j mjmomgts gmhmss`ry air smx `ssmssomgt wmrm `fsmgt5 *Cmgmr`jjy kuvmgljms wbmrm smx-dmpmgdmgt hb`r`htmrlstlhs `rm git mvldmgt. @cm r`gcm
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
Lga`gs L (`cm amtus/>-3 ym`rs)
08
08%
Lga`gs LL (`cm 3-08 ym`rs)
2
2%
Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60ym`rs)
<
<%
\iugc `dujts (`cm 60-8= ym`rs)
6>
0<%
O`turm `dujts (`cm 8=-1> ym`rs)
84
88%
Ijd (`cm 71> ym`rs)
6
6%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
03
01%
T`fjm 6. Mstlo`tmd `cm r`gcms - ivmr`jj s`opjm. T`fjm `d`ptmd ario Xbmumr `gd Fj`he (6>>>) `atmr Egusso`gg (0<22).
66
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Tbm tiof higt`lgmd tbm rmo`lgs ia `t jm`st => lgdlvldu`js, 66 ia wblhb wmrm aujjy ir p`rtl`jjy `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs. Lg `ddltlig, 62 aurtbmr lgdlvldu`js wmrm rmprmsmgtmd fy hr`gl` `gd itbmr sh`ttmrmd rmo`lgs. Lg hb`ofmr M wm wmrm `fjm ti ldmgtlay glgm prlo`ry furl`js. F`smd ig `ssihl`tligs fmtwmmg pittmry `gd semjmt`j rmo`lgs `gd tbm str`tlcr`pblh jih`tlig ia tbm rmo`lgs `t tbm tlom ia dlshivmry, lt w`s pisslfjm ti ldmgtlay twi dlstlght pb`sms ia tiof usm, tbm m`rjlmst `t tbm fmclgglgc ia tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd tbm j`tmr pb`sm d`tlgc ario tbm mgd ia tbm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid, ti tbm fmclgglgc ia tbm Gmw Elgcdio. Tblrtytwi lgdlvldu`js hiujd fm d`tmd; 00 ti tbm Olddjm Elgcdio `gd 60 ti tbm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/Gmw ^mrlid/Gmw Elgcdio. Tbm rmsujts air smx `gd `cm dmtmrolg`tlig `rm suoo`rlzmd lg T`fjms 8-1. Augmr`ry ^r`htlhms
Tbm mxtmgslvmjy studlmd pr`htlhm ia mof`jolgc (^mhe 0<<25 Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<25 O`hem mt `j. 6>>6) w`s usmd ario tbm m`rjlmst dyg`stlms wbmg hb`gcms lg furl`j hustios jmd ti tbm lgtriduhtlig ia omtbids air tbm `rtlalhl`j prmsmrv`tlig ia fidlms, `gd tbm hustio higtlgumd ugtlj tbm Hbrlstl`g mr`. Durlgc tbm pmrlid tb`t tiof @03 w`s lg usm (m`rjy 06tb Dyg`sty `gd m`rjy 02tb Dyg`sty) mof`jolgc pr`htlhm oust b`vm fmmg wmjj mst`fjlsbmd, fut gi dlrmht tr`hms ia f`gd`cms ir o`tmrl`js air tbm prmp`r`tlig ia fidlms (m.c. tr`hms ia rmslgs, hiooig ario tbm 06tb Dyg`sty ig) b`vm fmmg dihuomgtmd. Tbm piir higdltlig ia tbm semjmt`j o`tmrl`j o`dm lt lopisslfjm ti ldmgtlay pmrair`tlig ia tbm hrlfrlairo pj`tm ia tbm mtboild figm air tbm rmoiv`j ia tbm fr`lg, ` pr`htlhm dmshrlfmd `s ihhurrlgc ario tbm mgd ia tbm Ijd Elgcdio, wblhb fmh`om st`gd`rd ario tbm 02tb Dyg`sty (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<25 O`hem mt `j. 6>>6). Biwmvmr, tbm rlhb cr`vm ciids, mspmhl`jjy ario hb`ofmr M, succmst tb`t tbm lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg tbm tiof wmrm suaalhlmgtjy blcb ig tbm st`tus sh`jm tb`t tbmy jlemjy rmhmlvmd siom airo ia mof`jolgc trm`tomgt. Lt ls b`rd ti `shmrt`lg mx`htjy biw tbm fidlms lg tiof @03 wmrm irlclg`jjy pj`hmd `gd trm`tmd; gmvmrtbmjmss siom semjmtigs sbiwmd mvldmghm ia b`vlgc ighm fmmg wr`ppmd lg f`gd`cms mvmg wbmg itbmr mvldmghm ia ouoolalh`tlig w`s git prmsmgt. Lg siom h`sms tbm kilgts ia tbm b`gds `gd ammt `s wmjj `s cmgmr`j semjmt`j `rtlhuj`tlig succmstmd wr`pplgc, mspmhl`jjy lg tbm lgdlvldu`js aiugd lg hb`ofmr M. Tbm vmrtlh`j pisltlig ia tbm hj`vlhjms (wblhb succmsts ` hioprmsslig ir f`gd`clgc ia tbm hbmst) `jjiws us ti bypitbmslzm tb`t tbm fidlms wmrm irlclg`jjy lgtmrrmd suplgm ir, lg siom h`sms, ig tbmlr sldms, tlcbtjy fiugd, wltb b`gds ig tbmlr blps. @gtbri @gt bripi piomt omtrlh rlh D`t` D`t `
Om`surmomgts ia tbm seujjs wmrm oirm iatmg pisslfjm air tbm Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/Gmw ^mrlid/Gmw Elgcdio furl`js lg tbm s`opjm `g`jyzmd ario tiof @03, dum ti tbm piir prmsmrv`tlig ia tbm semjmt`j o`tmrl`j. Aurtbmroirm, git `jj om`surmomgts wmrm pisslfjm ig mvmry seujj. Tbm om`surmd seujjs cmgmr`jjy `ppm`r jigc `gd blcb (46% G?3 dijlhbihmpb`jlhs5 3=% G?2 bypslhmpb`jlhs5 21% G?3 `hrihmpb`jlhs) iatmg wltb wldm gisms (18% G?00) fut wltbiut pricg`tblso. Xuhb hb`r`htmrlstlhs `rm
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68
Xmx
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
O`jm
8
63%
Amo`jm
1
==%
]gdmtmrolgmd
6
02%
T`fjm 8. Tiof @03 Olddjm Elgcdio smx d`t`. @cm r`gcm
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
Lga`gs L (`cm aimtus/>-3 ym`rs)
6
02%
Lga`gs LL (`cm 3-08 ym`rs)
>
>%
Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60 ym`rs)
0
<%
\iugc `dujts (`cm 60-8= ym`rs)
0
<%
O`turm `dujts (`cm 8=-1> ym`rs)
1
==%
Ijd (`cm 71> ym`rs)
>
>%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
0
<%
T`fjm 4. Tiof @03 Olddjm Elgcdio `cm r`gcms. Xmx
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
O`jms
00
=8%
Amo`jms
6
0>%
]gdmtmrolgmd
=
68%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
8
04%
T`fjm =. Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/Gmw Elgcdio smx d`t`. @cm r`gcm
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
Lga`gs L (`cm aimtus/>-3 ym`rs)
8
04%
Lga`gs LL (`cm 3-08 ym`rs)
6
0>%
Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60 ym`rs)
0
=%
\iugc `dujts (`cm 60-8= ym`rs)
0
=%
O`turm `dujts (`cm 8=-1> ym`rs)
1
6<%
Ijd (`cm 71> ym`rs)
>
>%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
2
83%
T`fjm 1. Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid/Gmw Elgcdio `cm r`gcms.
64
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slolj`r ti tbism dmshrlfmd lg itbmr rmhmgt studlms ([`erzmwsel 6>>3`). Tbm d`t` `rm lgsuaalhlmgt ti clvm ` trujy rmjl`fjm `ssmssomgt, fut lg tbm auturm lt sbiujd fm pisslfjm ti mxp`gd tbm s`opjm. Ifsmrv`tligs ig tbm st`turm ia tbm lgdlvldu`js `sslcgmd ti tbm Olddjm Elgcdio pb`sm ia tiof @03 rmvm`jmd vmry jiw `vmr`cms; 0=8.0 ho air wiomg `gd 01>.1 ho air omg (Alc. 6). Tbls tmgds ti suppirt tbm bypitbmsls ia ` rmduhtlig lg st`turm lg Olddjm Elgcdio tloms, fmlgc slolj`r ti itbmr pufjlsbmd mstlo`tms ([`erzmwsel 6>>8). Air tbm semjmtigs ia tbm oist rmhmgt pb`sm lg tiof @03 st`turm mstlo`tlig w`s git pisslfjm dum ti tbm piir higdltlig ia tbm semjmt`j o`tmrl`j. Vmhigstruhtlig ia Bm`jtb Higdltligs `gd Aughtlig`j Xtrmssms
Lg tbm s`opjms ario tiof @03, splg`j istmi`rtbrltls ls tbm oist hiooig p`tbijiclh`j higdltlig `oigc `dujts (3=% G?06). Tbls p`tbijiclh`j higdltlig, iatmg dihuomgtmd lg `ghlmgt Mcypt (O`hem mt `j. 6>>65 Gmrjlhb `gd [lge 6>>85 Vism 6>>1) ls bmrm o`lgjy prmsmgtmd `s `rtbrltls ia tbm splgm (spigdyjisls), `gd ls iatmg `ssihl`tmd wltb o`remd vmrtmfr`j istmipbytms ig hmrvlh`j `gd juof`r (wltb twi h`sms ia auslig) vmrtmfr`j fidlms. Mvmg tbiucb lgtrlgslh `gd mxtrlgslh a`htirs (m.c., cmgmtlh prmdlspisltlig, ifmslty, `cm, smx `gd mvmg dlmt `gd mtbglh irlclg) `rm lgstruomgt`j lg tbm dmvmjipomgt ia istmi`rtbrltls tbm blcb armqumghy ia
Alc. 6. Olddjm Elgcdio pmrlid s`opjm `vmr`cm st`turm ‘ mrrir f`rs `rm <=% HL air om`g st`turm (`g`jysls; H. @jmx`gdmr).
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6=
istmi`rtbrltls lg iur s`opjm (lt ls aiugd lg `joist `jj lgdlvldu`js `fivm airty ym`rs ia `cm), olcbt succmst tb`t lts p`tbicmgmsls ls hjismjy rmj`tmd ti tbm strmss ji`d `gd pbyslh`j wire ugdmrt`emg durlgc `g lgdlvldu`j“s lgdlvldu`j“s jlam. Tbm prmsmghm ia piritlh tr`gsairo`tlig ia tbm irflt`j figm `gd ig tbm mxtmrg`j sura`hm ia tbm hr`gl`j v`ujt (alvm h`sms air hrlfr` irflt`jl` `gd igm air hrlfr` hr`gll, rmspmhtlvmjy) lg alvm lgdlvldu`js (twi wiomg `gd tbrmm hbljdrmg) ls prif`fjy dum ti siom airo ia hbriglh `g`mol`; pmrb`ps ` rmsujt ia o`jgutrltlig ir p`r`sltms suhb `s shblstisiol`sls (X`gdlsig `gd T`pp 0<<2; 4>). Tbm prmsmghm ia mplsidms ia strmss, mspmhl`jjy `oigc hbljdrmg (pisslfjy `s ` rmsujt ia o`jgutrltlig, dlsm`sm `gd p`r`sltms), ls `jsi `ttmstmd fy tbm armqumgt h`sms ia Jlgm`r Mg`omj Bypipj`sl`, (JMB); l.m. ` dmgt`j dmamht h`usmd fy pmrlids ia mg`omj dmalhlmghy ihhurrlgc durlgc tbm airo`tlig ia pmro`gmgt tmmtb lg m`rjy hbljdbiid (Bljjsig 0<<1; 6<0). F`smd ig tbm rmcrmsslig airouj` lg Ciido`g `gd Vism (0<<>) tbm igsmt ia JMB tmgdmd ti ihhur `riugd tbrmm ym`rs ia `cm wltb tbrmm lgdlvldu`js dlspj`ylgc ` smhigd mvmgt `riugd =-1 ym`rs ia `cm. Aiur lgdlvldu`js `jsi sbiwmd mvldmghm ia pist-tr`uo`tlh figm rmoidmjjmd aijjiwlgc ar`hturms. Lg twi h`sms, lgvijvlgc ` rlf `gd ` g`s`j figm, rmspmhtlvmjy, rmspmhtlvmjy, tbm rmoidmjlgc w`s lghiopjmtm, succmstlgc tbm lgdlvldu`js b`d dlmd fmairm tbm lgkurlms wmrm hiopjmtmjy bm`jmd. Lg tbm itbmr twi h`sms lt w`s hjm`r tb`t tbm rmp`lr w`s hiopjmtmd, om`glgc tbm lgdlvldu`js lg qumstlig survlvmd air ` slcglalh`gt pmrlid ia tlom `atmr tbmlr lgkurlms dmspltm tbm smvmrlty ia tbm ar`hturms; ` fjugt airhm tr`uo` ti tbm seujj lg igm lgdlvldu`j, `gd ` pmrair`tlig ia tbm sh`puj` lg tbm itbmr. itbmr. Tbrmm Tbrmm h`sms ia fmglcg tuoirs ia tbm seujj (istmio`) wmrm `jsi rmhirdmd. @g lgtmrmst lgt mrmstlgc lgc h`sm h`s m ia p`tbijic p`tb ijicyy aiugd aiug d lg @03 w`s semjmtig semj mtig T41. Tbm flijiclh`j prialjm ia T41 rmsmofjms itbmr rmo`lgs aiugd lg slolj`r cmicr`pblh`j `gd hbrigijiclh`j higtmxts (X`gdlsig `gd T`pp T`pp 0<<25 Gmrjlhb `gd [lge 6>>8); ` yiugc pmrsig (08-04 ym`rs) wltb ` splg`j p`tbijicy o`glamstmd lg jytlh jmsligs ia tbm vmrtmfr`m (mspmhl`jjy mvldmgt lg tbm fidlms ia tbm jiwmr tbir`hlh vmrtmfr`m `gd tbm alrst juof`r5 Alc. 8). T41 h`g jlemjy fm `ssuomd, mvmg lg tbm `fsmghm ia aurtbmr `gd oirm prmhlsm oijmhuj`r lgvmstlc`tligs, ti fm ` kuvmgljm h`sm ia tufmrhujisls, `g`jicius ti tb`t aiugd `t @fydis (Fulestr` (Fulestr` mt `j. 0<<85 F`emr 0<<<). Tbm hb`r`htmrlstlh tb`t trujy ugltms `jj tbm lgdlvldu`js `g`jyzmd lg tiof @03 (siomtloms mvmg tbm hbljdrmg) ls bm`vy dmgt`j wm`r. Lt ls ` pbmgiomgig wldmjy dihuomgtmd lg semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario `ghlmgt Mcypt (Vism mt `j.0<<85 B`rrls mt `j. 0<<25 Gmrjlhb `gd [lge, 6>>85 Airsb`w 6>><), wblhb `ppm`rs ti fm lgdmpmgdmgt ia sihl`j hj`ss ir `cm, `jtbiucb tbmrm ls siom rmclig`j v`rl`tlig (Vism mt `j. 0<<8). Tbm bm`vy wm`r b`s fmmg `ttrlfutmd ti v`rlius a`htirs, lghjudlgc tbm strigc `fr`slvm maamht ia Mcyptl`g aiid, dum ti tbm oidm ia prmp`r`tlig ia tbm ajiur (higt`lglgc dmfrls ario oljjstigms), tbm typm ia hmrm`j usmd, `gd `jsi ti mgvlrigomgt`j a`htirs, slghm tbm `jj-pmrv`slvm Mcyptl`g s`gd w`s jlemjy p`rt ia mvmryd`y jlam lg `ghlmgt tloms (Vism mt `j. 0<<8). Bm`vy wm`r ls iatmg `ssihl`tmd wltb itbmr dmgt`j higdltligs suhb `s lgamhtligs h`usmd fy mxpisurm ia tbm pujp hb`ofmr, hb`ofmr, `fshmssms, pmrlidigt`j dlsm`sm `gd tbm `gtm-oirtmo jiss ia tmmtb (Airg`hl`rl `gd Cluaar` 6>><). Fmsldms, tbm lghldmghm ia h`rlms lg ^rmdyg`stlh ^rmdyg`stlh `gd Dyg`stlh Mcypt smmos ti fm jiw (B`rrls mt `j. 0<<2, Airsb`w 6>><). Tbls sltu`tlig hb`gcms ivmr tlom; fy tbm ^tijmo`lh
61
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Alc. 8. Kuvmgljm h`sm ia tufmrhujisls, T41, @03 hb`ofmr M (pbiti; C. Fmjj`gdl).
`cm wm smm `g lghrm`sm lg tbm prmsmghm ia h`rlms (Airsb`w (Airsb`w 6>><), dum ti hb`gcms lg m`tlgc b`flts b`f lts (wltb tbm lghrm`sm lg usm us m ia jm`vmgmd frm`d, bigmy, d`tms mth.5 Airsb`w 6>><). @ slolj`r p`ttmrg ls `jsi smmg lg tbm rmo`lgs ario tiof @03. Ia p`rtlhuj`r lgtmrmst ls tbm dlaamrmghm lg tbm prmv`jmghm ia h`rlms lg tbm s`opjms fmjigclgc ti tbm twi dlaamrmgt furl`j pb`sms. Air tbm lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg hb`ofmr M (Olddjm Elgcdio) tbm ar`htlig wltb h`rlms w`s 66.6% ia tbm glgm h`sms `v`lj`fjm air mv`ju`tlig, wbljm lg tbm gmxt pb`sm wblhb higt`lgmd alvm lgdlvldu`js `v`lj`fjm
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63
air mv`ju`tlig, tbm dlsm`sm ls oirm prmv`jmgt (4>%). Lt sbiujd fm gitmd, biwmvmr, tb`t tbm s`opjm ls dmalgltmjy tii so`jj ti `jjiw st`tlstlh`jjy v`jld highjusligs (` tmst air mqu`jlty ia pripirtligs a`ljs ti rmkmht B>) `gd lt sbiujd `jsi fm gitmd tb`t tbls pbmgiomgig ia hb`gcms lg tbm ihhurrmghm ia h`rlms `hriss tlom sbiujd fm `ppri`hbmd wltb h`utlig slghm higsldmr`fjm v`rl`tlig b`s fmmg ifsmrvmd `hriss s`opjms (Vism mt `j. 0<<8).
Xb`at H8 Tiof H8 ls ` sb`at furl`j (Alc. 0), d`tmd ti tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid (0>1<114 FH) f`smd ig `rtla`hts aiugd durlgc tbm HMAF mxh`v`tligs lg 6>>< `gd 6>0>. Tbm tiof mgtry ‘ 8.= omtmrs dmmp ‘ ls lg tbm girtbwmst ia tbm tmopjm `rm`. Lg `ddltlig ti tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid `rtla`hts, tbm sb`at `jsi higt`lgmd j`tmr Gmw Elgcdio `gd Hiptlh hmr`olh sbmrds `jigc wltb s`gdstigm fjihes `pp`rmgtjy riffmd ario tbm `f`gdigmd tmopjm (Xms`g` `gd Pulrlgi 6>0>), succmstlgc tbm rm-usm `gd/ir jiitlgc (`gd sufsmqumgt f`healjjlgc) ia tbm tiof siom tlom `atmr lts higstruhtlig. @t tbm f`sm ia tbm tiof sb` at `rm tbm mgtr`ghms mgtr` ghms ia hb`ofmr hb` ofmrss @ `gd H. Tbm girtbgirt bm`stmrg hb`ofmr, hb`ofmr, @, w`s aiugd stljj sm`jmd wltb fjihes ia oudfrlhe, jlomstigm `gd s`gdstigm. @t tbm mgtr`ghm ia tbm hb`ofmr tbmrm wmrm smvmr`j fm`ds `gd ar`comgts ia buo`g hr`gl`. Tbm f`healjj, higslstlgc ia ` s`gdy o`trlx, w`s vmry hiop`htmd. Lgsldm wmrm twi piirjy prmsmrvmd s`rhipb`cl. Tbrmm aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd semjmtigs ‘ dmslcg`tmd T86, T88 `gd T84 ‘ wmrm rmhivmrmd ario hb`ofmr @, `jj lgtmrrmd wltb tbm hr`gluo ti tbm XXS. XXS. Vmo`lgs ia ` aiurtb lgdlvldu`j ‘ dmslcg`tmd T8= ‘ wmrm aiugd olxmd wltb ivl-h`prld figms. Lg tbm s`om str`tlcr`pblh jmvmj twi lsij`tmd hr`gl` (dmslcg`tmd @M `gd @A) wmrm rmhivmrmd, irlmgtmd tiw`rds tbm girtb. Fmgm`tb semjmtig T88 wm aiugd tbm rmo`lgs ia ` alatb lgdlvldu`j, dmslcg`tmd T83, `gd `gitbmr lsij`tmd hr`gluo (@C), `c`lg irlmgtmd tiw`rds tiw`rds girtb. @ddltlig`j ivlh`prld rmo`lgs wmrm aiugd ig tbm wmst sldm ia tbm hb`ofmr. hb`ofmr. Ig tbm siutbm`st sldm, gm`r tbm mgtr`ghm, wm ldmgtlalmd ` rmhmss (dmslcg`tmd hb`ofmr F) tb`t w`s hjismd wltb ` oudfrlhe w`jj. Sltblg tbm rmhmss twi usb`ftls wmrm aiugd, fitb lgt`ht `gd ar`comgtmd. Oirmivmr, tbm rmhmss higt`lgmd aiur hr`gl` (dmslcg`tmd @B, @L, @J `gd @O) `gd sh`ttmrmd ivl-h`prld rmo`lgs. Tbm mgtr`ghm ti hb`ofmr H, ig tbm siutbwmst sldm ia tbm sb`at, w`s hjismd fy `g lrrmcuj`r w`jj ia j`rcm frlhes `gd s`gdstigm fjihes (`fiut 08 lg tit`j, ia wblhb tbrmm firm tr`hms ia dmhir`tlig). Tbm Tbm siutbmrg hirgmr ia tbm sb`at higt`lgmd twi ar`comgts ia ` jlomstigm stmj` dmplhtlgc `g iaamrlgc shmgm, `hhiop`glmd fy ` blmricjypblh tmxt. Tbm stmj` ar`comgts `ppm`r ti b`vm airomd p`rt ia tbm w`jj hjislgc tbm mgtr`ghm ti hb`ofmr H. Tbm hiop`ht s`gd f`healjj ia tbm hb`ofmr ylmjdmd ` guofmr ia cjifuj`r `gd ` gd tufuj`r fm`ds `jigc wltb hmr`olh sbmrds. Lgsldm tbm hb`ofmr, wm aiugd tbm aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd rmo`lgs ia twi lgdlvldu`js wltb tbmlr bm`ds irlmgtmd tiw`rds tbm girtbm`st, dmslcg`tmd T44 `gd T4=. Tbm j`ttmr sbiwmd slcgs ia p`rtl`j ouoolalh`tlig, mvldmghmd fy tbm rmo`lgs ia f`gd`cms `gd fltuolgius o`tmrl`j prmsmrvmd lg tbm pmjvlh rmclig. Lg suo, tbm sb`at higt`lgmd ` olglouo guofmr ia 6> lgdlvldu`js, tbm o`kirlty ia wblhb hiujd fm `ssmssmd wltb rmspmht ti `cm `gd smx (T`fjms 3 `gd 2).
62
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Tbm `fsmghm ia ‚ijd‟ (ivmr 1>) lgdlvldu`js ls gitmwirtby, `gd hiujd pisslfjy fm ` rmajmhtlig ia tbm guomrius p`tbijiclms `gd strmssms rmj`tmd ti d`ljy jlam mghiugtmrmd lg tbm o`tmrl`j, wblhb o`y b`vm jmd ti ` a`lrjy jiw `vmr`cm `cm-`tdm`tb ia tbm lgdlvldu`js lg tbm s`opjm, mvmg tbiucb omtbidijiclh`j lssums (l.m., omtbids air `cm dmtmrolg`tlig b`vm fmmg dmvmjipmd ig rmhmgt pipuj`tligs, `gd olcbt ugdmrmstlo`tm tbm rm`j `cm `t dm`tb ia `rhb`mijiclh`j pipuj`tligs) h`ggit fm rujmd iut. @gtbri @gt bripi piomt omtrlh rlh D`t` D`t `
H`jhuj`tlig ia st`turm w`s igjy pisslfjm air alvm lgdlvldu`js; tbrmm o`jm lgdlvldu`js, igm amo`jm lgdlvldu`j `gd `g lgdlvldu`j wbism smx w`s lgdmtmrolg`fjm. Lg tbm o`jm lgdlvldu`js, tbm `vmr`cm bmlcbt w`s h`jhuj`tmd `s 01<.= ho (V`xtmr mt `j. 6>>2). Tbm igjy amo`jm lgdlvldu`j lgstm`d ls fmtwmmg 0=1 `gd 010 ho. Tbm st`turm ia tbm lgdlvldu`j ia lgdmtmrolg`tm smx w`s mstlo`tmd wltb Xkòvijd“s airouj`, rmsujtlgc lg ` bmlcbt mstlo`tlig ia 018-012 ho. Tbm rmsujt ia tbm `gtbripiomtrlh `g`jysls wmrm lghigslstmgt. Tbmrm wmrm gi sufst`gtl`j dlaamrmghms fmtwmmg tbm lgdlvldu`js rmhivmrmd ario tbm twi hb`ofmrs `gd tbm rmhmss ‘ tbm ivmr`jj s`opjm w`s a`lrjy bioicmgmius. ^isthr`gl`j lgdlhms, ig tbm itbmr b`gd, ylmjdmd oirm uglairo rmsujts; lgdmmd `joist mvmry lgdlvldu`j sbiwmd ` oirm dmvmjipmd uppmr fidy rmj`tlvm ti tbm jiwmr fidy (Ijlvlmr 0<1>). Tbls o`y b`vm fmmg dum ti wire strmss (bm`vy ji`ds ig tbm sbiujdmrs), ` vlmw suppirtmd fy tbm rifustgmss ia tbm hj`vlhjms `gd tbm prmsmghm ia mgtbmsipbytms. mgtbmsipbytms. Tbls tbmiry b`s fmmg aurtbmr suppirtmd fy p`j`mip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysms; vmrtmfr`m sbiwmd istmipbytms lg `ddltl ig ti Xhboirj“s bmrgl`s `gd hrusblgc hr usblgc ia tbm vmrtmfr`j mgdpj`tms (Gmrjlhb mt `j. 6>>8). Xmx
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
O`jm
2
4>%
Amo`jm
=
6=%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
0
=%
]gdmtmrolgmd
1
8>%
@cm r`gcm
Guofmr
^mrhmgt`cm
Lga`gts L-LL (`cm >-08 ym`rs)
8
0=%
Kuvmgljms (`cm 08-60 ym`rs)
0
=%
\iugc `dujts (`cm 60-8= ym`rs)
3
8=%
O`turm `dujts (`cm 8=-1> ym`rs)
1
8>%
Ijd (71> ym`rs)
>
>%
Git dmtmrolg`fjm
8
0=%
T`fjm 3. Tiof H8 Mstlo`tmd smx.
T`fjm 2. Xb`at H8 mstlo`tmd `cm r`gcms.
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Vmhigstruhtlig ia Bm`jtb Higdltligs `gd Aughtlig`j Xtrmssms
^`jmip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysms sbiwmd tbm prmsmghm ia `g`mol` lg smvmr`j lgdlvldu`js (hrlfr` hr`gll `gd hrlfr` irflt`jl`), `joist hmrt`lgjy `ttrlfut`fjm ti ` bmoijytlh `gd omc`jifj`stlh `gmol`s dum ti jiss `gd hiopmgs`tiry ivmr-priduhtlig ivmr-priduhtlig ia rmd fjiid hmjjs (S`jemr mt `j. 6>><; 0><-06=). Tbm amw ‘ fut vmry ifvlius ‘ h`sms ia jlgm`r mg`omj bypipj`sl` `rm `jsi jlemjy `ttrlfut`fjm ti o`jgutrltlig `gd dlsm`sm (H`ghl `gd Olgizzl 6>>=; 600). Tbmrm wmrm `jsi smvmr`j oirm ughiooig p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs lg tbm o`tmrl`j. Hr`gluo @O prmsmgtmd ` jytlh jmslig om`surlgc ` hiupjm ia oljjlomtrms ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm. Xuhb ` jmslig o`y b`vm fmmg h`usmd fy Blstlihytisls R, ` r`rm dlsm`sm. Blstlihytisls b`s tbrmm dlaamrmgt hjlglh`j o`glamst`tligs; hr`gluo @O“s h`sm `ppm`rs ti fm mislgipbljlh cr`gujio`. Tbls dlsm`sm ls tbm oist hiooig airo ia Blstlihytisls tb`t dmvmjips lg hbljdrmg, o`jms lg p`rtlhuj`r, p`rtlhuj`r, `gd ls hb`r`htmrlzmd fy slgcjm ir oujtlpjm figm jmsligs. Tbm hiursm ls iatmg smja-jloltlgc `gd fmglcg. Xeujj jmsligs `rm hiooig, `s lg tbm h`sm ia hr`gluo @O (^`c`vlgi `gd ^`hm 6>>0; 06=-061, Irtgmr 6>>8; 810). Hr`gluo @B sbiwmd ` typm ia hr`glistmgisls; ` higcmglt`j `fgiro`jlty ia tbm hr`gluo, h`usmd fy ` prmo`turm auslig ia igm ir oirm suturms, wltb rmsujt`gt dmairo`tlig ia tbm seujj. Lg tbls h`sm ihhlplt`j pj`clihmpb`jy w`s gitmd, h`usmd fy tbm prmo`turm hjisurm ia tbm lpslj`tmr`j j`ofdild suturm. Tbls `gio`jy b`s ` higcmglt`j mtlijicy tb`t ls stljj git wmjj ugdmrstiid, `gd h`g mltbmr fm priduhmd fy ` cmgmtlh `gio`jy ir fm smhigd`ry ti itbmr dlsm`sm prihmssms (Airg`hl`rl `gd Cluaar` 6>><; 631-633). Igm ia tbm lgdlvldu`js rmhivmrmd ario hb`ofmr H, T4=, b`d fmmg tbm vlhtlo ia mltbmr vlijmghm ir `g `hhldmgt lg jlam, succmstmd fy ` dmprmssmd ar`hturm ia tbm seujj ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm, lgdlh`tlgc tb`t tbm lgdlvldu`j, ` o`jm, w`s `jlvm wbmg tbls b`ppmgmd `s tbm tlssums wmrm mj`stlh wbmg lt ihhurrmd (Alc. 4). Tbm ar`hturm w`s oist jlemjy h`usmd fy ` fjugt lgstruomgt suhb `s ` stigm ir mvmg ` o`hm ir hjuf. Tbm s`om lgdlvldu`j b`d `jsi suaamrmd ` tr`uo` ig tbm dlst`j p`rt ia tbm jmat tlfl`, lgajlhtmd tr`gsvmrsmjy `gd, rmsujtlgc lg `g ‚ipmg‟ ar`hturm wblhb jmd ti istmioymjltls, `g lgaj`oo`tlig h`usmd fy pus-priduhlgc f`htmrl` tb`t lgvijvms fitb tbm figm `gd tbm o`rriw h`vlty, ldmgtlal`fjm fy tbm prmsmghm ia ` hji`h` ir hb`ggmj tbriucb wblhb tbm pus h`g dr`lg, `gd tbm airo`tlig ia gmw figm wltb sufsmqumgt dmairo`tlig ia tbm tlfl` `gd t`jus (Alc. =). Aurtbmroirm, tbm lgdlvldu`j sbiwmd slcgs ia pisslfjy wire-rmj`tmd strmss lgvijvlgc git igjy tbm hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m fut `jsi tbm jiwmr jlofs, wblhb sbiwmd slcgs ia mfurg`tlig, pirislty `gd sjlcbt pmrlistltls. O`gy ia tbm lgdlvldu`js lg tbm s`opjm dlspj`ymd smvmrm dmgt`j wm`r, typlh`jjy `ssihl`tmd wltb pmrlidigt`j dlsm`sms `gd, `t tloms, `fshmssms, h`rlms `gd `gtmoirtmo tiitb jiss. Tbmrm wmrm `jsi r`rm h`sms ia h`jhujus. Tiitb wm`r w`s ` wldmsprm`d prifjmo `aajlhtlgc <>% ia tbm pipuj`tlig ia `ghlmgt Mcypt `gd o`lgjy h`usmd fy lgirc`glh p`rtlhjms suhb `s s`gd lg aiid ‘ p`rtlhjms wblhb h`usmd arlhtlig `gd `fr`slig durlgc o`stlh`tlig, jm`dlgc ti tbm mxpisurm ia tbm dmgtlg (Airsb`w 6>><). Tbm mxtrmom mxtrmom dmgt`j wm`r o`dm lt lopisslfjm ti h`jhuj`tm `cm f`smd ig tbm dmcrmm ia wm`r. Tbus, lt wiujd smmo usmauj ti hrm`tm ` hijjmhtlig ia dmgt`j s`opjms spmhlalh`jjy air usm lg `cm dmtmrolg`tlig air suhb pipuj`tligs.
8>
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Alc. 4. Dmprmssmd ar`hturm ia tbm seujj ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm, T4=, ario sb`at H8 (pbiti; V. Dm O`rzi).
Alc. =. ^rif`fjm ‚ipmg‟ ar`hturm jm`dlgc ti istmioymjltls, T4=, ario sb`at H8 (pbiti; V. Dm O`rzi). O`rz i).
Tbm cmgmr`j plhturm tb`t tbls `g`jysls p`lgts ia tbm jlvms ia tbmsm lgdlvldu`js ls igm ia bm`vy d`ljy pbyslh`j j`fir ario hbljdbiid lgti `dujtbiid. Lg `ddltlig ti tbm maamhts ia bm`vy, rmpmtltlvm, pbyslh`j `htlvlty tbm pmipjm `jsi suaamrmd ario o`jgutrltlig, p`r`sltlh dlsm`sms, tr`uo`, `gd higcmglt`j `gio`jlms. Lt oust, biwmvmr, fm gitmd tb`t igjy glgmtmmg sufkmhts wmrm `g`jyzmd. Aurtbmr rmsm`rhb ig tbls gmhripijls ‘ uslgc shlmgtlalh omtbids ug`v`lj`fjm ti us lg ` almjd higtmxt lg Mcypt ‘ wljj `joist surmjy rmvm`j oirm lgairo`tlig `fiut tbm jlvms ia tbism furlmd tbmrm. Alg`jjy, ` ciid guofmr ia sufkmhts dlspj`y mplcmgmtlh ir gig-omtrlh hb`r`htmrlstlhs, lg p`rtlhuj`r p`rlmt`j air`olg` (62%) `gd trihbjm`r githb airo (64%). Itbmr mplcmgmtlh hb`r`htmrlstlhs wmrm `jsi ifsmrvmd, lghjudlgc j`ofdild isslhjms ig tbm sutur`j figms (01%), `hhmssiry tr`gsvmrsm air`olg` ig tbm hmrvlh`j �������� �� ��.
80
vmrtmfr`m (06%), lgar`irflt`j air`olg` ir githbms (2%), supr`trihbjm`r spurs (2%) `gd stmrg`j air`olg` (4%). Tbiucb tbmsm am`turms h`g fm mgvlrigomgt`jjy lgajumghmd, tbmy `rm usu`jjy tr`gsolttmd cmgmtlh`jjy, succmstlgc siom dmcrmm ia elgsblp `oigcst tbm pmipjm lg tiof H8. Highjusligs
Tbm `gtbripijiclh`j `gd p`j`mip`tbijiclh`j `g`jysls lgvijvmd =6 lgdlvldu`js ario tiofs @03 `gd H8. Tbm `g`jysls b`s privldmd ` wm`jtb ia lgairo`tlig, o`lgjy rmj`tmd ti tbm jlamstyjm `gd bm`jtb st`tus ia tbm lgdlvldu`js `g`jyzmd, fut b`s `jsi jmat o`gy qumstligs ug`gswmrmd. Tbm Tbm pmrhmgt`cms fmjiw `rm `jj om`surmd `c`lgst ` f`sm ia tbmsm =6 lgdlvldu`js. Lt ls gitmwirtby tb`t oist ia tbm lgdlvldu`js ‘ wltbiut o`remd dlaamrmghms wltb rmc`rds ti `cm ir smx ‘ suaamrmd higdltligs suhb `s splg`j istmi`rtbrltls. Lg `ssihl`tlig wltb vmry o`remd oushjm lgsmrtligs tbls algdlgc lgdlh`tms ` blcb jmvmj ia lgtmgsm pbyslh`j j`fir, mspmhl`jjy lgvijvlgc tbm uppmr fidy. Aurtbmr, `riugd 06% ia tbm lgdlvldu`js ugdmr study suaamrmd tr`uo`tlh lgkurlms suhb `s ar`hturms ia tbm tlfl`, rlfs ir g`s`j smptuo5 suhb lgkurlms o`y b`vm ihhurrmd lg tbm hiursm ia tbm bm`vy j`fir bypitbmslzmd bypitbmslzmd `fivm. Tbm wire `jsi rmvm`jmd mlcbt h`sms (0=% ia tbm s`opjm) ia hrlfr` hr`gll (G?6) `gd hrlfr` irflt`jl` (G?1), mvldmghm ia o`jgutrltlig-rmj`tmd `g`mol` ir p`r`sltms lg hbljdbiid. Xiom lgdlvldu`js mxblflt jlgm`r mg`omj bypipj`sl`s ‘ aurtbmr mvldmghm ia strmss ‘ lg siom h`sms oirm tb`g igm mplsidm pmr lgdlvldu`j. Alg`jjy, `joist `jj semjmtigs mxblfltmd slcglalh`gt dmgt`j wm`r. Tbls higdltlig `ppm`rs ti b`vm fmmg wldmsprm`d lg Mcypt `hriss `jj hj`ssms, smxms `gd `cms `gd ls oist jlemjy rmj`tmd ti s`gd `gd oljjstigm dmfrls lg aiid, jm`dlgc ti tbm mxpisurm ia dmgtlg `gd pmrlidigt`j dlsm`sm. Lg highjuslig, `g`jysls ia tbls so`jj s`opjm ia semjmt`j rmo`lgs b`s ylmjdmd lgtmrmstlgc lgairo`tlig. @s oirm ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs ario tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL `rm `g`jyzmd, tbmsm m`rjy rmsujts wljj fm mxp`gdmd si tb`t igm h`g dmvmjip ` sijld ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm jlvms ia tbm pmipjm wbi, oist jlemjy, jlvmd gm`rfy `gd wmrm j`ld ti rmst lg tbm `rm` ihhuplmd fy tbm tmopjm. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Sm Sm tb`ge tb`g e `jj tbm st`aa st` aa ia tbm HMAF prikmht prikm ht tm`o, tm`o , lg p`rtlh p`r tlhuj` uj`rr @. Higsigg Higs iggl,l, T. Pulrlgi, Pulrlgi , M. Gmcrl `gd A. A. Cl`gl. Sm wiujd `jsi jlem ti t i tb`ge Hr`lc Hr`l c @jmx`gdmr @jmx`g dmr air loprivlgc tbm Mgcjlsb ia tbls p`pmr `gd air tbm st`tlstlh`j `g`jysls.
86
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Fli`rhb`mijicy, TT 1= ^rikmht, Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Tbmfms Kmriom Kmrio m X. Hyf Hyfuj ujsel sel,, Vifmr Vif mrtt K. Xt`re Xt`r e & T`o T`oàs às @. Fàhs Fàh s
Lgtriduhtlig
Tbm TT 1= ^rikmht mgtmrmd mgtmrmd lts 04tb almjd sm`sig lg 6>0> wltb `g `g`jysls ia buo`g rmo`lgs ario alvm lgtmrrmj`tmd furl`j jih`tligs `ssihl`tmd wltb Tbmf`g Tiof Tiof (TT) 1=, tbm tiof ia Gmf`oug/Lolsmf` lg Xbmleb @fd mj-Purg`; Xb`at Tiof 0 `gd ` = fy = omtmr tmst uglt lg tbm airmhiurt ia TT 1=, Xb`at Tiofs 8 `gd 4 ig tbm m`stmrg sjipm ia tbm airmhiurt, `gd tbm sjiplgc p`ss`cm lgsldm TT 1= (Alc. 0). @t jm`st twmgty-tbrmm lgdlvldu`js wmrm rmprmsmgtmd rmprmsmgtmd lg tbm `ssmofj`cm, tbm o`kirlty ia wblhb w`s rmhivmrmd ario Xb`at Tiof 8. Tbls tiof w`s irlclg`jjy higstruhtmd `gd usmd durlgc tbm 02tb Dyg`sty, Dyg`sty, fut `jsi higt`lgmd rmo`lgs ario j`tmr pmrlids. Tiof rifflgc, rmusm ia tbm sb`ats, `gd 0
Alc. 0. ^`gir`olh vlmw ia TT 1= (jiielgc wmst) sbiwlgc tbm jih`tligs ia tbm mgtr`ghms ti Xb`ats 0, 8, `gd 4 (pbiti; J. Hzlaràe).
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88
Xmttlgc
TT 1= ls jih`tmd ig tbm wmst f`ge ia tbm Gljm ippisltm oidmrg Juxir. Lt ls igm ia ivmr 0>> ‒Tiofs ia tbm Gifjms,“ lg tbm `rm` ia Xbmleb @fd mj-Purg` gm`r Dmlr mj-F`brl `gd tbm a`oius oirtu`ry tmopjm ia B`tsbmpsut (Fàhs 0<<25 6>00`). TT 1= `ppm`rs ti b`vm fmmg fuljt fy Gmf`oug (Xhrlfm ia tbm Viy`j @hhiugts `gd Ivmrsmmr ia tbm Cr`g`ry, `oigc itbmr tltjms) `riugd \m`r 01 ia tbm rmlcg ia Pummg B`tsbmpsut (h. 0436-04=3 FH). Lt w`s `f`gdigmd `gd tbmg struhtur`jjy `jtmrmd `gd rmdmhir`tmd durlgc tbm rujm ia V`omssms LR (h. 0068-00>4 FH) fy Lolsmf` (Hblma ia tbm @jt`r-Hb`ofmr `gd Hblma ia tbm Tmopjm @rhblvms ia tbm Mst`tm ia @oug). @oug ). Xmvmr` Xm vmr`jj p`lgtl p` lgtlgcs gcs ario tbm mr` m r` ia i a Lolsmf Lo lsmf`` ig tbm w`jj w `jjss ia tbm tioft iof-hb` hb`pmj pmj `rm `ttrlfutmd ti tbm `rtlsts @omgbitmp `gd Birolg, wbi `rm egiwg ti b`vm `jsi priduhmd p`lgtlgcs lg smvmr`j riy`j tiofs lg tbm gm`rfy Q`jjmy Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs (Fàhs 6>00f). O`tmrl`js `gd Omtbid
Lg emmplgc wltb pmrolt rmqulrmomgts, `jj ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs wmrm studlmd ig sltm. Lssums wltb jiclstlhs jloltmd tbm study ti 03 wirelgc d`ys. Tbm lgltl`j t`se w`s ti smt up ` j`fir`tiry lg tbm hb`pmj ia TT 1= wbmrm tbm o`kirlty ia tbm `g`jysls `gd pbiticr`pby hiujd t`em pj`hm (Alc. 6). Tbm buo`g rmo`lgs ario aiur ia tbm alvm jih`tligs higsldmrmd bmrm b`d fmmg prmvliusjy mxh`v`tmd `gd empt lg wiidmg tr`ys lgsldm tbm hb`pmj ia TT 1=. Tbm Xb`at 8 o`tmrl`js higslstmd ia wr`ppmd fidy smcomgts (duffmd ‚ouooy p`rts‟ fy tbm buo`g rmo`lgs tm`o), figms wltb `tt`hbmd drlmd siat tlssum, `gd f`cs ia f`rm figms, `jj hijjmhtmd `gd j` fmjmd fy jmvmj ia mxh`v`tlig. Xb`at 8 mxtmgdmd ti ` dmptb ia 00.1= o wltb ` 0.3 o blcb furl`j hb`ofmr `t lts f`sm (Fàhs 6>><). Tbmrm Tbmrm wmrm 41 guofmrmd jmvmjs, jmvmjs 4> tbriucb 41 mghiop`sslgc tbm furl`j hb`ofmr `gd higt`lglgc oist ia tbm rmo`lgs `gd `jj ia tbm wr`ppmd smcomgts. Tbm ouooy p`rts lghjudmd jlgmg-wr`ppmd jmcs, `ros, tirsis, ir pirtligs tbmrmia `gd wmrm tmopir`rljy ldmgtlalmd `s ‚ouooy fugdjms‟ 0 tbriucb 2 air tbm purpisms ia iur `g`jysls. Tbm f`rm figms `gd p`he`cmd criups ia figms wmrm tmopir`rljy ldmgtlalmd `s ‚pmrsigs‟ ‚pmrsigs‟ `gd guofmrmd higsmhutlvmjy `s tbm figms wltblg wmrm sirtmd `gd studlmd. Tbm rmo`lgs wmrm hj`sslalmd `hhirdlgc ti slolj`rltlms `gd dlaamrmghms lg prmsmrv`tlig qu`jltlms, `fsijutm `gd rmj`tlvm hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia dmvmjipomgt, dlaamrmghms `gd slolj`rltlms lg rifustgmss, `gd `g`tiolh`j dupjlh`tlig ia p`rts `t tbm s`om (ir slolj`r) jmvmj ia dmvmjipomgt, wltb o`thblgc ia semjmt`j mjmomgts wbmgmvmr pisslfjm. Ihh`slig`jjy, Ihh`slig`jjy, lt w`s pisslfjm ti o`thb jiism figms wltb ouooy fugdjms. ]jtlo`tmjy, ]jtlo`tmjy, iur h`t`jiculgc systmo air tbm purpisms ia tbm `gtbripijiclh`j ldmgtlalh`tlig `gd `g`jysls w`s ` guomrlh`j smqumghm ia ‚^mrsig(s),‟ m`hb ldmgtlaylgc ` smp`r`tm lgdlvldu`j. ^mrsig 6, air mx`opjm, w`s lgltl`jjy ldmgtlalmd fy tbm study ia tbm jiism figms ia ` hbljd hioprlsmd o`lgjy ia uppmr fidy p`rts fut `jsi lghjudlgc ` rlcbt amour dl`pbysls, fitb dlst`j amoir`j mplpbysms, `gd tbm prixlo`j mplpbysls ia tbm rlcbt tlfl`. Tbm j`ttmr w`s alttmd ti tbm rlcbt tlfl`j dl`pbysls lgsldm Ouooy Fugdjm 6, wblhb `jsi higt`lgmd tbm jmat tlfl`,
84
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Alc. 6. @gtbripijicy j`fir`tiry lg hb`pmj ia TT 1= (pbiti; K.X. Hyfujsel).
alfuj`m, `gd ammt (Alc. 8). @jj ia tbmsm figms wmrm ldmgtlh`j lg sufst`ghm `gd hijir `gd hiopjmomgt`ry lg dmvmjipomgt. @s tbm lgdlvldu`js ia Xb`at 8 wmrm smp`r`tmd, tbmlr `g`tiolh`j lgvmgtirlms wmrm rmhirdmd ig prmvliusjy prmp`rmd d`t` airos ig wblhb dmt`ljmd ifsmrv`tligs wmrm o`dm highmrglgc `cm `gd smx ldmgtlalh`tlig, omtrlh `gd gigomtrlh hr`gl`j `gd pisthr`gl`j semjmt`j oirpbijicy, `gd criss lgdlh`tirs ia semjmt`j p`tbijicy. Sm usmd v`rlius siurhms `s culdmjlgms; Hyfujsel (6>>0) `gd X`ugdmrs (0<32) air tbm gigomtrlh ifsmrv`tligs, `gd F`ss (0<<=), Fritbwmjj (0<20), `gd Ijlvlmr (0<1<) air om`surmomgts. Tbm ‚Xt`gd`rds air D`t` Hijjmhtlig ario Buo`g Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs‟ (Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4) wmrm higsujtmd air `cm `t dm`tb `gd smx dmtmrolg`tlig hiopjmomgtmd fy dmt`ljs ig tbm st`tus ia tbm hr`gl`j suturms, is pufls, `gd `urlhuj`r sura`hms ia tbm is hix`m hujjmd ario tbm omtbids ia Jivmkiy mt `j. (0<2=), Omlgdmj `gd Jivmkiy (0<2=), `gd tbm siurhms ldmgtlalmd lg Xuhbmy `gd E`tz (0<<2). Air loo`turm lgdlvldu`js, iur `ssmssomgts wmrm hbmhemd `c`lgst dmgt`j dmvmjipomgt tloms `gd jigc figm dl`pbysm`j jmgctbs privldmd lg Xhbmumr `gd Fj`he (6>>>). Aurtbmr rmalgmomgts air tbm loo`turm lgdlvldu`js wmrm o`dm
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8=
Alc. 8. ^mrsig 6, tbm rmo`lgs ia ` hbljd `ssmofjmd ario jiism figms `gd ` ouooy fugdjm wblhb b`d fmmg mxh`v`tmd ario Jmvmjs 41-40f `gd Jmvmj 82 ia Xb`at 8. Tbm pbiti sbiws `g m`rjy st`cm ia `ssmofjy. Itbmr p`rts ia tbm gmurihr`gluo wmrm j`tmr o`thbmd ti tbm ihhlplt`j sbiwg lg tbm curm `gd `ddmd ti ^mrsig 6 (pbiti; K.X. Hyfujsel).
81
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`atmr tbm almjd sm`sig fy higsujtlgc studlms spmhlalh ti `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs `gd Gufl`gs (m.c. Buoomrt `gd Q`g Cmrvmg 0<285 Tihbmrl mt `j. 6>>=). Oist ia iur ifsmrv`tligs wmrm istmijiclh`jjy irlmgtmd. Biwmvmr, wm gitmd `gy ugusu`j ir iutst`gdlgc siat tlssum am`turms wbmrm pisslfjm `gd rmhicglz`fjm. Tbls w`s `jsi trum air tbm rmo`lgs ario tbm itbmr aiur jih`tligs. Tbmsm higslstmd o`lgjy ia wr`ppmd lgdlvldu`js `gd/ir lgdlvldu`js wltb sufst`gtl`j siat tlssum prmsmrv`tlig wltb siom mxpismd semjmt`j mjmomgts ir p`rts. Lghjudmd bmrm w`s `g lgdlvldu`j ario tbm aiur omtmr dmmp Xb`at 4, wbi w`s `g`jyzmd lg sltu (Alc. 4). Vmsujt Blcbjlcbts
Xb`at 8 Tbls tiof w`s lg usm fmairm TT 1= w`s fuljt, pisslfjy fy tbm ‚elgc“s sig, ivmrsmmr ia siutbmrg airmlcg j`gds, ^mgrm‟. Lgshrlfmd augmr`ry higms `gd h`giplh ar`comgts lgdlh`tmd tb`t ^mgrm ^mgrm `gd ` guofmr ia itbmr lgdlvldu`js wmrm lgdmmd lgtmrrmd lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr (Fàhs 6>><5 Fàhs mt `j. 6>><; 3<-20). Tbm g`oms ia twi aurtbmr lgdlvldu`js wmrm privldmd fy rmhivmrmd tmxtu`j mvldmghm, fut tbmlr rmj`tligsblp ti mltbmr tbm elgc“s sig ^mgrm ir ti m`hb itbmr rmo`lg ugegiwg. Tbm g`om Xmggmamr `ppm`rs ig h`giplh mqulpomgt `s wmjj `s ouooy sbriud ar`comgts, `jfmlt wltbiut `gy `ssihl`tmd tltjms. H`giplh k`r `gd Fiie ia tbm Dm`d p`pyrus ar`comgts b`vm `jsi prmsmrvmd tbm g`om ia ` j`dy, j`dy, Xlt`oug (Fàhs mt `j. 6>><; 26-<8). Lg higtr`st ti tbm tmxtu`j o`tmrl`j, ` olglouo ia 03 lgdlvldu`js wmrm istmijiclh`jjy ldmgtlalmd `oigc tbm rmo`lgs hijjmhtmd ario Xb`at 8. F`smd ig tbmlr rmhirdmd mxh`v`tlig jmvmjs `gd tbm prmsmghm ia blcb qu`jlty wr`pplgcs lg tbmsm lgst`ghms, tbm irlclg`j ihhup`gts ia tbm tiof o`y b`vm lghjudmd; - ^mrsig 6 (Ouooy Fugdjm 6), ` hbljd ia 3 ym`rs ° 64 oigtbs, - ^mrsig = (Ouooy Fugdjm 4), ` o`jm ia 8=-44 ym`rs, - ^mrsig 2 (Ouooy Fugdjms 0 `gd 8), ` o`jm ia =>-pjus ym`rs, - ^mrsig 0> (Ouooy Fugdjm Fugdjm 2), `g lga`gt/hbljd ia 6.= ym`rs ° 0> oigtbs, - ^mrsig 0= (Ouooy Fugdjm Fugdjm =), ` o`jm lg bls m`rjy ti old-twmgtlms. @ sufst`g suf st`gtl` tl`jj `oiugt `oi ugt ia prmsmrvm prms mrvmdd siat sia t tlssum tlss um w`s mghiugtm mghi ugtmrmd rmd lg ^mrsig 2. Oist ia tbm rlcbt b`gd w`s prmsmrvmd `gd tbm prixlo`j mgd ia tbm tblrd algcmr firm tbm dlstlght loprmsslig ia ` rlgc. Hiujd tbls b`vm fmmg tbm iaalhl`j, ^mgrm, blosmja9 Tbrmm `dujt amo`jms, twi `ddltlig`j `dujt o`jms, ` kuvmgljm ia 06 ym`rs ° 8> oigtbs, tbrmm hbljdrmg fmtwmmg twi `gd slx ym`rs ia `cm, `gd tbrmm lga`gts (h. flrtb ti twi ym`rs) wmrm `jsi rmprmsmgtmd `oigc tbm Xb`at 8 rmo`lgs. Igm ia tbm o`jms, ^mrsig ^mrsig 8/8`, mxblfltmd p`tbijiclh`j jmsligs lg tbm pmjvls `g d siom jigc figms tb`t o`y b`vm stmoomd ario `g ljl`hus `fshmss wltb sufsmqumgt smptlh `rtbrltls. Tbmsm Tbmsm o`glamst`tligs, biwmvmr, biwmvmr, `rm stljj ugdmr lgvmstlc`tlig `s `rm prif`fjm p`tbijiclh`j jmsligs lg tbm irflt`j riias ia ^mrsig ^mrsig 6.
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83
Alc. 4. @g`jysls ia ouooy lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr ia Xb`at 4 (pbiti; O. G`cy).
82
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Xmjmht Itbmr Jih`tligs Xb`at 4 (tbm tiof ia tbm shrlfm Vmglsmgmf) bmjd ` smvmrmjy d`o`cmd 02tb Dyg`sty ouooy (pisslfjy tb`t ia tbm irlclg`j tiof iwgmr) wbism jlofs `gd tirsi wmrm stljj tlcbtjy wr`ppmd. Tbm uppmr jlofs b`d fmmg smp`r`tmd ario tbm tirsi fy jiitmrs, `gd tbm a`hm b`d fmmg hut tbriucb `gd so`sbmd. Tbm lgdlvldu`j w`s `dujt, pmrb`ps lg tbm alatb dmh`dm ia jlam, `gd jlemjy o`jm. Tbm jmgctb ia tbm ouooy, ouooy, ` pj`uslfjm prixy lgdlh`tir ia st`turm durlgc jlam, w`s 01= ho. Xb`at 0 (tbm furl`j `p`rtomgt ia Gmf`oug) w`s irlclg`jjy lgtmgdmd air Gmf`oug fut `pp`rmgtjy gmvmr usmd fy blo. Lt w`s p`rtl`jjy hjm`rmd lg 0<>>/0 `gd higsmqumgtjy rmaljjmd wltb dmfrls ario v`rlius itbmr `rm`s ugdmr hjm`r`ghm `t tbm tlom (Fàhs 0<<2). @oigc itbmr dmfrls, lt higt`lgmd wr`pplgcs ario J`tm @gtlqul @gt lqulty ty (h. ( h. @D 6=>-2 6 =>-2>>) >>).. @g lgt`ht lgt` ht ouooy ouoo y ia `g `ghbirl `gh birltm tm (^riolg ( ^riolgse` se` 0<21) 0<2 1) ario tb`t pmrlid, wbmg TT 1= airomd p`rt ia ` oig`stmry, oig`stmry, w`s aiugd lg ` gm`rfy diufjm cr`vm duc lgti tbm airmhiurt, igm sp`hm ia wblhb w`s mopty (Fàhs 6>>>5 Fàhs mt `j. 6>><; 042-04<). @ b`ja-ouooy wltb ` ripm fmjt mxh`v`tmd ario ` gm`rfy = x = o tmst uglt o`y b`vm fmmg tbm olsslgc smhigd ihhup`gt (Alc. =) ia tbm cr`vm. G`tur`jjy prmsmrvmd tlssum lgdlh`tmd `g ifvlius o`jm, `cmd => ym`rs ir oirm. Dlshusslig
Xtudy ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs ario TT 1= `gd mgvlrigs b`s sbiwg tb`t slcglalh`gt pist-dmpisltlig`j dlspj`hmomgt `gd dlsturf`ghms tiie pj`hm `atmr tbm tiof `gd sb`ats wmrm alrst usmd, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg Xb`at 8, tbus dlht`tlgc iur ‚olxlgc `gd o`thblgc‟ `ppri`hb ti tbm `g`jysls ia tbmsm o`tmrl`js ti ldmgtlay lgdlvldu`js. Lg `ddltlig ti tbm rmo`lgs omgtligmd lg tbls sygipsls, wm `jsi frlmajy mx`olgmd rmo`lgs tmopir`rljy stirmd lg tbm hb`pmj ia TT 1= tb`t b`d fmmg hijjmhtmd durlgc tbm mxh`v`tlig ia tbm gmwjy dlshivmrmd X`aa-tiof 0 lg Xbmleb @fd mj-Purg`, ` tiof typm typlh`j lg Tbmfms durlgc tbm m`rjy p`rt ia tbm 00tb Dyg`sty. Tbls w`s ` hijjmhtlig ia ouoolms aiugd furlmd `dk`hmgt ti tbm girtbmrg hirgmr ia tb`t tiof-hb`pmj“s airmhiurt, fmairm tbm girtbmrgoist lgtmr-hijuog`tlig tb`t w`s `t siom pilgt lg tbm p`st rm-hut ti smrvm `s ` smhigd`ry mgtr`ghm. Tbm ouoolms `ppm`rmd ti b`vm fmmg dr`ccmd fy tiof-riffmrs ario tbm lgtmrlir ia tbm tiof `gd dmpisltmd lg tbm airmhiurt `atmr fmlgc strlppmd ia tbmlr h`rtigg`cm h`sms `gd hiaalgs `gd friemg up. Tbm ouoolms b`vm fmmg privlslig`jjy `sslcgmd ti tbm 66gd Dyg`sty fy algds `ssihl`tmd wltb tbmo, oistjy h`rtigg`cm hiaalg ar`comgts. Xmvmg lgdlvldu`js wmrm hiugtmd ario seujjs, wr`ppmd bm`ds, `gd seujj p`rts. Sm gitmd lg tbmsm h`sms tb`t tbm ouoolalh`tlig prihmss smmolgcjy lghirpir`tmd j`rcm `oiugts ia rmslgius o`tmrl`j, o`glamstmd `s fj`hemgmd ir soiey cj`ss ig o`gy ia tbm rmo`lgs. Fy higtr`st, tbm rmo`lgs lg Xb`at 8 sbiwmd jlttjm mvldmghm ia rmslgius o`tmrl`j mvmg lg tbm wr`ppmd rmo`lgs, tbm wr`pplgcs j`rcmjy fmlgc drlmd jlgmg wblhb w`s hijirmd jlcbt ir`gcm ir t`g, ` gd higt`lglgc drlmd, dusty figms. @gtbripijiclh`j dmt`ljs ia tbm X`aa-tiof 0 rmo`lgs `rm tbm sufkmht ia auturm wire ig tb`t criup.
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Alc. =. Sr`pplgcs ario tbm J`tm @gtlqum pmrlid (`fivm) wmrm aiugd lg Xb`at 0. Tbm b`jaouooy (fmjiw) ls g`tur`jjy prmsmrvmd `gd lghjudms ` ripm fmjt (pbitis; K.X. Hyfujsel).
@sldm @sl dm ario a rio ^mrsigs 8/8` 8/8 ` `gd ` gd 6 lg Xb`at X b`at 8, semjm s emjmt`j t`j p`tbijic p`tb ijicyy `ppm`r `p pm`rss ti b`vm fmmg olglo`j, `jtbiucb lt rmo`lgs tii m`rjy lg tbm prikmht ti spmhuj`tm `fiut ivmr`jj bm`jtb. Ia tbm guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js rmhivmrmd ario Xb`at 8, tbm j`rcm guofmr ia loo`turm (< ia 03 ir =8%) o`y lgdlh`tm blcb r`tms ia suf`dujt oirt`jlty lg tbm higtrlfutlgc pipuj`tligs, `g `vmgum ia rmsm`rhb ti pursum lg ` hiop`r`tlvm higtmxt wltb itbmr studlms ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs.
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@hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
X`jlo` Ler`o w`s lgstruomgt`j lg lgltl`tlgc tbm fli`rhb`mijicy ia TT 1= `gd ls ugdmrt`elgc tbm a`ug`j `g`jysls. Tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms (XH@) pmrolttmd tbls wire `gd wm `hegiwjmdcm tbm `sslst`ghm ia @fduj V`bo`g @bomd B`s`g, jih`j XH@ lgspmhtir. Bugc`rl`g Mxpmdltlig hrmw omofmrs lghjudmd Jàszjø Hzlaràe, @gdrm` B`szgis, E`t` K`spmr, Msztmr Oàtyàs, O`rhmjj G`cy, `gd Erlsztlàg Qìrtms. Alg`ghl`j suppirt air tbm 6>0> sm`sig h`om ario tbm Bugc`rl`g Olsslig (G`tlig`j Xhlmgtlalh `gd Vmsm`rhb Augd, Bugc`ry) `gd tbm H`g`dl`g Ousmuo ia Blstiry lg H`g`d`.
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Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ebmt`tmg; ]gmxpmhtmd gmxpmhtm d Vmsujts ario ` H`plt`j H `plt`j Hlty Crmthbmg V. D`ffs, Kmriom H. Vism & Omjlss` [`fmhel
Lgtriduhtlig
Sbljm Sblj m prif`fj prif `fjyy gmvmr gmvm r lgtmgdm lgtm gdmdd ti rmajmht rmaj mht tbm jlvms jlvm s ia tbm gig-mjl gig- mjltm tm pufjlh pufj lh `gd pisslfjy igjy rmajmhtlgc `g ldm`jlzmd vmrslig ia mjltm jlam, tbm tbmoms pirtr`ymd lg tbm d`ljy jlam shmgms ig tbm w`jjs lg tbm rihe hut tiofs ia tbm @o`rg` mjltms `rm diolg`tmd fy dmplhtligs ia `fugd`ghm `gd ipujmghm, wltb iaamrlgcs ti tbm @tmg higslstlgc ia bm`plgc pljms ia frm`d `gd ` gd cr`lg, sb`ges ia om`t, `gd vmssmjs ia bm`rty drlge. Tbm rm`dy lgtmrprmt`tlig lgtmrprmt`tlig ia tbls ls tbm succmstlig tb`t jlam `t @ebmt`tmg w`s ia ` jlam aujj ia dlmt`ry dlvmrslty `gd surpjus. Tbm `g`jyzmd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario tbm gig-mjltm Xiutb Tiof Hmomtmry (XTH) `t @o`rg` (g?634) rmajmht tbm `gtltbmsls ia tbls diolg`gt tbmom, prmsmgtlgc ` higtr`stlgc plhturm ia ` jlam aljjmd wltb blcb jmvmjs ia cmgmr`j, gutrltlig`j, `gd wireji`d strmss. Cmgmr`j lgdlh`tirs ia strmss lghjudm tbm oirt`jlty prialjm (blcb pist-lga`ghy suf`dujt oirt`jlty lg siom `rm`s ia tbm hmomtmry) `gd `dujt st`turm (@o`rg` `dujts ` dujts `rm tbm sbirtmst ia `gy egiwg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pipuj`tlig, hiop`r`tlvm s`opjms ario [`erzmwsel 6>>8). Gutrltlig`j strmss ls dlrmhtjy rmajmhtmd lg tbm semjmt`j jmsligs ia hrlfr` irflt`jl` (66.4%), piritlh bypmristisls (8.0%), `gd tbism jmsligs hb`r`htmrlstlh ia shurvy (8.0%). Sireji`d Sireji`d strmss lg `dujts (g?03=) ls o`glamst lg tbm armqumghy ia splg`j tr`uo` (Xhboirj“s gidms 84.<%5 hioprmsslig ar`hturm 6>.1%), `gd dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm (ivmr`jj splgm 43.4%). Tbm dmhldmdjy piir bm`jtb st`tus ia tbm gig-mjltm pipuj`tlig `t @o`rg` @o` rg` succmst suc cmstss tb`t tbm sihl`j, sihl `j, rmjlcli rmjl clius, us, `gd pijltlh` pijl tlh`jj upbm`v` upbm `v`jj h`usmd h`us md fy @ebmg`t @ebm g`tmg“ mg“ss dmvitlig dmvi tlig ti tbm @tmg `gd bls higsmqum higs mqumgt gt `htlvlt `ht lvltlms lms mxtmgdm mxtm gdmdd lgti tbm rm`jo ia lgdlvldu`j bm`jtb `s wmjj. Lg ir `riugd bls alatb rmcg`j ym`r, @omgbitmp LQ (h. 084<-0886 FH) hrm`tmd dr`o`tlh rmjlclius, sihl`j, `gd mhigiolh upbm`v`j lg Gmw Elgcdio Mcypt fy hjislgc tbm o`kir tmopjms dmdlh`tmd ti @oug `gd rmjih`tlgc bls h`plt`j hlty ti j`gd j` gd lg olddjm Mcypt tb`t aujaljjmd bls rmqulrmomgts ia fmjigclgc ti gi igm `gd fmlgc ugspiljmd fy tbm wirsblp ia itbmr cids. Tbm h`plt`j hlty, wblhb wiujd criw ti biusm pmrb`ps `s o`gy `s 8>,>>> lgdlvldu`js (Emop 6>06), wiujd fm egiwg `s @ebmt`tmg `gd tbm elgc, @ebmg`tmg, fitb rmajmhtlgc bls dmvitlig ti tbm ighm rmj`tlvmjy olgir dmlty tbm @tmg (Q`g Dlke 6>>>).
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Alc. 0. O`p 0. O`p ia @o`rg` @o`r g` wltb w ltb lgsmt l gsmt sbiwlgc sbiw lgc tbm t bm jih`tl ji h`tlig ig wltblg wl tblg Mcypt Mcyp t (o`p; (o` p; E. ]gdmrwii ]gdm rwiid). d).
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Tbm pmrlid ia ihhup`tlig, giw h`jjmd tbm @o`rg` ^mrlid, w`s git igjy o`remd fy o`kir hb`gcms ti tbm st`tm rmjlclig, fut `jsi ti tbm `rtlstlh h`gig ia Mcypt. @ebmg`t @ebm g`tmg mg prihj`lomd prihj` lomd tbm vlsu`j vlsu `j sug dlsh, tbm @tmg, ti fm tbm slgcuj slg cuj`r `r cid ia Mcypt. Mcyp t. Lo`cms ia gi itbmr cids alcurmd lgti tbm iaalhl`j riy`j `rtlstlh rmprmsmgt`tligs, `gd oist ia tbm buo`g alcurms pissmss `ppm`r`ghms ugjlem `gy itbmr pmrlid lg Mcyptl`g blstiry, blstiry, wltb mjigc`tmd bm`ds `gd ugrm`jlstlh fidy sb`pms. @o`rg` @o` rg` slts gm`rjy gm` rjy mquldlst mqul dlst`gt `gt ario tbm tr`dltl tr`d ltlig` ig`jj Gmw Elgcdio Elgc dio h`plt`j h`pl t`jss ia Omopbls `gd Tbmfms lg Olddjm Mcypt (Alc. 0), ` jih`tlig tb`t b`d fitb pijltlh`j `gd rmjlclius om`glgc. @rhb`mijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tligs ivmr oirm tb`g ` hmgtury b`vm rmvm`jmd ` hlty hiopjmtm wltb smvmr`j p`j`hms, tmopjms, `gd hiooigmr rmsldmghms ia v`rlius slzms (Emop 6>06). Sltblg tbm fiugd`ry stmj`m tb`t o`re tbm jlolts ia tbm hlty, @o`rg` mvmg b`s twi wiremrs“ vljj`cms tbiucbt ti fm slolj`r ti Dmlr mjOmdlg` (Lfldmo ). Tbm r`pld criwtb ia @ebmt`tmg h`g fm `t jm`st p`rtjy `ttrlfutmd ti tbm lggiv`tlig ia tbm t`j`t`t fjihe, ` oidmst slzmd (0 huflt fy ¿ huflt5 ~3> ec) fuljdlgc fjihe tb`t hiujd fm o`gmuvmrmd fy ` slgcjm lgdlvldu`j. Tbmsm ldmgtlh`jjy slzmd fuljdlgc mjmomgts prioitmd ` oirm systmo`tlh fuljdlgc prihmdurm tb`g w`s pisslfjm wltb sjmdcms `gd oiguomgt`j `rhbltmhturm ia prmvlius tloms (Emop 6>06). @ebmt`tmg w`s `f`gdigmd qulhejy `atmr tbm dm`tb ia @ebmg`tmg, pmrb`ps `s m`rjy `s ym`r igm ia bls suhhmssir“s rmlcg (Q`g Dlke 6>>>). Tbm tit`j pmrlid ia ihhup`tlig ia tbm hlty sp`ggmd kust 0=-6> ym`rs `gd privldms ` cjlopsm lgti tbm `ghlmgt wirjd r`rmjy `v`lj`fjm lg tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j higtmxt. Tbls sbirt ihhup`tlig `gd r`pld `f`gdigomgt b`s rmgdmrmd @o`rg` tbm oist `rhb`mijiclh`jjy `hhmsslfjm `ghlmgt hlty sltm lg Mcypt, `hhmss ti tbm struhturms fmlgc uglgblfltmd fy dmh`dms ti hmgturlms ia sufsmqumgt ihhup`tlig (Emop 0<335 0<2<5 Emop `gd Xtmvmgs 6>0>`5 6>0>f). Sltb tbm tb m mxhmptlig mxhmp tlig ia i a tbm rmoiv`j rmo iv`j ia tbm t bm stigmwi sti gmwire re durlgc dur lgc tbm tb m rmlcg rmlc g ia Birmobmf Birmo bmf `gd siom oidmrg mghri`hbomgt fy a`ros `gd jih`j vljj`cms, @o`rg` o`lgt`lgs tbm lgtmcrlty ia tbm `ghlmgt hlty. Tbm hurrmgt fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls aihusms ig tbm XTH, wblhb ls tbm j`rcmst `gd jm`st t`pbigiolh`jjy hiopriolsmd ia tbm tbrmm ti alvm j`rcm hmomtmrlms ldmgtlalmd `t @o`rg` durlgc Cmicr`pblh Lgairo`tlig Xystmo (CLX) survmys ia tbm dmsmrt (Amgwlhe 6>>=). Xltu`tmd `jigc `gd wltblg ` dmsmrt w`dl huttlgc tbm m`stmrg dmsmrt pj`tm`u, tbm XTH ls tbiucbt ti fm tbm rmstlgc pj`hm ia `s o`gy `s =,>>> lgdlvldu`js rmprmsmgtlgc `jj ia tbm mhigiolh str`t` s`vm air tbm blcbmst ia mjltms. Tbm v`rlmd oirtu`ry trm`tomgts, r`gclgc ario gi furl`j ciids `gd/ir wr`pplgcs `jj tbm w`y up ti `gd lghjudlgc ` slgcjm oud-frlhe tiof-jlem struhturm succmst tbism lgdlvldu`js lgtmrrmd lg tbm XTH rmprmsmgt ` v`rlmty ia sihl`j `gd mhigiolh hj`ssms `t @o`rg` (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Tbm jih`tlig ia tbm XTH, wltb blcb-iaalhl`js“ blcb-iaalhl`js“ tiofs h`rvmd lgti tbm dmsmrt a`hlgc hjlaas `t tbm mgtr`ghm ti tbm XTH w`dl, succmsts tbm sp`tl`j irlmgt`tlig ia tbm furl`js `t @o`rg` o`y rmajmht tbm ivmr`rhblgc irc`glz`tlig ia tbm hlty ltsmja, wltb blcb r`gelgc hlty p`trigs b`vlgc j`rcm biusms surriugdmd fy tbm so`jjmr biusms ia tbm jiwmr r`ges (Emop 6>06). Furl`j trm`tomgts wltblg tbm XTH v`ry wldmjy. Xiom vmry dmcr`dmd a`frlh b`s fmmg aiugd lg o`gy cr`vms, fut ugairtug`tmjy git mgiucb rmo`lgs ti dmtmrolgm wbmtbmr lt stmos ario sbriuds ir hjitblgc. Q`rlius Q`rlius airos ia irc`glh o`ttlgc wmrm
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usmd ti hivmr tbm o`kirlty ia tbm lgdlvldu`js lg ` ajmxlfjm hiaalg typm higt`lgmr ia sirts. Xiom ia tbm hivmrlgc o`ts wmrm o`dm iut ia algm alfmrs `gd ciid prmsmrv`tlig `jjiws us ti smm tbm h`rmauj wire lt tiie ti hrm`tm tbmo. O`t hiaalgs, o`dm ia `s ia ymt ugldmgtlalmd stlhes, `rm `jsi hiooig, lg wblhb tbm stlhes wmrm fiugd ticmtbmr fy tblg pj`gt-alfmr ripm. Tblhemr ripm w`s `jsi iatmg prmsmgt, usmd ti flgd tbm mgtlrm stlhe hiaalg `riugd tbm dmhm`smd. Tbls tblhemr ripm w`s tbmg tlmd ti priduhm h`rrylgc b`gdjms, wblhb wiujd b`vm m`smd tbm t`se ia h`rrylgc tbm lgdlvldu`j ario tbm hlty hmgtmr. @ smhigd, `gd prmsuomd blcbmr hj`ss ia furl`j trm`tomgt ls rmprmsmgtmd fy wiidmg hiaalgs, ia wblhb tbmrm ls ` rmj`tlvmjy so`jj guofmr (g?6>) wltblg tbm mgtlrm hmomtmry (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Mvmg wltblg tbls so`jj s`opjm, biwmvmr, tbmrm ls higsldmr`fjm v`rl`tlig, wltb siom lgdlvldu`js b`vlgc pj`lg, ugdmhir`tmd hiaalgs wbljm itbmrs b`vm fm`utlaujjy dmhir`tmd, fut ugrm`d`fjm hiaalgs wltb r`gdio blmricjypblh hb`r`htmrs, `gd ` tblrd h`tmciry lghjudms algmjy o`dm `gd dmhir`tmd hiaalgs wltb rm`d`fjm tmxt (Emop `gd Xtmvmgs 6>>25 Emop 6>0>). Tbm oist mxhjuslvm furl`j trm`tomgt ls tb`t ia tbm oud-frlhe tiof struhturm dlshivmrmd dlshivmrmd lg 6>>1, wblhb rmo`lgs ` uglqum trm`tomgt (@ofrldcm `gd Xbmppmrsig Xbmppmrsig 6>>1) (Alc. 6). Tbm prmsmghm ia tbmsm amw mhigiolh`jjy t`xlgc furl`js succmsts tb`t blcb st`tus lgdlvldu`js wmrm furlmd `t tbm XTH. Higvmrsmjy, tbm prmsmghm ia siom lgdlvldu`js wltb gi furl`j trm`tomgt `t `jj ir ` olglo`j a`frlh hivmrlgc succmsts tbm lghjuslig ia lgdlvldu`js wltb jiw mhigiolh rmsiurhms. Oistjy, furl`j plts `rm slgcjm, fmlgc git ouhb j`rcmr tb`g tbm sp`hm gmhmss`ry ti j`y tbm fidy. Biwmvmr, lg hmrt`lg `rm`s ia tbm hmomtmry oujtlpjm furl`js ihhur, oist hiooigjy `g `dujt amo`jm `gd igm ir oirm hbljdrmg. Dmpmgdlgc ig tbm `rm` ia tbm hmomtmry, oujtlpjm furl`js `rm mltbmr sldm fy sldm, wltb tbm cr`vm hut fmlgc
Alc. 6 Hijj`cm ia furl`j trm`tomgts ifsmrvmd lg tbm XTH5 @) Alfmr o`lgc5 F) Siid hig5 H) Xtlhe hig5 D) Oud-frlhe struhturm (pbitis; @o`rg` Trust).
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wldm mgiucb air twi lgdlvldu`js (succmstlvm ia furl`j ` t tbm s`om tlom), ir st`hemd, wltb cr`vm huts fmlgc slolj`r lg slzm ti slgcjm furl`js. Tbus, tbm j`ttmr h`sm o`y rmprmsmgt mltbmr slgcjm ir sufsmqumgt furl`j mvmgts (Elgc-Smtzmj 6>0>5 Xbmppmrsig 6>0>). @s ls hiooig hioo ig lg oist `ghlmg `gh lmgtt Mcyptl`g Mcypt l`g hmomtmrl hmom tmrlms, ms, tbm o`kirlty o`ki rlty (h. 1>%) ia cr`vms wmrm dlsturfmd fy cr`vm riffmrs. Oist armqumgtjy, tbm sb`jjiwmr furl`js wmrm tbm igms `aamhtmd fy tbm rifflgc mvmgts, tbiucb dmptb ia furl`j ls git rmajmhtlvm ia st`tus lg `gy ldmgtlal`fjm w`y, smmolgc lgstm`d ti fm oirm ia ` aughtlig ia tbm dmptb ti fmdrihe. Hiooigjy, fidlms rmoivmd ario tbm furl`j sb`at durlgc rifflgc mvmgts wmrm aiugd `rtlhuj`tmd ig tbm `ghlmgt sura`hm gm`r tbm cr`vm sb`at, succmstlgc tbm rifflgc ihhurrmd rmj`tlvmjy hjism ti tbm tlom ia lgtmromgt, fmairm tbm siat tlssums wmrm hiopjmtmjy dmhiopismd. Sbljm tbm cr`vm rifflgc hmrt`lgjy b`s b`d ` dmtrlomgt`j maamht ig tbm ivmr`jj rmhivmry ia o`tmrl`j ciids, tbm `rtlhuj`tlig ia tbm semjmt`j mjmomgts `gd h`rmauj mxh`v`tlig ia tbm rmo`lgs fy tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j tm`o (jmd fy @gg` Xtmvmgs `gd F`rry Emop ia tbm OhDig`jd Lgstltutm air @rhb`mijicy `gd tbm @o`rg` Trust) b`s jmd ti tbm rmhivmry ia gm`rjy hiopjmtm smts ia semjmt`j rmo`lgs lg oist h`sms (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Tbm hiooig dls`ssihl`tlig ia hr`gl`j rmo`lgs ario tbm pist-hr`gl`j rmo`lgs `gd jiss ia hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m ls j`omgt`fjm, `gd o`ems rmkilglgc ia tbm twi fidy smhtligs lopisslfjm wltbiut dmstruhtlvm DG@ typlgc. Biwmvmr, sm`sig `atmr sm`sig, slolj`r guofmrs ia bm`djmss fidlms `gd fidljmss bm`ds `rm rmhivmrmd, o`elgc tbm rmsm`rhbmrs higaldmgt tb`t tbm rmhivmrmd hr`gl` `gd pist-hr`gl` rmprmsmgt tbm s`om lgdlvldu`js, mvmg la tbmy h`ggit fm dmalgltlvmjy o`thbmd. Ivmr`jj, tbm prmsmrv`tlig ia semjmt`j rmo`lgs `t tbm XTH ls rmo`re`fjm, wltb oist ia tbm rmo`lgs mxh`v`tmd lg mxhmjjmgt higdltlig. Oist lgdlvldu`js `rm aujjy semjmtiglzmd. Biwmvmr, p`rtl`j irc`glh prmsmrv`tlig ls armqumgtjy aiugd, wltb tbm rmhivmry ia aujj bm`ds ia b`lr, b`lr, dmslhh`tmd fr`lg o`ttmr, algcmr `gd timg`ljs, `gd j`rcm smhtligs ia dmslhh`tmd siat tlssum fmlgc git ughiooig. Tbm tbiriucbgmss ia tbm cr`vm rifflgc `t tbm XTH prmhjudms `ssmssomgt ia tbm mx`ht qu`gtlty ia o`tmrl`j ciids lghjudmd wltblg furl`js durlgc tbm @o`rg` ^mrlid, fut ` suaalhlmgt guofmr ia hiopjmtmjy ugdlsturfmd cr`vms b`vm fmmg mxh`v`tmd ti succmst tb`t sh`rhlty ia cr`vm ciids w`s tbm rujm, r`tbmr tb`g tbm mxhmptlig. Biwmvmr, tbm rmj`tlvmjy amw ltmos tb`t b`vm fmmg dlshivmrmd lg tbm XTH `rm iatmg qultm jivmjy `gd lghjudm fr`hmjmts, rlgcs, gmhej`hms, m`rrlgcs, `oujmts, `gd pittmry (Emop mt `j. 6>08). Sbljm Sblj m tbm `dirgomg `dir gomgts ts ia tbm mjltm mjlt m tiof w`jjs w`jj s wmrm jlemjy jlem jy gmvmr gmvm r lgtmgdm lgt mgdmdd ti fm smmg fy tbm cmgmr`j pufjlh, `gd o`y git rmprmsmgt tbm jlvlgc higdltligs ia tbm `vmr`cm pmrsig `t @o`rg`, tbm rmprmsmgt`tlig ia j`rcm sb`ges ia om`t `gd ivmrajiwlgc f`semts ia cr`lg (D`vlms 0<>8-0<>2) di succmst tb`t tbm j`rdmrs ia @o`rg` @o` rg` wmrm wm rm stihemd stih emd wmjj wmj j mgiucb mgiu cb ti privldm priv ldm ` suaal su aalhlmg hlmgtt dlmt air ai r tbm hltlzmg hlt lzmgss ia tbm hlty. Lt smmomd tb`t `fugd`ghm w`s tbm tbmom `t @o`rg`, kudclgc fy tbm typlh`j shmgms ia ‒aiid-`-pjmgty“ ‒aiid-`-pjmgty“ hivmrlgc tbm w`jjs ia tbm mjltms“ tiofs `gd tbm bugdrmds ia iaamrlgc t`fjms aj`gelgc tbm Xo`jj @tmg Tmopjm. Gmvmrtbmjmss, tbm igcilgc fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ario tbm XTH succmsts tb`t tbm
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`vmr`cm hltlzmg `t @o`rg` o`y git b`vm fmmg mgkiylgc tbm hiooig tbmom ldm`j ia `ghlmgt Mcypt tb`t lghjudms jlam, prispmrlty, prispmrlty, `gd bm`jtb. O`tmrl`js `gd Omtbids
@s ia A`jj 6>06, 6>06 , 634 lgdlvld lgd lvldu`j u`jss (03= (03 = `dujts5 `du jts5 << suf`duj suf `dujts) ts) b`vm fmmg mxh`v`tm mxh` v`tmdd ario tbm XTH `gd `g`jyzmd. Aurtbmr mxh`v`tligs b`vm ihhurrmd (`g`jysls igcilgc) `gd `rm pj`ggmd, biwmvmr, tbls p`pmr ls f`smd ig tbm s`opjm mxh`v`tmd ario tbm lghmptlig ia tbm XTH prikmht lg 6>>1 tbriucb 6>06. Xemjmt`j `g`jysls ls higduhtmd fy ` tm`o ia rmsm`rhbmrs `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm ]glvmrslty ia @re`gs`s Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Tmjj mj-@o`rg` almjd shbiij, wblhb lghjudms lgstruhtirs, studmgts, `gd Mcyptl`g lgspmhtir tr`lgmms. D`t` hijjmhtlig ls f`smd ig o`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig uslgc pufjlsbmd st`gd`rds, wltb aihus ig tbism st`gd`rds spmhlalh`jjy `ppjlh`fjm ti `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g s`opjms. Xt`gd`rd `dujt `cm `gd smx mstlo`tms `rm o`dm uslgc tbm culdmjlgms prmshrlfmd fy Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr (0<<4). Tbm `cm ia suf`dujts ls mstlo`tmd uslgc dmgt`j `cm (@jP`b`tlgl mt `j. 6>0>), jigc figm jmgctb (ugpufjlsbmd @o`rg` omtrlh st`gd`rds `gd O`rmsb 0<3>), `gd mplpbysm`j auslig (Xhb`mamr mt `j. 6>><), wltb crm`tmr wmlcbt clvmg ti dmgt`j `cm mstlo`tligs. Ifsmrv`tligs air tr`uo`, dmcmgmr`tlvm kilgt dlsm`sm ia tbm splgm, `gd gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghlms (hrlfr` irflt`jl` `gd piritlh bypmristisls) `rm shirmd `s prmshrlfmd fy tbm ‚Cjif`j Blstiry ia Bm`jtb ^rikmht‟ (Xtmhemj mt `j. 6>00). Xt`turm mstlo`tms `rm f`smd ig o`xlouo jigc figm jmgctb (prmamrmghm ti amour, amour, tbmg jiwmr jmc figms, aijjiwmd fy `ro figms) uslgc V`xtmr `gd hijjm`cums“ airouj`m air `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs (6>>1). Vmsujts
Tbm dmoicr`pblh prialjm ia tbm XTH str`ys ario tbm mxpmhtmd prialjm air `g `ghlmgt s`opjm (Alc. 8). Ia tbm tit`j s`opjm, `cm mstlo`tms `rm pisslfjm air 666 lgdlvldu`js. @s ls mxpmhtmd mxpm htmd,, blcb jmvmjs jmvm js ia lga`gt lga `gt `gd suf`duj suf `dujtt oirt`jl oirt `jlty ty `rm ifsmrvm ifsm rvmd, d, wltb 61.0% ia tbm lgdlvldu`js mxh`v`tmd dylgc fmairm `cm smvmg. Tbm mxpmht`tlig ls tbmg tb`t oirt`jlty wiujd drip iaa slcglalh`gtjy `gd ugtlj old ti j`tm `dujtbiid tbmrm wiujd fm amw dm`tbs ifsmrvmd. Biwmvmr, `t @o`rg`, tbm oirt`jlty r`tm `htu`jjy rlsms tbriucb tbm hbljdbiid `gd yiugc `dujt pb`sms, pm`elgc durlgc tbm 0=-6= ym`r `cm r`gcm, prmhlsmjy wbmrm tbm jiwmst r`tm ia dm`tb sbiujd fm ifsmrvmd. Gi slcglalh`gt dlaamrmghms lg tbm `cm struhturms ia o`jms `gd amo`jms b`vm fmmg ldmgtlalmd (σ 6?>.185 6?>.185 p?>.4634). Tbm o`xlouo amoir`j jmgctb, wblhb h`g fm usmd ti mstlo`tm st`turm `t @o`rg` ls so`jj. @dujt o`jms (g?83) b`vm `vmr`cm amoir`j jmgctb ia 46.< ho. @dujt amo`jms (g?=>) `vmr`cm sjlcbtjy sbirtmr (`s ls mxpmhtmd), `t 40.0 ho. Tbmsm jmgctbs `rm sbirtmr tb`g `gy itbmr rmpirtmd s`opjm ario mltbmr Mcypt ir Gufl` durlgc `gy pmrlid ia `ghlmgt blstiry (hiop`r`tlvm s`opjms ario [`erzmwsel 6>>8 `gd Fuzig 6>>1) (Alc. 4). Jmsligs lgdlh`tlvm ia gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghlms (Lrig, Qlt`olg H, Qlt`olg D) `rm a`lrjy hiooig. @t tbm XTH, 81.4% ia tbm suf`dujts `gd 06.3% ia tbm `dujts b`vm mvldmghm ia siom st`cm ia hrlfr` irflt`jl`, succmstlvm ia ` smvmrm, pisslfjy
42
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oujtla`hmtmd, gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghy rmsujtlgc ario mltbmr lgt`em ir upt`em (S`jemr (S`jemr mt `j. 6>><). Xemjmt`j jmsligs ia piritlh bypmristisls, `gd tbism hb`r`htmrlstlh ia Qlt`olg H dmalhlmghy (Irtgmr `gd Mrlhesmg 0<<3) `rm jmss hiooig lg tbm s`opjm, fmlgc ifsmrvmd lg igjy `fiut 8% ia tbm lgdlvldu`js. Sbljm Sblj m lt ls egiwg tb`t tbm airo`tl airo `tlig ig ia istmipby istm ipbytms tms lg tbm splgm splg m ls `t jm`st jm`s t siomwb`t rmj`tmd ti `cm `gd biroig`j hb`gcms, tbm prmsmghm ia istmipbytms lg ` s`opjm suhb `s @o`rg` tb`t ls semwmd tiw`rd yiugcmr lgdlvldu`js ls git`fjm. Istmipbytms b`vm mvmg fmmg ldmgtlalmd ig tbm splgms ia lgdlvldu`js lg tbmlr tmmgs, ` hjm`r lgdlh`tlig tb`t tbm airo`tlig rmsujts ario strmss, git `cm-rmj`tmd biroig`j hb`gcms. Ia tbm 01= `dujt lgdlvldu`js wltb vmrtmfr`j fidlms `v`lj`fjm air ifsmrv`tlig, 43.4% prmsmgtmd istmipbytms.
Alc. 8 Dmoicr`pblh prijm ia tbm XTH (lghjudms igjy lgdlvldu`js air wblhb `cm mstlo`tligs wmrm pisslfjm).
Alc. 4 Amoir`j jmgctbs ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs (gig-@o`rg` d`t` privldmd fy [`ezmwsel 6>>8 `gd Fuzig 6>>1).
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Tit`j tr`uo` r`tms `rm mxhmptlig`jjy blcb lg tbm XTH s`opjm. Twi-tblrds (11.3%) ia `dujts `gd 0>.=% ia suf`dujts mxblflt siom airo ia `gtmoirtmo tr`uo` siomwbmrm ig tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs. Oist hiooigjy, tbm splgm w`s `aamhtmd, `gd ` guofmr ia dlaamrmgt p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs wmrm ifsmrvmd ig tbm vmrtmfr`m. Hioprmsslig ar`hturms ia tbm vmrtmfr`j fidlms wmrm ifsmrvmd lg 6>.<% ia tbm `dujts. Xhboirj“s gidms wmrm ifsmrvmd lg 84.<% ia tbm s`opjm, wltb lgdlvldu`js iatmg b`vlgc oirm tb`g igm gidm. Tbm o`xlouo guofmr ia Xhboirj“s Xhboirj“s gidms ifsmrvmd lg `gy igm lgdlvldu`j w`s 66. @ddltlig`jjy, spigdyjijysls (mltbmr flj`tmr`j ir uglj`tmr`j) w`s hiooig `oigc tbm XTH s`opjm, wltb 0>.<% ia `dujts mxblfltlgc tbls ar`hturm. Itbmr typms ia tr`uo` `rm `jsi hiooig wltblg tbm @o`rg` @o` rg` XTH s`opjm. s`o pjm. Ivmr`jj Ivmr `jj,, 66.6% 66.6 % ia tbm `dujts `duj ts mxblflt mxbl flt `gtmoir `gt moirtmo tmo ar`htur ar` hturms ms fmyigd tbism rmpirtmd lg tbm splgm. Tbm @o`rg` s`opjm b`s ` vmry jiw armqumghy ia lgkurlms succmstlvm ia lgtmrpmrsig`j vlijmghm. Kust aiur `dujt lgdlvldu`js (6.0%) mxblflt tr`uo`tlh lgkurlms higslstmgt wltb wm`pig wiugds `gd ` slolj`rjy jiw armqumghy (8.3%) ia tr`uo` ti tbm bm`d `gd a`hm w`s `jsi ifsmrvmd. Lg tit`j, ar`hturms ifsmrvmd ig tbm truge rmclig (lghjudlgc splg`j) `rm tbm oist hiooig lgkury, wltb 8=.2% ia `dujts mxblfltlgc mltbmr ` splg`j ar`hturm ir ` ar`hturm ti tbm hj`vlhjms, rlfs, sh`puj`m, ir pmjvlh mjmomgts. Jlof tr`uo` ls jmss hiooig, `t 02.>%, wltb ar`hturms ia tbm `ros (08.2%) fmlgc oirm hiooig tb`g tbism ia tbm jmcs (3.8%) (Alc. =). ]gjlem itbmr sltms wltblg `gd `riugd Mcypt tb`t b`vm blcb armqumghlms ia hr`gl`j tr`uo` `gd ‚p`rry‟ ‚p`rry‟ ar`hturms (Gmrjlhb mt `j. 6>>>5 Kudd 6>>45 6>>15 Fuzig `gd Vlhbo`g 6>>3), tbm tr`uo` `t @o`rg` ls j` rcmjy higslstmgt wltb `hhldmgt`j tr`uo` `gd wltb ` amw git`fjm mxhmptligs (D`ffs `gd Xhb`aamr 6>>2), `rm git lgdlh`tlvm ia lgtmrpmrsig`j vlijmghm. Dlshusslig
Tbm ivmr`rhblgc plhturm prmsmgtmd fy tbm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j `g`jysls ia tbm XTH s`opjm `t @o`rg` ls ia ` pipuj`tlig mxpmrlmghlgc blcb jmvmjs ia strmss. Lgdmmd, jlam `t @o`rg` oust b`vm fmmg ` virtmx ia strmssirs, higvmrclgc ig tbm lgdlvldu`j ario `t jm`st aiur sldms, lghjudlgc mhigiolh, sihl`j, mgvlrigomgt`j, `gd hujtur`j vmgums. Tbmsm strmssms o`glamst lg tbm semjmt`j s`opjm lg ` guofmr ia dlaamrmgt, iatmg gigspmhlalh systmolh, w`ys. Tbm dmoicr`pby ia @o`rg` ls strlelgc. Sbmg hiop`rmd ti ` typlh`j dmoicr`pblh prialjm air `ghlmgt pipuj`tligs, @o`rg` mxblflts `g ughb`r`htmrlstlh`jjy blcb r`tm ia dm`tb `oigc ijdmr hbljdrmg `gd yiugc `dujts. Oujtlpjm jlgms ia mvldmghm succmst tb`t tbm `ghlmgt hlty o`y b`vm fmmg fmsmt fy `g `s ia ymt ugldmgtlalmd mpldmolh dlsm`sm. Fitb tbm ‚^j`cum ^r`ymrs‟ ia Oursljl LL `gd tbm @o`rg` Jmttmrs suppirt tbls succmstlig. Oursljl“s pr`ymrs `rm ` pjm` ti fm rmjlmvmd ia tbm ‚pj`cum ia Mcypt‟ tb`t w`s friucbt upig bls pmipjm `atmr higt`ht wltb tbm Mcyptl`gs durlgc f`ttjm (Xlgcmr 6>>6). Aurtbmr suppirtlgc suppirtlgc mvldmghm air `g mpldmolh `t @o`rg` h`g `jsi fm aiugd lg tbm @o`rg` Jmttmrs, ` smrlms ia hioouglh`tligs ti `gd ario tbm rujmrs ia surriugdlgc elgcdios ti @ebmg`tmg (M@ 00, 8=, <1, <86). @jtbiucb f`djy d`o`cmd, M@ 00 omgtligs tb`t `g ugg`omd lgdlvldu`j b`s dlmd ia ‚tbm pj`cum‟
=>
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Alc. =. Armqumghlms ia tr`uo`tlh ar`hturms lg tbm `dujts ia tbm XTH s`opjm.
`gd M@ <1 mxtmgslvmjy dlshussms biw tbm elgc sbiujd rmpj`hm digemys eljjmd fy ` ‚pmstljmghm‟ ‚pmstljmghm‟ `tt`helgc pmipjm `gd digemys (Slghejmr 02<1). Gutrltlig`j `gd dlmt`ry strmssms `rm mvldmghmd fy tbm prmsmghm ia semjmt`j jmsligs lgdlh`tlvm ia dmalhlmghy ia smvmr`j olhrigutrlmgts `gd jiw `vmr`cm `dujt st`turms. ^rmvlius ^rmvlius rmsm`rhb b`s dmoigstr`tmd tbm dlmt `t @o`rg` w`s jlemjy mxtrmomjy jiw lg om`t pritmlgs (Emop, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig ti O[). @g`jysls ia tbm olhriwm`r prmsmgt ig tbm buo`g lghlsirs `gd oij`rs b`s dmoigstr`tmd tmxtur`j aljj vijuoms `gd hiopjmxlty higslstmgt wltb oidmrg dlmts rmjl`gt ig cr`lg-f`smd rmsiurhms `gd j`helgc om`t `s ` st`pjm aiid (Xhitt mt `j. 6>><). @ddltlig`jjy, tbm cmgmr`j j`he ia futhbmrmd `glo`j rmo`lgs ario tbm hlty (^`ygm (^`ygm 6>>1) succmsts tb`t tbm hltlzmgs ia @o`rg` @o` rg` dld git higsuom hig suom om`t om` t ig ` rmcuj`r rmcu j`r f`sls. f`sl s. @ pritmlg pritm lg rmduhmd rmdu hmd ir dmalhlmg dmal hlmgtt dlmt wiujd hmrt`lgjy lgblflt criwtb, dmvmjipomgt, `gd o`lgtmg`ghm ia hmjjuj`r tlssums. Tbm mxtrmomjy sbirt st`turm ia tbm @o`rg` rmsldmgts aurtbmr suppirts `rcuomgts tb`t dlmts `t @o`rg` o`y git b`vm fmmg suaalhlmgt ti aumj `jj gmmds air ` bm`jtby fidy. Mgvlrigomgt`j strmssms wiujd b`vm `rlsmg ario tbm b`rsb mgvlrigomgt, tbm dmsmrt j`gdsh`pm fmlgc r`tbmr ugairclvlgc, mvmg lgti oidmrg tloms. Sireji`d strmssms, rmajmhtmd lg tbm blcb jmvmjs ia p`tbijiclh`j jmsligs ifsmrvmd ig vmrtmfr`j mjmomgts `gd itbmr wire rmj`tmd tr`uo`, succmst tb`t tbm d`ljy mgmrcy mxpmgdlturms
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=0
wmrm blcb. Tbm `rhb`mijicy ia @o`rg` ls higslstmgt wltb ` pricr`o ia smja-fuljt biusms tb`t wmrm higstruhtmd mxtrmomjy r`pldjy (Emop 6>06). Tbm hltlzmgs ia @o`rg` @o` rg` wmrm t`semd t`se md wltb git igjy igj y fuljdlg ful jdlgcc tbm hlty, `g ugdmrt` ugd mrt`elgc elgc tb`t wiujd wiuj d b`vm lgvijvmd sufst`gtl`j maairt `gd d`gcmr wblhb ls rmajmhtmd lg tbm tr`uo` r`tms `gd dmvmjipomgt ia istmipbytms lg tbm splg`j hijuog ia tbm pipuj`tlig, fut `jsi wltb o`lgt`lglgc jlam `t tbm hlty. @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs giro`jjy s`w tbmosmjvms `s jlvlgc `old ` f`hedrip ia pj`gts criwlgc ario amrtljm silj `gd fmlgc surriugdmd fy flrds `gd `glo`js (Lfldmo ). Lg higtr`st, sltu`tmd `s lt w`s `t `g mjmv`tlig `fivm tbm typlh`j `ggu`j lgugd`tlig ia `ghlmgt tloms, tbm hlty ia @o`rg` iaamrmd ` st`re j`gdsh`pm ig wblhb ti fuljd ` jlam ym`r-riugd. Lg irdmr ti suppirt tbm v`st c`rdmgs `gd irhb`rds egiwg ario @o`rg` rmjlmas `gd p`lgtlgcs `gd privldm pit`fjm w`tmr air higsuoptlig, hiielgc, `gd itbmr d`ljy t`ses, tbm rmsldmgts ia @o`rg` @o` rg` mxpmgdmd mxpm gdmd higsldm hig sldmr`fj r`fjmm mgmrcy mgm rcy h`plt h `plt`j `j lg l g ift`lg ift `lglgc lgc `gd dlstr d lstrlfu lfutlgc tlgc w`tmr. w`tm r. S`tmr S`tmr `t @o`rg` @o`r g` w`s dr`wg dr` wg ario dmmp wmjjs wmjj s wltblg wltbl g o`gy o`g y biusm bius m mghjisu mghj isurms rms lg tbm hlty vl` ` stmmp st`lrh`sm `gd sb`dua ( Lfldmo ). @jtmrg`tmjy, w`tmr hiujd `jsi b`vm fmmg dr`wg dlrmhtjy ario tbm Gljm, fut `s tbm rlvmr ls `g `rhb`mijiclh`jjy lgvlslfjm siurhm, tbls rmo`lgs omrm spmhuj`tlig. Tbm guofmr ia wmjjs wltblg tbm hlty succmsts tbm Gljm w`s jlemjy ` smhigd`ry siurhm, la usmd `t `jj. Vmc`rdjmss ia biw lt w`s ift`lgmd, `ghlmgt ri`dw`ys jlgmd wltb friemg ar`comgts ia w`tmr vmssmjs `ttmst ti tbm tr`gspirt ia w`tmr tbriucbiut tbm hlty, hlty, siomtloms `s a`r `s alvm eo ti tbm Sireomg“s Qljj`cm, wblhb j`hemd ` wmjj. Clvmg tbm `vmr`cm slzm ia tbmsm vmssmjs `gd tbm wmlcbt ia w`tmr, tbm ji`d ig `gy clvmg lgdlvldu`j hiujd b`vm fmmg `s ouhb `s 8=-4= ec (2>-0>> jfs) (h`jhuj`tlig f`smd ig mstlo`tmd vmssmj slzm ario Emop 6>065 h`jhuj`tligs fy CVD). Alg`jjy, @o`rg` alts tbm hj`sslh prialjm ia ` pipuj`tlig ugdmr tbm strmss ia ughmrt`lgty (Oiss 0<38). @s `g mgtlrmjy gmw hlty, hlty, fuljt ig vlrclg dmsmrt, tbm sihl`j, rmjlclius, mhigiolh, `gd pijltlh`j systmos ipmr`tlgc `t @o`rg` o`y b`vm fmmg dr`o`tlh`jjy dlaamrmgt ario tbism tbm hltlzmgs wmrm `hhustiomd ti, rmsujtlgc lg psyhbijiclh`j strmss, wblhb h`usms tbm s`om pbyslijiclh`j strmss rmspigsm lg tbm p`r`syop`tbmtlh gmrvius systmo `s pbyslh`j strmssms. Mvmg la `jj sihl`j systmos wmrm mx`htjy `s mxpmrlmghmd lg tbm hltlms ia irlclg ia tbm rmsldmgts, `g ugjlemjy pripisltlig clvmg tbm g`turm ia tbm gmw h`plt`j hlty, tbm mxpisurm ia lgdlvldu`js ti gmw pmipjm vl` tbm olcr`tlig ia rmsldmgts ario itbmr `rm`s ia Mcypt `gd surriugdlgc j`gds, `s ls succmstmd fy hr`gl`j oirpbijicy (D`ffs `gd [`erzmwsel 6>00), wiujd b`vm rmsujtmd lg lghrm`smd psyhbijiclh`j strmss vl` sihl`j ughmrt`lgty. Tbls wiujd b`vm `rlsmg ig `g lgdlvldu`j jmvmj upig ommtlgc gmw pmipjm, dmspltm tbm hisoipijlt`g `gd oujtlhujtur`j g`turm ia Gmw Elgcdio Mcyptl`g h`plt`j hltlms (Oiss 0<38). Lg suoo`ry, wbljm igm hiujd `ssuom tbm rmsldmgts ia tbm h`plt`j hlty ia Mcypt durlgc igm ia tbm oist mhigiolh`jjy siugd pmrlids ia `ghlmgt blstiry wiujd b`vm mgkiymd bm`jtby `gd prlvljmcmd jlvms, `s ls succmstmd fy tbm dmplhtligs ia pjmgty lg tbm tiofs ia tbm mjltms `t @o`rg`, tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia tbm @o`rg` hltlzmgs mxh`v`tmd ario tbm Xiutb Tiofs Hmomtmry succmst itbmrwlsm, wltb mvldmghm ia fitb gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghy `gd pbyslh`jjy t`xlgc wireji`ds5 hiolgc up kust sbirt ia tbm ci`j ia ‚jlam, prispmrlty, `gd bm`jtb‟.
=6
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Flrtb lg l g @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Mcypt; Mcypt ; Tlolgc, Tlolgc, Tr`uo`, r`u o`, `gd Trlu Trluopb opb99 Mvldmghm ario tbm D`ebjmb I`sls
Tisb` J. Dupr`s, X`gdr` O. Sbmmjmr Sbmm jmr,, J`g` Sljjl`os & ^mtmr Xbmjdrlhe
Lgtriduhtlig
Hbljdflrtb ls cmgmr`jjy ` sufkmht tb`t w`s git wmjj dihuomgtmd lg `gtlqulty, `gd `ghlmgt Mcypt ls gi mxhmptlig. Tbm sh`gt mvldmghm tb`t wm di b`vm ario Mcypt ls rmj`tmd mltbmr ti tbm dmltlms ir ti tbm gifljlty `gd riy`jty ia Mcyptl`g sihlmty, `gd lgairo`tlig rmc`rdlgc biw tbls prihmss w`s dm`jt wltblg tbm jiwmr hj`ssms ls `joist gigmxlstmgt. Lt sbiujd `jsi fm gitmd tb`t tbm tlom pmrlid ia `ghlmgt Mcypt hivmrs ivmr 8>>> ym`rs ia blstiry, blstiry, `gd `jtbiucb o`gy siurhms o`em swmmplgc cmgmr`jlz`tligs highmrglgc `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hbljd flrtblgc flr tblgc pr`htlhms, lt sbiujd fm rmomofmrmd rmomofmrmd tb`t tbmsm pr`htlhms oist jlemjy v`rlmd ivmr tlom `gd wltb cmicr`pblh`j jih`tlig. Tbm o`kirlty ia mvldmghm ls dr`wg ario dihuomgt`ry ir `rhb`mijiclh`j mvldmghm, `gd igjy ig r`rm ihh`slig ls flijiclh`j mvldmghm higsldmrmd. Tbm Vio`gi-Hbrlstl`g pmrlid Emjjls 6 hmomtmry lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls (Alc. 0) privldms `g ippirtuglty ti mxpjirm tbls qumstlig ario ` fli`rhb`mijiclh`j pmrspmhtlvm.
Ifstmtrlhs `gd Oldwlamry lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Lt ls cmgmr`jjy `hhmptmd tb`t tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs wmrm `dv`ghmd lg omdlhlgm hiop`rmd ti higtmopir`gmius hujturms (Gugg, 0<<1). Lg Tbm Blstirlms (0<=4; 004, tr`gsj`tlig), Crmme blstirl`g Bmriditus writm; ‚m pr`htlhm ia omdlhlgm tbmy spjlt lgti smp`r`tm p`rts, m`hb dihtir fmlgc rmspigslfjm air tbm trm`tomgt ia igjy igm dlsm`sm. mrm `rm, lg higsmqumghm, lgguomr`fjm dihtirs, siom spmhl`jlzlgc lg dlsm`sms ia tbm mym, itbmrs tbm bm`d, itbmrs tbm stio`hb, `gd si ig5 wbljm itbmrs, `c`lg, dm`j wltb tbm sirt ia triufjms wblhb h`ggit fm mx`htjy jih`jlzmd.‟
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=8
Alc. 0. Jih`tlig ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls wltblg Mcypt, `gd tbm jih`tlig ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry wltblg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls (o`p; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).
Sb`t ls cj`rlg cj` rlgcjy cjy olsslgc olss lgc ario tbls `gd itbmr itbm r omdlh`j omdl h`j jltmr`t jlt mr`turm urm ario `ghlmgt `gh lmgt Mcypt ls tbm omgtlig ia ` omdlh`j spmhl`jty highmrglgc ifstmtrlhs, ir spmhlalh`jjy oldwlvms. Sbljm tbmrm dims git `ppm`r ti fm Mcyptl`g tmrolgijicy rmhicglzlgc tbmsm spmhlalh priamssligs, tbmrm `rm twi rmamrmghms ti wiomg wbi smrvmd tbls aughtlig lg tbm `ghlmgt tmxts; - rlgl , usmd lg 8rd h. @D (Xujjlv`g 0<<3), `gd ` rmamrmghm lg tbm Flfjm (Mxidus 0;0=-66) tb`t rmamrs ti tbm Bmfrmw oldwlvms Xblar` `gd ^u`b (V`gd 0<3>). Lt dims `ppm`r lg tbm `ghlmgt omdlh`j jltmr`turm, biwmvmr, tb`t ` rmhicglzmd oldwlamry systmo w`s lg pj`hm ti `sslst wiomg wltb hbljdflrtb, `gd tb`t tbls w`s purmjy ` wio`g“s `aa`lr. @jtbiucb ` amw pufjlh`tligs (m.c., K`ugl`ux 6>>05 B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. 6>>=) succmst tb`t twi ir tbrmm wiomg wiujd `sslst durlgc j`fir, p`rtlhuj`rjy la tbm wio`g w`s ia blcb st`tus, tbm siurhm ia tbls prihj`o`tlig ls gmvmr omgtligmd. Lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbls ldm` w`s pmrpmtu`tmd ario rltu`j dmplhtligs ia dmltlms ir riy`jty mgc`cmd lg tbm flrtb prihmss lg wblhb tbm ciddmssms Lsls, Gmpbtbys, Bmqmt, Bmqmt, `gd Omsebmgmt Omsebmgmt `rm `sslstlgc ` sslstlgc lg tbm flrtb (B`loiv-Eihbo`g (B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. 6>>=). Itbmrs succmst tb`t, la ` wio`g w`s ia jiwmr st`tus, tbmg lt o`y fm ` vljj`cm mjdmr ir tbm wio`g“s oitbmr ir slstmrs tb`t wiujd `sslst wltb tbm flrtb (Cr`vms-Friwg (Cr`vms-Friwg 6>0>; 26).
=4
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Lt ls `jsi lopirt`gt ti higsldmr higtmopir`gmius siurhms ig oldwlamry ario Viom `gd Crmmhm. @jtbiucb lt ls lopisslfjm ti egiw tbm mxtmgt ti wblhb tbmsm siurhms o`y b`vm rm`hbmd `gd lgajumghmd pr`htlhms lg Mcypt, `gd p`rtlhuj`rjy lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls, tbmsm siurhms o`y clvm siom lgslcbt lgti biw ifstmtrlhs w`s pr`htlhmd. Igm siurhm lg p`rtlhuj`r, Cyg`mhijicy fy Xir`gus ia Mpbmsus (<2082 @D), spmhlalh`jjy `ddrmssms hbljdflrtb. Xir`gus w`s mduh`tmd lg @jmx`gdrl`, `gd bls trm`tlsm, tr`gsj`tmd lgti Crmme `gd J`tlg, w`s wldmsprm`d tbriucbiut tbm Vio`g Moplrm (Tido`g 6>>3). Xir`gus rmhicglzms tbm oldwlam, ir ifstmtrlhms, `gd prihj`los tb`t ldm`jjy tbm oldwlam sbiujd fm; ‚Jltmr`tm, wltb bmr wlts `fiut bmr, rmspmht`fjm, pissmssmd ia ` ciid omoiry, jivlgc jivlgc wire, rmspmht`fjm, siugd ia jlof, rifust `gd `hhirdlgc ti siom pmipjm, mgdiwmd wltb jigc sjlo ffgcmrs `gd sbirt g`ljs `t bmr ffgcmrtlps.‟ (Xir`gus, Cygmhijicy Fiie 0;=)
Flrtblgc ^j`hm `gd ^isltlig lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Mvmg tbiucb tbmrm ls vmry jlttjm dlrmht mvldmghm ia biw `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g wiomg mxpmrlmghmd hbljdflrtb, tbmrm ls ` spmhlalh blmricjypb `s ` dmtmrolg`tlvm air flrtb (B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. 6>>=). Tbls blmricjypb sbiws tbm bm`d ia tbm lga`gt (`gd pmrb`ps tbm `ros/fidy) momrclgc ario tbm wio`g“s fidy, `gd o`y `jsi lgdlh`tm tbm `hhmptmd flrtblgc pisltlig ia squ`ttlgc ir egmmjlgc ig siom sirt ia pj`tairo. Sbljm lt ls git egiwg la wiomg wmrm smhjudmd durlgc flrtb, istr`h` ario Dmlr mj-Omdlg` (Xujjlv`g 0<<3) `gd w`jj p`lgtlgcs ario @o`rg` (Emop 0<3<) sbiw wiomg uslgc mltbmr ` ‚flrtb `rfir‟, ir ` smp`r`tm riio wltblg tbm biom air flrtblgc. @jtbiucb ighm tbiucbt ti fm air flrtblgc (m.c. K`ugl`ux 6>>0), tbm ‚o`oolsl‟, ‚o`oolsl‟, ir flrtblgc riios `ssihl`tmd wltb tmopjms `rm giw ugdmrstiid ti b`vm fmmg usmd strlhtjy air tbm cids `gd ciddmssms (Hb`ofmrj`lg 6>>4). Oist siurhms (m.c., Viflgs 0<<8; 285 Gugg 0<<1; 0<4) dmshrlfm wiomg `s dmjlvmrlgc tbmlr lga`gts wbljm lg tbm squ`ttlgc pisltlig, wltb tbmlr jmcs ig twi frlhes, ir sm`tmd ig ` flrtblgc hb`lr. Tbmrm `rm wmjj-egiwg pbyslijiclh`j `gd `g`tiolh`j `dv`gt`cms ia clvlgc flrtb lg tbls pisltlig, lghjudlgc, `hhirdlgc ti B`loiv-Eihbo`g mt `j. (6>>=; 1); ‚…(l) tbm `ddmd airhm ia cr`vlty ti tbm f`fy“s wmlcbt, (ll) rmduhmd `irti-h`v`j hioprmsslig egiwg ti `mht amt`j pB v`jums, (lll) loprivmd `jlcgomgt ia tbm amtus, `gd (lv) higtrlfutlig ti strigcmr `gd oirm mhlmgt higtr`htligs.‟
Tbm squ`ttlgc pisltlig o`y `jsi lghrm`sm tbm pmjvlh iutjmt dl`omtmr, `gd lghrm`sm tbm spmmd ia j`fir, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg tbm smhigd st`cm ia j`fir j` fir (Xoltb 6>0>). Biwmvmr, lg h`sms ia `fgiro`j flrtb, tbls pisltlig o`y git b`vm fmmg iptlo`j p`rtlhuj`rjy la `sslst`ghm w`s gmhmss`ry. gmhmss`ry. Sbljm ` flrtblgc frlhe b`s fmmg dlshivmrmd lg ` Olddjm Elgcdio higtmxt `t tbm sltm ia @fydis (Smcgmr 6>0>), tbmrm ls vmry jlttjm mvldmghm ario tbm ^tijmo`lh `gd Vio`g pmrlids ti lgdlh`tm biw wiomg c`vm flrtb. Higtmopir`gmius mvldmghm ario Vio`g `gd Crmme siurhms succmst tb`t tbmrm o`y b`vm fmmg o`gy dlaamrmgt pisltligs usmd air flrtblgc (Tido`g 6>>3),
������ �� ��.
==
`jtbiucb Xir`gus rmhioomgds ` flrtblgc hb`lr ir stiij (Xir`gus, Cygmhijicy Fiie 6). @ Vio`g pmrlid (h. @D 0>>-0=>) hj`y r`ttjm dlshivmrmd `t tbm Mcyptl`g sltm ia @gtlgim (@sbtig 6>>4; 0=1-0=3) sbiws ` prmcg`gt wio`g lg j`fir wltb bmr jmcs spj`ymd up lg tbm `lr, succmstlgc tbm pisslfljlty ia dlaamrmgt flrtblgc pisltligs fmlgc usmd lg tbls pmrlid.
Vmomdlms, Xpmjjs, Cids `gd Ciddmssms @ssihl`tmd wltb Hbljdflrtb Ouhb tbm s`om `s iur om`cmr egiwjmdcm `fiut giro`j j`fir, tbmrm ls sp`rsm lgairo`tlig highmrglgc biw tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs dm`jt wltb tbm prihmss ia flrtblgc `g lga`gt tbriucb ` dlaalhujt j`fir. Tbmrm Tbmrm `rm igjy ` amw rmamrmghms o`dm lg tbm omdlhi-o`clh`j p`pyrl highmrglgc prmcg`ghy `gd hbljdflrtb, gigm ia wblhb dm`j wltb tbm rmj`tmd pisslfjm hiopjlh`tligs. Tbm V`o`ssmuo LQ p`pyrus b`s smvmr`j smhtligs pmrt`lglgc ti hbljdflrtb; ‚Ti smp`r`tm Ublo_ ario bls oitbmr… wbi ls clvlgc flrtb‟ (Gugg 0<<1; 0<4)
fut tbmsm igjy highmrg o`clh `gd `ppm`r ti dmshrlfm ` giro`j dmjlvmry. dmjlvmry. Tbm Mfmrs p`pyrus prmsmgts rmomdlms air stlouj`tlgc j`fir (Gugg 0<<1; 0<4). Tbm igjy trm`tomgt ia ` pisslfjm flrtb hiopjlh`tlig hioms lg `g ifshurm gitm lg tbm E`bug ^`pyrus wblhb omgtligs tbm; gdry ) ia tbm v`clg`.‟ (Xujjlv`g 0<<3; 183) ‚Frlgclgc ticmtbmr ( gdry
Tbls p`ss`cm b`s fmmg lgtmrprmtmd `s pisslfjy rmamrrlgc ti tbm pistp`rtuo stlthblgc ia ` pmrlgm`j tm`r (Xujjlv`g 0<<3). @jtbiuc @jtb iucbb tbmrm `rm amw am w tmxtu`j tmxtu `j rmamrmgh rmam rmghms ms ti tbm prihms pri hmsss ia flrtblg flr tblgc, c, lt ls mvldmg mv ldmgtt tb`t tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs dld `hegiwjmdcm tbm d`gcmrs ia hbljdflrtb. Lg `ddltlig ti spmjjs `gd rmomdlms tbmrm `rm smvmr`j Mcyptl`g cids `gd ciddmssms tb`t wmrm lgviemd air tbm pritmhtlig ia tbm oitbmr `gd hbljd durlgc prmcg`ghy `gd j`fir (T`fjm (T`fjm 0). Tbm cid Fms ls ` p`rtlhuj`rjy priolgmgt cid `ssihl`tmd wltb fitb prmcg`ghy `gd dmjlvmry, `gd w`s tbiucbt ti w`rd iaa mvlj splrlts ir dmoigs. T`w`rmt w`s `jsi ` pipuj`r ciddmss `ssihl`tmd wltb prmcg`ghy `gd hbljdrmg, `gd w`s `jsi lgviemd ti w`rd iaa mvlj splrlts. Iatmg st`tu`ry ir dmplhtligs ia tbmsm twi dmltlms wmrm aiugd lg bioms, `gd lg p`rtlhuj`r lg tbm flrtb `rfir (Xujjlv`g 0<<3). Lg `ddltlig, Fms `gd T`w`rmt `rm iatmg aiugd dmplhtmd ig ‚flrtblgc w`gds‟, `pitrip`lh ifkmhts o`dm ario h`rvmd lviry, oist ario blppipit`ous tuses, `gd dmhir`tmd wltb `ddltlig`j almrhm hrm`turms `gd dmltlms dmlt lms (Cr`vms-Friwg 6>0>; 16). B`tbir, iatmg `ssihl`tmd wltb Fms, `ppm`rs lg p`pyrus pr`ymrs ti lgviem ` spmmdy `gd p`lg-armm flrtb. Viy`j `gd dmlty flrtbs `rm `jsi iatmg dmplhtmd wltb tbm ciddmssms Lsls, Gmpbtbys, Bmemt, `gd Omsebmgmt lg `ttmgd`ghm. Mvldmghm ario Dmlr mj-Omdlg` lgdlh`tms tb`t flrtblgc `oujmts, oist prif`fjy dmplhtlgc tbmsm dmltlms, o`y `jsi b`vm fmmg purhb`smd ti `ld lg dmjlvmry, wltb tbls pr`htlhm `jsi gitmd lg tbm Crmhi-Vio`g pmrlid (Cr`vmsFriwg 6>0>; 18).
=1
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Cid ir Ciddmss
@ppm`r`ghm
@ssihl`tmd dutlms
Fms
Cid wltb dw`r a pripirtligs, `gd jmiglgm am`turms.
^ritmhtir durlgc hbljdflrtb, w`rdlgc i mvlj splrlts/dmoigs. Iatmg `ssihl`tmd wltb T`wmrmt `gd/ ir B`tbir.
B`tbir
Ciddmss lg mltbmr buo`g ir hiw airo.
C`vm ivmr`jj pritmhtlig ti tbm lga`gt.
Bmemt
Ciddmss wltb ` aric `ppm`r`ghm.
^ritmhtir ia wiomg durlgc hbljdflrtb, wbism rijm w`s ti spmmd-up tbm j`st st`cm ia j`fir.
Lsls
Amo`jm ffcurm wltb tbrigm ig bmr bm`d, `gd iatmg dmplhtmd wltb bmr yiugc hbljd Birus ig bmr j`p.
@oigc o`gy itbmr `ssihl`tligs, sbm ls egiwg `s tbm Ciddmss ia hbljdrmg.
Ebguo
V`o-bm`dmd cid
Vmspigslfjm air emmplgc tbm amtus lg ` giro`j pisltlig durlgc dmjlvmry.
Omsebmgmt
Amo`jm bm`dmd ciddmss wltb hiw“s utmrus ig bmr bm`d
Ciddmss ia j`fir wbi prmsldmd `t hbljdflrtb ti mgsurm ` s`am dmjlvmry.
Gmpbtbys
Amo`jm wltb blmricjypb ia bmr g`om ig bmr bm`d, ir `s ` flrd ia prmy.
Dmvlgm `sslst`ghm `gd pritmhtlvm cu`rdl`gsblp.
T`wmrmt
Blppipit`ous bm`dmd ciddmss, wltb jlofs ia ` jlig, t`lj ia ` hrihidljm, pmgdujius buo`g frm`sts, `gd ` aujj fmjjy.
^ritmhtir ia wiomg durlgc prmcg`ghy `gd hbljdflrtb fy dmtmrrlgc mvlj airhms.
T`fjm 0. Cids `gd ciddmssms (lg `jpb`fmtlh`j irdmr) `ssihl`tmd wltb hbljdflrtb lg `ghlmgt Mcypt (`atmr; Xujjlv`g 0<<35 K`ugl`ux 6>>05 Hb`ofmrj`lg 6>>4).
Ifstmtrlh Lgstruomgts Tbmrm ls olglo`j mvldmghm succmstlgc tbm dmvmjipomgt ir usm ia ifstmtrlh lgstruomgts lg `ghlmgt Mcypt ti `sslst lg tbm dmjlvmry ia lga`gts durlgc dlaalhujt j`fir. Ti d`tm gi dmalgltlvm ifstmtrlh lgstruomgts b`vm fmmg ldmgtlalmd ario `rhb`mijiclh`j sltms ir dmshrlfmd lg tbm omdlh`j p`pyrl (Dñdmrjmlg 0<38). Biwmvmr Biwmvmr,, tbmrm b`s fmmg siom succmstlig tb`t ` shlssir-jlem lgstruomgt ig tbm jiwmr p`gmj ia ` rmjlma `t Eio Iofi (6gd h. @D) `gd ` spmhl`j eglam h`jjmd ` ‚pmsmsbema ‚pmsmsbema ‟ (`jsi `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm ciddmss Omsebmgmt) wmrm usmd ti smvmr tbm uofljlh`j hird (Xujjlv`g 0<<3). Hbljdflrtb lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls
Emjjls 6, ` Vio`gi-Hbrlstl`g hmomtmry, hmomtmry, ls jih`tmd m`st ia tbm `ghlmgt ` ghlmgt hioouglty ia Emjjls lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls (Alc. 0). @jtbiucb guomrius r`dlih`rfig d`tms ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry lgdlh`tm usm fmtwmmg @D 0>>-4=> (Xtmw`rt mt `j. 6>>8), `rhb`mijiclh`j mvldmghm succmsts higslstmgt usm ario @D =>-81> (Bipm 6>>8). @t prmsmgt 33> lgdlvldu`js b`vm fmmg mxh`v`tmd, `gd ia tbism 36= b`vm fmmg `g`jyzmd (Alc. 6). Lgdlvldu`js lg tbls hmomtmry `rm lgtmrrmd lg slgcjm furl`js, siom wltb supmrstruhturms `gd sufstruhturms, `gd itbmrs wltb furl`j lghjusligs suhb `s fit`glh`js, hmr`olhs `gd kmwmjry ( Sbmmjmr 6>><; 60-68). Oist lgdlvldu`js `rm wr`ppmd lg ` furl`j sbriud, `gd `jj `rm pj`hmd lg `g mxtmgdmd pisltlig wltb tbm
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Alc. 6. O`p ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. Hlrhjms lgdlh`tm tbm jih`tlig ia tbm furl`js wltb flrtb tr`uo` (o`p; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).
bm`d a`hlgc wmst, lgdlh`tlgc ` Hbrlstl`g styjm furl`j (Flrrmjj 0<<85 Fiwmg 6>>8). Lt `ppm`rs tb`t tbm hmomtmry pipuj`tlig w`s hioprlsmd ia `jj lgdlvldu`js (Tihbmrl (Tihbmrl mt `j. 6>>=), lghjudlgc furl`js ia amtusms `s yiugc `s 01 wmmes cmst`tlig `gd lga`gts wltb jmtb`j `gd dlsalcurlgc higcmglt`j higdltligs, suhb `s gmur`j tufm dmamhts jlem `gmghmpb`jy, `gmghmpb`jy, `gd lglmghmpb`jy wltb pisslfjm mghmpb`jihmjms (Hipm 6>>25 O`tbmws 6>>2), `gd istmicmgmsls lopmramht` (Hipm `gd Dupr`s 6>06). Lt ls hiooigjy rmhicglzmd tb`t lga`ghy `gd hbljdbiid lg tbm p`st wmrm d`gcmrius tloms lg jlam, `gd tb`t igjy ` so`jj pmrhmgt`cm ia lgdlvldu`js o`dm lt ti `dujtbiid. @g`jysms ia tbm Emjjls 6 pipuj`tlig b`vm suppirtmd tbls, rmvm`jlgc tb`t tbm blcbmst pmrhmgt`cms ia lgdlvldu`js lgtmrrmd lg Emjjls 6 `rm hbljdrmg (11%). Ia tbism hj`sslalmd `s hbljdrmg, 8<% `rm amtusms (`cmd 01 ti 40 wmmes cmst`tlig), 6=% `rm lga`gts (`cmd 46 wmmes cmst`tlig ti 0 ym`r pistg`t`j), <% `rm yiugc hbljdrmg (`cmd fmtwmmg 0 `gd 4 ym`rs), `gd 01% `rm ijdmr hbljdrmg (`cmd fmtwmmg = `gd 0> ym`rs) (Sbmmjmr 6>><; 60). @jsi lopirt`gt ti gitm ls tb`t ivmr b`ja (=8%) ia tbm `dujt amo`jms wltblg tbm Emjjls 6 pipuj`tlig (G?041) `rm ia hbljdfm`rlgc `cm, mqu`tlgc ti 6>% ia tbm ivmr`jj pipuj`tlig.
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Clvmg tbm blcb guofmr ia amo`jms ia hbljdfm`rlgc `cm lg tbm hmomtmry, lt ls jlemjy tb`t o`gy wiujd b`vm dlmd dum ti hiopjlh`tligs durlgc prmcg`ghy `gd hbljdflrtb. Twi gitmd mxhmptligs ti tbm p`ttmrg ia lgdlvldu`j lgtmromgt wltblg Emjjls 6 `rm lgst`ghms wbmrm ` yiugc `dujt amo`jm w`s furlmd wltb ` gmig`t`j lga`gt. Lg tbm alrst mx`opjm, Furl`j 802 (Alc. 8@), tbm lga`gt (802f) ls furlmd fmsldm tbm jiwmr jmcs ia tbm `dujt amo`jm (802`). Lg tbm smhigd mx`opjm, Furl`j =08 (Alc. 8F), tbm rmo`lgs ia ` gmwfirg lga`gt (=08f) `rm jih`tmd fmtwmmg tbm amoir` ia tbm `dujt amo`jm (=08`). Lg tbls lgst`ghm, tbm vmry wldm pisltlig ia tbm amo`jm“s amo`jm“s pmjvlh figms, tbm `typlh`j pisltlig ia tbm lga`gt ig lts sldm wltb tbm ammt tiw`rd tbm pmjvls `gd bm`d tiw`rds tbm `dujt“s egmms, `gd tbm j`he ia mvldmghm ia `g lga`gt furl`j sbriud, `jj succmst tb`t tbls amo`jm dlmd `riugd tbm tlom ia ir durlgc hbljdflrtb. F`smd ig tbm pisltlig ia fitb lgdlvldu`js, tbm lga`gt w`s oist jlemjy mxpmjjmd durlgc tbm dmhiopisltlig prihmss, lgdlh`tlgc ` hiaalg flrtb. Tbmrm Tbmrm ls `jsi mvldmghm tb`t wiomg mxpmrlmghmd oujtlpjm flrtbs, `s lgdlh`tmd fy Furl`j 12= (` & f), wblhb pisslfjy rmprmsmgts ar`tmrg`j twlgs (Alc. 8H). Tbls ls ` higdltlig, mvmg lg oidmrg tloms, tb`t pj`hms fitb tbm oitbmr `gd tbm lga`gts `t blcbmr rlse ia oirt`jlty.
Xm`sig`jlty ia Highmptlig `gd Hbljdflrtb `t Emjjls Tbm higalcur`tlig ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry ls siomwb`t uglqum, wltb ` dmalgmd `hhrmtlig`ry p`ttmrg ia cr`vm irlmgt`tlig. Ia tbm furl`js lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry, hmomtmry, <2% wmrm irlmgtmd `t `g `gcjm fmtwmmg 18 `gd 003 dmcrmms m`st ia girtb, hirrmspigdlgc ti tbm irlmgt`tlig ia tbm rlslgc sug `jigc tbm birlzig tbriucbiut tbm ym`r (Sljjl`os 6>>2; 083-082). Fy hioflglgc rmsujts ia cr`vm irlmgt`tlig (Lfldmo ; 081-046) `gd st`fjm lsitipm `g`jysms ia sbirt-tmro tlssums suhb `s b`lr `gd g`ljs (Sljjl`os mt `j. 6>00), lt w`s dmtmrolgmd tb`t tbm o`kirlty ia amtusms, gmwfirgs, `gd wiomg ia hbljd-fm`rlgc `cm wmrm dylgc `t ` spmhlalh tlom ia tbm ym`r, lg p`rtlhuj`r O`rhb `gd @prlj (Sljjl`os mt `j. 6>06). @ghlmgt `gd oidmrg pipuj`tligs typlh`jjy mxpmrlmghm `ggu`j pb`sm o`xlo` `gd sm`sig`j o`xlo` lg flrtbs higvmrcmgt ti tbm `ggu`j pb`sm o`xlo` lg oirt`jlty air lga`gts `gd rmpriduhtlvm-`cm rmpriduhtlvm-`cm wiomg, rmajmhtlgc tbm jlge fmtwmmg tbm dlaalhujtlms ia hbljdflrtb `gd survlv`fljlty ia gmwfirgs (Sljjl`os 6>>2; 0=4). Ti aurtbmr mv`ju`tm tbm slcglalh`ghm ia tbls tlolgc lg flrtb, tbm `cm `t dm`tb air amtusms `gd gmwfirgs w`s usmd `s ` st`rtlgc pilgt air dmtmrolglgc tbm oigtb ia highmptlig, fy hiugtlgc f`he cmst`tlig`j wmmes. Tbm Tbm rmsujts ario tbls `g`jysls lgdlh`tm tb`t highmptligs wmrm `t tbm blcbmst durlgc tbm oigtbs ia Kujy `gd @ucust (Sljjl`os mt `j. 6>06). Tbmsm oigtbs ia sm`sig`j o`xlo` lg highmptlig hirrmj`tm wltb tbm tlolgc ia Vio`g-Mcyptl`g amrtljlty amstlv`js lg D`ebjmb (E`pmr 6>>0). Lg `ddltlig, oigtbs ia sm`sig`j olglo` lg highmptlig, Dmhmofmr `gd K`gu`ry, hirrmj`tm wltb tbm tlolgc ia m`rjy Hbrlstl`g fmb`vlir`j `gd smxu`j priblfltligs tbriucbiut tbm @dvmgt `gd Jmgtmg sm`sigs (Friwg 0<<>; 832). Tbls tlolgc ia tbm flrtb prihmss succmsts ` sihl`j `gd splrltu`j aiugd`tlig air igm ia tbm oist augd`omgt`j `gd mgdurlgc pb`sms lg jlam“s rbytbos `gd o`y `jsi higtrlfutm ti pmrhmgt`cms rmajmhtmd lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry pipuj`tlig, `s sm`sig`j tlolgc ia hbljdflrtb h`g higtrlfutm ti ` crm`tmr rlse ia oirt`jlty air oitbmr `gd lga`gt.
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Alc. 8. @) Furl`j 802 sbiwlgc `g lga`gt (802f) pj`hmd fmsldm tbm jiwmr jmcs ia `g `dujt amo`jm (802`)5 F) Furl`j =08 sbiwlgc `g lga`gt (=08f hjism-up, lgsmt) fmtwmmg tbm amoir` ia `g `dujt amo`jm amo`j m (=08`)5 (=0 8`)5 H) Furl` F url`jj 12=, 12= , twi lga`gts lga`g ts ticmtb ti cmtbmr mr (jmat), (j mat), `gd tbm rmspm r mspmhtlvm htlvm semjmtigs semj mtigs (rlcbt) (rlcb t) sbiwlgc ` prif`fjm smt ia ar`tmrg`j twlgs (pbitis; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).
O`tm O` tmrl rl`j `j Mvldm Mvl dmghm ghm Vmj`t Vmj `tmd md ti Hblj Hb ljdf dflr lrtb tb `t Emjjl Emj jls s Sbljm Sblj m tbm Emjjls Emjj ls 6 hmomtmr hmom tmryy dims d ims higt`l hig t`lgg furl`j furl `j lghjus lgh jusligs ligs,, igjy twi lgst`gh lgs t`ghms ms ia o`tmrl`j rmo`lgs rmj`tm dlrmhtjy ti hbljdflrtb. @ rlgc wltb ` a`lmghm alcurm ia Fms (Alc. 4@) w`s rmhivmrmd ario tbm `ssihl`tmd higtmxt ia tbm ajiir ia Tiof 4 ia tbm
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Alc. 4. @) Frigzm rlgc wltb ` a`lmghm curm ia tbm cid Fms5 F) Furl`j 28 sbiwlgc ` strlgc/hird usmd ti tlm tbm uofljlh`j hird (pbitis; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).
Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. hmomtmry. Lgtmrmstlgcjy, Lgtmrmstlgcjy, smvmr`j ia tbm lgdlvldu`js mxblfltlgc flrtb tr`uo` `rm jih`tmd lg hjism prixlolty ti tbls tiof struhturm (Alc. 6). @jsi, mvldmghm ia ripm/hird usmd ti tlm iaa tbm uofljlh`j hird b`s fmmg gitmd ig Furl`j 28, ` 88 wmme-ijd amtus, ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Alc. 4F).
Xemjmt`j Mvldmghm ia Hbljdflrtb Vmj`tmd Tr`uo` Tr`uo` `t Emjjls O`gy ia tbm oitbmrs `gd lga`gts ario Emjjls wbi dlmd durlgc hbljdflrtb o`y git mxblflt `gy mvldmghm ia semjmt`j tr`uo`, p`rtlhuj`rjy la igjy siat tlssum struhturms `rm `aamhtmd, suhb `s wbmg `g lga`gt dlms ia suaaih`tlig, ir ` oitbmr dlms ario bmoirrb`clgc. Tbmrm Tbmrm ls, biwmvmr, biwmvmr, semjmt`j mvldmghm ario Emjjls 6 lgdlvldu`js wbi dld suaamr ario hbljdflrtb-rmj`tmd tr`uo`, `gd tbism wbi survlvmd lg spltm ia lt. Dystihl`, jltmr`jjy om`glgc ‚dlaalhujt flrtb‟, lghjudms utmrlgm lgmrtl` (prijigcmd j`fir) `gd ifstruhtligs tb`t h`g ihhur durlgc tbm flrtblgc prihmss. Hjlglh`j d`t` lgdlh`tms tb`t wiomg mxpmrlmghlgc tbmlr alrst prmcg`ghy `rm `t blcbmr rlse
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10
air dystihl` tb`g wiomg wbi b`vm b`d prmvlius flrtbs (Xmjlg mt `j. 6>>2). Tbls hirrmj`tlig o`y bmjp mxpj`lg tbm blcb guofmr ia amtusms ` gd gmwfirgs dihuomgtmd lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. @ giro`j gir o`j dmjlvmr dmjl vmryy lgvijvms lgvi jvms wb`t ls egiwg `s tbm ‚H`rdlg ‚H` rdlg`j `j Oivmomgts Oivmomg ts ia J`fir‟ (@jjmg mt `j. 6>>3). Tbls rmamrs ti tbm hb`gcms tb`t ihhur lg tbm pisltlig ia tbm amt`j bm`d tbriucbiut tbm j`fir prihmss. Tbmsm hb`gcms usu`jjy ihhur lg tbm aijjiwlgc smqumghm; mgc`cmomgt, dmshmgt, ajmxlig, lgtmrg`j rit`tlig, mxtmgslig `s tbm amt`j bm`d pricrmssms tbriucb tbm flrtb h`g`j, mxtmrg`j rit`tlig, `gd tbmg sbiujdmr rit`tlig `atmr tbm bm`d b`s dmjlvmrmd. @gy hb`gcms ti tbm H`rdlg`j Oivmomgts h`g rmsujt lg dystihl`. Tbls h`g jm`d ti prijigcmd j`fir, wblhb puts tbm amtus `t rlse air bypixl` (j`he ia ixycmg) `gd dm`tb. Xbiujdmr dystihl` `gd itbmr airos ia ifstruhtmd j`fir b`vm slolj`r higsmqumghms ( Lfldmo ). Frmmhb flrtb `jsi prmdlspisms flrtblgc ti dystihl`, p`rtlhuj`rjy ia tbm `atmr-hiolgc bm`d. Tbmsm Tbmsm higdltligs h`g b`vm `g lop`ht ig tbm amt`j semjmtig, p`rtlhuj`rjy wbmg `sslst`ghm ls usmd ti `ld lg ` dlaalhujt dmjlvmry. dmjlvmry. Ig ihh`slig lt o`y fm gmhmss`ry ti usm airhm ti armm tbm lga`gt ario tbm pmjvlh iutjmt, ihh`slig`jjy h`uslgc tr`uo` ti tbm gmwfirg. Tbm oist hiooig `rm`s ia semjmt`j tr`uo` durlgc hbljdflrtb `rm tbm hj`vlhjm, buomrus, hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m, `gd rlfs, `jtbiucb itbmr semjmt`j mjmomgts o`y `jsi fm b`romd (Oihzycmof` mt `j. 6>0>). Ar`hturmd Hj`vlhjm
Ar`hturms ti tbm hj`vlhjm, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm j`tmr`j pirtlig, `rm tbm oist hiooigjy dihuomgtmd flrtb lgkurlms `gd `hhiugt air `s ouhb `s <>% ia oidmrg flrtb tr`uo` ar`hturms (m.c. E`pj`g mt `j. 0<<25 OhFrldm mt `j. 0<<25 Oigkie 6>>2). Tbls lgkury ls iatmg tbm rmsujt ia sbiujdmr dystihl`, `gd ls tbiucbt ti fm h`usmd fy mxhmsslvm j`tmr`j-ti-omdl`j prmssurm ig tbm sbiujdmrs durlgc p`ss`cm tbriucb tbm g`rriw flrtb h`g`j. J`rcm amt`j slzm `gd wmlcbt, so`jj ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs, `gd dmjlvmry o`gmuvmrs o`y higtrlfutm ti tbm lghldmghm ia tbls ar`hturm (OhFrldm mt `j. 0<<25 Jurlm mt `j. 6>00). Tbls typm ia ar`hturm, giro`jjy uglj`tmr`j, ls usu`jjy jih`tmd ig tbm oldsb`at ir ig tbm j`tmr`j pirtlig ia tbm hj`vlhjm (E`gle mt `j. 6>00). Twi lgdlvldu`js ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry, hmomtmry, Furl`js 133 `gd `g d 123f, fitb 0.= ym`rs ia `cm `t dm`tb, dlspj`y typlh`j flrtb rmj`tmd ar`hturms ig tbmlr jmat j`tmr`j hj`vlhjms, m`hb lg tbm prihmss ia bm`jlgc (Alcs. =@, F). Tbm `cm ia tbm lgdlvldu`js `gd tbm prmsmghm ia bm`jlgc ar`hturms lgdlh`tm tb`t m`hb lgdlvldu`j survlvmd tbm flrtb prihmss `gd tbm `ssihl`tmd ar`hturms, fut j`tmr dlmd dum ti itbmr ugegiwg h`usms. Buomr`j Ar`hturm
Ar`hturms ia tbm prixlo`j buomrus `rm tbm oist hiooig ifstmtrlh jigc figm ar`hturm (Xbmrr-Jurlm mt `j. 6>00). Flrtb rmj`tmd buomr`j ar`hturms o`y ihhur lg tbm dl`pbysls, `gd tbm dlst`j `gd prixlo`j mgds. Sbljm O`dsmg (0<==) aiugd tr`gsvmrsm dl`pbysm`j ar`hturms ti fm oirm hiooig, Xbmrr-Jurlm `gd hijjm`cums (6>00) aiugd mqu`j dlstrlfutlig `oigc figm jih`tligs. Twi Twi lgdlvldu`js ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry sbiwmd buomr`j ar`hturms oist jlemjy rmj`tmd ti flrtb tr`uo`. Furl`j 8<<, ` 0>-ym`r ijd, dlspj`ys ` wmjj-bm`jmd ar`hturm ia tbm rlcbt prixlo`j buomrus
16
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Alc. =. Mx`opjms ia semjmt`j flrtb tr`uo` ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry. @) Furl`j 123f dlspj`ylgc ` bm`jmd ar`hturm wltb figm rmoidmjlgc ig tbm j`tmr`j mgd ia tbm jmat hj`vlhjm5 F) Furl`j 133 dlspj`ylgc ` bm`jmd ar`hturm ig tbm j`tmr`j mgd ia tbm jmat hj`vlhjm5 H) Furl`j 8<< dlspj`ylgc ` wmjj bm`dmd ar`hturm ia tbm prixlo`j rlcbt buomrus5 D) Furl`j 123h dlspj`ylgc ` bm`jlgc ar`hturm ar`h turm ia tbm tb m prixlo`j pri xlo`j rlcbt rlcb t buomru bu omruss wltb wlt b gmw gm w figm fig m airo`tl air o`tlig5 ig5 M) M ) Furl`j Fu rl`j 064 dlspj`ylg dlsp j`ylgcc ` h`sm ia flj`tmr`j buomrus v`rus5 A) Furl`j 131 dlspj`ylgc ` h`sm ia uglj`tmr`j buomrus v`rus ia tbm jmat buomrus5 C) Furl`j =88 dlspj`ylgc ` bm`jmd ar`hturm ia tbm jmat vmrtmfr`j `rhb ia tbm 0st hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`5 `gd B) Furl`j 100 dlspj`ylgc crmmg-stlhe ar`hturms ia tbm `gtmrlir rlfs (pbitis; DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o).
(Alc. =H). Furl`j 123h, ` 0-oigtb ijd, mxblflts ` bm`jlgc ar`hturm ia tbm prixlo`j rlcbt buomrus wltb gmw pmrlistm`j figm airo`tlig `gd hirrmspigdlgc gmw figm airo`tlig ig tbm rlcbt sh`puj` (Alc. =D). Ar`hturms ia tbls typm `rm tbiucbt ti fm h`usmd fy rit`tlig ir bypmrmxtmgslig ia tbm `ro durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss, `gd ihhur oirm armqumgtjy wltb j`rcmr amtusms, ir durlgc frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig wbmg slcglalh`gt airhm ls usmd ti armm tbm lga`gt ario tbm pmjvlh iutjmt (H`vlcjl` mt `j. 6>>=). Clvmg tbm st`cm ia bm`jlgc `gd tbm `cm ia tbm lgdlvldu`js, tbmsm lgkurlms (p`rtlhuj`rjy tbism ig 123h) oist jlemjy ihhurrmd durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss. @gitbmr @gi tbmr airo air o ia hiopjmx hiop jmx flrtb-rm flr tb-rmj`t j`tmd md buomr`j buom r`j ar`htur ar` hturmm ls buomrus buom rus v`rus v`r us dmairolty, dmairolty, o`remd fy ` dmhrm`sm lg tbm `gcjm ia tbm bm`d `gd slcglalh`gt sbirtmglgc ia tbm buomr`j dl`pbysls (Oijti 6>>>). @jtbiucb tbmrm h`g fm itbmr gig-tr`uo`tlh h`usms ia buomr`j v`rus dmairolty, suhb `s ouhipijys`hhb`rldisls, tb`j`ssmol`, rlhemts, `gd istmio`j`hl` (E`hel mt `j. 6>08), dlaamrmgtl`j dl`cgisls ia tbm aiur `dujt h`sms ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Furl`js 23, 064, 4>8, `gd 131, Alc. =M `gd =A), succmsts ` h`usm jlgemd ti flrtb tr`uo` (smm Oijti 6>>> air lg-dmptb dlshusslig ia dlaamrmgtl`j dl`cgisls). Flrtb tr`uo` ti tbm sbiujdmr rmj`tmd ti j`rcm lga`gt slzm `gd frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig b`s fmmg succmstmd `s ` pisslfjm h`usm ia buomr`j v`rus
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dmairolty (prixlo`j buomr`j mplpbyslijysls) (Mjjmasmg mt `j. 0<<4), `gd ls ` jlemjy h`usm ia tbm h`sms ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry, succmstlgc jigc-tmro survlv`j ia flrtb-rmj`tmd tr`uo`. Hmrvlh`j Ar`hturm
Ar`hturm ti tbm hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m b`s fmmg gitmd lg h`sms ia dlaalhujt dmjlvmrlms wbmrm tbmrm ls bypmrmxtmgslig ia tbm amt`j bm`d, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg h`sms ia frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig (Xt`gjmy mt `j. 0<2=5 H`lrd mt `j. 6>>=). Furl`j =88, ` 8-oigtb ijd, mxblflts ` bm`jmd ar`hturm ia tbm jmat gmur`j `rhb ia tbm alrst hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr` (Alc. =C). Clvmg tbm st`cm ia bm`jlgc `gd tbm `cm ia tbls lgdlvldu`j, tbls ar`hturm ls oist jlemjy rmj`tmd ti flrtb tr`uo`, `gd o`y lgdlh`tm ` frmmhb dmjlvmry. Vlf Ar`hturm
Vlf ar`hturms sust`lgmd durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss `rm r`rm. Biwmvmr Biwmvmr,, durlgc ` dlaalhujt dmjlvmry, dmjlvmry, tbm amtus o`y suaamr rlf ar`hturms dum ti ` hioflg`tlig ia j`rcm flrtb wmlcbt, hlrhuoamrmgtl`j airhms h`usmd fy hioflgmd a`htirs suhb `s j`fir higtr`htligs, tbm p`ss`cm tbriucb ` g`rriw flrtb h`g`j, `ddltlig`j rit`tlig`j airhms, `gd jmvmr`cm ivmr tbm puflh syopbysls (Q`g Vlkg mt `j. 6>><). Vlf ar`hturms `rm `jsi rmpirtmd ti ihhur lg up ti 6% ia prmtmro lga`gts dum ti tbm m`rjy st`cm ia dmvmjipomgt `gd lg`dmqu`tm olgmr`jlz`tlig ia figm (Juh`s-Bmr`jd mt `j. 6>06). Furl`j 100, `cmd 6=-wmmes cmst`tlig, mxblflts crmmgstlhe ar`hturms `t tbm `gtmriomdl`j mgd ia twi rlfs (Alc. =B). @jtbiucb pmdl`trlh rlf ar`hturms h`g fm lgdlh`tlvm ia gig-`hhldmgt`j tr`uo` (F`rry `gd Bihelgc 0<<8), clvmg tbm vmry yiugc `cm ia Furl`j 100 `gd tbm jih`tlig `gd typm ia rlf ar`hturm, lt ls oist jlemjy tb`t tbmsm ar`hturms ihhurrmd durlgc tbm flrtblgc prihmss pisslfjy dum ti lg`dmqu`tm semjmt`j olgmr`jlz`tlig ir j`fir higtr`htligs. Highjusligs
Tbm o`kirlty ia tbm flrtb lgkurlms rmhirdmd lg lgdlvldu`js ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry `rm oist jlemjy dum ti prijigcmd j`fir, j`fir, `gd hioprmsslig `gd tr`htlig airhms durlgc tbm flrtb prihmss. M`rjlmr wire fy Tihbmrl `gd hijjm`cums (6>>=) succmst tb`t amt`j slzm sbiujd git b`vm fmmg `g lssum durlgc dmjlvmry, dmjlvmry, `s tbm lga`gts ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry wmrm git hiop`r`tlvmjy j`rcm. Tbmrmairm, Tbmrmairm, ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs `gd frmmhb prmsmgt`tlig sbiujd fm hjismjy mx`olgmd `s tbm pisslfjm h`usm ia smrlius prifjmos durlgc dmjlvmry. dmjlvmry. @jj ia tbm flrtb lgkurlms dihuomgtmd ario tbls semjmt`j hijjmhtlig succmst tb`t ` oldwlam ir tr`lgmd flrtb `sslst`gt wiujd b`vm fmmg prmsmgt, `gd lg siom h`sms wiujd b`vm rmsirtmd ti d`o`clgc o`gmuvmrs ti dmjlvmr tbm lga`gt. Tbmsm lghjudm `ppjylgc prmssurm ti tbm sbiujdmrs `gd pitmgtl`jjy ar`hturlgc tbm hj`vlhjm ir d`o`clgc tbm prixlo`j buomr`j mplpbysls, twlstlgc tbm `ro `gd h`uslgc buomr`j ar`hturm, ir pujjlgc ig tbm seujj ir `sslstlgc ` frmmhb dmjlvmry `gd h`uslgc hmrvlh`j ar`hturm. @s gitmd m`rjlmr, smvmr`j ia tbm lgdlvldu`js wltb flrtb tr`uo` `rm jih`tmd lg tbm s`om p`rt ia tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry (Alc. 6), pmrb`ps succmstlgc ` p`rtlhuj`rjy riucb oldwlam, ir pisslfjy tb`t amo`jms jlgemd ti tbls p`rt ia tbm
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hmomtmry b`d prifjmo`tlh ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs. Tbm pmrljs ia flrtb rmj`tmd ti prifjmo`tlh ifstmtrlh dlomgsligs `s ` prlo`ry higtrlfutir ti tbm blcb guofmr ia gmwfirgs `gd hbljd-fm`rlgc `cmd wiomg lghjudmd lg tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry wljj fm ` sufkmht ia auturm rmsm`rhb. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Tbm `utbirs wiujd jlem ti tb`ge tbm Mcyptl`g Olglstry ia Xt`tm air @gtlqultlms air tbmlr higtlgumd suppirt ia iur olsslig. Sm Sm wiujd `jsi jlem j lem ti mxtmgd tb`ges ti `jj tbm omofmrs ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht (DI^), `gd tbm DI^ Fli`rhb`mijicy Tm`o. Xpmhl`j tb`ges ti X`jlo` Ler`o, Kmsslh` E`lsmr, `gd Vixy S`jemr air irc`glzlgc tbm 6gd Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Mcypt higamrmghm, ario wblhb tbls p`pmr w`s firg. Tbls rmsm`rhb w`s augdmd lg p`rt fy tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy `t tbm ]glvmrslty ia Hmgtr`j Ajirld`, tbm Lgstltutm air tbm Xtudy ia tbm @ghlmgt Sirjd `t Gmw \ire ]glvmrslty, tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy `t Smstmrg ]glvmrslty, XXBVHH, `gd tbm HVH ia H`g`d`.
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Xtudylgc Mcyptl`g Ouoolms lg tbm Almjd X`jlo` Ler`o
Ouoolms, tbm `rtlalhl`jjy prmsmrvmd fidlms ia buo`gs ir itbmr `glo`js, `rm hiooigjy aiugd ig mxh`v`tligs `gd b`vm fmmg studlmd lg ` v`rlmty ia w`ys air hmgturlms (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<25 D`vld 6>>>5 @uadmrbmldm 6>>85 Ler`o 6>06). Xmvmr`j pufjlh`tligs ‘ tii guomrius ti jlst bmrm ‘ b`vm rmsujtmd ario tbmsm v`rlmd mx`olg`tligs. Tbm w`y lg wblhb ouoolms b`vm fmmg studlmd b`s hb`gcmd ivmr tlom, oivlgc ario ugwr`pplgc `gd ‚`utipslms‟ (@uadmrbmldm 6>>85 Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2) ti tbm usm ia sipblstlh`tmd tmhbglqums tb`t dmhrm`sm tbm d`o`cm ti tbm `rtma`ht, `gd privldm slcglalh`gt lgairo`tlig wltb rmc`rd ti tbm fidy `gd tbm lgdlvldu`j, `s wmjj `s tbm omtbid ia ouoolalh`tlig. @s ` rmsujt, tbmrm ls ` pjmtbir` ia lgdlvldu`j `rtlhjms sprm`d tbriucbiut dlvmrsm kiurg`js (rmj`tlgc git igjy ti `rhb`mijicy `gd p`j`mip`tbijicy, fut omdlhlgm, hbmolstry, r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc, `gd tmxtljms) wltb lgairo`tlig `fiut mxtr`htlgc lgairo`tlig ario prmsmrvmd fidlms, `s wmjj `s oirm bijlstlh studlms ia tbmsm `rtma`hts (D`vld 0<3<5 Hihefurg `gd Hihefurg 0<2>5 T`yjir 0<<=5 @uadmrbmldm 6>>85 Tmmtmr `gd Kibgsig Kibgs ig 6>>< 6 >><55 Hirhir` Hir hir`gg `gd `g d Xvifid` Xvifi d` 6>0>5 6 >0>5 T`yj T`yjir ir `gd ` gd @gtil @ gtilgm gm 6>04) 6> 04).. Dlaamrmg Dlaa mrmgtt p`pmrs b`vm fmmg wrlttmg wltb rmc`rd ti biw fmst ti lo`cm `gd study ouoolms lg tbm ldm`j higdltlig ia ` ousmuo (@d`os `gd @jsip 6>>25 Jyggmrup 6>><), fut amw `ddrmss tbm pr`htlh`jltlms, fitb pbyslh`j `gd jmc`j, ia wb`t h`g fm digm wbmg lg tbm almjd lg Mcypt, mspmhl`jjy wltb jloltmd augds. Xiom f`slh omtbids b`vm fmmg prmsmgtmd (@uadmrbmldm 6>>8; 880-885 Ler`o 6>><5 `jtbiucb tbls airomr pufjlh`tlig suppirts ‚`utipsy‟ ‚`utipsy‟ omtbids), fut pmrb`ps lt ls tlom ti rmvlslt tbls lssum `gd ti privldm siom f`slh lgairo`tlig ti mxh`v`tirs wbi di git b`vm `g mxpmrt ig st`aa, `gd ti studmgts ia Mcyptijicy/`rhb`mijicy/pbyslh`j Mcyptijicy/`rhb`mijicy/pbyslh`j `gtbripijicy wbi di git b`vm ` f`hecriugd lg ouooy studlms. Tbus, tbls `rtlhjm `ttmopts ti privldm ` f`slh iutjlgm ia biw ouoolms h`g `gd sbiujd fm studlmd lg tbm almjd, wb`t lgairo`tlig h`g fm dmrlvmd ario tbmo, `gd tbm v`rlius mxpmrtlsm rmqulrmd air tbls. Lt sbiujd fm gitmd tb`t, wbljm tbm pritihij air wb`t h`g fm `hhiopjlsbmd lg tbm almjd wljj prif`fjy rmo`lg st`tlh air siom tlom, tbm shlmgtlalh tmsts tb`t h`g fm usmd ti mxtr`ht lgairo`tlig ario ouoolms wljj hb`gcm `gd `dv`ghm r`pldjy.
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Tbm Mtblhs ia Xtudylgc ` Ouooy
Lt sbiujd fm rmomofmrmd tb`t tbm ugwr`pplgc ia ouoolms, ` hiooig w`y ia studylgc ouoolms ugtlj tbm m`rjy 6>tb hmgtury (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2; 100>6), ls ` dmstruhtlvm prihmss `gd sbiujd fm `vildmd, la `t `jj pisslfjm. Biwmvmr, la ` ouooy ls igjy p`rtl`jjy prmsmrvmd `gd la sijld lgairo`tlig h`g fm dmrlvmd ario ugwr`pplgc ar`comgt`ry rmo`lgs, igjy tbmg sbiujd suhb ` hiursm fm t`emg `atmr dum rmajmhtlig, t`elgc git igjy tbm dmstruhtlig ia tbm wr`ppmd fugdjm lgti higsldmr`tlig, fut tbm a`ht tb`t igm ls dm`jlgc wltb ` buo`g fidy. Tbm vlmws ia tbm dmhm`smd ti fmlgc p`rty ti suhb `g lgvmstlc`tlig h`ggit fm mst`fjlsbmd, fut tbm jm`st tbm lgvmstlc`tir h`g di ls ti trm`t tbm fidy wltb `jj dum rmspmht. Lghrm`slgcjy tbm mtblhs ia studylgc ouoolms b`s fmmg ` sufkmht ia dlshusslig `gd lgvmstlc`tirs sbiujd fm `w`rm ia tbm hurrmgt tbiucbts ig tbls, `gd sbiujd t`em tbmsm lgti `hhiugt wbmg mof`relgc ig tbm `g`jysls ia ` fidy, ticmtbmr wltb higsldmrlgc biw ouhb lgairo`tlig ls ti fm c`lgmd fy suhb dmstruhtlvm `g`jysls (@uadmrbmldm 6>>8; 6-85 E`uao`gg `gd Vúbjl 6>0>5 O`rhb`gt 6>0>5 T`yjir T`yjir `gd @gtilgm 6>045 Ajmthbmr mt `j. 6>045 Xwlss Ouooy ^rikmht). Tbm Dlaamrmgt Xt`cms ia Xtudylgc ` Ouooy Ouooy
Tbm alrst st`cm lg studylgc ` ouooy ls ` vlsu`j mx`olg`tlig lg sltu, `gd tbiriucb dihuomgt`tlig. Sbmg rmhirdlgc ` ouooy tbm gmmd air dihuomgt`tlig ls p`r`oiugt, fitb vlsu`j `gd tmxtu`j (`ppmgdlx). Tbls ls igm ia tbm oist lopirt`gt p`rts ia tbm prihmss. ^biticr`pbs `gd vldmis `s wmjj `s vmrf`j/wrlttmg dmshrlptligs ia wb`t ls ifsmrvmd `gd wb`t b`ppmgs sbiujd fm o`dm tbriucbiut tbm ouooy“s jlam, ario dlshivmry `gd mxh`v`tlig ti rmoiv`j ti stir`cm. Iatmg, dmspltm igms fmst maairts, ouoolms di git momrcm lgt`ht, `gd tbus lt ls fmst ti rmhird `s ouhb lgairo`tlig `s pisslfjm `s siig `s pisslfjm. Ia hiursm, wbmg tbm ouooy ls lg sltu, igjy ` jloltmd `oiugt ia lgairo`tlig h`g fm mxtr`htmd ario lt, mspmhl`jjy la lt ls lg ` hiaalg. Lg tbm lgltl`j pb`sm, igm sbiujd rmhird wbmtbmr lt ls f`gd`cmd ir git, p`ttmrgs ia f`gd`clgc la vlslfjm, la ajmsb, selg, `gd b`lr survlvm ir git. Mxtr`htlig/Mxh`v`tlig
@atmr @atm r mst`fjl mst` fjlsblg sblgcc tbm irlmgt`t irlm gt`tlig lig ia tbm furl`j furl `j lg dmt`lj, dmt` lj, tbm alrst alr st hb`jjmgc hb`j jmgcmm ls tbm rmoiv`j ia tbm ouooy (Ler`o 6>><). Biw tbls ls `hhiopjlsbmd dmpmgds ig smvmr`j lssums, tbm oist s`jlmgt ia wblhb `rm; tbm typm ia ouoolalh`tlig mopjiymd, tbm o`trlx lg wblhb tbm fidlms j`y, wbmtbmr tbm fidlms `rm lg ` higt`lgmr, `gd tbm typm ia rmsm`rhb ti fm h`rrlmd iut ig tbmo. Ldm`jjy, Ldm`jjy, ` higsmrv`tir wljj fm ig b`gd ti bmjp wltb tbm jiclstlhs ia rmoivlgc tbm ouooy ario lts o`trlx (C`rhl` mt `j. 6>>2). Tbus, wbmg ` ouooy ls dlshivmrmd, prlir ti lts rmoiv`j, tbm mxh`v`tirs, ticmtbmr wltb tbm higsmrv`tir, sbiujd tblge ia biw fmst ti hjm`r lt, jlat lt, oivm lt, `gd stirm lt. Tbls pj`gglgc st`cm olcbt t`em oirm tlom tb`g tbm `htu`j rmoiv`j, fut ls higduhlvm ti ` soiitb `gd suhhmssauj ipmr`tlig. ^`tlmghm ^`tlmghm `gd pj`gglgc `rm emy ti tbm suhhmss ia tbm mgdm`vir.
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La rmj`tlvmjy lgt`ht, tbm ouooy sbiujd fm mxtr`htmd `s igm uglt. La lt jlms str`lcbt lg tbm criugd, tbls h`g fm `hblmvmd fy pj`hlgc ajmxlfjm omt`j sbmmts (fmst) ir hblpfi`rd fmgm`tb tbmo, ti oivm tbmo ti tbmlr study/stir`cm `rm`. Dmpmgdlgc ig tbm rifustlhlty ia tbm ouooy, mvmg hjitb (`gd wiid) strmthbmrs h`g fm usmd air tr`gspirt`tlig. @jsi, f`gds ia hjitb h`g fm p`ssmd fmgm`tb tbm ouooy `gd tbmsm h`g fm usmd ti jlat lt fy twi tm`os ig mltbmr sldm, wirelgc lg uglsig5 tbls ls p`rtlhuj`rjy usmauj wbmg tbm ouooy ls lg ` hiaalg. Lg siom lgst`ghms, lg rmht`gcuj`r hiaalgs, `gd vmry ouhb dmpmgdlgc ig tbm st`tm ia higsmrv`tlig, igm w`jj ia tbm hiaalg h`g `jsi fm tmopir`rljy rmoivmd `gd tbm ouooy mxtr`htmd. Lg h`sms wbmrm tbm ouooy ls lg piir higdltlig, hyhjididmh`gm h`g fm usmd ti higsijld`tm ouoolms. Tbls w`x-jlem sufst`ghm ls lopmro`gmgt5 ugjmss sm`jmd wltb ailj ir pj`stlh, lt mv`pir`tms, jm`vlgc tbm ifkmht lgt`ht. La s`opjlgc ls ti fm h`rrlmd iut ig tbm ouooy, lt ls fmst tb`t tbls fm digm fmairm mxtr`htlig t`ems pj`hm, mspmhl`jjy la hyhjididmh`gm ls fmlgc usmd, `jtbiucb tbls dims git `aamht `jj typms ia tmsts. Sbmgmvmr pisslfjm, tbism wbi `htu`jjy b`gdjm tbm ouooy sbiujd usm cjivms `gd o`ses ti `vild higt`olg`tlig `gd ti pritmht tbm ouooy `s ouhb `s pisslfjm. Mx`olglgc tbm Ouooy Ouooy
Tbmrm `rm smvmr`j stmps lgvijvmd lg studylgc ` ouooy, git `jj ia wblhb h`g fm `hblmvmd lg tbm almjd, ir lgdmmd `t `jj, dum ti alg`ghl`j `gd jmc`j rmstrlhtligs tb`t olcbt `ppjy. Biwmvmr, tbm f`slhs h`g fm h`rrlmd iut, rmc`rdjmss ia tbm jih`tlig `gd tbm fudcmt. Tbm alrst stmp ls ` vlsu`j mx`olg`tlig `hhiop`glmd fy pbiti dihuomgt`tlig. La pisslfjm, ighm tbm fidy b`s fmmg oivmd, fitb tbm rmhti `gd vmrsi sbiujd fm mx`olgmd `gd pbiticr`pbmd. Tbls ls aijjiwmd fy r`dlicr`pby, ldm`jjy fitb R-r`ys `gd HT-sh`gs, `gd alg`jjy fy ` v`rlmty ia tmsts tb`t h`g fm h`rrlmd iut ti dmtmrolgm tbm o`tmrl`js ia ouoolalh`tlig, dlsm`sms tb`t tbm dmhm`smd olcbt b`vm suaamrmd ario, cmgmtlh lgairo`tlig, `gd pisslfjy wbmg tbm dmhm`smd dlmd. @uadmrbmldm (6>>8; 880aa) 880aa ) b`s privldmd ` airo air studylgc ouoolms lg tbm almjd, `gd fmjiw, fmjiw, tbmrm ls ` oirm dmt`ljmd vmrslig tb`t tbls `utbir usms lg tbm almjd wbmg gi ugwr`pplgc t`ems pj`hm5 lt h`g fm `d`ptmd air m`hb sltm `gd tbm dlaamrmgt sltu`tligs tb`t `rm mghiugtmd. Qlsu` Ql su`jj Mx`ol Mx `olg` g`tl tlig ig
Tbm oist f`slh `gd lopirt`gt p`rt ia mx`olglgc ` ouooy ls ` vlsu`j mx`olg`tlig. @atmr @at mr pbiticr pbi ticr`pby `pby (ivmr`jj (ivmr `jj `gd dmt`ljmd dmt` ljmd), ), tbls tbl s sbiujd sbi ujd lghjudm lgh judm om`surmo om`s urmomgts mgts ia tbm tb m mgtlrm fidy, ir wblhbmvmr p`rts `rm fmlgc mx`olgmd (jmgctb, jmgctb ia `ros `gd/ ir jmcs, wldtb `t sbiujdmrs, wldtb `t blps, wldtb `t ammt, la pisslfjm hlrhuoamrmghm ia bm`d), wltb ` git`tlig fmlgc o`dm `s ti wbmtbmr lt ls wr`ppmd ir ugwr`ppmd. @ f`sl f `slhh dmshr d mshrlptl lptlig ig ia tbm t bm st`tm s t`tm ia tbm t bm ouooy, o uooy, jlgemd jl gemd ti tbm t bm pbiti p biticr` cr`pbs, pbs, sbiujd sbiu jd aijjiw. aijjiw. Tbls sbiujd lghjudm lgairo`tlig `fiut wbmtbmr lt ls wr`ppmd ir ugwr`ppmd, dmt`ljs `fiut tbm f`gd`cms (smm smhtlig ig f`gd`cms), tbm prmsmghm ia fm`d gmts ir itbmr `dirgomgts ia h`rtigg`cm, c`rj`gds, `gd `oujmts la tbmy `rm vlslfjm.
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Tbm F`gd`cms/Sr`pplgcs
Vmhirds sbiujd fm o`dm ia `gy p`ttmrgs tb`t tbm f`gd`cms aijjiw ‘ ir la tbmy aijjiw gigm. Tbm qu`jlty ia hjitb usmd sbiujd `jsi fm gitmd, `gd dmalgltligs privldmd air biw tbm qu`jlty ls fmlgc kudcmd. Algmgmss ia tbm tbrm`ds `gd guofmr ia tbrm`ds lg tbm wmat `gd/ir w`rp ia igm ho 6 ls `g `hhmpt`fjm w`y ia dmalglgc qu`jltlms, ir hjm`rjy ljjustr`tmd (pbitis `rm prmamr`fjm ti dr`wlgcs) mx`opjms ia m`hb typm h`g fm privldmd `s ` culdm. La `gy ia tbm f`gd`cms b`vm wivmg ir hijirmd p`ttmrgs, tbmsm sbiujd fm rmhirdmd. @ tmxtljm spmhl`jlst ls usmauj air suhb lgvmstlc`tligs. Tbm guofmr ia j`ymrs ia f`gd`cms sbiujd `jsi fm gitmd, `s sbiujd tbm `vmr`cm wldtbs ia tbm strlps, `gd tbm prmsmghm ia arlgcmd f`gd`cms, hiopjmtm ir p`rtl`j c`romgts usmd lg wr`pplgc sbiujd `jsi fm rmhirdmd wbmg pisslfjm. La ` sbriud ls usmd, lts dlomgsligs `gd om`surmomgts, la pisslfjm, sbiujd fm dihuomgtmd. La p`ds ia jlgmg hjitb `rm ` rm mghiugtmrmd `s p`rt ia tbm wr`pplgcs, tbmlr dlomgsligs `gd qu`jlty sbiujd fm rmclstmrmd. Tbm egits usmd lg tylgc ticmtbmr f`gd`cms ti smhurm `gd jmgctbmg tbmo sbiujd `jsi fm rmhirdmd `gd pbiticr`pbmd. Xiom f`gd`cms fm`r lgshrlptligs, `gd `jj jiism ouooy f`gd`cms sbiujd fm mx`olgmd air tbmsm5 biwmvmr, lg ` wmjj-prmsmrvmd, wr`ppmd ouooy tbmsm h`ggit fm dmtmhtmd ugjmss tbmy `rm m`sljy `hhmsslfjm. ]gwr`pplgc ouoolms ls git mghiur`cmd ugjmss lt ls dlslgtmcr`tlgc ir ls igjy ` p`rtl`j fidy, fidy, `s omgtligmd `fivm. La igm ls mx`olglgc tbm fidy wbmrm tbm wr`pplgcs b`vm a`jjmg iaa, igm sbiujd gitm tbm prmsmghm ia t`opigs ia jlgmg lg tbm gism `gd m`rs. Tbm myms myms `gd siomtloms tbm oiutb `jsi higt`lg tmxtljm, wblhb sbiujd fm gitmd. Tbm hijirs ia tbm jlgmg ‘ p`rtlhuj`rjy rmjmv`gt lg ouoolms d`tlgc ario h. =>> FH ti @D 4>> ‘ sbiujd `jsi fm rmhirdmd, pisslfjy uslgc ` Ougsmjj ir p`lgt hb`rt, `jtbiucb tbm usm ia tbm airomr ls stljj siomwb`t higtrivmrsl`j `s dlaamrmgt pmipjm smm tbm v`rl`tligs lg hijiur lg ` v`rlmty ia w`ys. ^biticr`pbs t`emg wltb ` spmhtruo sh`jm sbiujd sijvm tbls lssum. Lg ouoolms ia `g m`rjlmr d`tm, hijirmd f`gds, cmgmr`jjy fjum, `rm aiugd airolgc ` firdmr, `gd tbmsm tii `rm gitmwirtby. Xiom f`gd`cms fm`r tmxts, `gd tbus h`rm sbiujd fm t`emg ti mx`olgm m`hb plmhm ia jiism jlgmg h`rmaujjy. Xiomtloms hirds ia jlgmg ir mvmg p`pyrus ir b`ja` cr`ss `rm usmd ti smhurm ouoolms. Tbmsm sbiujd fm rmhirdmd `gd studlmd. Xuhb o`tmrl`js `rm armqumgtjy aiugd lg tbm wr`pplgc ia `glo`j ouoolms, `gd mvmg wltblg ouoolms ir `s c`rj`gds. Tbm lgvijvmomgt ia `g `rhb`mifit`glst ls lopirt`gt air tbmsm ldmgtlalh`tligs, wblhb h`g privldm mvldmghm air tbm tlom ia ym`r wbmg ouoolalh`tlig ihhurrmd, `gd hiujd `jsi blgt `t tbm jih`tlig lg wblhb lt tiie pj`hm. Tbm Fidy
La tbm fidy ltsmja ls vlslfjm, tbmg lt sbiujd fm dmshrlfmd wltb `ttmgtlig p`ld ti lts dmcrmm ia prmsmrv`tlig ia selg, g`ljs, `gd b`lr; ig tbm bm`d, a`hm, `gd fidy. Lts ivmr`jj hijir `gd idiur sbiujd fm gitmd, ticmtbmr wltb tbm ivmr`jj dmcrmm ia prmsmrv`tlig. Tbm gistrljs sbiujd fm mx`olgmd ti smm la igm h`g tmjj la tbm mtboild w`s friemg `gd tbm fr`lg mxtr`htmd. ^jucs ia jlgmg lg tbm gistrljs `gd m`rs sbiujd `jsi fm rmhirdmd. La tbm gmhe ls vlslfjm, igm sbiujd hbmhe ti smm la mxhmrmfr`tlig
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olcbt b`vm ihhurrmd vl` tbm `tj`s. Tbm jmat sldm ia tbm tirsi sbiujd fm hbmhemd air tbm mof`jolgc hut `gd sufsmqumgt trm`tomgt. La tbm lgtmrlir ls mxpismd lts p`helgc sbiujd fm dihuomgtmd. H`rm sbiujd fm t`emg lg mx`olglgc tbm wbijm fidy `s siomtloms t`ttiis `rm aiugd ig siom ia tbm jlofs. Tbm prmsmghm ia iljs ls dlaalhujt ti dmtmht, fut st`lgs ia iljs, rmslgs, ir fidy kulhms, kul hms, p`rtlh p`r tlhuj` uj`rjy rjy ig tbm f`he f`h e ia tbm ouooy ouoo y (ir wbmrm lt w`s pisltlig pisl tligmd md `atmr `at mr prmp`r`tlig, lg tbm h`sm ia `glo`js), sbiujd fm gitmd `gd dmshrlfmd. Tbmsm o`tmrl`js `rm `jsi aiugd ig tbm fidy ltsmja, `gd o`glamst tbmosmjvms `s ` d`re (fj`he) o`tmrl`j. Aurtbmroirm, rmog`gts ia g`trig sbiujd fm rmhirdmd. Aurtbmr lgairo`tlig h`g fm mxtr`htmd ario tbmsm o`tmrl`js fy h`rrylgc iut tmsts ig tbmo (smm smhtlig ig tmstlgc). Lgsmhts ir tbmlr j`rv`m tb`t `rm aiugd lg tbm ouooy privldm lgairo`tlig `fiut tbm o`elgc ia tbm ouooy ‘ la tbmrm ls `g `fugd`ghm ia ajy j`rv`m `gd piir prmsmrv`tlig, hjm`rjy tbmrm w`s `g lgsuaalhlmghy ia g`trig usmd durlgc tbm dmslhh`tlig prihmss. ]slgc lgsmhts, `g mgtioijiclst (airmgslh ir itbmr) h`g sbmd jlcbt ig tbm fidy“s mxpisurm ti tbm `toispbmrm `atmr dm`tb. @ pbyslh pb yslh`j `j `gtbr ` gtbripij ipijicls iclstt h`g h` g mst`fj ms t`fjlsb lsb tbm smx, s mx, `cm, ` cm, `gd ` gd bm`j b m`jtb tb ia tbm ouooy o uooy fy ` vlsu`j mx`olg`tlig ia tbm figms, `gd siom lgairo`tlig h`g fm dmrlvmd tbriucb mgdishipy la tbm ouooy ls git tii tlcbtjy wr`ppmd. Biwmvmr, la tbm ouooy ls wr`ppmd r`dlicr`pby ls gmmdmd ti study tbmsm. V`dlicr`pblh Lo`clgc
Lg almjd higdltligs ` pirt`fjm R-r`y o`hblgm sbiujd fm usmd ti lo`cm tbm fidy wltbiut d`o`clgc lt. Tbmsm lo`cms h`g privldm siom lgairo`tlig `fiut tbm wr`pplgcs, fut o`lgjy sbiw tbm figms wltblg tbm wr`pplgcs, `s wmjj `s `gy `oujmts ir p`pyrl. Tbm figms h`g sbiw tbm pisltlig ia tbm fidy, fidy, `cm `gd smx ia `g lgdlvldu`j, `gd hmrt`lg `spmhts ia tbm lgdlvldu`j“s lgdlvldu`j“s bm`jtb (gutrltlig, friemg figms, dlsm`sms tb`t `rm o`glamst ig tbm figm) h`g `jsi fm rmvm`jmd. Aurtbmroirm, Aurtbmroirm, `g R-r`y ls usmauj `s ` culdm la tbm ouooy ls HT-sh`ggmd, HT-sh`ggmd, `s lt `jjiws igm ti pj`hm tbm sjlhms `jigc tbm fidy `gd ti t`rcmt spmhlalh `rm`s air oirm dmt`ljmd study (tbm ldm`js ia lo`clgc lg ` higtrijjmd mgvlrigomgt `rm iutjlgmd lg @d`os `gd @jsip 6>>2 `gd Jyggmrup 6>><5 lt sbiujd fm gitmd tb`t tbmsm tmhbgijiclms `rm `jw`ys `dv`ghlgc). HT-sh`gs privldm ` oirm hioprmbmgslvm vlmw ia tbm ouooy `s tbmy higslsts ia smvmr`j ‚sjlhms‟ ia R-r`ys ia `g ifkmht. Tbmsm Tbmsm mg`fjm igm git igjy ti mx`olgm tbm figms, fut `jsi tbm j`ymrs ia f`gd`cms `gd tbmlr higtmgts. Biwmvmr, HT-sh`gglgc ls mxpmgslvm `gd lt ls git `jw`ys pisslfjm ti rmoivm ouoolms ario tbm sltm ti t`em tbmo ti ` HT-sh`gg HT-sh`ggmr, mr, wblhb o`ems tbm R-r`ys `jj tbm oirm lopirt`gt. lopirt` gt. Lt sbiujd fm gitmd tb`t la tbm HT-sh`gs `rm o`dm `gd la tbmy `rm ia ` blcb mgiucb qu`jlty, tbmsm lo`cms h`g fm usmd ti hrm`tm ` vlrtu`j ugwr`pplgc ia tbm ouooy, rmvm`jlgc tbm fidy `gd lts higtmgts. A`hl`j rmhigstruhtligs h`g `jsi fm f`smd ig tbm lgairo`tlig dmrlvmd ario tbm sh`gs (Alcs. 0, 6).
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Alc 0. @g R-r`y ia `g lfls lg prijm sbiwlgc tbm figms `gd siom ia tbm dmt`ljs ia tbm wr`pplgcs (pbiti; X. Ler`o).
Alc. 6. @ HT-sh`g ia ` a`jhig ouooy, sbiwlgc lt arigt`jjy arig t`jjy.. Tbm dmt`ljs dmt`l js ia tbm figms f igms `gd wr`pplgc wr`p plgcss `rm hjm`r, `s wmjj `s `g lghjuslig wltblg tbm fidy ia tbm flrd, pmrb`ps tbm bm`rt (pbiti; H. ^r`tms).
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Hbmolh`j `gd Itbmr Tmsts
Xmvmr`j tmsts h`g fm h`rrlmd iut ig tbm f`gd`cms, fidlms, `gd mof`jolgc `cmgts ti ajmsb iut igms ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm ouooy. Tlssum s`opjms h`g fm usmd air blstijiclh`j tmsts, tbm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia dlaamrmgt dlsm`sms, lghjudlgc o`j`rl`, jmlsbo`gl`sls, shblstisiol`sls, tufmrhujisls, trlhblgisls, `s wmjj `s itbmr dlsm`sms (Oljjmt mt `j. 0<2>5 Oljjmr 0<<>5 0<<65 Oljjmr mt `j. 0<<45 [lge mt `j. 6>>15 X`ff`by 6>0=). H-04 d`tlgc olcbt `jsi fm usmd ig ajmsb, `s wmjj `s ig siom ia tbm itbmr o`tmrl`js `ssihl`tmd wltb ouoolms, suhb `s tbm f`gd`cms, `jtbiucb tbmsm olcbt d`tm ti higsldmr`fjy m`rjlmr tb`g tbm fidy ltsmja. Figms `gd tmmtb h`g fm sufkmhtmd ti lsitipm `gd strigtluo `g`jysls (Tbiopsig mt `j. 6>>=5 Fuzig mt `j. 6>>35 Tbiopsig mt `j. 6>>25 @ff`tm mt `j. 6>0>) lg irdmr ti mst`fjlsb tbm irlclgs, dlmt, `gd oivmomgt ia fitb buo`gs `gd `glo`js. Tbmsm `g`tiolh`j mjmomgts h`g `jsi fm usmd air H-04 d`tlgc, `s wmjj `s air DG@. @jtbiuc @jt biucbb DG@ h`g fm mxtr`ht mxtr `htmd, md, lts `hhur`h `hh ur`hyy rmo`lgs rmo` lgs ` vmxmd qumstlig qums tlig (^ääfi 0<2=5 0<215 Hiipmr `gd ^ilg`r 6>>>5 [lge `gd Gmrjlhb 6>>=5 B`w`ss mt `j. 6>0>5 Jirmgzmg `gd Sljjmrsjmv 6>0>). Gigmtbmjmss, lt ls usmauj ti s`opjm tbm ouoolms `gd ti emmp tbmsm `s p`rt ia tbm algds, ir lg ` stir`cm f`ge, mltbmr tbm O`ghbmstmr Ouooy Xtir`cm a`hljlty, ir fy hrm`tlgc igm lg Mcypt. @ddltlig @ddl tlig`jj `jjyy, slopjm slo pjm tmsts t msts,, suhb suh b `s siju s ijuflj fljlty, lty, ir oirm hiopj h iopjmx mx igms, ig ms, suhb s uhb `s ` s c`s c` s hbrio`ticr`pby, o`ss spmhtriomtry, `gd RVA h`g fm h`rrlmd iut ig o`gy ia tbm o`tmrl`js usmd lg prmp`rlgc tbm ouooy, ouooy, si tb`t tbmy h`g fm ldmgtlalmd (Fuhejmy mt `j. 0<<<5 6>>45 Fuhejmy `gd Mvmrsbmd 6>>0). Xuhb ldmgtlalh`tligs git igjy sbmd jlcbt ig biw ` ouooy ls o`dm, fut `jsi `fiut tbm sihli-mhigiolh f`hecriugd ia tbm dmhm`smd, `gd tbm tr`dm gmtwires prmsmgt `t tbm tlom tb`t `jjiwmd air dlaamrmgt o`tmrl`js ti fm usmd lg ouoolalh`tlig. Xtir`cm
Tbm mxh`v`tirs“ `gd rmsm`rhbmrs“ rmspigslfljlty ti ` ouooy di git mgd wltb dihuomgtlgc `gd studylgc lt (C`rhl` mt `j. 6>>2). Tbmy `jsi gmmd ti mgsurm tb`t tbmy privldm ` f`slh jmvmj ia lgdlvldu`j stir`cm ti pritmht tbm ouooy. Tbus, pj`ges ia wiid wltb str`ps air smhurlgc tbm ouoolms, ir sb`jjiw hiaalgs `rm ciid iptligs. Tbm ouooy sbiujd fm pritmhtmd ario dust `gd dlrt fy ` hivmrlgc, ldm`jjy ia `hld armm p`pmr, fut mvmg siom elgd ia tmxtljm sbmmtlgc ls `hhmpt`fjm. Lgsmht tbrm`t ls ` o`kir prifjmo, `gd lgsmht tr`ps sbiujd fm pj`hmd lg str`tmclh jih`tligs `riugd tbm ouooy. H`opbir `gd hrmisitm `rm `jsi pisslfjm pmst dmtmrrmgts, fut wiujd gmmd ti fm rmgmwmd. Lg Mcypt, tbm Olglstry ia @gtlqultlms ls rmspigslfjm air privldlgc `gd o`lgt`lglgc tbm stir`cm sp`hm. Xtir`cm ia ouoolalmd rmo`lgs ls dlaalhujt dum ti pr`htlh`j lssums ia sp`hm, hjlo`tm, higsmrv`tlig, alg`ghm, `gd smhurlty. @g ldm`j sijutlig wiujd fm ` riio dmdlh`tmd spmhlalh`jjy ti ouooy stir`cm wltb hjlo`tm higtrij, fut tbls ls r`rm `gd git `jw`ys am`slfjm. Tbus, ` riio (ir tiof) wltb ` rmj`tlvmjy higst`gt hjlo`tm ls ldm`j, wltb rmcuj`r hbmhes fmlgc o`dm ti mgsurm tb`t tbmrm `rm gi jm`es ir lgsmht lgamst`tligs.
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^ufjlh`tlig
Tbm study ia ` ouooy ls git hiopjmtm ugtlj lt b`s fmmg pufjlsbmd. @atmr mxh`v`tlig, ` f`slh pufjlh`tlig sbiujd fm o`dm, `s siig `s pisslfjm ‘ wltbiut tbls, tbm wire ia tbm shbij`rs ls gi dlaamrmgt ario tb`t ia tbm cr`vm riffmrs. Tbm Tbm lgltl`j pufjlh`tlig h`g privldm tbm vlsu`j rmsujts ia tbm mx`olg`tlig la gi lo`clgc b`s t`emg pj`hm. Xufsmqumgtjy, la lo`clgc ir tmstlgc ls h`rrlmd iut ig tbm ouooy, tbm rmsujts ia tbmsm h`g fm pufjlsbmd. @ usmauj oidm ia pufjlh`tlig air ` criup ia ouoolms ls ljjustr`tmd lg V`vmg `gd T`higls T`higls (6>>=), wblhb b`s lgdlvldu`j mgtrlms `s wmjj `s ` t`fjm tb`t sbiujd fm usmd `s ` tmopj`tm air ouooy pufjlh`tligs. Alg`j Vmo`res
Ouoolms `rm hiopisltm `rtma`hts tb`t clvm igm ` r`rm hb`ghm ti study `gd hiom ti egiw lgdlvldu`j `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs, `s wmjj `s fmlgc ` siurhm ia mvldmghm tb`t `jjiws igm ti fmttmr ugdmrst`gd ugdmr st`gd Mcypt“s blstiry, hujturm, rmjlclig, rmjlc lig, mhigioy mhigio y, `gd tr`dm. Tbmy ugltm tbm rm`sm`rhb ia ` v`rlmty ia shbij`rs; mxh`v`tirs, pbyslh`j `gtbripijiclsts, p`j`mip`tbijiclsts, `rhb`mifit`glsts, tmxtljm spmhl`jlsts, mgtmoijiclsts, hbmolsts, ouooy spmhl`jlsts, `gd Mcyptijiclsts. Lt ls bipmd tb`t mxh`v`tirs `gd shbij`rs wljj usm `jj pisslfjm om`gs ti study ouoolms bijlstlh`jjy lg irdmr ti mxtr`ht tbm o`xlouo `oiugt ia lgairo`tlig ario tbmo, `gd wljj fm `fjm ti stirm `gd pritmht tbmo air auturm cmgmr`tligs ti study `s gmw tmhbgijiclms fmhiom `v`lj`fjm.
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Xltm G`om Lgvmstlc`tir(s) @rm` ^biticr`pb Gis; Dr`wlgc Gis; Fidy irlmgt`tlig Higdltlig
Jmgctb Sr`ppmd
D`tm Tiof Gi.
\msYY
Ouooy Gi.
Sldtb GiYYY
Itbmr ^`rtl`jYYYY
Sr`pplgcs Cmgmr`j dmshrlptlig Hijiur Jmgctb(s) Sldtb(s) Egits B`gds Ammt Gism pjucs Myms
\YY GYY
M`r pjucs
\YY GYY
\YY GYY
Oiutb
\YY GYY
Itbmr ifsmrv`tligs;
Fidy Cmgmr`j Dmshrlptlig
^isltlig Hijiur Vmslgius o`tmrl`js Jmgctb Sldtb Lgsmhts
\YY GYY
Lgsmht typms Mvlshmr`tlig Mvlshmr`tlig hut Mxhmrmfr`tlig G`trig B`lr (bm`d)
\YY GYY
B`lr (fidy)
\YY GYY
\YY GYY
G`ljs
\YY GYY
B`lr (a`hm)
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3=
Bm`dYYY Cljdlgc
\YY GYY
Jih`tlig;
G`ljsYYYY
^mgls
\YY GYY
Hlrhuohlsmd
\YY GYY
Itbmr fidy trm`tomgt Xpmhlms (air `glo`j ouooy)
@cm (`gd f`sls) Xmx (`gd f`sls) OYYY
AYYYYY
^`tbijiclms
Itbmr ifsmrv`tligs R-r`ys
X`opjms
Itbmr
^j`gt o`tmrl`j
@oujmts & Kmwmjjmry
H`rtigg`cm
@ppmgdlx @ppm gdlx;; Almjd Alm jd rmhir r mhirdlc dlc sbmmt s bmmt..
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]gegiwgYYYY
@ H ` s m i a Omt Om t ` s t ` t l h H ` r h l g i o ` l g ` g Ijd Elgcdio-^ Elgcd io-^mrlid mrlid Xemjmtig Xemj mtig ario X`qq`r` Lwig` Eizlmr`dze`-Icugo`elg
Lgtriduhtlig
@ rmhmgtjy rmhm gtjy pufjlsbm pufj lsbmdd p`pmr p`pm r fy D`vld D`vl d `gd [loomro` [loo mro`gg (6>0>) (6>0 >) b`s smrvmd smr vmd ti blcbjlcbt ` guofmr ia lssums highmrglgc tbm lghldmghm ia h`ghmr lg `gtlqulty. `gtlqulty. Tbm `utbirs `rcum tb`t tbm oirm hiooig ihhurrmghm ia tbm dlsm`sm lg oidmrg sihlmtlms hiop`rmd wltb p`st pipuj`tligs hiujd fm dum ti tbm `fugd`ghm ia h`rhlgicmglh mgvlrigomgt`j a`htirs tb`t `rm tbm rmsujt ia oidmrg b`flts, dlshivmrlms, `gd tmhbgijiclh`j `dv`ghms. @jtbiucb lt ls ughmrt`lg wbmtbmr dmshrlptligs privldmd fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g omdlh`j tmxts pmrt`lg ti h`ghmr ir itbmr higdltligs tb`t hiujd priduhm slolj`r syoptios (Gugg 0<<1; 205 Qmlc` 6>><), ugdlsput`fjm mvldmghm air tbm prmsmghm ia tbm dlsm`sm lg tbls p`rtlhuj`r pipuj`tlig ls `v`lj`fjm ario tbm buo`g rmo`lgs (m.c. Q`cg Glmjsmg 0<3>5 Xtriub`j 0<315 Tirrm mt `j. 0<2>5 Xtriub`j `gd Qybgàgme 0<205 Cb`jliugcul 0<215 Xtriub`j 0<<85 [lge mt `j. 0<<<5 Vmddlm 6>>85 Gmrjlhb 6>>15 Qmlc` 6>><5 ^r`tms mt `j. 6>00). Ti Ti d`tm, ` so`jj guofmr ia h`sms ia dl`cgismd gmipj`stlh higdltligs ario v`rlius blstirlh`j pmrlids b`vm fmmg rmpirtmd lg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g rmo`lgs5 biwmvmr, biwmvmr, oirm mvldmghm ls stljj airtbhiolgc (m.c. Dupr`s mt `j. 6>08). Sltb rmc`rds ti omt`st`tlh figm h`ghmr, tbm oist rmhmgt mvldmghm ia tbls higdltlig w`s rmpirtmd lg tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia ` 4=-ym`r-ijd amo`jm rmhivmrmd ario ` 8rd Dyg`sty furl`j `t D`yr mj-F`rsbĀ, `gd `gitbmr amo`jm, `cmd 4=-=> ym`rs, rmhivmrmd rmhivmrmd ario tbm Emjjls 6 hmomtmry sltm lg tbm D`ebjmb I`sls, d`tmd ti tbm Vio`gi-Hbrlstl`g ^mrlid ^mrlid (@D 0>>-8>>) (Dupr`s mt `j. 6>08). Sbmtbmr Sbmt bmr h`ghmr h`g hmr w`s lgdmmd lgdm md ` r`rm dlsm`sm dlsm `sm lg `gtlqul `gtl qulty ty lg higtr`s higt r`stt ti oidmrg oidm rg tloms (D`vld `gd [loomro`g 6>0>) sbiujd git fm dmtmrolgmd mxhjuslvmjy fy tbm guofmr ia h`sms rmpirtmd lg tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g rmo`lgs, `s tbls ls blcbjy ugjlemjy ti rmajmht tbm rm`j prmv`jmghm ia h`ghmr lg tbm pipuj`tlig lg qumstlig. @dolttmd @dol ttmdjy, jy, tbm lghldmgh lghl dmghmm ia h`ghmr h` ghmr lghrm`s lgh rm`sms ms wltb wl tb `cm, `cm , `gd wiuj w iujdd tbmrmairm tbmrm airm fm f m jmss jms s hiooig lg p`st pipuj`tligs wltb jiw jlam mxpmht`ghy, mxpmht`ghy, suhb `s tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g. Alrst, tbm buo`g rmo`lgs rmhivmrmd ario `rhb`mijiclh`j sltms `gd sufkmhtmd ti `ppriprl`tm p`tbijiclh`j mx`olg`tlig rmprmsmgt igjy ` so`jj ar`htlig ia tbm tit`j `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pipuj`tlig. Xmhigd, lg `rhb`mijiclh`j o`tmrl`j tbm ldmgtlalh`tlig
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ia tbm dlsm`sm ls iatmg blgdmrmd fy lg`dmqu`tm prmsmrv`tlig `gd hiopjmtmgmss ia tbm buo`g (usu`jjy semjmt`j) rmo`lgs. Git `jj typms ia h`ghmr `aamht ir sprm`d ti figm, `gd o`gy figm jmsligs h`g igjy fm dmtmhtmd r`dlicr`pblh`jjy. Tbls dl`cgistlh omtbid ls usu`jjy `ppjlmd igjy ti smjmhtmd spmhlomgs, jlemjy rmsujtlgc lg o`gy h`sms ia figm omt`st`sms cilgc ugdmtmhtmd. Air tbmsm rm`sigs ` dmhj`r`tlig ia h`ghmr r`rlty lg `ghlmgt Mcypt `gd lts h`us`tlvm a`htirs sbiujd fm higsldmrmd wltb h`utlig. Xpmhlomgs `gd Omtbids
Tbm prmsmgt h`sm ia omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` w`s dl`cgismd lg tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs rmhivmrmd ario `g Ijd Elgcdio-pmrlid sb`at-tiof (Furl`j ==4) `t tbm X`qq`r` gmhripijls (Eur`szelmwlhz 6>085 Alc. 0). Tbm gmhripijls ls jih`tmd `pprixlo`tmjy 4> eo siutbwmst ia tbm h`plt`j hlty ia H`lri `gd mxtmgds ivmr slx eo girtb-siutb `gd 0.= eo m`st-wmst, airolgc tbm j`rcmst p`rt ia tbm `ghlmgt Omopbltm gmhripijls. Tbm hmomtmry sltm ario wblhb tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs wmrm rmhivmrmd ls jih`tmd loomdl`tmjy ti tbm wmst ia tbm Xtmp ^yr`old hiopjmx ia Dkismr, `gd ls hioprlsmd o`lgjy ia lgbuo`tligs d`tlgc ti tbm j`tm Ijd Elgcdio (=tb-1tb Dyg`stlms5 64<46020 FH) `gd tbm ^tijmo`lh ^mrlid (886-8> FH) (Oyŕjlwlmh mt `j. 6>>45 Oyŕjlwlmh 6>>25 Oyŕjlwlmh `gd Eur`szelmwlhz 6>0>). Xlghm 0<<1, tbm hmomtmry sltm b`s fmmg ugdmr `rhb`mijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig fy tbm ^ijlsb @rhb`mijiclh`j Tm`o ia tbm ^ijlsb Hmgtrm ia Omdltmrr`gm`g @rhb`mijicy, ]glvmrslty ia S`rs`w. Durlgc tbm 6>>2 h`op`lcg, tbm tm`o ughivmrmd smvmr`j suftmrr`gm`g augmr`ry struhturms. Igm ia tbmsm w`s Xb`at 000, wblhb higt`lgmd ` furl`j hb`ofmr wltb ` prlo`ry j`tm Ijd Elgcdio furl`j `gd `g lgtruslvm j`tmr-d`tm lgbuo`tlig (Alc. 6). Tbm airomr, Furl`j ==4, higslstmd ia ` semjmtiglzmd fidy ia `g `dujt lgdlvldu`j lgtmrrmd lg ` rmht`gcuj`r rmmd hiaalg. Tbm furl`j sbiwmd mvldmghm ia
Alc. 0. Jih`tlig ia tbm X`qq`r` gmhripijls (o`p; Oidlmd ario tbm irlclg`j Mcypt sltm o`p ia tbm Irlmgt`j Lgstltutm ia tbm ]glvmrslty ia Hblh`ci (il.uhblh`ci.mdu/ rmsm`rhb/j`f/o`p/o`ps/mcypt.btoj).
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Alc. 6. J`tm Ijd Elgcdio Furl`j ==4 (higmd) `gd lgtruslvm j`tmr-d`tm Furl`j ==8 (pbiti; S. Sikhlmhbiwsel).
pist-dmpisltlig`j dlsturf`ghm. Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, tbls b`d jlttjm maamht ig tbm hiopjmtmgmss `gd prmsmrv`tlig ia tbm fidy, wblhb rmo`lgmd j`rcmjy lgt`ht mxhmpt air lts uppmr p`rt. Tbm fidy rmstmd ig lts jmat sldm wltb tbm jmcs aujjy ajmxmd. Tbm lgdlvldu`j“s seujj w`s dlspj`hmd fut stljj higt`lgmd wltblg tbm hiaalg. T`elgc T`elgc lgti `hhiugt tbm `rr`gcmomgt ia tbm fidy `gd lts girtb-siutb irlmgt`tlig lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr, hb`ofmr, tbm bm`d wiujd jlemjy b`vm irlclg`jjy a`hmd m`stw`rds. J`rcm ar`comgts ia jlgmg wr`pplgcs stljj hivmrmd tbm semjmtiglzmd rmo`lgs ia tbm lgdlvldu`j“s uppmr fidy. Tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs wmrm lg ` vmry ciid st`tm ia prmsmrv`tlig `gd hiopjmtmgmss, wltb igjy ` amw mjmomgts ia tbm b`gds `gd ammt olsslgc. Tbm uglairo hijir ia tbm figms, j`he ia dlshijir`tlig ia tbm wr`pplgcs, `gd tbm j`he ia mvldmghm air mxhmrmfr`tlig wiujd succmst tb`t tbm pist-oirtmo trm`tomgt ia tbm fidy w`s jlemjy jloltmd ti mxtmrg`j dmslhh`tlig ` jigm. Tbm mxhmjjmgt prmsmrv`tlig `gd hiopjmtmgmss ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs `gd tbm s`tlsa`htiry prmsmrv`tlig ia tbm dmgtltlig `jjiwmd air tbm `ppjlh`tlig ia smvmr`j st`gd`rd omtbids ti mstlo`tm smx `gd `cm `t dm`tb. Tbm airomr w`s f`smd ig tbm `ssmssomgt ia tbm slzm, sb`pm `gd rifustlhlty ia smjmhtmd oirpbijiclh`j hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia tbm hr`gluo `gd tbm figy pmjvls (Amrmof`hb mt `j. 0<2>5 Erico`g `gd Ïřh`g 0<215 Xhbw`rtz 0<<=), `s wmjj `s ig smjmhtmd om`surmomgts ia dloirpblh dlomgsligs ia jigc figms, suhb `s tbm buomr`j `gd amoir`j bm`d dl`omtmrs, tbm flhigdyj`r wldtb ia tbm amour, `gd tbm o`xlouo jmgctb ia tbm sh`puj` (Xtmmjm `gd Fr`ofjmtt 0<225 O`ys `gd Hix 6>>>; 00<). @cm `t dm`tb w`s mstlo`tmd f`smd ig tbm o`hrishiplh ifsmrv`tlig ia dmcmgmr`tlvm hb`gcms ia tbm puflh syopbysls (Friies `gd Xuhbmy 0<<>) `gd `urlhuj`r sura`hm (Jivmkiy mt `j.
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0<2=), hjisurm ia hr`gl`j suturms (Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4; 86-81), `gd dmgt`j `ttrltlig (Fritbwmjj 0<1=; 1<5 Xoltb 0<24; 4=). Lgdlvldu`j semjmt`j mjmomgts wmrm mx`olgmd o`hrishiplh`jjy air mvldmghm ia p`tbijiclh`j hb`gcms lg irdmr ti `ssmss pbyslh`j bm`jtb `t tbm tlom ia dm`tb. Dum ti tlom higstr`lgts `gd tbm jloltmd `v`lj`fljlty ia r`dlicr`pblh mqulpomgt ig sltm, tbm hr`gluo w`s tbm igjy semjmt`j mjmomgt smjmhtmd air lo`clgc. Xemjmt`j Algdlgcs
Tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs rmhivmrmd ario Furl`j ==4 fmjigcmd ti ` amo`jm `cmd => ti 1> ym`rs `t tbm tlom ia dm`tb. O`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig ia tbm hr`gluo rmvm`jmd `g mxtmgslvm pmrair`tlgc hr`tmr-jlem jytlh jmslig (1>.= fy =8 oo) tb`t dmvmjipmd ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm `t tbm kughtlig ia tbm s`cltt`j `gd j`ofdild suturms (Alc. 8). Tbm jmslig b`d lrrmcuj`r `gd sh`jjipmd firdmrs, `gd lg tbm firdmr mxtmgdlgc `hriss
Alc. 8. Mxtmgslvm jytlh jmslig lg tbm hr`gluo, supmrlir-pistmrlir vlmw (pbiti; LE-I).
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tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm tbm dlpjiå w`s p`rtl`jjy ir hiopjmtmjy ihhjudmd fy hiop`ht figm. Gi upjlat ia tbm iutmr t`fjm ir istmifj`stlh rmspigsm (lgvijvlgc tbm airo`tlig ia gmw figm) w`s ifsmrvmd `t tbm jmslig firdmr. Xmvmr`j Xmvmr`j so`jjmr smhigd`ry jmsligs wmrm prmsmgt `riugd tbm prlo`ry mxtmgslvm jmslig ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j figm `gd fmyigd tbm suturms ig tbm jmat p`rlmt`j `gd supmrlir ihhlplt`j figms. Tbm j`tmr`j r`dlicr`pblh lo`cm ia tbm hr`gluo (Alc. 4) rmvm`jmd ` aurtbmr so`jj aih`j dmstruhtlig ig tbm mgdihr`gl`j sura`hm, jih`tmd `pprixlo`tmjy `t tbm tmopiri-p`rlmt`j tmopiri-p`rlmt`j suturm. Tbm lo`cm `jsi rmvm`jmd tbm v`shuj`r criivms ia gmw fjiid vmssmjs tb`t fr`ghbmd iaa ario tbm `gtmrlir fr`ghb ia tbm olddjm omglgcm`j `rtmry, `gd wmrm airomd ti suppjy ixycmg `gd gutrlmgts ti tbm h`ghmrius tlssum. Gi aurtbmr istmijytlh ir istmifj`stlh jmsligs wmrm ldmgtlalmd lg tbm amo`jm“s hr`gluo. @ j`rcm mhtihr`gl`j dmprmsslig (86.= fy 66 oo) ifsmrvmd lg tbm jmat p`rlmt`j figm rmsujtmd ario figm tblgglgc, oist jlemjy `ssihl`tmd wltb omgip`us`j istmipirisls (Mpstmlg 0<=85 Jidcm 0<135 ^bljjlps 6>>3). O`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig ia tbm pist-hr`gl`j semjmtig rmvm`jmd ` slgcjm jigcltudlg`j h`vlt`tlig (6> fy 4 oo) lg tbm jmat j`tmr`j fidy ia tbm =tb juof`r vmrtmfr`, mxpislgc soiitb tr`fmhuj`r figm (Alc. =). Gi aurtbmr istmijytlh jmsligs wmrm ifsmrvmd lg tbm vmrtmfr`m ir tbm rmo`lglgc pist-hr`gl`j mjmomgts. Lg `ddltlig ti tbm sijlt`ry h`ghmrius jmslig ifsmrvmd lg tbm juof`r vmrtmfr`, tbm splgm dmoigstr`tmd oljd ti smvmrm dmcmgmr`tlvm hb`gcms higslstmgt wltb `dv`ghmd `cm. Oljd istmi`rtbrltlh hb`gcms wmrm `jsi ifsmrvmd lg tbm o`kir kilgts, lghjudlgc
Alc. 4. J`tmr`j r`dlicr`pblh lo`cm ia tbm hr`gluo rmvm`jlgc ` gig-pmrair`tlgc jytlh jmslig lg tbm mgdihr`gl`j sura`hm (fj`he `rriw) `gd gmw v`shuj`r criivms (wbltm `rriws) (pbiti; X. Ler`o).
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Alc. =. Jytlh jmslig lg tbm fidy ia tbm =tb juof`r vmrtmfr` (pbiti; S. Sikhlmhbiwsel).
tbm cjmgi-buomr`j, tbm mjfiw `gd tbm egmm kilgts. Aurtbmr pist-hr`gl`j p`tbijiclh`j algdlgcs lghjudmd gmw pmrlistm`j figm airo`tlig ig tbm j`tmr`j tlfl`m `gd omdl`j alfuj`m. Tbm `rtlhuj`r sura`hm ia tbm j`tmr`j o`jjmijus ia tbm jmat alfuj` dlspj`ymd `g lgtr`-`rtlhuj`r ar`hturm tb`t oist jlemjy ihhurrmd dum ti lop`ht ir strmss tb`t `aamhtmd tbm `gejm kilgt (H`rr 6>>85 Eiujiurls `gd Sljjl`o 6>>=). Dlaamrmgtl`j Dl`cgisls
Istmijytlh jmsligs `rm hb`r`htmrlstlh ia o`jlcg`gt gmipj`sos, suhb `s oujtlpjm oymijio` `gd omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`. Tbm airomr ls tbm oist hiooig ia tbm prlo`ry o`jlcg`gt tuoiurs ia tbm semjmtig, `gd rmsujts ario o`jlcg`gtjy dmcmgmr`tmd pj`so` hmjjs lg tbm fjiid-airolgc tlssum ia tbm figm o`rriw (Vifmrts `gd O`ghbmstmr 6>>3; 6=2). Omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`, ig tbm itbmr b`gd, ls tbm oist hiooig smhigd`ry h`ghmr aiugd lg figm (Dirao`g `gd Hzmrgl`e 0<<2; 0>><). Tbm higdltlig ls h`usmd fy tbm omt`st`sls ia o`jlcg`gtjy dmcmgmr`tmd mpltbmjl`j hmjjs ario ` prlo`ry sltm lg `g lgtmrg`j irc`g ti guomrius smhigd`ry jih`tligs lg tbm semjmtig (Xtriub`j 0<<0; 60<-66>). Tbmrm `rm aiur o`lg p`tbs tbriucb wblhb h`ghmrius hmjjs omt`st`slzm; tbm fjiid v`shuj`r systmo, tbm jyopb`tlh systmo, dlrmhtjy ario ` tuoiur `dk`hmgt ti figm, `gd lg h`sms ia fr`lg tuoiurs vl` tbm hmrmfrisplg`j ajuld (S`jdrig 6>><; 024-02=). Oujtlpjm oymjio` `gd omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` dmoigstr`tm o`gy slolj`rltlms tb`t iatmg o`em tbm dlaamrmgtl`tlig fmtwmmg tbm twi higdltligs blcbjy prifjmo`tlh, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg semjmt`j o`tmrl`j (Xtriub`j 0<<05 Irtgmr 6>>8; =86). Fitb higdltligs o`glamst oujtlpjm jmsligs tb`t `rm mxhjuslvmjy
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ir prmdiolg`gtjy jytlh lg hb`r`htmr. Tbmsm jmsligs irlclg`tm lg tbm figm o`rriw `gd pricrmss tbriucb mrislig ia tbm hiop`ht figm. Tbm oist hiooig jih`tlig air tbm jmsligs ti ihhur ls lg tbm `xl`j semjmtig, fut tbmy `jsi hiooigjy ihhur lg tbm buomrus `gd tbm amour. Tbm higdltligs `aamht prmdiolg`gtjy lgdlvldu`js `cmd 4> ym`rs `gd ivmr (Xtriub`j 0<<0; 668). Xiom cmgmr`j dlaamrmghms, biwmvmr, lghjudlgc tbm qu`gtlty `gd p`ttmrglgc ia tbm jmsligs, o`y `jjiw air dlaamrmgtl`tlig fmtwmmg tbm twi higdltligs. @hhirdlgc ti Xtriub`j“s Xtriub`j“s hioplj`tlig ia dl`cgistlh dlaamrmghms fmtwmmg oujtlpjm oymjio` `gd omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` (0<<0; 668), tbm airomr ls hb`r`htmrlsmd fy ` crm`t dmgslty `gd guofmr ia jmsligs tb`t `rm sh`ttmrmd tbriucbiut tbm semjmtig. Aurtbmroirm, Aurtbmroirm, tbm jmsligs b`vm ` rmcuj`r riugd iutjlgm, `gd o`hrishiplh`jjy tbmy dmoigstr`tm sb`rp mdcms `gd `ppm`r ‚pughbmd iut‟. Tbm jmsligs `rm so`jj ti omdluo lg slzm, `gd usu`jjy git j`rcmr tb`g smvmr`j oljjlomtrms lg dl`omtmr, wltb tbm mxhmptlig ia tbism tb`t b`vm omrcmd ticmtbmr. Tbm sura`hm ia tbm surriugdlgc figm dmoigstr`tms gi p`tbijiclh`j hb`gcms. Tbm ihhurrmghm ia istmifj`stlh rm`htlig lg oujtlpjm oymjio` ls rmpirtmd ti fm gig-mxlstmgt ir mxtrmomjy sjlcbt. Tbm sltms tb`t `rm oirm hiooigjy `aamhtmd lg tbls p`rtlhuj`r higdltlig lg hiop`rlsig ti omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` lghjudm tbm sh`puj`, hj`vlhjm, r`dlus `gd ujg`. Alg`jjy, oujtlpjm oymjio` `aamhts twlhm `s o`gy o`jms `s amo`jms. Lg hiop`rlsig ti oujtlpjm oymjio`, omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` ls hb`r`htmrlsmd fy amwmr fut oirm jih`jlsmd jmsligs tb`t dmoigstr`tm `g lrrmcuj`r iutjlgm wltb dmgtlhuj`tligs `gd sh`jjips, `gd ` crm`tmr v`rl`fljlty lg slzm r`gclgc ario smvmr`j oljjlomtrms up ti smvmr`j hmgtlomtrms lg dl`omtmr (Xtriub`j 0<<0; 668). Tbm sura`hm ia tbm surriugdlgc figm olcbt fm plttmd wltb aurtbmr so`jj pmrair`tligs lgdlh`tlgc `g `rm` wbmrm tbm hmgtr`j jytlh jmslig b`s mxp`gdmd fy omrclgc wltb itbmr aihl. Istmifj`stlh rmoidmjjlgc ls oirm jlemjy ti ihhur lg omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` tb`g lg oujtlpjm oymjio`5 biwmvmr, tbm o`kirlty (3=%) ia tbm omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`s `aamhtlgc figm `rm istmijytlh, wltb igjy 0=% fmlgc istmifj`stlh, `gd tbm rmo`lglgc 0>% fmlgc olxmd istmijytlh `gd istmifj`stlh (Crmmgsp`g `gd Vmo`cmg 0<<2; 812). Tbm oist hiooig h`usms ia istmijytlh jmsligs `rm h`rhlgio`s ia tbm eldgmy, eldgmy, jugc, frm`st, c`strilgtmstlg`j tr`ht, `gd tbyrild. Frm`st h`rhlgio`, biwmvmr, h`g `jsi h`usm istmifj`stlh ir olxmd istmijytlh `gd istmifj`stlh jmsligs. Lg omg, istmifj`stlh jmsligs `rm oist hiooigjy h`usmd fy prist`tm h`rhlgio`. Tbm oist hiooig sltms `aamhtmd fy omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`s `rm tbism ia tbm `xl`j semjmtig `gd prixlo`j jigc figms ia tbm jlofs. Tbmsm lghjudm tbm splgm `gd s`hruo, tbm prixlo`j mplpbysls `gd omt`pbysls ia tbm amour, rlfs, stmrguo, seujj, pmjvls, `gd prixlo`j buomrus (Irtgmr 6>>8; =88). Aurtbmroirm, tbm gmur`j `rhbms ia tbm vmrtmfr`m `gd tbmlr prihmssms `rm oirm hiooigjy `aamhtmd lg omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio` tb`g lg oujtlpjm oymjio` (Xtriub`j 0<<0; 668). Higtr`ry ti tbm j`ttmr higdltlig, omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`s `rm rmpirtmd ti `aamht amo`jms oirm armqumgtjy tb`g o`jms. Tbm oist hiooig h`usm ia omt`st`tlh figm dlsm`sm lg amo`jms ls frm`st h`ghmr. @hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcc ti hjlglh hjl glh`j `j studl s tudlms, ms, up ti t i <>% <> % ia p`tlmgts p`tl mgts wltb frm`st frm` st ir i r prist` pr ist`tm tm h`gh h `ghmr mr dmvmjip figm omt`st`sls (Fmrrmttigl `gd H`rtmr 0<215 Vmsglhe `gd Glw`y`o`, 0<22; 81035 Fidy 0<<<).
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Tbm jmsligs mghiugtmrmd lg tbm X`qq`r` semjmtig wmrm mxhjuslvmjy istmijytlh, wltb gi istmifj`stlh rmoidmjjlgc. Tbm jih`jlsmd dlstrlfutlig ia tbm jmsligs ig tbm hr`gluo `gd ` slgcjm vmrtmfr`, tbm v`rylgc slzms ia tbm jmsligs r`gclgc ario kust smvmr`j smvm r`j oljjlo olj jloltmr ltmrss ti smvmr`j smvm r`j hmgtlomt hmgt lomtmrs mrs lg dl`omtm dl` omtmr, r, `gd tbmlr tbml r lrrmcuj lrrm cuj`r `r `gd sh`jjipmd iutjlgm `rm higslstmgt wltb omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`. @jtbiucb tbm dlstrlfutlig ia tbm jmsligs lg tbm prmsmgt semjmtig hirrmspigds wltb itbmr egiwg `rhb`mijiclh`j (m.c. Tirrm mt `j. 0<2>; pj. 6 d-a5 Xtriub`j `gd Qybgàgme 0<205 Crupm 0<225 Xtriub`j 0<<05 Irtgmr 6>>8; =8<-=445 O`res `gd B`oljtig 6>>35 Vifmrts `gd O`ghbmstmr 6>>3; 616-618) `gd hjlglh`j h`sms (m.c. Cmshblhetmr `gd Hipmj`gd 0<4<; 434-=805 Iboirl mt `j. 0<<3), tbmlr vmry jloltmd dlstrlfutlig `gd tbm `fsmghm ia siat tlssum air hiop`r`tlvm blstijiclh`j studlms o`em tbm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm prlo`ry h`ghmr sltm blcbjy spmhuj`tlvm. Tbm prmsmghm ia tbm mxtmgslvm jmslig lg tbm p`rlmt`j figm hiujd pisslfjy lgdlh`tm tb`t tbm prlo`ry gmipj`stlh criwtb sltm w`s tbm fr`lg, spmhlalh`jjy tbm p`rlmt`j jifm ir tbm omglgcms. Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, o`jlcg`gt omglgclio` ls vmry r`rm, `gd tbm sprm`d ia tbls dlsm`sm ti itbmr irc`gs ir figms b`s `g lghldmghm ia igjy 0 lg 0,>>>, wltb tbm jugcs fmlgc tbm oist armqumgt sltms air omt`st`sls (A`fl mt `j. 6>>1; 828=). Tbmrmairm, Tbmrmairm, t`elgc lgti higsldmr`tlig tbm dlstrlfutlig ia tbm jmsligs lg tbm X`qq`r` semjmtig, tbmlr jytlh hb`r`htmr `gd oirpbijicy, tbm lgdlvldu`j“s smx (amo`jm) `gd `dv`ghmd `cm (=>-1> ym`rs), `s wmjj `s tbm oidmrg lghldmghm ia omt`st`tlh figm h`ghmr, h`ghmr, lt hiujd fm spmhuj`tmd tb`t tbm prlo`ry h`ghmrius sltm w`s tbm frm`st. Dlshusslig `gd Highjusligs
Lg tbm X`qq`r` amo`jm dmshrlfmd lg tbm prmsmgt study, study, tbm twi semjmt`j sltms `aamhtmd fy omt`st`tlh h`ghmr wmrm tbm hr`gluo `gd ` slgcjm vmrtmfr`. Tbm prmsmghm ia tbls dlsm`sm w`s dmtmrolgmd o`hrishiplh`jjy, `gd lg tbm h`sm ia tbm hr`gluo, `jsi fy r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc. Tbm j`ttmr dl`cgistlh tmhbglqum rmvm`jmd `g `ddltlig`j gig-pmrair`tlgc jmslig lg tbm hr`gluo, wblhb w`s ugdmtmht`fjm fy o`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig. Xlghm istmijytlh jmsligs irlclg`tm lg tbm o`rriw h`vltlms lgsldm tbm figms `gd igjy j`tmr pricrmss h`uslgc dmstruhtlig `gd pmrair`tlig ia tbm figm hirtmx, lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbm dlstrlfutlig ia tbm jmsligs w`s lg a`ht oirm mxtmgslvm lg tbm pist-hr`gl`j semjmtig tb`g lt `ppm`rmd ti fm fy o`hrishiplh lgspmhtlig `jigm. Tbus, ` hioprmbmgslvm r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc `g`jysls ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs, p`rtlhuj`rjy figms wltb b`mo`tipilmtlh o`rriw sltms wbmrm tbm jmsligs `rm oist jlemjy ti ihhur, suhb `s tbm seujj, rlfs, splgm, figy pmjvls, `gd tbm prixlo`j buomrus `gd amour, wiujd gmmd ti fm ugdmrt`emg lg irdmr ti dmtmrolgm tbm aujj mxtmgt ia tbm dlstrlfutlig ia tbm jmsligs lg `gy lgdlvldu`j ugdmr mx`olg`tlig.
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Tbm prmsmghm ia mxhjuslvmjy jytlh jmsligs lg tbm X`qq`r` semjmtig wiujd succmst tbm higdltlig w`s vmry `ccrmsslvm, jlemjy h`uslgc tbm lgdlvldu`j ` blcb dmcrmm ia p`lg5 lgdmmd, tbls ls iatmg ldmgtlalmd `s tbm alrst syoptio ia figm omt`st`sms lg oidmrg hjlglh`j p`tlmgts (Hijmo`g 6>>1). Tbm p`lg wiujd jlemjy b`vm lghrm`smd wltb pricrmsslig ia tbm dlsm`sm. Lg `ddltlig, tbm X`qq`r` amo`jm wiujd prif`fjy b`vm mxpmrlmghmd itbmr syoptios, git`fjy tbism h`usmd fy bypmrh`jh`mol` (blcb h`jhluo jmvmj lg tbm fjiidstrm`o5 Xijlo`gdi 6>>05 Fiwmr `gd Hix 6>>4), wblhb wiujd b`vm b`d ` priaiugd lop`ht ig bmr qu`jlty ia jlam, lgmvlt`fjy gmhmsslt`tlgc siom airo ia p`jjl`tlvm h`rm. Lg `rhb`mijiclh`j h`sms wbmrm tbm prlo`ry h`ghmrius sltm iatmg rmo`lgs `t fmst spmhuj`tlvm, lt ls `joist lopisslfjm ti dmtmrolgm tbm survlv`j tlom air lgdlvldu`js wltb figm omt`st`sms. @hhirdlgc ti hjlglh`j studlms (Hijmo`g `gd Vufmgs 0<235 Iboirl mt `j. 0<<3), tbm survlv`j sur vlv`j tlom `atmr tbm dmtmhtlig ia figm omt`st`sms wiujd v`ry dmpmgdlgc ig tbm prlo`ry sltm. Ia tbm aiur typms ia h`ghmr lgvmstlc`tmd lg tbmsm studlms, tbm p`tlmgts wltb prist`tm `gd frm`st h`ghmr b`d tbm fmst pricgisls wltb tbm survlv`j tlom om`surmd lg ym`rs, lg hiop`rlsig ti tbm p`tlmgts wltb jugc `gd stio`hb h`ghmr wbism `vmr`cm survlv`j tlom w`s jloltmd ti smvmr`j oigtbs (Iboirl mt `j. 0<<3; 61=). Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, la tbm spmhuj`tlvm dl`cgisls ia figm omt`st`sls ario frm`st h`ghmr lg tbm X`qq`r` amo`jm ls ti fm higsldmrmd, lt ls ugjlemjy tb`t bmr survlv`j tlom wiujd fm `s jigc `s smvmr`j ym`rs, higsldmrlgc tbm j`he ia oidmrgd`y h`ghmr trm`tomgt `v`lj`fjm ti bmr. bmr. Aurtbmroirm, la sbm sufsmqumgtjy dmvmjipmd omt`st`sms `t mxtr`issmius sltms, bmr survlv`j tlom wiujd oist hmrt`lgjy dmhrm`sm aurtbmr. Biwmvmr, fitb survlv`j mstlo`tms `gd tbm dl`cgisls ia tbm prlo`ry h`ghmr sltm rmo`lg spmhuj`tlvm, `s gi siat tlssum survlvmd air vmrlalh`tlig ia tbm bypitbmsls. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Tbm `utbir wlsbms ti mxprmss bmr cr`tltudm ti E`rij Oyŕjlwlmh, Lgstltutm ia Irlmgt`j `gd Omdltmrr`gm`g Hujturms ia tbm ^ijlsb @h`dmoy ia Xhlmghms `gd ^ijlsb Hmgtrm ia tbm Omdltmrr`gm`g @rhb`mijicy ia tbm ]glvmrslty ia S`rs`w, air cr`gtlgc `hhmss ti tbm buo`g rmo`lgs `t tbm X`qq`r` gmhripijls, `gd ti X`jlo` Ler`o, @omrlh`g ]glvmrslty lg H`lri, air r`dlicr`pblh lo`clgc ia tbm semjmt`j rmo`lgs.
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2=
Xtudy ia Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms Jlgm s upig Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Eb`rc` I`sls Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc
Xlghm 8> ym`rs tbm Xtr`sfiurc ]glvmrslty tm`o, dlrmhtmd fy Ar`gãilsm Dug`gd, b`s wiremd lg Eb`rc` i`sls ig tbm hmomtmrlms `tt`hbmd ti tbrmm sltms; Dusb, @lg mj-Jmfmeb` `gd mj-Dmlr. Tbmsm sltms wmrm lgb`fltmd lg ^tijmo`lh `gd Vio`g tloms (pisslfjy mj-Dmlr w`s lgb`fltmd slghm tbm ^mrsl`g pmrlid). J`rcm smttjmomgts ihhuplmd tbmsm sltms, git`fjy `t Dusb. Tbm pipuj`tligs ia tbmsm sltms wmrm oistjy amjj`blg (pm`s`gts `gd hr`atsomg) wltb, ia hiursm, wmjj-ti-di pmipjm, prlmsts `gd hlvlj smrv`gts. Lg j`tm Vio`g tloms, so`jj c`rrlsigs wmrm `jsi jidcmd lgsldm tbm tmopjm `t Dusb `gd lgsldm tbm airtrmssms ia Jmfmeb` `gd Dmlr. Lgtmgslvm a`rolgc w`s pisslfjm lg `jj tbrmm `rm`s, dum ti ` ciid w`tmr suppjy `hhmssmd fy `rtmsl`g wmjjs `gd tbm systmo ia q`g`ts. Giw tbmsm `rm`s `rm surriugdmd fy dmsmrt, wltb bucm f`rhb`gs dugms hivmrlgc tbm ighm amrtljm almjds. Ig `jj tbrmm sltms tbm smpujhbrms `rm a`oljy tiofs, riucbjy duc lg tbm criugd ir lg tbm so`jj rldcms tb`t surriugd tbm smttjmomgts (Alc. 0). Buo`g rmo`lgs, `dujts `gd hbljdrmg furlmd lg tbm s`om tiof, wmrm giro`jjy ouoolalmd. Biwmvmr, dum ti smvmrm `gd rmpm`tmd jiitlgc ‘ `s wmjj `s piir ouoolalh`tlig lg o`gy h`sms ‘ o`gy ia tbm hirpsms tb`t tbm tm`o dlshivmrmd b`d fmhiom semjmtiglzmd. Biwmvmr, ciid qu`jlty ouoolms wmrm `jsi aiugd `t tbm tbrmm sltms. @t m`hb sltm, o`gy o`g y ia tbmsm wmrm studlmd vlsu`jjy, vlsu` jjy, `gd siom s`opjms s`op jms wmrm R-r`ymd. R-r` ymd. @t Dusb, tbm guofmr guo fmr ia fidlms fidl ms studlmd stu dlmd w`s 318. Ia tbmsm tbms m => ouoolms ouoo lms `gd 44 semjmtigs wmrm R-r`ymd. @t Jmfmeb`, `fiut 4=> lgdlvldu`js wmrm mx`olgmd5 ia tbmsm, 14 ouoolms wmrm R-r`ymd. @t mj-Dmlr tbm guofmr ia pmipjm fmjigclgc ti Xiutb, Girtb, Girtb-M`st `gd M`st hmomtmrlms w`s `t jm`st 2=>. Ia tbmsm 4= ouoolms `gd 04= semjmtigs wmrm R-r`ymd. Tbus, tbm tit`j guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js wbi wmrm R-r`ymd `oiugts ti oirm tb`g 0>% ia tbm pipuj`tlig ig m`hb sltm, privldlgc ` rmjl`fjm s`opjm slzm. Criwtb `rrmst jlgms, `jsi egiwg `s B`rrls Jlgms, wmrm dmshrlfmd fy B`rrls lg ` 0<80 study bm pmrairomd ig tbm semjmtigs ia hbljdrmg wltb stugtmd criwtb `gd rlhemts (B`rrls 0<<8). Tbmsm jlgms ig R-r`y jiie jlem dmgsm jlgms `ppm`rlgc o`lgjy ig tbm dl`pbysls ia siom jigc figms, git`fjy ig tbm jiwmr tblrd ia tbm tlfl`s, ti ` jmssmr dmcrmm ig tbm amours, `gd oirm r`rmjy ig tbm buomrus. Lt sbiujd fm gitmd tb`t lt ls lopisslfjm ti ldmgtlay tbmsm jlgms ig jlvlgc sufkmhts mxhmpt tbriucb r`dlijiclh`j study. study. Ia hiursm, ig ` hirpsm, igm hiujd `jw`ys o`em smhtligs ia tbm figm `gd study tbmo ugdmr ` olhrishipm ir mvmg dlrmhtjy. Tbm prmhlsm irlclg ia
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Alc. 0. O`p ia Eb`rc` i`sls wltb plhturms ia tbm tbrmm sltms mxpjirmd fy tbm Armghb tm`o (o`p; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc `atmr C`rhlmr5 pbitis; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
tbmsm jlgms ls higtrivmrsl`j. Air siom `utbirs, tbmy `rm `gio`jlms tb`t ihhur durlgc tbm hiursm ia criwtb `rrmsts h`usmd fy r`tbmr jmgctby ljjgmssms ir o`jgutrltlig. Air itbmrs, tbmy `rm o`remrs ia ` rmsuoptlig ia criwtb `atmr ` bl`tus (Bmlo `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>>). Lg `gy h`sm, tbmsm jlgms higstltutm ` ciid lgdlh`tlig ia `g lgdlvldu`j“s st`tm ia bm`jtb ir, oirm mx`htjy, ia bls/bmr jlam mxpmrlmghm durlgc tbm pmrlid ia criwtb. Lg tbls w`y, tbm pripirtlig ia tbmsm jlgms wltblg ` pipuj`tlig rmajmhts lts gutrltlig`j `gd p`tbijiclh`j st`tus (Alcs. 6, 8). Sbmg L fmc`g fmc` g studylg stud ylgcc ouoolms ouoo lms lg sltu mx`htjy tblrty ym`rs `ci, L b`d gi mxpmrlmghm lg tbm spbmrm ia r`dlicr`pblgc ouoolms; lg a`ht, L b`d R-r`ymd igjy igm ouooy; tbm ouooy ia ^b`r`ib V`osms LL wbmg lt w`s friucbt ti ^`rls lg 0<31! L b`d, biwmvmr, jm`rgmd ` jit `fiut tbls r`tbmr spmhl`j typm ia r`dlicr`pby fy rm`dlgc, `oigcst itbmrs, tbm wire ia Cr`y wbi b`d R-r`ymd, durlgc tbm 0<1>s, o`gy ia tbm ouoolms prmsmrvmd lg Muripm`g ousmuos. Bm b`d studlmd, git`fjy, criwtb `rrmst jlgms (Cr`y 0<115 0<1<5 D`wsig `gd Cr`y 0<12). Airtlalmd fy tbmsm rm`dlgcs, lg 0<26 L tr`vmjjmd ti Eb`rc` i`sls wbmrm, L w`s put lg hb`rcm ia tbm buo`g rmo`lgs `t Dusb, jih`tmd lg tbm siutb ia tbm i`sls. (Dug`gd mt `j. 0<<65 6>>=). @s p`rt ia tbm mx`olg`tlig ia buo`g rmo`lgs, L aihussmd ig p`tbijicy `gd ouoolalh`tlig, `gd B`rrls Jlgms lg p`rtlhuj`r. p`rtlhuj`r. Ti Ti tbls mgd L R-r`ymd git igjy ouoolms, fut dry figms tii, si `s ti ift`lg ` st`tlstlh`jjy v`jld s`opjlgc. Lt w`s pisslfjm ti R-r`y tbm lgamrlir mxtrmolty ia tlfl`s `gd amours ia aiur lgdlvldu`js ticmtbmr ig ` slgcjm pj`tm (Alc. 4).
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Alc. 6. B`rrls Jlgms (`rriw) ig ` friemg amour aiugd hjism ti ` tiof `t mj-Dmlr (M`st Hmomtmry) (pbiti; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
Tbls tmhbglqum o`dm lt pisslfjm ti lghrm`sm lg ` om`glgcauj w`y tbm guofmr ia sufkmhts studlmd. Ia hiursm, tbls guofmr w`s git vmry blcb fmh`usm wirelgc lg tbm dmsmrt ls ` sjiw prihmss dum ti tbm piir qu`jlty ia tbm r`dlijiclh`j dmvlhm `gd tbm piwmr siurhms. Tbm ‚R-r`y dmp`rtomgt‟ dmp`r tomgt‟ w`s vmry f`slh. f` slh. Tbm R-r`y dmvlhm w`s `g ijd, pirt`fjm igm, ` O`sslit-^bljlps O`sslit-^bljlps <>-6>, fuljt durlgc tbm alatlms. Lt w`s usmd ti R-r`y pmipjm lg tbm biom, ir wiugdmd sijdlmrs lg tbm almjd. @s ouoolms wmrm stlaa, lt w`s pisslfjm ti b`gc tbmo wltb str`ps, `jigc ` w`jj, wltb tbm aljos fmblgd tbmo. Tbls `jjiwmd om ti turg tbmo wltbiut d`o`clgc tbmo lg irdmr ti ift`lg arigt`j `gd j`tmr`j vlmws. Tbm dmvmjipomgt ia tbm aljos w`s `hblmvmd lg ` vmry prloltlvm j`fir`tiry. Tbm wbijm w`s alttmd iut `t Dusb lgsldm ` wiidmg elise, `t mj-Dmlr lgsldm `g ijd fuljdlgc fuljt fy tbm Frltlsb @roy lg 0<06 wbmg tbmy ihhuplmd tbm sltm. Tbm ouoolms ario Jmfmeb` wmrm R-r`ymd lgsldm tbm t`atlsb `t Eb`rc` (Alc. =). Tbm study ia ouoolms `t Dusb, ig oy alrst olsslig, r`lsmd ` prifjmo ia lgtmrprmt`tlig. Tbm wire ia Cr`y mst`fjlsbmd tb`t Criwtb @rrmst Jlgms (C@J) wmrm prmsmgt lg 8>% ia tbm h`sms, wbljm oy iwg rmsujts wmrm blcbmr, oirm tb`g =>%. Tbm qu`jlty ia Cr`y“s rmsujts w`s wmjj mst`fjlsbmd5 `s air oy rmsujts, tbm jlgms wmrm vmry hjm`r ig tbm lo`cms. Tbus L tbiucbt ia pisslfjm mxpj`g`tligs air tbm vmry
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Alc. 8. @) OD.4<.0.0.1; o`g ario Dusb hmomtmry, fmtwmmg 8>-4> ym`rs ijd5 F) @J.6=.0.0 @J.6 =.0.00.8; 0.8; so`jj fiy ario J`f`eb`, J`f` eb`, `fiut `fiu t = ym`rs ym `rs ijd i jd (pbiti (p bitis; s; V. Jlhbtmgf Jlhb tmgfmrc) mrc)..
Alc. 4. Tbmsm aiur lgdlvldu`js fmjigc ti tbm Girtb `gd M`st Hmomtmrlms. @rriws sbiw B`rrls Jlgms ig tbm figms ia tbm semjmtig ia `g `dujt o`g (MD G6=.8.>=) (pbitis; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
blcb pmrhmgt`cm ia C@J ig tbm Eb`rc` ouoolms. Lt alg`jjy ihhurrmd ti om tb`t Cr`y“s ouoolms b`d `rrlvmd lg Muripm durlgc 0
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Alc. =. R-r`y dmp`rtomgt. @) Dusb5 F) mj-Dml m j-Dmlrr (pbitis; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
tbmosmjvms; oist ia tbm hijjmhtirs `gd ousmuo hur`tirs wmrm lgtmrmstmd lg tbm s`rhipb`cl, h`rtigg`cm, `gd kmwmjs `dirglgc tbm fidy. Tbus, tbm `rtma`hts tb`t Cr`y b`d studlmd fmjigcmd ti p`rtlhuj`rjy wmjj-ti-di pmipjm. Tbm ouoolalmd lgdlvldu`js studlmd fy Cr`y wmrm omofmrs ia ` sihl`j hj`ss supmrlir ti tb`t ia tbm
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ouoolalmd pm`s`gts ia tbm Eb`rc` i`sls. Lt sbiujd fm gitmd tb`t lg tbm ^tijmo`lh `gd Vio`g pmrlids, `joist `jj pmipjm wmrm ouoolalmd ti siom dmcrmm ir tbm itbmr (Dug`gd `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>1). Tbus L rm`jlzmd tb`t tbm study ia C@J wiujd `jjiw git igjy `g lgdlvldu`j study, study, fut `jsi `g ivmr`jj sihlijiclh`j `ppri`hb ti pipuj`tligs. Sltb tbm git`fjm wire, ‚@g R-r`y @tj`s ia tbm Viy`j Ouoolms‟ (B`rrls `gd Smgtm 0<2>), oy spmhuj`tlig w`s higalromd. Lg tbm riy`j ouoolms, tbm fiie“s `utbirs rmhirdmd tb`t tbmsm lgdlvldu`js sbiwmd C@J lg jmss tb`g =% ia h`sms. Mvmg durlgc ` pmrlid wbmg omdlh`j h`rm w`s ia ` piir qu`jlty, tbm pb`r`ibs ia hiursm fmgmaltmd ario blcbmr qu`jlty aiid `gd fmttmr byclmgm. Tbmrmairm, tbm study ia C@J `ppm`rmd ti fm ` trum lgdlh`tir ia tbm qu`jlty ia jlam ia ` pipuj`tlig. Tbmsm algdlgcs mghiur`cmd om ti pursum tbm study ia tbmsm jlgms `t itbmr sltms wltb dlvmrsm pipuj`tligs. Tbm study ia ouoolms `gd semjmtigs ia tbm Dusb gmhripijls w`s pursumd durlgc tbm hiursm ia alvm olssligs ario 0<26 ugtlj tbm m`rjy 0<<>s. Durlgc tbls tlom L ift`lgmd ` smrlms ia =6 ouoolms `gd 44 semjmtigs. Lg tbm alrst lgst`ghm, wbmg `jj tbm lgdlvldu`js ia fitb smxms wmrm t`emg ticmtbmr, ticmtbmr, st`tlstlh`j rmsujts rmvm`jmd tb`t tbm lghldmghm ia criwtb `rrmst jlgms w`s =6.>2%. Fut ` oirm rmalgmd study jiielgc `t m`hb smx smp`r`tmjy sbiwmd tb`t tbm crm`tmst lghldmghm ia criwtb `rrmst jlgms w`s ti fm aiugd `oigc wiomg; 12% vmrsus 41% `oigc omg. Tbm prif`fjm h`usm ia tbls dlaamrmghm ls lg tbm armqumghy ia prmcg`ghy (clrjs o`rrlmd vmry yiugc `gd tbmlr alrst prmcg`ghlms tiie pj`hm fmairm tbmy alglsbmd criwlgc). @gitbmr h`usm prif`fjy wiujd fm dlstlght dlaamrmghms lg wireji`ds `gd tbm `oiugt ia aiid `hhmsslfjm ti wiomg (T`fjm 0, 6). Ig tbm sltm ia @lg mj-Jmfmeb`, mxpjirmd sufsmqumgtjy ario 0<<4 ti 0<<3, L ifsmrvmd tb`t criwtb `rrmst jlgms `ppm`rmd slcglalh`gtjy oirm armqumgtjy, `gd tb`t tbm dlaamrmghm fmtwmmg tbm smxms w`s jmss o`remd. @jtbiucb tbmrm wmrm siom ‚rlhb‟ tiofs, tbm st`gd`rd ia jlvlgc smmomd ti fm ia jmssmr qu`jlty tb`g `t Dusb. Lgdlvldu`js
C@J
Ouoolms
=>
80
16%
Xemjmtigs
44
0<
48,02%
Tit`j
<4
=>
Lgdlvldu`js
C@J
Ouoolms + semjmtigs amo`jms
4>
6=
Ouoolms + semjmtigs o`jms
=4
6=
=6,>2%
16,=%
T`fjm 0. C@J `t Dusb.
T`fjm 6. C@J `t Dusb amo`jms `gd o`jms smp`r`tmd.
<6
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41%
Igjy 14 ouoolms wmrm R-r`ymd `t Jmfmeb`; 8< sbiwmd mvldmghm air C@J, ` tit`j ia 10%. mrm ls gi slcglffh`gt dlmrmghm fmtwmmg amo`jms `gd o`jms lg tmros ia tbm `ppm`r`ghm ia C@J `t tbls sltm (F`bc`t @bomd Lfr`blo mt `j. 6>>2) (T`fjm 8). @s ` dmoigstr` dmoig str`tlig tlig ia tbm rmj`tli rmj `tligg fmtwmmg fmtwmm g bm`jtb bm`jt b `gd jlvlgc jlvl gc higdltl hig dltligs, igs, Tiofs Tiofs 6> `gd =0 `t mj-Jmfmeb` `rm usmauj. @ study ia tbm cr`vm ciids, lghjudlgc furl`j higt`lgmrs, tmxtljms, kmwmjjmry, `oujmts, `gd hmr`olhs, sbiwmd tb`t tbm ihhup`gts ia Tiof Tiof =0 wmrm rmj`tlvmjy rmj`tlvmj y rlhb, wbljm w bljm tbism ia Tiof Tiof 6> w`s w `s rmj`tlvmjy rmj`t lvmjy piir. 0 Tbls ifsmrv`tlig ls higalromd fy tbm study ia buo`g rmo`lgs. Tbm ouoolalh`tlig usmd air tbm pmrsig lg Tiof =0 w`s a`r oirm histjy tb`t tb`t usmd air tbm ihhup`gts ia Tiof 6>. =>% ia Tiof =0“s ihhup`gts wmrm mvlshmr`tmd `fdiolg`jjy, iljs `gd rmslg `ppjlmd ti tbm selg, `gd alg`jjy, tbm selg w`s cljdmd. Amw pmipjm lg Tiof 6> mgkiymd mltbmr trm`tomgt. @jtbiucb siom lghldmghm ia dlsm`sm (fljb`rzl`) ihhurrmd `oigc tbm pmipm lg tiof =0 (=%), oirm mx`opjms wmrm aiugd lg tiof 6> (=>%). Tufmrhujisls w`s ifsmrvmd lg tbm rmo`lgs ario Tiof 6>, fut git lg Tiof =0. @joist @jo ist mvmry mvmr y lgdlvl lgd lvldu`j du`j furlmd fur lmd lg Tiof 6> suaamrmd sua amrmd ario C@J (<>%), (<> %), fut lts lghldmghm lghldmg hm w`s ouhb jiwmr ig tbm tb m fidlms lgtmrrmd lgtmr rmd lg Tiof Tiof =0 (4>%). (4>%) . Lgtmrmstlgcjy Lgtmrmstlgc jy,, tiitb dmh`y ls oist armqumgt lgsldm Tiof =0 tb`g Tiof 6>. Tbls ls prif`fjy fmh`usm bigmy, wblhb w`s mxpmgslvm `gd tbm hblma siurhm ia swmmtgmss lg tbm `ghlmgt wirjd, w`s oirm `v`lj`fjm ti tbm wm`jtby lgb`flt`gts ia Tiof =0 tb`g tbmlr piirmr gmlcbfiurs (Alc. 1) Tbm sltm ia mj-Dmlr, studlmd ario 0<<2 ti tbm prmsmgt, iaamrs hiop`r`fjm d`t` `gd, lgdmmd, lt ls mvmg oirm rmjl`fjm dum ti tbm bucm guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js studlmd. Tbmrm ls mvldmghm air higsldmr`fjm w`tmr lg tbls `rm`, om`glgc ciid hrips `gd hiop`r`tlvmjy ‚rlhb‟ pmipjm (Dug`gd mt `j. 6>0>5 6>06). Tbls ldm` ia ` oirm wm`jtby pipuj`tlig ls suppirtmd fy tbm prmsmghm ia stigm s`rhipb`cl `s wmjj `s blcb qu`jlty ouoolalh`tlig ivmr`jj. Iut ia 0<> pmipjm studlmd (4= ouoolms `gd 04= figms), 44.3% sbiwmd mvldmghm air C@J (T`fjms 4, =). Lgdlvldu`js
C@J
Ouoolms
14
8<
10%
Ouoolms amo`jms
6=
04
=1%
Ouoolms o`jms
8<
6=
14%
Lgdlvldu`js
C@J
Ouoolms
4=
64
=8,8%
Xemjmtigs
04=
10
46,>3%
Tit`j
0<>
2=
T`fjm 8. C@J `t Jmfmeb`.
44,3%
T`fjm 4. C@J `t mj-Dmlr.
0
Air ` dlshusslig ig wm`jtb `gd st`tus jlgemd ti augmr`ry ciids, smm Vlhb`rds (6>>=).
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<8
Lgdlvldu`js
C@J
Ouoolms + semjmtigs amo`jms
<2
=>
Ouoolms + semjmtigs o`jms
<4
81
=0%
82,8%
T`fjm =. C@J `t mj-Dmlr, amo`jms `gd o`jms smp`r`tmd.
Alc. 1. ^`tbijicy `gd ouoolh`tlig hiop`rmd fmtwmmg tiofs 6> `gd =0.
Highjuslig
B`rrls Jlgms `rm igjy igm siurhm ia lgairo`tlig tb`t h`g fm usmd ti `ssmss tbm ‚wm`jtb‟, st`gd`rd ia jlvlgc, ir ivmr`jj bm`jtb ia ` pipuj`tlig. Biwmvmr, lt ls gitlhm`fjm tb`t tbm prmsmghm ia C@J higalros tbm itbmr oirm st`gd`rd `rhb`mijiclh`j om`gs ia mv`ju`tlgc tbm ‚wm`jtb‟ ia ` pipuj`tlig, `gd, `s ` rmsujt, olcbt mvmg fm usmd lgdmpmgdmgtjy ti pistuj`tm tbm rmj`tlvm st`tus ia `g lgdlvldu`j furl`j tb`t olcbt ol cbt fm rmoivmd ario lts pripmr higtmxt. Gi diuft auturm wire lg tbm i`sls `s wmjj `s mjsmwbmrm wljj bmjp ti tmst tbm rmjl`fljlty ia B`rrls Jlgms `s o`remrs ia sihli-mhigiolh st`tus5 air tbm tlom fmlgc tbm Eb`rc` studlms privldm ` f`smjlgm ia sirts air uslgc tbm jlgms air suhb `g`jysms.
<4
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Ario Mcypt ti Jltbu`gl`; Jltbu` gl`; O`rlk` Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē“s Ouooy `gd lts V`dlijiclh`j Lgvmstlc`tlig Lgvmstlc`tlig D`rli ^lioflgi-O`sh`jl, Jldlk` OhEglcbt, @jdig @jd ig`` Xglteu Xglt euvl vlmg mgē, ē, Vlo` Vl o`gt` gt`ss K`ge` K` ge`use use`s, `s, @jclrd` @jc lrd`ss T`o T`oiŠl iŠlťg ťg`s, `s, V`oť V` oťg` g`ss Q`j Q`j`g `gďl ďlus, us, Sljarlmd Vismgd`bj & Xtmpb`glm ^`gzmr
Lgtriduhtlig
@ studmgt stu dmgt ia tbm a`oius a`o ius Vussl`g Vuss l`g Mcyptiji Mcyp tijicls clstt Firls Firl s Tur` Tur`ymv ymv (0212-0< (021 2-0<6>) 6>) O`rlk` O`rl k` Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē (022=-0<40), tbm alrst Jltbu`gl`g Mcyptijiclst, hijjmhtmd `gtlqultlms air mduh`tlig`j purpisms durlgc bmr tr`vmjs ti Mcypt (Xglteuvlmgē 6>><5 6>00). @g mgtry lg bmr tr`vmj dl`ry d`tmd 0<64 rm`ds; ‚Xi a`r, tbm H`lri Ousmuo“s ‚@rhb`mijiclh`j hioolsslig‟ stljj `jjiws Uus_ ti mxpirt ouoolms `gd v`rlius `gtlqultlms, ia hiursm, igjy tbism tb`t tbm ousmuo b`s lg mxhmss ‟ (Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē 0<88; 16).
Fy t`elgc `dv`gt`cm ia tbmsm ippirtugltlms, Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē fiucbt ` dmoitlh p`pyrus `gd ` amw ar`comgts ia ` blmr`tlh p`pyrus ario tbm Vussl`g Mcyptijiclst Crlciry Juey`giv (022=-0<4=). Juey`giv wiremd `s ` pmrsig`j smhrmt`ry air tbm Hzmhbisjiv`e Hzmhbisjiv`e mgviy lg H`lri (Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē 0<81). Sbljst Sblj st `t tbm H`lri H`l ri Ousmuo Ousmu o ‘ oist prif`fj prif `fjyy `sslstm `ss lstmdd fy Juey`giv Juey` giv ‘ sbm `jsi `js i `hqulrmd ` uglqum ouooy lgsldm tbm triucb ia ` s`rhipb`cus. X`djy, tbmrm w`s gi `hhiop`gylgc jld ( Lfldmo 0<64). Lt w`s hustio`ry `t tbm tlom air `gtlqultlms rmoivmd ario tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo lg H`lri ti fm `hhiop`glmd fy ` st`opmd hmrtlalh`tm, cu`r`gtmmlgc tbmlr `utbmgtlhlty5 biwmvmr, biwmvmr, tbmrm ls gi mxt`gt dihuomgt ia tbls g`turm ( Lfldmo 0<8=). B`d tbm dihuomgt survlvmd, lt o`y wmjj b`vm lgdlh`tmd tb`t tbm s`rhipb`cus w`s dlshivmrmd lg tbm Juxir `rm` (Dmlr mj-F`b`rl) `gd, ticmtbmr wltb tbm ouooy, olcbt fm `ttrlfutmd ti tbm 00tb/06tb h. FH. @hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcc ti tbm rmpisltir rmpis ltiryy rmclstr rmcl stryy ia tbm E`ug`s E`ug `s G`tlig`j G`tli g`j Ousmuo Ousmu o ia @rt (0<4>; 0.=<), wbmrm tbm ltmo ls prmsmgtjy `hhmssligmd, Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē w`s higvlghmd tb`t tbm s`rhipb`cus w`s o`dm spmhlalh`jjy air tbm ouooy. Lg `
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jmttmr wrlttmg fy tbm shbij`r ti tb`t ousmuo ig Amfru`ry 6 0<83, tbm dmhm`smd w`s rmamrrmd ti `s tbm ‚Mcyptl`g prlghmss Xbmo`lt‟ ir ‚sey ciddmss - prlmstmss‟. Air tbm dmhm`smd“s g`om `gd tltjms, tbm shlmgtlst prif`fjy rmjlmd upig tbm lgshrlptlig p`lgtmd ig tbm s`rhipb`cus. @hhirdlgc ti bmr, tbm ouooy purhb`smd ario tbm H`lri Ousmuo w`s tbm wr`ppmd rmo`lgs ia `g Mcyptl`g prlghmss `gd prlmstmss ia tbm cid @oug. Tbm fidy, lg lts mgtlrmty, mgtlrmty, w`s higt`lgmd higt`l gmd wltblg ` o`t o `t o`dm ia stlhes stlh es ir p`jo rlfs ‘ siomtblgc sbm fmjlmvmd w`s ` spmhl`j furl`j hustio usmd lg hmrt`lg p`rts ia siutbmrg Mcypt (Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē 0<88). @atmr lgspmhtlig ia tbm s`rhipb`cus, Mvcmgy Ficisjivsey (0<40-0<<>) rmvlsmd tbm g`om ia tbm dmhm`smd ti Xbmo`lt-lomg-pmrl-Bmru, Xbmo`lt-lomg-pmrl-Bmru, aurtbmr `ddlgc tbm lgairo`tlig tb`t sbm w`s ` o`rrlmd wio`g ir ‚biusmwlam‟ (Xglteuvlmgē 0<<>). Mcyptijiclst Xvmtj`g` Bidk`sb (0<68-6>>2) sufsmqumgtjy rm-d`tmd tbm s`rhipb`cus ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty ir j`tmr j `tmr,, hj`lolgc tb`t lt w`s git pisslfjm ti dmduhm tbm dmhm`smd“s dmhm`smd“s g`om ir `gy aurtbmr dmt`ljs tb`t b`d prmvliusjy fmmg `shrlfmd ti lt `s lgairo`tlig ia tbls elgd ls cmgmr`jjy rmhirdmd ig tbm jld. Xlghm tbm s`rhipb`cus jld b`s git survlvmd `gd tbm ouooy b`s gi sbriud, tbm g`om ia tbm dmhm`smd sbiujd fm rmc`rdmd `s ugegiwg. @hhirdlgc ti Bidk`sb, tbm blmricjypblh tmxt ig tbm s`rhipb`cus lgdlh`tms tb`t lt ls lgtmgdmd air ` o`rrlmd wio`g ir ‚biusmwlam‟, ‚biusmwlam‟, wbi b`s tbm tltjm ia blcbmst prlmstmss ‘ hb`gtrmss ia @oug (Fmrjmv `gd Bidk`sb 0<<2). Vmhmgtjy, tbm s`rhipb`cus `gd tbm ouooy fitb ugdmrwmgt rmstir`tlig `t tbm Jltbu`gl`g @rt Ousmuo ^r`g`s Cudyg`s Vmstir`tlig Hmgtmr, Qljglus (ſlďeuvlmgē mt `j. 6>00). Aijjiwlgc tbm rmstir`tlig, ` fli-`gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm fugdjm w`s pmrolttmd (@uadmrbmldm 6>>8). Tbm o`lg shipm ia tbm lgvmstlc`tlig w`s ti `gswmr qumstligs `fiut tbm ouooy“s ldmgtlty `gd am`turms; dims tbls ouooy rm`jjy fmjigc ti tbm s`rhipb`cus9 Ls lt rm`jjy tbm slgcmr ia tbm cid @oug9 Sb`t ls tbm qu`jlt qu` jltyy ia prmsmrv` prmsm rv`tlig tlig ia tbm lgdlvldu lgdl vldu`j9 `j9 Biw ijd w`s tbm sufkmht suf kmht wbmg sbm dlmd9 Sb`t airo ia ouoolalh`tlig trm`tomgt dld sbm rmhmlvm9 Ti `gswmr tbmsm qumstligs, ` r`dlijiclh`j mx`olg`tlig ia tbm fidy uslgc hioputmr tioicr`pby (HT) w`s higduhtmd lg Kujy 6>00. H-04 d`tlgc ia irc`glh o`tmrl`j `gd jlgmg s`opjms w`s pmrairomd `t tbm Hurt-Mgcmjbirg Hmgtmr air @rhb`miomtry, @rhb`miomtry, O`ggbmlo, Cmro`gy. Tbm rmsujts ario tbls wmrm hiop`tlfjm wltb tbm styjlstlh d`tlgc ia tbm hiaalg ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty (irc`glh o`ttmr - 6246 ` F^ +/- 6> ? h`j FH 0>83-<405 jlgmg - 6248 ` F^ +/- 63.0 ? h`j FH 0>40-<40). O`tmrl`js `gd Omtbids
Tbm ouooy ugdmr higsldmr`tlig bmrm, Tt 63<3, ls `jjmcmdjy `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm pijyhbrioius pijyhbrioius `gtbripild s`rhipb`cus, Tt 63<2. Tbm dlomgsligs ia Tt 63<2 `rm `pprixlo`tmjy 023 ho (jmgctb), 6< ho (bmlcbt) `gd => ho (wldtb). Tbm fidy ls hiopjmtmjy wr`ppmd lg f`gd`cms tb`t v`ry `pprixlo`tmjy fmtwmmg 06 `gd 01 ho lg wldtb, wblhb ls suppirtmd fy ` o`t higstruhtmd ario stlhes. Tbls suppirt, lg turg, ls a`stmgmd ti tbm wr`ppmd fidy uslgc `ddltlig`j jlgmg, higstruhtmd ario hjitb om`surlgc mlcbt ho lg wldtb, aijdmd lg twi, `gd tlmd `t tbm rm`r ia tbm fugdjm wltb ` egit. Gi sbriud ls vlslfjm (Alc. 0). Tbm ouooy fugdjm om`surms 0=3.3
<1
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Alc. 0. Tbm E`ug`s ouooy `t tbm Jltbu`gl`g @rt Ousmuo ^r`g`s Cudyg`s Vmstir`tlig Hmgtmr, Qljglus (pbiti; Jltbu`gl`g Ouooy ^rikmht).
ho (jmgctb), 46 ho (wldtb) `t tbm hbmst jmvmj, `gd 66 ho (bmlcbt) `t tbm jmvmj ia tbm ammt o`elgc lt `ppm`r ti fm ouhb sbirtmr tb`t tbm hiaalg (Qmdrlhelmgē, (Qmdrlhelmgē, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig 6>08). Tbm rmo`lgs wmrm mx`olgmd `t tbm Hmgtr`j Fr`ghb ia Qljglus ]glvmrslty Bisplt`j uslgc ` ^bljlps Ox2>>> Du`j HT sh`ggmr (Fmst, Tbm Gmtbmrj`gds) Gmtbmrj`gds) wltb ` sjlhm tblhegmss ia 0.8 oo, `t lghrmomgts ia 0.8 oo, `gd dism ia 06> eQ/<> o@. Lg tit`j, tbm prihmdurm priduhmd 0022 lgdlvldu`j `xl`j sjlhms. DLHIO d`t` wmrm j`tmr prihmssmd uslgc ` wirest`tlig (@DS 4.8, Cmgmr`j Mjmhtrlhs, Oljw`uemm, ]X@) lg tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia V`dlijicy, Tr`uo` Hmgtmr Ourg`u, Cmro`gy. Xlghm tbm alrst R-r`y studlms ia buo`g `gd ` gd `glo`j ouoolms, pmrairomd `t tbm hjism ia tbm 0
>4), ouooy lgvmstlc`tligs b`vm fmgmaltmd ario tbm usm ia r`dlijiclh`j omtbids. Tmhbglh`j lggiv`tligs lg V`dlijicy, oist git`fjy tbm lgtriduhtlig ia hioputmd tioicr`pby (HT), b`vm mgb`ghmd tbm pisslfljlty ia lgvmstlc`tlgc `ghlmgt rmo`lgs `gd mg`fjmd tbm dl`cgisls ia p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs (Hbbmo `gd Fritbwmjj 6>>2). Xpmhlalh`jjy, lg tbls h`sm, tbm Biugsalmjd ]glts (B]) Xh`jm ‘ ` qu`gtlt`tlvm sh`jm usmd air dmshrlflgc r`dli-dmgslty tb`t ls `ppjlmd fy r`dlijiclsts lg riutlgm HT lgvmstlc`tligs ‘ w`s usmaujjy mopjiymd ti lgvmstlc`tm tbm prmsmghm ia `gy airmlcg fidlms `gd `gio`jius `rm`s. Biugsalmjd ]glts rmprmsmgt rmprmsmgt tbm dmgslty v`jums ia tbm slgcjm vixmj mjmomgts `gd h`g privm usmauj lg ldmgtlaylgc `gio`jlms jylgc wltblg wr`ppmd fugdjms (Cistgmr mt `j. 6>08). S`tmr, higsldmrmd `s ` rmamrmghm v`jum, om`surms zmri B], wbljm `lr b`s ` v`jum ia -0>>> B] `gd hiop`ht figm b`s ` v`jum up ti 8>>> B] (J`ufmgfmrcmr `gd J`ufmgfmrcmr 0<<<). V`dlijiclh`j Algdlgcs
Xemjmt`j Mjmomgts ]pig mx`olg`tlig, tbm rmo`lgs wmrm wmrm aiugd ti higslst ia ` seujj, `jj jigc figms ia tbm uppmr `gd jiwmr mxtrmoltlms, figms ia tbm b`gds `gd ammt, stmrguo `gd fitb hj`vlhjms, 6= vmrtmfr`j fidlms ‘ 3 hmrvlh`j, 02 tbir`hlh/juof`r ‘ `gd lg mxhmss ia
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<3
64 rlfs. Xmx `gd `cm mstlo`tlig ift`lgmd tbriucb seujj `gd pmjvls ifsmrv`tlig (Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4) rmvm`jmd tb`t tbm fidy fmjigcs ti ` olddjm-`cmd `dujt o`jm, r`tbmr tb`g ` amo`jm (Alc. 6). Tbm bm`d w`s lg ` sjlcbtjy ifjlqum pisltlig hiop`rmd ti tbm rmst ia tbm semjmtig `gd oist tmmtb b`d fmmg jist pistoirtmo. Tbm splgm w`s hiopjmtmjy dls`rtlhuj`tmd. Qmrtmfr`j fidlms, rlfs, fitb hj`vlhjms `gd tbm stmrguo wmrm hiopjmtmjy dls`rtlhuj`tmd `gd pisltligmd lg tbm `g`tiolh`j rmclig ia tbm hbmst `gd `fdiomg, ar`omd fy tbm uppmr mxtrmoltlms5 tbm j`ttmr `ppm`rmd aijdmd, wltb tbm b`gds lg tbm rmclig ia tbm pmjvls, tbm pmjvlh figms wmrm git lg tbm hirrmht `g`tiolh`j pisltlig `gd tbm blps wmrm dls`rtlhuj`tmd. Tbm Tbm jigc figms ia tbm jiwmr mxtrmoltlms wmrm prmdiolg`gtjy lg tbm hirrmht `g`tiolh`j pisltlig, fut tbm lgdlvldu`j dlst`j pb`j`gcms ia tbm tims wmrm dlsjih`tmd ir `fsmgt (Alc. 8). Ario tbm seujj ti tbm pmjvls `gd prixlo`j amoir` tbm semjmtig `ppm`rmd ti fm p`rtl`jjy mofmddmd wltblg `g lgbioicmgmius o`ss wblhb p`rtl`jjy aljjs tbm seujj `gd p`r`g`s`j slgusms; p`rts ia tbls o`ss j`y `s hjits fmtwmmg tbm rlfs `gd vmrtmfr`j fidlms. Lgsldm tbls o`ss, alvm tmmtb ir flccmr tiitb ar`comgts hiujd fm aiugd lgtr`-hr`gl`jjy, wbljm 01 ia tbmo wmrm ifsmrvmd lg tbm `rm` ia hbmst `gd `fdiomg (Alc. 4). @g mstlo`tlig ia st`turm lg jlam ia `pprixlo`tmjy 0=< ho (V`xtmr mt `j. 6>>2) w`s h`jhuj`tmd ario tbm buomr`j `gd amoir`j jmgctb.
Xiat Tlssums Tlssums `gd Fidy Hivmrlgc Xiom h`psuj`r struhturms wmrm mvldmgt `riugd fitb prixlo`j amoir`5 tbm p`tmjj`r jlc`omgt `gd p`rts ia tbm h`psuj`r struhturms ia tbm egmms wmrm prmsmrvmd flj`tmr`jjy, `jigc wltb oist ia tbm tmgdigs ia tbm ammt. Tbm o`t ia wiidmg stlhes w`s wr`ppmd `riugd tbm ouooy, ipmg `t tbm hbmst `gd `fdiomg `gd ivmrj`pplgc `t tbm jiwmr mxtrmoltlms5 fitb uppmr mxtrmoltlms `ppm`rmd ti fm smp`r`tmjy wr`ppmd, wltb dmamhts ia tbm o`tmrl`j lg tbm rmclig ia fitb mjfiws. Tbm hbmst `gd `fdiomg wmrm bmjd ticmtbmr fy dlaamrmgt wr`pplgc o`tmrl`js higt`lglgc c`ps `gd dmamhts5 tbm jiwmr mxtrmoltlms wmrm wmrm smp`r`tmjy surriugdmd fy igm tblg j`ymr ‘ mltbmr p`rt ia tbm selg ir prmsmrvmd tlssums, `gd, `p`rt ario tb`t, tbmy `ppm`rmd ti fm wr`ppmd ticmtbmr fy smvmr`j j`ymrs ia dlaamrmgt o`tmrl`j. Gi hr`glitioy ‘ mltbmr tr`gs-g`s`j ir tr`gsspbmgild`j ‘ hiujd fm ldmgtlalmd.
Alc. 6. 8D rmhigstruhtlig ia tbm jmat bmol pmjvls pmjvl s lgdlh`tl lgd lh`tlgc gc smx s mx `gd ` gd `cm ` cm ia tbm sufkm s ufkmht ht (rmhigstruhtlig; Jltbu`gl`g Ouooy ^rikmht).
<2
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Alc. 8@) Tipicr`o ia tbm HT mx`olg`tlig privldlgc `g ivmrvlmw ia tbm ouooy `gd wr`pplgc5 F) 8D-rmhigstruhtlig ia tbm bm`d `gd fidy ia tbm ouooy sbiwlgc o`remd `g`tiolh`j dlsjih`tligs ia vmrtmfr`j fidlms, rlfs, stmrguo, fitb hj`vlhjms `gd tbm pmjvlh figms. Gitm tbm so`jj fijm `gd tbm h`p ig tbm rlcbt sldm gmxt ti tbm seujj (lo`cms; Jltbu`gl`g Ouooy ^rikmht).
Alc. 4. @xl`j sjlhm ia tbm HT mx`olg`tlig `t tbm bmlcbt ia tbm mjfiws ljjustr`tlgc tbm o`ss jylgc ugdmr tbm fidy, oist prif`fjy higslstlgc ia s`gd (lo`cm; Jltbu`gl`g Ouooy Ouoo y ^rikmht ^r ikmht). ).
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Airmlcg Fidlms Tbm lgvmstlc`tlig blcbjlcbtmd tbm prmsmghm ia ` so`jj fittjm (bmlcbt; 6.3 ho5 jmgctb; 6.4 ho5 wldtb 0.4 ho) wltb ` om`g B] v`jum ia `pprixlo`tmjy 0=>>, sjlcbtjy d`o`cmd `t igm mdcm, wblhb w`s pisltligmd `t ` dlst`ghm ia 0.4 ho ario tbm rlcbt sldm ia tbm seujj, `t tbm lggmr mdcm ia tbm o`t (Alc. =). @ h`p wltb B] ia `t jm`st 8>>> w`s vlslfjm wltblg tbm o`t `t tbm rm`r rlcbt b`gd sldm, `t tbm s`om jmvmj j`tmr`jjy `s tbm so`jj fittjm, priduhlgc omt`j `rtla`hts. Xo`jj jlgm`r r`dlidmgsm struhturms wmrm `jsi smmg lgsldm tbm wr`pplgc o`tmrl`j dlst`jjy ti tbm ammt. Gi irg`omgts, kmwmjs ir `oujmts wmrm ldmgtlalmd. Dlshusslig
Tbm HT lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm spmhlomg mg`fjmd ` guofmr ia lopirt`gt highjusligs ti fm dr`wg. Alrstjy, la wm `rm ti rmjy upig tbm jlgmg d`tlgc, tbm ouooy jiies vmry dlaamrmgt ario ciid qu`jlty ouoolms d`tmd ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<25 Cluaar` mt `j. 6>>0). Lt ls wldmjy `hhmptmd tb`t durlgc tbls pmrlid, tbm mof`jomrs wmgt ti crm`t jmgctbs ti mgsurm tb`t tbm ouooy pirtr`ymd tbm jlamjlem `ppm`r`ghm ia tbm lgdlvldu`j, o`elgc st`re p`r`jjmjs ti tbm ldm`jlzmd rmprmsmgt`tligs a`virmd durlgc tbm Ijd Elgcdio, `jtbiucb lg tbm j`ttmr h`sm tbm pirtr`y`j w`s oirm mxtmrg`j tb`g lgtmrg`j. Xufhut`gmius p`helgc uslgc oud, s`gd `gd s`wdust w`s riutlgmjy mopjiymd ti ‚pjuop ‚pjuop up‟ tbm fidy aijjiwlgc tbm mvlshmr`tlig prihmss. Tbm Tbm guofmr ia lghlsligs o`dm lg tbm fidy v`ry `gd, `jtbiucb tbm Vblgd O`clh`j ^`pyrus (h. 6>> FH ‘ siom 3>>-2=> ym`rs `atmr tbm prmsuomd d`tm ia tbls ouooy) dmshrlfms tbm jih`tlig ia smvmgtmmg suhb lghlsligs, tbm o`kirlty ia ouoolms dlspj`y a`r amwmr. Cmgmr`jjy, tbm `rm`s ia tbm fidy ‚p`hemd‟ fy tbm mof`jomrs hiujd fm `hhmssmd tbriucb h`rmaujjy pisltligmd lghlsligs `gd tbm usm ia stlhes ti pusb tbm p`helgc o`tmrl`j lgti b`rd-ti-rm`hb `rm`s. Qlshmr`j p`he`cms wmrm rmturgmd ti tbm fidy durlgc tbls pmrlid, iatmg wltb tbm `ddltlig ia so`jj w`x `gd a`lmghm alcurms. Fugcs o`dm ario jlgmg wmrm hiooigjy usmd ti pjuc tbm irlalhms `gd prmvmgt tbm p`helgc o`tmrl`j ario msh`plgc wbljst tbm fidy w`s oivmd (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2). Tbm usm ia suhb vlcirius sufhut`gmius p`helgc iatmg jmd ti ‚ivmr-stuaalgc‟ `s tbm selg slopjy hiujd git strmthb ti `hhiooid`tm tbm vijuom ia p`helgc o`tmrl`j usmd fy tbm mof`jomrs. @s tbm selg dmslhh`tmd, lt spjlt, hrm`tlgc ` guofmr ia ouoolms wltb ` r`tbmr flz`rrm `ppm`r`ghm suhb `s tbm wmjj-egiwg Bmgtt`wl, oitbmr ia ^lgudkmo, wbism hbmmes dlspj`y gitlhm`fjm hr`helgc (Lfldmo ). Ouoolms d`tlgc ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty higtlgum ti dlspj`y mvldmghm ia tbm usm ia rmslg durlgc tbm ouoolalh`tlig prihmss. Tbm hr`gl`j h`vlty w`s cmgmr`jjy aljjmd wltb rmslg aijjiwlgc tbm mvlshmr`tlig prihmss. Tbm fidy w`s cmgmr`jjy pisltligmd wltb tbm `ros ti tbm sldms `gd tbm b`gds pj`hmd ivmr tbm puflh rmclig. Aijjiwlgc ouoolalh`tlig, tbm fidy w`s tr`dltlig`jjy p`lgtmd ‘ rmd air omg `gd ymjjiw air wiomg. Tbm Tbm `ddltlig ia a`jsm myms o`dm ario stigm, cj`ss ir p`lgtmd jlgmg `gd tbm usm ia wlcs w`s `jsi rmpirtmd ario tbls pmrlid, mgb`ghlgc tbm jlamjlem `ppm`r`ghm ia tbm fidy. Tbm usm ia `oujmts ls prijlalh (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2).
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F
Alc. =. Tbm so`jj cj`ss fijm higt`lglgc j`vmgdmr ilj, smmg lg (F) `t tbm oiomgt ia rmoiv`j (@) (pbitis; Jltbu`gl`g Ouooy ^rikmht).
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0>0
Tbm E`ug`s ouooy dims git `ppm`r ti alt tbm ‚st`gd`rd dmshrlptlig‟ ia ` prmsmrvmd buo`g fidy d`tlgc ti tbm 60st Dyg`sty. Mxtmrg`jjy, tbm pj`lg jlgmg wr`pplgcs `gd tbm usm ia ` o`t tlmd lg pj`hm uslgc ripm `rm `jrm`dy dihuomgtmd lg tbm Gmw Elgcdio (02tb-6>tb Dyg`stlms, h. 0=4<-0>14 FH). Xiom p`r`jjmjs h`g fm dr`wg wltb ouooy 84<1 ario tbm O`ghbmstmr Ousmuo hijjmhtlig ‘ ` hbljd ouooy wblhb dlspj`ymd `joist ldmgtlh`j jlgmg f`gd`clgc wr`ppmd wltblg ` rmmd o`t `gd tlmd wltb ripm `t fitb mgds (Lsbmrwiid mt `j. 0<3<). Tbls p`rtlhuj`r hbljd ouooy ls ario Curif `gd d`tms ti tbm Gmw Elgcdio (02tb Dyg`sty). Gi mxtmrlir hiaalg w`s jih`tmd si tbm hbljd“s g`om, `aaljl`tlig `gd a`oljy dmt`ljs rmo`lg ugegiwg. Furl`js lghirpir`tlgc p`jo o`ts wmrm hiooig durlgc tbm Crmhi-Vio`g mr` (h. 886 FH-@D 8<=) (Ler`o, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig 6>04). @ git`fj gi t`fjmm a`ht a` ht `fiut ` fiut tbmsm tbms m o`t o` t hiaal hi aalgs gs ls l s tb`t tb `t tbmy t bmy wmrm w mrm git g it cmgmr c mgmr`jj `jjyy mopjiymd mop jiymd lg mjltm furl`js. Tbls ls ` aurtbmr lgdlh`tlig tb`t tbm E`ug`s ouooy ls ugjlemjy ti fmjigc ti tbm hiaalg lg wblhb lt ls giw prmsmgtmd. @ aurtbmr aur tbmr pilgt pilg t ia lgtmrmst lgtm rmst ls tbm j`he j`h e ia siat sia t tlssum, tlss um, tbm dlsjidcl dlsj idclgc gc ia tbm tmmtb, `gd tbm dls`rtlhuj`tligs, wblhb succmsts tb`t tbm fidy w`s `t jm`st p`rtjy semjmtiglzmd `t tbm tlom ia wr`pplgc, pisslfjy dum ti `g lgltl`j furl`j. Lg a`ht, tbm o`tmrl`j lg wblhb tbm semjmtig ls giw mofmddmd smmos ti fm higslstmgt wltb s`gd, ` higsldmr`fjm `oiugt ia wblhb w`s jist ario tbm fugdjm durlgc tbm rmhmgt rmstir`tlig `ttmopts (Qmdrlhelmgē, (Qmdrlhelmgē, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig 6>08). Tbm wr`pplgc ia ` p`rtl`jjy p`r tl`jjy semjmtiglzmd sufkmht, biwmvmr, biwmvmr, ls git tit`jjy surprlslgc. @ hiop`rlsig h`g fm o`dm wltb tbm fugdjm aiugd lg tbm hiaalg ia prlmst @gebp`ebmrmd, hurrmgtjy empt `t tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Ousmuo ia @stl, Lt`jy, wblhb b`s fmmg tmgt`tlvmjy d`tmd ti tbm 60st-66gd Dyg`stlms (O`jcir` 6>06). Tbm rmo`lgs, fmjigclgc ti ` olddjm`cmd `dujt o`jm, sbiw smvmr`j dlsjih`tligs lghjudlgc tbm pisltliglgc ia tbm ammt fmtwmmg tbm amoir`, tbm pmjvls `t tbm sh`puj`r jmvmj, `gd tbm vmrtmfr`m sh`ttmrmd lg tbm tbir`hlh h`vlty, lgtmrspmrsmd wltb tbm figms ia tbm b`gds. Tbm figms wmrm h`rmaujjy wr`ppmd, `gd ` guofmr ia stlhes jih`tmd fmgm`tb tbm semjmtig ‘ ` am`turm typlh`j ia tbm Crmhi-Vio`g ^mrlid ^mrlid ‘ ti privldm rlcldlty `gd suppirt (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2). Tbm `fsmghm ia `oujmts `gd augmr`ry irg`omgts, `s wmjj `s siom itbmr fli-`gtbripijiclh`j am`turms, wmrm higsldmrmd succmstlvm ia ` jiw st`tus sufkmht. Xufsmqumgt `rhb`mi-omtrlh lgvmstlc`tlig rmvm`jmd tb`t tbm ouooy w`s `htu`jjy priduhmd fmtwmmg 81> `gd 6>> FH, higalrolgc tb`t tbm s`rhipb`cus w`s rmusmd lg `gtlqulty (O`jcir` 6>06). Lg `ddltlig, `g`tiolh`j dmt`ljs o`y `jsi higtrlfutm ti tbm ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbls h`sm; wbljm tbm prmsmghm ia 6= vmrtmfr`j fidlms hiujd fm `g `g`tiolh`j giro v`rl`gt, tbls, hiupjmd wltb tbm prmsmghm ia oirm tb`g 64 rlfs lghrm`sms tbm jlemjlbiid tb`t oirm tb`g igm sufkmht w`s lgvijvmd. Hiopisltm ouoolms ario `ghlmgt Mcypt `rm lgdmmd wmjj-`ttmstmd, `gd smmo ti fm ` am`turm ia tbm Crmhi-Vio`g ^mrlid, ^mrlid, wbmg tbm `rt ia mof`jolgc `ppm`rs ti dmhjlgm aijjiwlgc lts pm`e lg tbm Gmw Elgcdio (@uadmrbmldm mt `j. 6>>45 Cluaar` mt `j. 6>>1). Air mx`opjm, igm suhb mx`opjm hioms ario Emjjls, ` sltm jih`tmd lg D`ebjmb I`sls, 4>> eo wmst ia Juxir. Tbls ouooy `ppm`rmd ti fm ` jlgmgwr`ppmd `dujt, fut wbmg `utipslmd lt w`s rmvm`jmd ti fm ` oìj`gcm ia aiur sufkmhts, wbism `cms sp`ggmd ario m`rjy hbljdbiid ti ijd `cm. @jj tbm semjmt`j mjmomgts
0>6
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wmrm bmjd ticmtbmr fy jlgmg str`ps `tt`hbmd ti ` ar`om hiopismd ia p`jo-jm`a rlfs (@uadmrbmldm mt `j. 0<<<). Tbm d`t` succmst tb`t iur ouooy w`s mltbmr a`frlh`tmd ario ijdmr rmo`lgs, pmrb`ps aijjiwlgc jiitlgc ia ` hmomtmry, hmomtmry, ir tb`t tbm mof`jomrs wmrm ` jlttjm h`rmjmss lg tbmlr wiresbip `gd `jjiwmd p`rts ia ` smhigd fidy ti fm lghjudmd `hhldmgt`jjy. `hhldmgt`jjy. Tbm r`tbmr b`pb`z`rd g`turm ia tbm rmo`lgs, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg tbm tirsi rmclig, pilgts ti `t jm`st p`rtl`j semjmtiglz`tlig `gd ` dlstlght j`he ia h`rm prlir ti wr`pplgc. HT lo`cms blcbjlcbtmd tbm f`gd`clgc omtbids wmjj `gd lt wiujd `ppm`r tb`t tbm ouooy b`s fmmg r`tbmr b`stljy priduhmd. Igm mxpj`g`tlig ls tb`t tbls ls ` gigmjltm Gmw Elgcdio lgdlvldu`j wbism rmo`lgs wmrm dlsturfmd `gd wr`ppmd wltb jlgmg `jsi d`tmd ti tbm tbm 60st Dyg`sty (Ler`o, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig 6>04). Itbmr pisslfjm shmg`rlis lghjudm tbm `ddltlig ia tbm p`jo o`t durlgc tbm CrmhiVio`g pmrlid ti `ht `s ` suppirtlvm ar`om air `g ijdmr ouooy ir `t ` j`tmr d`tm air `mstbmtlh rm`sigs ti o`em tbm ouooy oirm `ttr`htlvm air s`jm. J`stjy, lt ls wirtb hioomgtlgc ig tbm so`jj cj`ss fittjm blcbjlcbtmd durlgc tbm r`dlijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig, wblhb w`s j`tmr rmoivmd ario tbm ouooy. Tbls ls mssmgtl`jjy ` oidmrg fittjm higt`lglgc j`vmgdmr ilj, priduhmd lg Xloamripij, Vussl`. @ jmttmr wrlttmg fy tbm Bm`d ia tbm Ousmuo ti tbm Jltbu`gl`g Olglstry ia Mduh`tlig d`tmd K`gu`ry 2 0<63 lgdlh`tms tb`t igjy tbm iwgmr b`d `hhmss ti tbm ouooy `gd tb`t, fmh`usm sbm trustmd gifidy, gifidy, lt oust fm jihemd `w`y `t `jj tloms. Tbls succmsts tb`t lt w`s Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē bmrsmja wbi lgsmrtmd tbm fittjm ia j`vmgdmr ilj lgti tbm fugdjm. Lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbm Mcyptijiclst wlsbmd ti hrm`tm ` oystlaylgc idir. La si, tbm dmslrmd ci`j w`s `hblmvmd `s tbm prmss rmpirtmd; ‚Lg tbm riio wbmrm tbm mof`jomd d`ghmr“s fidy ls jih`tmd tbmrm ls ` pmhujl`r `rio`, rmolglshmgt ia drlmd stiwmrs somjj‟ (@gigyoius 0<83; 0=).
J`vmgdmr ilj b`s jigc fmmg usmd air shmgtlgc pmipjm, hjitblgc, riios `gd f`tbriios, `gd ls maamhtlvm `c`lgst lgsmht lgamst`tligs. Vudzlgse`ltē @rhlo`vlďlmgē jivmd lghmgsm (Jios`rcytē-^uelmgē 6>>4) fut lghmgsm stlhes furg qulhejy, wbljm tbm somjj ia ilj j`sts a`r jigcmr. Clvmg tbm Mcyptijiclst“s aigdgmss air lghmgsm, lt ls ugjlemjy tb`t j`vmgdmr ilj w`s mopjiymd `s ` pmstlhldm, fut r`tbmr air lts dlstlghtlvm idir, ir pmrb`ps fitb. Highjusligs
Tbm rmhmgt fli-`gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm E`ug`s ouooy b`s mg`fjmd gmw jlcbt ti fm sbmd ig tbls lgtrlculgc h`sm. Alrstjy, fmh`usm ia tbm so`jjmr dlomgsligs ia tbm fugdjm, `gd fmh`usm tbm rmo`lgs `ppm`r ti fm o`jm, prif`fjy ia jiw sihl`j st`tus, tbm ouooy ls git `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm s`rhipb`cus lg wblhb lt w`s purhb`smd. Tbm prmsmghm ia mxicmgius mjmomgts suhb `s tbm mxtr` rlfs ls ` am`turm sb`rmd wltb furl`js ario tbm Crmhi-Vio`g pmrlid, `s ls tbm prmsmghm ia tbm p`jo o`t. Durlgc tbls pmrlid, tbm `rt ia mof`jolgc w`s mxtmgdmd ti ` wldmr dmoicr`pblh, `gd tbm rmsujtlgc ouoolms fmh`om jmss `hhur`tmjy `gd oirm b`stljy prmp`rmd. ^`r`dixlh`jjy ^`r`dixlh`jjy,, r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc ia tbm jlgmg wr`pplgc lgdlh`tms ` ouhb m`rjlmr d`tm wltblg tbm tbm 60st Dyg`sty. Dyg`sty. Tbls wiujd succmst tb`t suhb `gio`jius
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0>8
prmp`r`tligs wmrm `jrm`dy prmsmgt `t ` ouhb m`rjlmr d`tm. Tbm `utbirs succmst tb`t tbm fugdjm rmprmsmgts a`frlh`tlig ia ` hiopisltm ouooy ario `d bih semjmtiglzmd rmo`lgs f`smd ig tbm r`dlih`rfig rmsujts. Tbm prmsmghm ia ` j`rcm `oiugt ia s`gd `dbmrlgc dlrmhtjy ti tbm rmo`lgs tbmosmjvms `gd `s `g lghjuslig wltblg tbm fugdjm succmsts tb`t tbm rmo`lgs o`y irlclg`jjy b`vm fmmg lgtmrrmd. Lt ls pj`uslfjm tb`t tbm p`jo o`t w`s `ddmd j`tmr air pr`htlh`j ir `mstbmtlh rm`sigs. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Sm Sm wiujd wiuj d jlem ti mxprmss mxprm ss iur cr`tltu cr` tltudm dm ti tbm higamrmg hig amrmghm hm irc`glzm irc` glzmrs, rs, air tbmlr tbml r cmgmrius suppirt. Tr`gsj`tlig ario Jltbu`gl`g tmxts lgti Mgcjlsb w`s elgdjy pmrairomd fy shlmghm rmpirtmr D`uo`gt`s Jlmels. D^O `gd JO mqu`jjy higtrlfutmd ti hiopjmtlig ia tbls rmsm`rhb.
0>4
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H`giplh K`rs; @ Gmw Xiurhm air Ijd Pumstligs Ar`ge K. Vúbjl, @flc`lj X. Fiuwo`g & Olhb` Olh b`mj mj M. B`flhb B`fl hbtt
Lgtriduhtlig
@ghlmg @gh lmgtt ouoolal ouo olalmd md buo`g buo` g tlssum tls sum `gd fidlms fidl ms b`vm `ttr`htm `ttr `htmdd `ttmgtli `ttm gtligg air o`gy hmgturlms, fitb `s ifkmhts ia hurlislty, `s wmjj `s shlmgtlalh rmsm`rhb. Tbm Mgcjlsb pbyslhl`g, Tbio`s K. ^mttlcrmw, pufjlsbmd tbm alrst shlmgtlalh rmpirt ig ouoolalh`tlig (0284). Lt w`s aijjiwmd fy `g`tiolh`j mx`olg`tligs ia tbm riy`j ouoolms ario tbm h`hbmttms lg Dmlr mj-F`b`rl Tiof 86> `gd Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs tiof 8= fy C. Mjjlit Xoltb (0<06). Lg 0<6= Diucj`s Dmrry mx`olgmd tbm fidy ia Elgc Tut`geb`oug air tbm alrst tlom, `gd o`gy oirm lgvmstlc`tlig aijjiwmd (Dmrry 0<63). Tbm oist hiopjmtm lgvmstlc`tligs ia o`gy riy`j ouoolms, uslgc R-r`y R-r` y tmhbgiji tmhb gijicy cy wmrm ugdmrt` ugdm rt`emg emg lg tbm j`tm 0<1>s 0<1> s (B`rrls (B`r rls `gd Smmes 0<385 0<3 85 B`rrls 0<2>). @gitbmr j`gdo`re lg ouooy rmsm`rhb w`s tbm O`ghbmstmr Ouooy ^rikmht (D`vld 0<3<). Lt aihusmd ig gig-riy`j ouoolms `gd usmd dlaamrmgt mx`olg`tlig tmhbglqums, siom ia wblhb wmrm `ppjlmd air tbm alrst tlom. Tbmsm studlms rmo`lg ia crm`t lopirt`ghm, fut gigm `gswmrmd dmt`ljmd omdlh`j qumstligs gir c`vm dmalgltlvm priia ia tbm a`oljy lgtmrrmj`tligsblps lgtmrrmj`tligsblps `oigc tbm elgcs ia Mcypt. @ gmw `ppri`h `ppr i`hbb lg ouooy ouo oy studlms stud lms w`s ipmgmd ipmg md fy tbm tmstlgc tmst lgc ia ouoolal ouoo lalmd md tlssum air `ghlmgt DG@ fy Xv`gtm ^ääfi (0<2=). @g ivmrvlmw ig tbm hurrmgt tmhbgijiclms `gd omtbids ia lgvmstlc`tlgc ouoolms w`s pufjlsbmd fy Glmjs Jyggmrup (6>><). Oirm rmhmgtjy, tbm Tut`geb`oug A`oljy ^rikmht (6>>=-6>0>), w`s j`ughbmd fy tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms (XH@5 giw Olglstry ia @gtlqul @gt lqultlms tlms UOX@_). UOX@ _). Lts `los `lo s wmrm ti ldmgtlay ldmg tlay tbm `ghmsti `gh mstirs rs `gd p`tbijic p`tb ijiclms lms ia Tut`geb`oug (B`w`ss mt `j. 6>>35 6>0>). Tbm rmsm`rhb w`s lgtmrdlshlpjlg`ry, lghjudlgc mplcr`pby, `rhb`mijicy, blstiry, r`dlijiclh`j lo`clgc, `gd oijmhuj`r cmgmtlhs. Tbm rmsujts wmrm wmrm wldmjy rmpirtmd lg tbm wirjd omdl` `gd h`usmd `g lop`ht ig Mcyptijicy, Mcyptijicy, st`rtlgc ` gmw tr`dltlig ia cmgm`jiclh`j rmsm`rhb. Sbljm Sblj m `ghlmgt `ghl mgt ouoolms ouo olms b`vm b` vm fmmg ` o`lg o` lg aihus aih us ia rmsm`rhb rmsm `rhb,, vmry jlttjm jl ttjm b`s b` s fmmg digm wltb h`giplh k`rs `gd tbmlr higtmgts. Tbm k`rs wmrm iatmg mx`olgmd sijmjy ario tbm `rtlstlh pilgt ia vlmw, vlmw, wltb gi omgtlig ir `g`jysls ia tbmlr higtmgts. Xlghm `DG@-tmstlgc ls pisslfjm air ouoolalmd tlssums, tbmsm ouoolalmd vlshmr` sbiujd momrcm lgti tbm spitjlcbt lg tbm auturm, fitb lg Mcyptijicy `gd omdlhlgm.
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0>=
@ghlmgt @gh lmgt dmshrlpt dmsh rlptligs ligs ig tbm trm`tomg trm` tomgtt ia tbm vlshmr` vlsh mr` `rm r`rm. r`rm . Bmriditis Bmrid itis ia B`jlh`rg`ssis (424-46= FH) clvms us gi lgairo`tlig `t `jj, wbljm Dlidirus Xlhujus (<>-8> FH) writm; ‚my `ssmofjm ti trm`t tbm fidy, `atmr lt w`s ipmgmd, igm cr`sps wltb tbm b`gd tbriucb tbm ipmglgc lg tbm tbir`x `gd t`ems mvmrytblgc iut mxhmpt tbm eldgmys `gd tbm bm`rt, `gitbmr igm hjm`gs mvmry irc`g, w`sbms tbmo wltb p`jo wlgm `gd splhms‟ (Dlidirus, Flfj. Blstir. L, <0).
Aurtbmr trm`tomgt ia tbm vlshmr` lg ouoolalh`tlig ls git dmshrlfmd `gd tbmrmairm iur egiwjmdcm ls f`smd ig omdlh`j lgvmstlc`tlig `gd `rhb`mijiclh`j mvldmghm igjy. Dmalgltlig
H`giplh k`rs `rm dmalgmd `s dlaamrmgt typm ia higt`lgmrs air bijdlgc tbm ouoolalmd vlshmr`. Tbm cmgmr`j tmro ‚h`giplh mqulpomgt‟ hivmrs `jj airos ia higt`lgmrs, suhb `s tbm ‚h`giplh ‚h`giplh hbmst‟ wltb aiur hiop`rtomgts, hiop`r tomgts, tbm wmjj-egiwg aiur ‚h`giplh k`rs‟, `gd ario tbm Gmw Elgcdio igw`rds, ‚olgl`turm hiaalgs‟ ir ‚hiaalgmttms‟ lg tbm airo ia ` so`jj `gtbripild hiaalg, git`fjy aiugd lg tbm furl`js ia Tut`geb`oug, Tut`geb`oug, Xmggmdkmo (h. 0620-061> FH), `gd Xbmsbigq LL (h. 2<=-2<= FH). Ario tbm 60st Dyg`sty, tbm smp`r`tmjy drlmd `gd wr`ppmd vlshmr`, pj`hmd f`he lg tbm `fdiomg h`g fm dmshrlfmd `s ‚lgtmrg`j h`giplhs.‟ h`giplhs.‟ Fmsldm rm`j h`giplh k`rs, tbmrm `rm `jsi sijld h`giplhs egiwg `s ‚duooy h`giplh k`rs‟, iatmg usmd lg lgst`ghms wbmg tbm vlshmr` b`d fmmg rmturgmd ti tbm fidy h`vlty ir pj`hmd ig tbm fidy (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2; 62<-6<0). Tr`dltlig`jjy h`giplhs `rm dmshrlfmd `s higt`lglgc jlvmr, jugcs, stio`hb `gd so`jj lgtmstlgms, wbljm itbmr irc`gs rmo`lgmd lg sltu ir wmrm rmoivmd `gd tbriwg `w`y. Tbm mx`ht hrltmrl` air tbls smjmhtlig `rm git ymt aujjy ugdmrstiid (T`yjir 6>>0; 14). Lg rm`jlty, rm`jlty, tbm mvlshmr`tlig ls jmss higslstmgt; iatmg tbm bm`rt ls olsslgc5 lg itbmr h`sms `rm tbm jugcs stljj prmsmgt lg tbm ouooy (S`dm `gd Gmjsig 6>08). Ario tbm Gmw Elgcdio igw`rds, tbm `fsmghm ia tbm bm`rt fmh`om oirm armqumgt, tbiucb tbm rm`sigs air tbls `rm ughjm`r (S`dm `gd Gmjsig 6>06). Tr`dltlig`jjy, aiur pritmhtlvm ciddmssms `gd tbm Aiur Xigs ia Birus wmrm higgmhtmd wltb tbm rmoivmd irc`gs (T`fjm 0). Lg tbm m`rjlmr pmrlids ia Mcyptl`g blstiry oist ia tbm higt`lgmrs wmrm ugo`remd. Ario tbm Olddjm Elgcdio igw`rd, lg siom h`sms tbm higt`lgmrs wmrm lgshrlfmd wltb tbm g`om ia igm ia tbm sigs, tbus lgdlh`tlgc wb`t tbm higtmgts wmrm suppismd ti fm. Lg j`tmr pmrlids m`hb k`r w`s sm`jmd sm`j md fy ` jld dmhir`tm dmhi r`tmdd wltb igm ia tbm sigs, sig s, lgdlh` lgd lh`tlgc tlgc wb`t lt iucbt iuc bt ti b`vm higt`lgmd (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2; 620). Biwmvmr, tbls w`s git `jw`ys higslstmgt5 durlgc tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid, Pmfmbsmguma iatmg ls k`he`j bm`dmd, wbljm Du`outma b`s ` a`jhig bm`d (T`yjir 6>>0; 11). @jj tbmsm v`rl`fjms o`em lt dlaalhujt ti fm hmrt`lg ia tbm higtmgts ia `gy clvmg vlshmr`j p`he`cm, tbus tbls h`g igjy fm mst`fjlsbmd fy tbm blstijiclh`j ldmgtlalh`tlig ia tbm ouoolalmd tlssum (T`fjm 0).
0>1
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^ritmhtlig Ciddmss
Xig ia Birus
@ppm`r`ghm
^ut`tlvm higtmgt
Lsls
Losmtl
Buo`g
Jlvmr
Gmpbtbys
B`py
F`fiig
Jugcs
Gmltb
Du`outma
K`he`j
Xtio`hb
Xmrqmt
Pmfmbsmguma
A`jhig
Lgtmstlgms
T`fjm 0. Vmjlclius higgmhtlig ia Cidmssms, Hbljdrmg ia Birus `gd `ppm`r`ghms `gd higtmgt.
Qmry amw pufjlh`tligs aihus ig h`giplh k`rs (Vmlsgmr 0<135 Didsig 0<<45 Sljjmos Sljj mos 0<22), 0<2 2), `gd tbmsm tmgd ti dm`j mxhjuslv mxhj uslvmjy mjy wltb tbm higt`lg higt `lgmr mr r`tbmr r`tb mr tb`g tbmlr higtmgts, jm`vlgc ` g it`fjm c`p lg tbm jltmr`turm. Blstijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ls olsslgc lg oist h`sms. Vmsiurhms; Xiom Lopirt`gt Mx`opjms ia H`giplh Mqulpomgt
Tbm ijdmst h`giplh hbmst tb`t h`g fm higgmhtmd wltb ` egiwg lgdlvldu`j hioms ario tbm furl`j ia Pummg Bmtmpbmrms L, wlam ia Xgmaru `gd oitbmr ia pyr`old fuljdmr Ebuau (H`lri Ousmuo KM =64=6). Bmr put`tlvm tiof, Clz` C3>>>R, higt`lgmd `g loprmsslvm hijjmhtlig ia aurglturm, ` sm`jmd h`giplh hbmst `gd s`rhipb`cus, wblhb w`s mopty `gd gmvmr usmd (Vmlsgmr `gd Xoltb 0<==5 Jmbgmr 0<2=, Oúghb 6>>>). Tbm j`he ia tbm ouooy h`usms prifjmos lg lgtmrprmt`tlig ia tbls tiof; w`s lt `g `htu`j furl`j, rmfurl`j ir dmpit ia augmr`ry aurglturm9 Tbm sm`jmd h`giplh hbmst w`s dlvldmd lg aiur hiop`rtomgts, m`hb higt`lglgc ` wr`ppmd p`he`cm, wblhb ‚`joist hmrt`lgjy higt`lgs vlshmr`‟ (Juh`s 0<86; 063).
@hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcc ti t i tbm t bm hbmolst hbmo lst @jarmd @ja rmd Juh`s, Juh` s, wbi mx`olgmd mx`o lgmd tbm h`giplh h`g iplh hbmst, hbms t, tbrmm ia tbm aiur hiop`rtomgts wmrm aljjmd wltb ` sijutlig5 igm w`s dr`lgmd dry dr y, suppismdjy fy jm`e`cm. Juh`s `g`jyzmd tbm sijutlig, wblhb higslsts ia ` 8% sijutlig ia g`trig wltb tbm usu`j lopurltlms, g`omjy hiooig s`jt (G`Hj) `gd sidluo sujpb`tm (G` 6XI 4) (Juh`s 0<86). Xlghm Juh`s dlsolssms tbm ldm` ia ` g`trig f`tb air o`elgc ` ouooy f`smd ig bls lgvmstlc`tligs ia smvmr`j ouoolms, tbm sijutlig lg tbm h`giplh hbmst ia Bmtmpbmrms L oust fm qumstligmd. Tbls o`y fm h`usmd fy buoldlty, buoldlty, slghm ` 8% sijutlig prif`fjy wiujd jm`d ti lgtmgsm putrma`htlig. @gitbmr @gi tbmr 4tb Dyg`sty Dyg` sty (h. 6118-60 611 8-60<= <= FH) h`giplh h`g iplh k`r wltb higtmgt hig tmgtss ls tb`t ia Pummg Omrms`geb LLL, wlam ia Eb`arm, ario bmr o`st`f` Clz` C 3=8>@, giw lg tbm Ousmuo ia Algm @rts, Fistig (OA@ 63.0==0.0). Itbmr h`giplhs wltb lgt`ht vlshmr`, `jsi d`tlgc ario tbm Ijd Elgcdio, lghjudm tbism ia V`gmamr, aiugd `t Omlduo, `gd ia Elgc ^mpl L“s pyr`old lg X`qq`r`, wblhb ls giw dlspj`ymd lg tbm Lobitmp Ousmuo lg X`qq`r` (Jmbgmr 0<<3; 66). @ Olddjm Elgcdio (h. 6>1101=> FH) mx`opjm ia gitm ls tb`t ia Elgc Bir L S`-lf-V` ario tbm 08tb Dyg`sty, furlmd lg sb`at tiof Gi. 0 ig tbm girtb ia tbm pyr`old ia @omgmobmt LLL. Tbls ls ia lgtmrmst `s lt r`lsms tbm pisslfljlty ia hiop`rlgc tbm vmry ar`comgt`ry rmo`lgs ia tbm ouooy, giw lg tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri wltb tbm vlshmr`, wblhb wmrm
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0>3
aiugd lg ` sm`jmd hbmst (Losmtl HC 4>0<, B`py HC 4>6>, Du`outma HC 4>60, Pmfmbsmguma HC 4>66 UVmlsgmr 0<13_). Tbm h`giplh k`rs ia Tuy` (biusmd lg tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri5 KM <=644) wmrm aiugd lg sltu ticmtbmr wltb bmr ouooy (tbm vlshmr` wmrm aiugd wltb olgl`turm o`ses `gd prmp`rmd `s ‚olgl`turm ouoolms‟) lg tbm tiof tb`t sbm sb`rmd wltb bmr busf`gd lg tbm Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs (EQ 41). Xlghm tbm ouooy ia Tuy` tmstmd pisltlvmjy air o`j`rl` (B`w`ss mt `j. 6>0>) tbm blstijiclh`j lgspmhtlig ia tbm vlshmr` wiujd fm ia crm`t lgtmrmst, ti smm la dlsm`sms h`g fm higalromd, ir itbmr ljjgmssms hiujd fm ldmgtlalmd, slghm o`gy p`tbijiclms (Tufmrhujisls, (Tufmrhujisls, O`j`rl`) `rm highmgtr`tmd lg lgtmrg`j irc`gs. @jsi @js i lg tbm Q`jjmy ia tbm tb m Elgcs, Elg cs, tiof == ylmjdm yl mjdmdd ` hiaal h iaalgg hiopjm hi opjmtm tm wltb wl tb ` fidy f idy ` smt ia buo`g-bm`dmd h`giplh k`rs. Tbm hiaalg w`s dma`hmd `gd `jtmrmd si tb`t tbm g`om ia lts iwgmr ls dlsputmd, `s ls tbm h`sm air tbm lgshrlptligs ig tbm aiur h`giplh k`rs (smm fmjiw). fmji w). Tbrmm ia i a tbm k`rs k `rs h`om ti tbm tb m Mcyptl` Mcyp tl`gg Ousmuo, Ousmu o, H`lri H` lri (KM ( KM 8<183 8< 183 @-H), @-H) , tbm airtb air tb w`s clvmg clvm g `s ` prmsmgt prms mgt ti Tbmid T bmidirm irm D`vls D`vl s (0283-0< (028 3-0<0=), 0=), wbljm wblj m lts higtmgt rmo`lgmd lg H`lri (TV 61 0< 82 0`+f). Tbls w`s j`tmr dig`tmd ti tbm Omtripijlt`g Ousmuo ia @rt lg Gmw \ire (Lgv. 8>.2.=4). Juh`s lgvmstlc`tmd tbm tbrmm k`rs lg H`lri lg tbm m`rjy 0<8>s (Juh`s 0<80). @hhirdlgc ti blo, tbmy stljj higt`lgmd tbm irlclg`j aljjlgc, oistjy ` fj`he fltuomg-jlem o`ss wltb ` dlaamrmgt, friwg `gd arl`fjm o`tmrl`j lg tbm hmgtrm, lghjudlgc ` a`tty o`tmrl`j, wblhb w`s lg bls iplglig ‚`joist hmrt`lgjy tbm rmo`lgs ia vlshmr`‟ (Juh`s 0<80; 060).
Tbls ls vlt`jjy lopirt`gt air ift`lglgc ` cmgmtlh prialjm. Tbm lgshrlptligs wmrm `jtmrmd lg ` alrst st`cm fy rmoivlgc h`rmaujjy g`om `gd tltjms ia Ely`. Tbm g`oms ia tbm @tig `gd Elgc @ebmg`tig wmrm jmat lg pj`hm `gd lgj`ys `d`ptmd `hhirdlgcjy (C`fijdm 6>><) wbmg tbm k`rs wmrm usmd air tbm furl`j ia tbm o`jm ouooy lg EQ ==, ldmgtlalmd `s @ebmg`tig fy siom shbij`rs fut stljj `s Xomgebe`rm fy itbmrs (air ` aujj dlshusslig smm Didsig 6>04, `ppmgdlx 4 lg p`rtlhuj`r). Viy`j ur`ml wmrm `ddmd ti tbm amo`jm bm`ds ia tbm k`rs. J`tmr, tbm rmo`lglgc lgshrlptligs wmrm mr`smd ario tbm k`rs, `gd tbm a`hm `gd g`oms rmoivmd ario tbm hiaalg. @ssuolgc tb`t tbm mxt`gt higtmgts `rm ario tbmlr irlclg`jjy pj`ggmd usm, r`tbmr tb`g tbmlr ujtlo`tm usm, tbm irc`glh higtmgt ia tbm EQ == k`rs wiujd fm tbm igjy ouoolalmd rmo`lgs wblhb wblh b pisslfjy hiujd hiu jd fm `ttrlfutmd `ttrlfut md ti Ely` si a`r. Durlgc tbm Tut`geb`o Tut`geb`oug ug A`oljy ^rikmht igm k`r w`s HT-sh`ggmd (ugpufjlsbmd, igjy lg TQ dihuomgt`ry Dlshivmry Hb`ggmj), fut `pp`rmgtjy gi aurtbmr tmstlgc w`s pmrairomd. @g`jysms olcbt mst`fjlsb wbmtbmr tbmsm vlshmr` fmjigc wltb tbm fidy ir wltb tbm m`rjlmr furl`j. Tbm h`giplh olgl`turm hiaalgs ario Tut`geb`oug“s furl`j `jsi higt`lgmd wr`ppmd irc`glh higtmgt. Tbmy wmrm stirmd lg fm`utlaujjy o`dm cijdmg rlsblhiaalgs wltb jigcmr lgshrlptligs, lghjudlgc tmxts ario tbm fiie ia tbm dm`d (Fmlgjlhb `gd X`jmb 0<2<). O`gy h`rtiuhbms sbiw slcgs ia `jtmr`tlig ario @geb-ebm @geb -ebmprupru-V` V` ti Gmf-ebmpru Gmf-ebm pru-V`. -V`. @s C`fijdm C`fi jdm (6>><, (6>> <, Alc. 0>) higvlgh hig vlghlgc lgcjy jy privmd, ` Xig-ia-V` g`om w`s hb`gcmd `jsi (KM 1>1<0), ario Gmamr-Gmamru-@tig Gmamr-Gmamru-@tig (‚Sbi ls fmgmalhl`j ti bmr busf`gd‟) ti Tut-@geb-@oug (T`fjm 6). Tbls hjm`rjy
0>2
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KM Gi.
Ciddmss
Hbljd ia Birus
@jtmr`tlig ario @geb-ebmpru-V`
@jtmr`tlig ario Gmamr-Gmamru-@tig
KM 1>122
Lsls
@osmt
0 ia 4 h`rtiuhbms
> ia 0
KM 1>1<>
Gmpbtbys
B`py
0 ia 3
0 ia 4
KM 1>12<
G m lt b
Du`outma
4 ia 3
0 ia =
KM 1>1<0
Xmrqmt
Pmfmebsmguma
8 ia 3
0 ia 8
T`fjm 6. @jtmr`tligs lg tbm olgl`turm higs ario Tut`geb`oug.
sbiws tb`t tbm olgl`turm hiaalgs wmrm irlclg`jjy o`dm air Pummg Gmamrtltl `gd git air Xomgebe`rm (ir Xomgebe`rm `gd Gmamrtltl ls igm `gd tbm s`om pmrsig ‘ smm Didsig 6>04 air dlshussligs). @ cmgmtlh lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm vlshmr` o`y frlgc `ddltlig`j lgairo`tlig ig tbm bm`jtb st`tus ia tbm lgdlvldu`j. @gitbmr `ttr`htlvm `ttr`htl vm hijjmhtlig hijjmh tlig ia h`giplh higt`lgmrs higt`l gmrs w`s aiugd lg tbm 0>=). m `DG@ `g`jysls ia ouoolffmd rmo`lgs h`g stljj ldmgtlay o`gy dlsm`sms5 tbus, fljb`rzl` (shblstisiol`sls) (Oljjmr mt `j. 0<<65 Vumr 0<0>), tufmrhujisls (oyhif`htmrluo tufmrhujisls) hiopjmx (J`jrmoru`t` mt `j. 6>08), ir o`j`rl` (pj`soidluo a`jhlp`ruo) (B`w`ss mt `j. 6>0>5 [lge mt `j. 6>>2), `gd Jmlsbo`gl`sls ([lge mt `j. 6>>1) b`vm fmmg aiugd lg ouoolms. @lo, @l o, Vmsuj Vms ujts ts `g `gd d Dlshu Dls huss sslig lig
Tbm `utbirs higsldmr lt usmauj ti aihus ig ouoolalmd lgtmrg`j irc`gs, slghm o`gy p`tbicmgs highmgtr`tm lg tbm vlshmr`. Tbm H`giplh K`r ^rikmht ^rikmht w`s j`ughbmd lg Ihtifmr 6>06 `t tbm Hmgtrm ia Mvijutlig`ry Omdlhlgm ([MO, Lgstltutm air @g`tioy, @g` tioy, ]glvmrslt ]glvm rsltyy ia [urlhb, [url hb, giw LMO, Lgstltut Lgst ltutmm air Mvijutlig Mviju tlig`ry `ry Omdlhlgm Omdlh lgm). ). ti lgvmstlc`tm h`giplh k`rs wltb put`tlvm irlclg`j aljjlgc. @ crm`tmr guofmr ia J`tm ^mrlid ^mrlid h`giplh k`rs wltb irc`glh higtmgt `rm egiwg. Xlghm tbmy fmjigc ti ugegiwg iwgmrs ir h`ggit fm `ttrlfutmd ti ` a`oljy ir ouooy, tbmy `rm ia jmss usm. Tbm [urlhb tm`o usmd tbmsm ti mst`fjlsb mxtr`htlig prihmdurms (‚h`giplh Culgm` plc‟). Tbm prmjlolg`ry rmsujts ig tbm h`giplh k`rs wmrm pufjlsbmd (B`flhbt mt `j. 6>08) (T`fjm (T`fjm 8). 8 ). Oujtlpjm s`opjms ario tbm aljjlgc wmrm t`emg, lghjudlgc tbm fj`he o`tmrl`j tb`t ls iatmg duffmd ‚fltuomg‟ tb`t higt`lgmd tr`hms ia flijiclh`j o`tmrl`j. Tr`hms ia DG@ wmrm dlshivmrmd wltb Puflt `g`jysls ia mxtr`hts wltb jlcbtmr hijiurmd s`opjms ylmjdlgc oirm DG@ `gd ^ijyomr`hm Hb`lg Vm`htlig (^HV) w`s `ttmoptmd air otDG@ `gd cmgiolh DG@. Lgblfltlig ia tbm `opjlalh`tlig jloltmd tbm `DG@ `g`jysls. Tbm k`r ario Ouglhb XOÄE w`s put`tlvm tbm alrst h`giplh k`r pisltlvmjy
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0><
Ousmuo
Lgvmgtir y Gi.
Iwgmr (d`tlgc)
Higtmgt `gd @htligs
Furcdira, Qñjemreugdmousmuo
F]Y=8Y>3112
]gegiwg (J`tm ^mrlid)
Mgtr`ljs mxpmhtmd Loprlgt ia jlgmg `gd rmo`lgs ia blstijiclh`jjy tbm put`tlvm ‒ljmuo“ aiugd. Blstijicy smhtlig `gd st`lglgc
Oúghbmg, XOÄE
ÄX >>61
]gegiwg (j`tm pmrlid)
DG@ w`s aiugd
T`fjm 8. H`giplh k`rs usmd lg tbm pljit study.
tmstmd air `ghlmgt DG@ (Dmhmofmr 00tb 6>06). Tbm d`t` `rm pufjlsbmd bmrm air tbm alrst tlom (T`fjm 4). X`opjm guofmrs `rm ldmgtlh`j ti tbism lg Alc. 0. Tbm blcbmst highmgtr`tligs ia DG@ `rm lg tbm ‚olddjm‟ ia tbm k`r, mspmhl`jjy wbmrm tbmrm ls ` slcglalh`gt hijiur hb`gcm, lgdlh`tlgc tb`t git igjy irc`glh o`tmrl`j survlvm, fut `jsi tb`t lt stljj higt`lgs tbmsm lopirt`gt flioijmhujms. Lg higtr`st, tbm k`r ario Furcdira, Ousmuo aúr Qñjemreugdm w`s mx`olgmd uslgc HT-sh`gglgc `t tbm Lgstltutm ia Airmgslh Omdlhlgm ][B fmairm s`opjlgc lg tbm dry-j`f ia [MO. Tbm a`jhig bm`dmd k`r jld lgdlh`tmd ouoolalmd lgtmstlgms. Tbm aljjlgc higslst ia ‚cj`ss jlem‟, vmry b`rd ‚fltuomg‟, friemg lg smvmr`j plmhms. Ig ` aj`t, tblg plmhm ia fltuomg tbm tm`o ifsmrvmd tbm rmddlsb loprlgt ia tbm jlgmg wr`pplgcs, `gd gm`r tbm fittio ia tbm k`r ` sbrmd ia irc`glh rmo`lgs w`s dlshivmrmd. Lgltl`jjy, lt w`s t`emg air tbm rmo`lgs ia p`pyrus. Tbm blstijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig `gd st`lglgc rmvm`jmd lt `s rmo`lgs ia tbm ljmuo, tbm alg`j smhtlig ia tbm so`jj lgtmstlgms, wblhb wiujd highur wltb tbm mxpmhtmd higtmgt, lgdlh`tmd fy tbm a`jhig bm`d (Pmfmebsmguma) (Alcs. 0, 6). Tbm dl`cgistlh lgvmstlc`tlig fy HT `jjiws blcb-rmsijutlig blcb-rmsijutlig `g`jysms ia wbmtbmr tbmrm ls `gy higtmgt (lg h`sm ia stljj sm`jmd k`rs). Lg h`sm ia gig-`v`lj`fljlty ia HT sh`ggmrs ir tbm j`he ia tr`gspirt `ppriv`j air prmhlius k`rs, tbm usm ia pirt`fjm R-r`ys R-r` ys ls fmgmalh fmgm alhl`j l`j.. F`smd ig suhb r`dliji r`dl ijiclh` clh`jj lgvmstlc lgvm stlc`tli `tligs, gs, ` fmttmr fmtt mr pj`gglg pj`g glgcc air mxtr`htlig `rm`s ls blcbjy rmhioomgdmd. Tbm dlaamrmgtl`tlig ia siat tlssum b`s fmmg lgvmstlc`tmd fy omofmrs ia [MO prmvliusjy (S`gme mt `j. 6>00). Tbm X`opjm
0
6
Gitms
Xur a`hm
DG@ highmgtr`tlig (gc/κj)
0.>=
>.2=<
8
0.36
4
6.80
=
>.28=
1
3
Xldm ia k`r
Jlcbtmr hijiur
>.2>=
8.>3
T`fjm 4. DG@ highmgtr`tlig ia s`opjms t`emg ario tbm Ouglhb h`giplh k`r.
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2
0> Fj`he ‒siity“
0.22
Tii jiw
Alc. 0. HT-f`smd hriss-smhtlig lo`cms ia ` h`giplh k`r (Qñjemreugdmousmuos Furcdira, Lgv. F]Y=8Y >31125 Xlmomgs Xio`tio Dmgltlig Aj`sb =06x=06 o`trlx. >.1oo sjlhm tblhegmss, 06>EQ, 04>o@) (lo`cm; LVO, Lgstltutm ia airmgslh omdlhlgm, ]glvmrslty ia [urlhb).
usm ia du`j mgmrcy HT `t tbls st`cm ls tbm fmst sijutlig5 iur study gmmds ti b`vm oirm irlclg`j d`t` ti `ddrmss tbls lopirt`gt lssum ia hirrmj`tlgc r`dlijiclh`j `gd blstijiclh`j/oirpbijiclh`j d`t`. V`dlijicy o`y `jsi rmvm`j ifkmhts jlem `oujmts lgsldm ` h`giplh k`r aljjlgc (Alc. 8). @gitbmr @gi tbmr omtbid omtb id ti lgvmstlc lgvm stlc`tm `tm higtmgt higt mgt ia h`giplh h`g iplh k`rs k`r s wiujd wiuj d fm jlcbt jlc bt (JO) (JO ) `gd mjmhtrig olhrishipy (MO). Xt`gd`rd blstijicy st`lglgc sbiujd lghjudm BM (B`mo`tixyjlg-Mislg) `s cmgmr`j st`lg, O`ssig-Cijdgmr air `g loprivmd dlstlghtlig ia hmjjs ario surriugdlgc higgmhtlvm tlssum (hijj`cmg) `gd v`g Clmssig air st`lglgc ia oushjm `gd hijj`cmg tlssum. C`s hbrio`ticr`pby-o`ss spmhtriomtry spmhtriomtry wljj clvm lgairo`tlig ia typm `gd `oiugt ia mof`jolgc sufst`ghms. Tbus, uslgc vlshmr` ti jm`rg oirm `fiut `ghlmgt rmo`lgs privldms us wltb `gitbmr siurhm air ugdmrst`gdlgc tbm p`st, `gd `jsi emmps tbm ouoolms lgt`ht. Tbls bltbmrti ugt`ppmd rmsiurhm sbiws ouhb priolsm air auturm rmsm`rhb. @hegiwjmd @heg iwjmdcmo cmomgts mgts
@hegiwjm @heg iwjmdcmo dcmomgts mgts ti iur hijjm`c hij jm`cums ums ario tbm Hmgtrm Hmgt rm air Mvijutlig` Mvijut lig`ry ry Omdlhlgm Omdlh lgm air suppirt `gd `dvlhm; Jmg` O`rl` Ñbrstrño (V`dlijicy), E`rj Jlge (Blstijicy) Gi alg`ghl`j rmj`tligsblps wltb `gy hiop`gy tb`t olcbt b`vm `g lgtmrmst lg tbm
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sufolttmd wire lg tbm prmvlius alvm ym`rs `gd gi itbmr rmj`tligsblps ir `htlvltlms tb`t hiujd `ppm`r ti b`vm lgajumghmd tbm sufolttmd higtrlfutlig. Tbls `rtlhjm ls f`smd ig B`flhbt mt `j. (6>08) wltb `ddltlig`j lgairo`tlig.
Alc. 6. 8D-rmhigstruhtlig (HT- f`smd, IslrlR) ia h`giplh k`r (Qñjemreugdmousmuo Furcdira, Lgv. F]Y=8Y >3112) (lo`cm; [MO UHmgtmr air Mvijutlig`ry Omdlhlgm Omdl hlgm__ 6>08). 6>0 8).
Alc. 8. Qñjemreugdmousmuo Furcdira, Lgv. F]Y=8Y >3112; Tbm tlssum b`s fmmg st`lgmd wltb O`ssig-Ci O`ss ig-Cijdgm jdgmrr (02>R) (02 >R) usmd u smd ti t i dmoigs dm oigstr`tm tr`tm hijj`cmg. hijj` cmg. Tbm rmd r md `rriw ` rriw lgdlh`tm lgdl h`tmss rmslg rms lg `gd ` gd tbm tb m fj`he `rriw `fivm pilgts ti tbm oushjm j`ymr. Tbm crmmg-crmy st`lgmd o`tmrl`j ugdmr tbm fjum `rriw ls prif`fjy hijj`cmg lg tbm sufouhis`. F`smd ig tbm blstijicy gdlgcs tbm tlssum ls oist jlemjy lgtmstlgm (lo`cm; [MO UHmgtmr air Mvijutlig`ry Omdlhlgm_ 6>08).
006
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@ D m h ` d m i a @ d v ` g h m s l g t b m ^`jmip`tbijicy `jmip`tbi jicy ia tbm @ghlmgt @gh lmgt Mcyptl`gs Jls` X`ff`by
Iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia dlsm`sm lg `ghlmgt Mcypt b`s hb`gcmd sufst`gtl`jjy wltblg tbm j`st dmh`dm ir si. ls b`s fmmg o`dm pisslfjm fy dr`o`tlh `dv`ghms lg omdlh`j mgclgmmrlgc `gd fliomdlh`j tmhbglqums, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm criwlgc sipblstlh`tlig ia hioputmd tioicr`pby (HT) `gd tbm `fljlty ti rmhivmr DG@ ario `ghlmgt f`htmrl` `gd vlrusms. ls p`pmr wljj prmsmgt tbm j`tmst dlshivmrlms `fiut tufmrhujisls, h`ghmr `gd bm`rt dlsm`sm lg `ghlmgt Mcypt, tbrmm dlsm`sms `fiut wblhb iur mvldmghm `gd ugdmrst`gdlgc b`vm hb`gcmd tbm oist. m study ia `ghlmgt buo`g rmo`lgs b`s `jw`ys cigm b`gd-lg-b`gd wltb tbm tmhbgijicy usmd air study ia jlvlgc p`tlmgts. Sbmg R-r`ys wmrm dlshivmrmd lg 02<=, tbm tmhbglqum w`s trlmd iut lg Ar`geairt ig tbm ouooy ia `g `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g hbljd kust aiur oigtbs j`tmr (@d`os `gd @jsip 6>>2; 60). Fy tbm 0<3>“s hioputmd tioicr`pby (HT) b`d fmmg dmvmjipmd, `gd HT w`s ffrst suhhmssaujjy usmd ig ` ouooy lg Tirigti lg 0<31 (D`vld 6>>2; 46). Giw HT-sh`gs `rm st`gd`rd lg `gy ouooy study. DG@ w`s ffrst rmhivmrmd ario `g `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g ouooy lg 0<2= (^ääfi 0<2=), `gd wltb tbm dmvmjipomgt ia pijyomr`sm hb`lg rm`htlig, lgairo`tlvm smqumghms ia DG@ h`g fm spmhlffh`jjy t`rcmtmd. @jtbiucb tbm `oiugt ia `ghlmgt DG@ tb`t h`g fm rmhivmrmd rmhivmrmd ls jloltmd, lt ls giw rmhivmrmd ario f`htmrl` `gd vlrusms, `gd tbls ls hb`gclgc iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia `ghlmgt dlsm`sm. Xpmhlffh`jjy, Xpmhlffh`jjy, iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tufmrhujisls lg `ghlmgt tloms b`s hb`gcmd rmo`re`fjy slghm tbm j`tm 0<<>“s dum ti wire wltb Oyhif`htm rluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuji sls DG@ `ghlmgt DG@. Git igjy b`s Oyhif`htmrluo DG@ fmmg rmhicglzmd lg Oyhif`htm rluo b`vm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g buo`g rmo`lgs, fut `jsi p`rtlhuj`r str`lgs ia Oyhif`htmrluo fmmg dlstlgculsbmd ([lge mt `j. 6>>6; 046-0445 6>>8f). Figms `rm o`lgjy wb`t b`vm fmmg studlmd air mvldmghm ia p`st dlsm`sm, `gd air Oyhif`htmrluo Oyhif`ht mrluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuji sls tb`t tb`t om`gs ldmgtlaylgc figm jmsligs, p`rtlhuj`rjy lg tbm tbir`hlh `gd juof`r vmrtmfr`m, `jtbiucb tbmsm figm hb`gcms h`g `jsi fm h`usmd fy itbmr p`tbijiclh`j higdltligs (Friwg `gd Friwg 6>00; 2=0-2=8). Fut, lg tbmlr oist dmstruhtlvm airo, tbmsm jmsligs h`usm vmrtmfr`j hijj`psm `gd auslig, priduhlgc tbm hurvmd splgm iatmg h`jjmd ‚^itt“s dlsm`sm‟, g`omd `atmr Xlr ^mrhlv`j ^itt, ` Jigdig surcmig wbi ffrst dmshrlfmd lt lg 033<. Lg 0<><, Dmrry (0<><; 80-86 ) pufjlsbmd tbm ffrst dmshrlptlig ia ^itt“s itt“s dlsm`sm lg `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g `gd Gufl`g rmo`lgs.
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008
m pbyslh`j mvldmghm usmd air ` tufmrhujisls (TF) dl`cgisls dld git hb`gcm ug tlj 0<3<, wbmg [loomro`g pufjlsbmd olhrishiplh higffro`tlig ia pujoig`r y TF. Bm w`s `fjm ti ldmgtlay TF f`htmrl` lg tbm vmrtmfr`m `gd rmd fjiid hmjjs lg tbm tr`hbm` `gd jugcs ario ` bmoirrb`cm, bm `ssuomd w`s tbm h`usm ia dm`tb, lg ` pist Gmw Elgcdio ouooy ia ` hbljd ario mfms ([loomro`g 0<3<; 1>1-1>3). m gmxt dmvmjipomgt h`om lg 0<<3 wbmg Gmrjlhb `gd [lge `ggiughmd tbm rmtrlmv`j ia ` DG@ smqumghm ario tbm jugc tlssum ia ` Gmw Elgcdio Mcyptl`g ouooy, ` 8=-ym`r ijd o`g ario tbm Smst F`ge ia mfms tb`t sbiwmd tufmrhujisls‟ (Gmrjlhb mt.`j . 0<<3; 04>4). ‚bioijicy ti tbm DG@ ia O. tufmrhujisls‟
ls oijmhuj`r mvldmghm f`hemd up ` o`hrishiplh mx`olg`tlig, sbiwlgc mvldmghm ia pujoig`ry tufmrhujisls (Gmrjlhb mt `j. 0<<3). Lg 0<<2, ` tm`o, wirelgc wltb Hrufìzy `t @d`lo` lg ]ppmr Mcypt, w`s `fjm ti rmtrlmvm ` DG@ ar`comgt ario figm s`opjms ario ` ^rmdyg`stlh ^mrlid hbljd wltb ^itt“s dlsm`sm tb`t w`s; Oyhif`htmrluo smqumghm‟ (Hrufìzy ‚smqumghmd ‚smqumghmd `gd ls higslstmgt wltb `g irlclg`j Oyhif`htmrluo smqumghm‟ mt `j. 0<<2; <40).
Xufsmqumgt wire succmstmd tb`t tbls DG@ w`s `g `ghmstr`j airo ia Oyhif`htm Oyhif `htmrluo rluo tufmrhuj tufm rhujisls isls tb`t mxlstmd wbmg urf`g jlam momrcmd lg Mcypt fmclgglgc `riugd 84>> FH (Hrufìzy mt `j. 6>>1). Tbm semjmtig ia `gitbmr yiugc hbljd wltb oujtlpjm figm tufmrhujisls ario tbm s`om hmomtmry w`s pufjlsbmd lg 6>00, privldlgc ` slolj`r plhturm ia ` pmrlid wbmrm tufmrhujisls oust b`vm fmmg mgdmolh (D`fmrgmt `gd Hrufìzy 6>00). [lge `gd Gmrjlhb `gd tbmlr tm`o higtlgumd ti mxtr`ht DG@ ario figm `gd tlssum s`opjms ario tbrmm criups; M`rjy Dyg`stlh ^mrlid furl`js `t @fydis, mf`g furl`js d`tlgc ti tbm Olddjm Elgcdio ti Xmhigd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid, `gd mf`g furl`js ia Gmw Elgcdio ti J`tm ^mrlid d`tm. @ tit`j ia 28 s`opjms wmrm t`emg. Iut ia tbmsm, Oyhif`htm rluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuj isls hiopjmx 02 ia tbmo tmstmd pisltlvm air Oyhif`htmrluo hiopjmx DG@. Ia tbmsm, slx h`om ario lgdlvldu`js wltb o`hrishiplh mvldmghm ia ‚tufmrhujius spigdyjltls‟ (^itt“s dlsm`sm), ffvm ario lgdlvldu`js wltb ‚gig-spmhlffh p`tbijiclh`j `jtmr`tligs‟ (jmsligs tb`t hiujd fm ario TF ir siomtblgc mjsm), `gd smvmg ario lgdlvldu`js wltb ‚giro`jjy `ppm`rlgc vmrtmfr`j figms‟(gi istmijiclh slcg ia TF) ([lge mt `j. 6>>05 [lge mt `j. 6>>8`; 646-644). my highjudmd tb`t air `fiut 6=>> ym`rs tbm armqumghy ia tufmrhuj`r dlsm`sm lg `ghlmgt Mcypt rmo`lgmd tbm s`om, riucbjy `fiut 6=% ([lge mt `j. 6>>8`; 642). Twi Twi ym`rs j`tmr tbm tm`o b`d `g`jyzmd ` tit`j ia igm bugdrmd `gd slxty figm `gd tlssum s`opjms, `gd ` gd tblrty-mlcbt ia tbm s`opjms, hiolgc ario `jj tbrmm dlmrmgt tlom pmrlids, ‚tmstmd pisltlvm air tbm prmsmghm ia oyhif`htmrl`j DG@‟ ([lge mt `j . 6>>=; 2=).
msm s`opjms wmrm ‚aurtbmr hb`r`htmrlzmd fy spijlcityplgc‟ ([lge mt `j . 6>>8f; 81=).
004
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Tbm M`rjy Dyg`stlh o`tmrl`j priduhmd mvldmghm air `g `ghmstr`j str`lg ia Oyhif`ht Oyhi f`htmrlu mrluo o tufmrhuj tufm rhujisl isls s , wbljm tbm Olddjm Elgcdio s`opjms wmrm hb`r`htmrlzmd Oyhi f`htmrlu mrluo o `arlh` `ar lh`guo guo str`lgs. Tbm s`opjms ario tbm Gmw Elgcdio ti tbm fy Oyhif`ht J`tm ^mrlid rmvm`jmd tufmrhujisls‟ ([lge mt `j. 6>>3; ‚` oidmrg str`lg ia O. tufmrhujisls‟ `j. 6>>3; 822).
Oyhif `htmrlu mrluo o fivls fiv ls w`s aiugd lg `gy ia tbmsm Gi mvldmghm air tbm str`lg ia Oyhif`ht fi vls w`s s`opjms. Lt b`s `jw`ys fmmg tbiucbt tb`t O. fivls w`s `ghmstr`j ti O. tufmrhujisls, `gd tb`t tbm dlsm`sm p`ssmd ti buo`gs `t tbm tlom tbmy diomstlh`tmd h`ttjm lg Mcypt, `pprixlo`tmjy 4=>>-=>>> FH (Vifmrts `gd O`ghbmstmr 6>>=; 024). Lt b`s giw fmmg sbiwg fy ` 6>>3 pufjlh`tlig ia Lrig @cm semjmt`j o`tmrl`j ario siutbmrg fiv ls DG@ Xlfmrl`, tb`t tbm m`rjlmst mvldmghm ia O. fivls DG@ lg buo`g rmo`lgs d`tms ario tbm j`tm 0st h. FH ti m`rjy 0st h. @D, succmstlgc ` siomwb`t j`tm `gd M`stmrg irlclg air tbls str`lg ia tufmrhujisls (T`yjir (T`yjir mt `j . 6>>3). Gmrjlhb `gd Jñshb (6>><) rmvlmwmd tbmsm ffgdlgcs, `gd dlshussmd tbm pisslfjm lgtmr`htlig ia hjlo`tm `gd p`tbicmg lg tbm mvijutlig ia ` ‚oidmrg‟ str`lg ia O. tufmrhujisls . m qumstlig ia hjlo`tm hb`gcm `t tbm mgd ia tbm Ijd Elgcdio ls `g igcilgc igm, `gd tbm j`tmst hirm s`opjm ario tbm Gljm Dmjt`, pufjlsbmd lg Kujy 6>06, clvms aurtbmr mvldmghm ia ` driucbt wltb ‚` sust`lgmd mmht‟ lg tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy 4,6>> ym`rs `ci, pmrb`ps privldlgc tbm mgvlrigomgt`j prmssurm gmhmss`ry air suhb ` hb`gcm (Fmrgb`rdt mt `j. 6>06; 103). Igm j`st dmvmjipomgt lg tbm sm`rhb ti ldmgtlay `ghlmgt tufmrhujisls ls tbm Oyhif`htm rluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuji sls hmjj tmhbglqum tb`t h`g dmtmht oyhijlh `hlds lg tbm Oyhif`htmrluo w`jj. Oyhijlh `hld h`g fm mxtr`htmd, `gd mx`olgmd fy blcb pmrairo`ghm jlquld hbrio`ticr`pby, ti ldmgtlay wb`t typm ia hmjj lt h`om ario (Cmrg`my mt `j. 6>>0). ls tmhbglqum w`s usmd lg tbm rmhmgt rm-mx`olg`tlig ia tbm Cr`gvljjm ouooy, ` J`tm ^mrlid ijdmr amo`jm g`omd Lrtymrsmgu ario mfms. ls ouooy b`d fmmg ffrst `utipslmd fy Cr`gvljjm lg 026= wbi dmhj`rmd tb`t iv`rl`g h`ghmr w`s tbm h`usm ia bmr dm`tb (Cr`gvljjm 026=; 6<2 `gd pj. 66, 0). @ gmw study lg 0<<4 highjudmd tb`t bmr tuoiur w`s ` fmglcg hyst`dmgio` (Xplcmjo`g `gd Fmgtjmy 0<<3; 0>35 X`gdlsig `gd T`pp 0<<2; =0). Blstijiclh`j study ia tbm ouooy aiugd mvldmghm ia ` pujoig`ry mxud`tm, si s`opjms ario bmr jugcs, c`jj fj`ddmr `gd omofr`gius tlssums wmrm tmstmd Oyhif`htm rluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuj isls DG@, air Oyhif`htmrluo DG@, `gd s`opjms ario bmr amours `gd jugc wmrm tmstmd air oyhijlh `hlds ia Oyhif`htmrluo Oyhif`htm rluo tufmrhujisls tufmrhuj isls . @jj DG@ `gd oyhijlh `hld s`opjms wmrm pisltlvm, `gd lt `ppm`rs tb`t `g `htlvm tufmrhujisls lgamhtlig w`s tbm h`usm ia Lrtymrsmgu“s dm`tb (Digicbum mt `j. 6>0>) m qumstlig ia wbmtbmr ir git h`ghmr ls `g ‚ijd dlsm`sm‟ b`s fmmg friucbt up `c`lg lg rmhmgt studlms dlshusslgc tbm mvldmghm air h`ghmr ario `ghlmgt Mcypt (D`vld `gd [loomro`g 6>0>). HT-sh`gs HT-sh`gs ia ` ^tijmo`lh ^mrlid o`jm ouooy =>1> ym`rs ijd sbiwmd figm jmsligs lg bls pmjvlh figms `gd vmrtmfr`m, hb`r`htmrlstlh ia omt`st`tlh prist`tm h`ghmr. ls ls tbm ffrst tlom tb`t prist`tm h`ghmr b`s fmmg aiugd lg `g `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g ouooy, `gd tbm `utbirs succmstmd tb`t tbm h`usm ia dm`tb w`s ‚istmifj`stlh ‚istmifj`stlh omt`st`tlh dlsm`sm‟ (^r`tms mt `j. 6>00; `j. 6>00; 0>0).
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00=
Oist shbij`rs b`vm higsldmrmd h`ghmr lg `ghlmgt Mcypt ti fm r`rm, ir ‚om`cmr‟. Fut lg ` study ia 62> J`tm ^mrlid lgdlvldu`js, lgdlvldu `js, Xtriub`j `gd Qybgàgme (0<20; 024 ) aiugd aiur mx`opjms ia omt`st`tlh h`rhlgio`, wblhb tbmy st`tmd ls ‚git gmcjlclfjm‟. [lge `gd itbmrs aiugd aiur h`sms lg 86= `dujt lgdlvldu`js d`tlgc Gmw Elgcdio ti J`tm ^mrlid, wblhb tbmy s`ld, ‚privldms ‚privldms hjm`r mvldmghm tb`t o`jlcg`gt tuoirs wmrm git ` r`rm mvmgt‟ ([lge mt `j. 0<<<). Lg ` j`tmr, rmj`tmd `rtlhjm tbmy st`tmd tb`t tbm r`tm ia tuoir armqumghlms ario `ghlmgt Mcypt w`s aiugd ti fm hiop`r`fjm wltb tb`t aiugd lg figms ario ` siutbmrg Cmro`g issu`ry d`tlgc @D 04>>-022>, `s wmjj `s wltb tbm armqumghy mxpmhtmd wbmg hiop`rmd ti `g m`rjy 6>tb h. @D Mgcjlsb higtrij pipuj`tlig (Gmrjlhb mt `j. 6>>1). Mvldmghm air bm`rt dlsm`sm lg `ghlmgt Mcypt ls `jsi fmlgc rmmv`ju`tmd. @rtmry h`jhlffh`tligs lg tbm ouooy ia `g mjdmrjy amo`jm b`d fmmg ffrst rmhicglzmd lg 02=6 (D`vld 6>0>; 0>3). J`tmr lg 0<><, smhtligs ia tbm `irt` ia Elgc Omrgmpt`b wmrm t`emg, `gd lts pj`qum airo`tligs dlshussmd lg tbm Viy`j Xihlmty ia Omdlhlgm (Xb`ttuhe (Xb`ttuhe 0<><). Xi, tbm mxlstmghm ia tbm dlsm`sm w`s egiwg. m j`tmst `gd j`rcmst HT study ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g ouoolms, h`jjmd tbm Birus Xtudy, ldmgtlffmd `tbmrishjmrisls `gd bm`rt dlsm`sm `s ` slcglffh`gt prifjmo `oigc tbm uppmr hj`ss ia `ghlmgt Mcypt, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm prlmstjy a`oljlms. Xi a`r tbmy b`vm pufjlsbmd tbm rmsujts air =6 ouoolms, 4= lg tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri `gd smvmg ario twi ousmuos lg tbm ]X, r`gclgc lg d`tm ario tbm m`rjy Gmw Elgcdio ti Vio`g tloms (@jj`o mt `j. 6>><5 6>0>5 6>00). Ia tbmsm ouoolms, 44 b`d ‚ldmgtlff`fjm h`rdliv`shuj`r struhturms‟, `gd 6> ia tbmsm, ir 4=%, b`d ‚dmffgltm ir prif`fjm `tbmrishjmrisls‟. H`jhlffh`tligs wmrm aiugd lg tbm `rtmrlms ia tbm pmjvls `gd jmcs, `s wmjj `s tbm `irtlh `gd h`ritld `rtmrlms. msm 6> ouoolms b`d `g `vmr`cm `cm ia 4= ym`rs, `gd wmrm a`lrjy mvmgjy dlvldmd fy smx; ==% o`jm, `gd 4=% amo`jm. Git igjy dims `tbmrishjmrisls smmo ti fm rmj`tmd ti `cm, tbmrmairm, fut `jsi dlmt. msm pmipjm sh`ggmd wmrm mjltm, si tbmy hiujd `ird ti fm ouoolffmd, `gd lg jlam tbmy b`d d`ljy `hhmss ti ‚juxury‟ aiid suhb `s fmma, wblhb w`s imrmd lg tmopjm rltu`js, `gd tbmg rmvmrtmd ti tbm prlmsts air aiid (D`vld 6>0>; 000-004). @ blcb fmma dlmt b`s fmmg hjm`rjy sbiwg fy tbm aiid rmausm iutsldm tbm prlmstjy qu`rtmrs ia tbm oirtu`ry tmopjm ia Xmgusrmt LLL `t Xiutb @fydis, wbmrm fmma figms o`dm up riucbjy <=% (Vissmj 6>>4). m rmausm ls dmshrlfmd `s ‚`g loomgsm pljm o`dm ario tbm jmativmrs ia hbilhm huts ia kuvmgljm h`ttjm‟ (Vissmj 6>>1; 48).
001
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m j`tmst highjuslig ia tbm Birus study, `atmr dilgc HT-sh`gs ia ouoolms ario `ghlmgt ^mru, `ghlmgt ^umfji`gs ia siutbwmst @omrlh`, `s wmjj `s tbm ]g`gc`g ia tbm @jmutl`g Lsj`gds, ls tb`t `tbmrishjmrisls w`s ‚hiooig lg aiur prmlgdustrl`j pipuj`tligs‟,
`gd tbmrmairm o`y fm ‚`g lgbmrmgt hiopigmgt ia buo`g `cmlgc‟, r`tbmr tb`g ` dlsm`sm ia oidmrg jlam (iopsig, mt `j. 6>08; 00).
ls highjuslig b`s `jsi hiom ario ouhb ijdmr mvldmghm tb`g tb`t lg Mcypt. Ñtzl tbm Lhmo`g, w`s aiugd lg tbm Lt`jl`g @jps lg 0<<0, `gd d`tms f`he ti `riugd 88>> FH, ir higtmopir`ry wltb tbm Mcyptl`g j`tm prmdyg`stlh. Bls DG@ sbiwmd tb`t bm b`d ` prmdlspisltlig ti h`rdliv`shuj`r h` rdliv`shuj`r dlsm`sm, `gd HT-sh`gs HT-sh`gs sbiwmd bm b`d `tbmrishjmrisls (Ourpby mt `j. 6>>8; 163) @ aijjiw up ti t i tbm Birus Xtudy dlshussmd dls hussmd tbm t bm h`rdliv`shuj`r h`rdliv`sh uj`r dlsm`sm dls m`sm ia J`dy J` dy V`l, wbi w`s HT-sh`gg HT-sh`ggmd md `s p`rt ia tbm Birus study, `gd tb`t ia oidmrg wiomg lg Mcypt (@fdmja`tt`b mt `j. 6>06). J`dy V`l w`s ` riy`j gursmo`ld lg tbm vmry fmclgglgc ia tbm 02tb Dyg`sty, `gd o`y b`vm t`emg h`rm ia tbm auturm Elgc @omgbitmp L. Xbm dlmd fmtwmmg tbm `cms ia 4>-=>. Bmr hirig`ry `rtmrlms hiujd git fm hjm`rjy smmg, fut sbm b`d `g `rm` ia h`jhlffh`tlig lg tbm pistmrlir w`jj ia bmr bm`rt tb`t olcbt b`vm fmmg ario ` prlir bm`rt `tt`he, `gd h`jhlffh`tligs hiujd fm hjm`rjy smmo lg bmr tbir`hlh `irt`. Lg tmros ia oidmrg Mcyptl`g wiomg, tbm `rtlhjm highjudmd ig tbm f`sls ia p`tlmgts prmsmgtlgc ti H`lri ]glvmrslty Bisplt`j, tb`t tbmy `rm sumrlgc ario (@fdmja`tt`b mt `j . 6>06; 0), ‚`g mpldmolh ia `tbmrishjmritlh h`rdliv`shuj`r dlsm`sm‟ (@fdmja`tt`b
`gd `jtbiucb wiomg prmsmgt wltb bm`rt dlsm`sm `t `g ijdmr `cm tb`g omg, tbmy `rm oirm jlemjy ti fm ifmsm `gd dl`fmtlh. Git igjy dims bm`rt dlsm`sm smmo ti fm ` p`rt ia tbm buo`g higdltlig, fut `jsi, lt sbiujd git fm higsldmrmd ` bm`jtb prifjmo tb`t o`lgjy `aamhts o`jms.
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003
Vmsijvlgc ` Ouooy Olso`thb Figglm O. X`opsmjj
Lgtriduhtlig
@ olso`th ols o`thbb mxlsts mxls ts wbmg tbm cmgdmr cmgd mr ia ` ouooy ouo oy dlaamrs dla amrs ario tb`t ia lts hiaalg hia alg,, `s dmplhtmd alcur`tlvmjy ig tbm hiaalg jld ir lg g`oms ir tltjms lgshrlfmd ig lt. @ olso`thb o`y `jsi lgvijvm ` hiaalg `gd ouooy (ia tbm s`om cmgdmr) fut dlaamrlgc lg tbmlr d`tms ia irlclg. O`gy ousmuos b`vm suhb olso`thbms lg tbmlr Mcyptl`g hijjmhtligs. hijjmht ligs. @ h`sm `t tbm S`ygm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Blstirlh` j Ousmuo (SHBO) lg Vlhboigd, Lgdl`g` (]X@) tiie tbm airo ia `g `gigyoius o`jm ouooy lg ` hiaalg lgtmgdmd air ` wio`g. Tbm rmhicgltlig rmhicgltlig ia tbls olso`thb jmd ti `g lgvmstlc`tlig mopjiylgc omtbids ario Mcyptijicy, pbyslh`j `gtbripijicy, r`dlijicy, `gd `rhb`miomtry. @hqul @hq ulslt sltli lig g ia tbm tb m Hiaa H iaalg lg `g `gd d Ouooy Ou ooy
Tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo ls ` so`jj rmclig`j lgstltutlig wbism hijjmhtligs `gd mxblflts aihus prlo`rljy ig lts jih`j blstiry. Tbmsm lghjudm ltmos ario tbm pligmmr pmrlid lg tbm alrst b`ja ia tbm 0tb hmgtury. Jlem o`gy wm`jtby wiomg ia bmr d`y, Ors. Sljjl`o C``r, tbm ousmuo“s aiugdmr, aiugdmr, mgkiymd fitb tr`vmjlgc `gd hijjmhtlgc. Ig bmr trlps, sbm purhb`smd ifkmhts air bmr ousmuo tb`t wiujd frlgc tbm wirjd ti tbm rmsldmgts ia Vlhboigd. Lg 0<6<, sbm tr`vmjmd ti Mcypt wbmrm sbm purhb`smd ` dmhir`tmd hiaalg higt`lglgc ` ouooy ario M. B`tiug, ` wmjj-egiwg H`lri `gtlqultlms dm`jmr ia tbm pmrlid (ousmuo ifkmht guofmrs `gd itbmr lgairo`tlig `fiut `jj ltmos omgtligmd bmrm wljj fm aiugd `t tbm mgd ia tbm `rtlhjm). Tbmrm ls ` fuslgmss h`rd ario B`tiug“s mst`fjlsbomgt lg tbm SHBO `rhblvms. Lt jlsts ` wldm v`rlmty ia Mcyptl`g `gd @r`flh `gtlqums air s`jm lghjudlgc h`rpmts, tmxtljms, hmr`olhs, kmwmjry, `gd aurglturm. Lt w`s hjm`rjy ` rmspmht`fjm fuslgmss, `gd tbm hiaalg w`s iaamrmd air lts `rtlstlh qu`jlty, git `s ` smgs`tlig`j hurlislty. @hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcc ti Ousmuo Ousmu o jirm, jirm , Ors. C``r w`s tijd tb`t tbm hiaalg hiaa lg b`d fmmg lg tbm H`lri stirm air 4> ym`rs `gd b`d hiom ario tbm Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs. Xbm w`s `jsi lgairomd tb`t tbm ouooy w`s tb`t ia `g 02tb Dyg`sty prlghmss.
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00<
Cmgdmr `gd D`tm ia tbm Hiaalg
Tbm SHBO `gtbripild wiidmg hiaalg b`s ` ymjjiw f`hecriugd wltb pijyhbriom dmhir`tlig. Tbm hiaalg jld dmplhts ` wio`g wm`rlgc ` wlc hivmrmd fy ` vujturm bm`ddrmss. @ dmmp ajir`j hijj`r suroiugtmd fy hrissmd rmd f`gds hivmrs tbm hbmst (Alc. 0). Tbmsm rmd f`gds lolt`tm tbm si-h`jjmd ‚ouooy fr`hms‟ ia rmd jm`tbmr siomtloms aiugd ig higtmopir`ry ouoolms (Glwlgsel 0<22; 0=5 Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2;03=). Q`g S`jsmo (0<<3) b`s succmstmd tb`t tbmsm fr`hms fm h`jjmd ‚stij`‟ `gd tbm hiaalgs ‚stij` hiaalgs‟. Biwmvmr, ouooy fr`hms `ppm`rs ti fm tbm tmro prmamrrmd fy oist `utbirs. Dizmgs ia hiaalgs wltb ` dmslcg slolj`r ti tbls b`vm fmmg aiugd lg tiofs tbriucbiut tbm Smst F`ge `t Juxir. O`gy ia tbmo h`rry tbm
Alc. 0. Jld ia 66gd Dyg`sty hig `t tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo, Vlhboigd, LG (pbiti; F.O. X`opsmjj).
06>
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g`oms `gd tltjms tltj ms ia prlmsts ir prlmstmssms prlmstms sms `t tbm Tmopjm Tmopjm ia @oug. Vmamrmghms Vmamrmgh ms lg tbmlr lgshrlptligs ir ig tbmlr `ssihl`tmd ouoolms ti tbm pigtlalh`tm ia ` p`rtlhuj`r Blcb ^rlmst `jjiw hmrt`lg mx`opjms ti fm d`tmd wltb siom prmhlslig wltblg tbm 60st/m`rjy 66gd Dyg`sty, Dyg`sty, wltb itbmrs d`t`fjm fy hiop`rlsig (Glwlgsel 0<22). Blcb qu`jlty 60st Dyg`sty/m`rjy 66gd Dyg`sty furl`js mopjiymd smts higslstlgc ia `g iutmr hiaalg `gd jld, `g lggmr hiaalg `gd jld, `gd ` aujj-jmgctb ouooy fi`rd usu`jjy wltb hiirdlg`tmd dmslcgs. Tbm SHBO hiaalg rmprmsmgts `g lggmr hiaalg. Tbmrm `pp`rmgtjy gmvmr w`s ` ouooy fi`rd, slghm Ors. C``r fiucbt ` ouooy o`se ario B`tiug `atmr dlshivmrlgc tb`t tbm ‚ ouooy dld git b`vm igm.‟ Tbls ifsmrv`tlig, `jigc wltb bmr rmpirt tb`t tbm ouooy w`s lgt`ht wbmg sbm purhb`smd lt, succmsts tb`t tbm hiaalg w`s ipmgmd air tbm alrst tlom slghm `gtlqulty lg tbm B`tiug sbip. Xuppirt air tbls highjuslig hioms lg tbm airo ia smvmg lgt`ht tmgigs tb`t pmramhtjy alt lgti tbm sjits b`gd-hut lgti tbm rlos ia tbm f`slg `gd jld. Xuhb h`rm lg rmoivlgc tbm jld ls git higslstmgt wltb tbm `htlig ia tiof riffmrs, wbi wiujd fm oirm jlemjy ti pry ipmg tbm jld wltb ` hblsmj ir hut tbriucb tbm tmgigs. @gdrzmk @gd rzmk Glwlgsel Glwlg sel b`s b` s studlmd stu dlmd tbm dmvmji dm vmjipomg pomgtt ia hiaalg hi aalg dmslcg dmsl cg durlg du rlgcc tbls mr`5 mr` 5 bm pj`hmd tbm stij` hiaalgs lgti bls \mjjiw Hiaalg Criup Q (Glwlgsel 0<22; 1<-3>, 2>-26). Bm ifsmrvmd tb`t tbls p`ttmrg `ppm`rmd j`tm lg tbm 60st Dyg`sty (`riugd <3= FH) `gd pmrslstmd lgti tbm m`rjy p`rt ia tbm 66gd Dyg`sty, wltb oist ia tbm Typm Q jlds fmjigclgc ti tbm j`ttmr pmrlid (Glwlgsel 0<22). Glwlgsel cr`hliusjy mx`olgmd pbiticr`pbs ia tbm SHBO hiaalg `gd succmstmd tb`t lt w`s ‚priduhmd lg tbm 66gd Dyg`sty, tiw`rds tbm mgd ia tbm rmlcg ia Isireig L ir ` flt j`tmr, lg `gy tlom lg tbm >3).
Hiaalg styjms hb`gcmd durlgc tbm rmlcg ia Isireig L; tbm aj`t ouooy fi`rd w`s rmpj`hmd fy ` h`rtigg`cm h`sm tb`t mgtlrmjy mghjismd tbm jlgmg-wr`ppmd fidy (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<25 T`yjir 6>>8). Tbm lhigicr`pby aiugd ig tbmsm h`rtigg`cm h`sms `gd tbmlr `ssihl`tmd hiaalgs `jsi hb`gcmd augd`omgt`jjy. Tbm `fsmghm ia b`gds `gd ` slgcjm vmrtlh`j jlgm ia tmxt, hioprlslgc igjy ` slopjm iaamrlgc airouj`, `jigc tbm jiwmr fidy `rm `oigc tbm am`turms tb`t lgdlh`tm tb`t tbm SHBO hiaalg w`s o`gua`hturmd lg tbm 66gd Dyg`sty (T`yjir 6>>8; 0>3-0>25 Glwlgsel, jmttmr ti `utbir, 6>>3). Tbus wbljm tbm uppmr p`rt ia tbm S`ygm S`ygm Hiugty hiaalg jld higtlgums tbm stij` dmslcg lgtriduhmd lg tbm j`tmr p`rt ia tbm 60st Dyg`sty, tbm jiwmr p`rt lghjudms lo`cms tb`t wiujd fmhiom hiooig j`tmr lg tbm 66gd Dyg`sty. L `o cr`tmauj ti @ld`g Didsig air frlgclgc tbm ugusu`j olxturm ia oitlas ig tbls jld ti oy `ttmgtlig. Bm wrltms (Didsig, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig 6>08); ‚Fmjiw tbm hijj`r tbm dmhir`tlvm shbmom dlvmrcms mgtlrmjy ario `gytblgc aiugd lg `gy typm ia ‒\mjjiw“ hig. V`tbmr, tbm p`ttmrg aiugd bmrm ia ` wlgcmd sug-dlse, aijjiwmd fy ` hmgtr`j hijuog ia ia tmxt st`gemd fy ` smrlms ia rmclstmrs rmclstmrs ia wlgcmd dlvlgm dlvlgm ffcurms ls oirm typlh`j ia h`rtigg`cms ia tbm typm lgtriduhmd ugdmr Xbisbmgq L `gd Isireig L tb`g `htu`j higs. Lgdmmd, tbm igjy itbmr hig egiwg ti om wltb tbls p`ttmrg `ppm`rs ti fm Frltlsb Ousmuo M@8>360 (@gebmamgebigs ‘
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060
T`yjir 6>>0; 686, ffc 030). Ig tbm itbmr b`gd, tbm S`ygm Hiugty plmhm j`hes tbm ‒sugrlsm“ mjmomgts aiugd ig M@8>360 `gd tbm h`rtigg`cms tb`t `rm si typlh`j ia tbmo (smm T`yjir 6>>8; 0>4-0>3), b`vlgc ` slopjm wlgcmd sug-dlse ia tbm ‒\mjjiw“ typm5 lt `jsi higtlgums tbm ‒\ ‒ \mjjiw“ mjjiw“ pr`htlhm ia `ttmoptlgc ti ffjj `jj `v`lj`fjm sp`hms wltb blmricjypbs. @jj tbls rmlgairhms tbm vlmw tb`t tbm S`ygm Hiugty hig w`s o`gua`hturmd durlgc tbm tr`gsltlig fmtwmmg ‒\mjjiw“ `gd ‒Dyg`sty 66“ augmr`ry mgsmofjms ‘ pmrb`ps ugdmr Xbisbmgq Xbisbmgq L.‟
Jlem itbmr hiaalgs ia tbls pmrlid, tbm dmmp, aj`t-fittiomd f`slg ia tbm SHBO hiaalg b`s ` dmslcg tb`t hiirdlg`tms wltb, r`tbmr tb`g higtlgulgc, tbm p`ttmrg ig tbm jld. Tbm f`slg“s p`ttmrg ls vmry slopjm, higslstlgc omrmjy ia vmrtlh`j jlgms ia iaamrlgc tmxts lgtmrspmrsmd wltb blmricjypbs rmprmsmgtlgc tbm dkmd pljj`r, pljj`r, tbm log.t slcg air Tbm Smst, ` om`gdmrlgc sg`em, `gd tbm aiur sigs ia Birus ig ` ymjjiw f`hecriugd jlem tb`t ia tbm jld. @jtbiucb, L b`vm git aiugd `gy mx`ht p`r`jjmj ti lt lg tbm jltmr`turm, L `o cr`tmauj ti Glwlgsel (jmttmr ti `utbir) air privldlgc siom mx`opjms lg wblhb ` om`gdmrlgc sg`em `gd Tbm Smst Smst `ppm`r ig tbm 66gd Dyg`sty h`sms. Tbmrm ls gi dmhir`tlig ig tbm lgtmrlir ia tbm f`slg. Gmltbmr tbm f`slg gir tbm jld w`s v`rglsbmd, `c`lg `ssihl`tlgc tbmo wltb tbm ‚66gd Dyg`sty‟ r`tbmr tb`g ‚\mjjiw‟ mgsmofjms. Lg tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid, hiaalgs wmrm siomtloms prma`frlh`tmd ti suppjy tbm j`rcm rmjlclius hioouglty `t tbm @oug Tmopjm (Glwlgsel 0<22; ==). Tbm g`om `gd tltjms ia tbm dmhm`smd wiujd fm `ddmd wbmg ` hiaalg w`s purhb`smd air ` p`rtlhuj`r lgdlvldu`j. Tbmrm ls gi g`om wbmrm igm olcbt fm mxpmhtmd ig tbm aiit mgd ia tbm S`ygm Hiugty hiaalg jld, `gd tbm aiit rmclig `ppm`rs ti b`vm fmmg `jtmrmd lg ` hrudm o`ggmr. Tbm Tbm wiid cr`lg ls igjy p`lgtmd ig, git rm`j. Sbmtbmr tbls w`s digm ti hivmr ` prmvliusjy-lgshrlfmd g`om b`s git fmmg dmtmrolgmd. Lt ihhurs ti tbls `utbir tb`t hiaalgs tb`t b`d fmmg prm-a`frlh`tmd lg tbm m`rjlmr ymjjiw dmslcg o`y b`vm fmmg `v`lj`fjm hbm`pjy `gd ti ` wldmr `udlmghm `t tbls tlom `s pmipjm prmamrrmd tbm gmw styjms la tbmy hiujd `aaird tbmo. Higdltlig ia tbm Ouooy
Sbmg tbm hiaalg hiaa lg `rrlvmd `rrl vmd lg Vlhboig Vlh boigd, d, Ors. C``r aiugd aiug d tb`t tbm Mcyptl`g Mcypt l`g `utbirltlms b`d ‚ipmgmd‟ bmr ouooy, prmsuo`fjy ti sm`rhb air v`ju`fjms. Ors. C``r“s purhb`sm ihhurrmd igjy tbrmm ym`rs `atmr Biw`rd H`rtmr ugwr`ppmd tbm ouooy ia Elgc Tut`geb`oug `gd aiugd 048 plmhms ia mxqulsltm kmwmjry ig lt. @jtbiuc @jtb iucbb tbius`g tbiu s`gds ds ia `ghlmgt `gh lmgt ouoolms ouoo lms b`d fmmg w`gtigj w`g tigjyy dmstriymd dmst riymd lg m`rjlmr m`r jlmr hmgturlms fy fmlgc usmd air p`lgts, omdlhlgms, `gd mvmg jihioitlvm aumj, lg 0<6< tbm Mcyptl`g `utbirltlms wmrm t`elgc gi hb`ghms ia jislgc v`ju`fjms. @s ` rmsujt rms ujt ia i a tbmlr tbml r sm`rhbms sm`r hbms,, tbm ouooy“s ouo oy“s bm`d w`s hiopjm hi opjmtmjy tmjy ugwr` u gwr`ppmd ppmd `gd ` gd smp`r`tmd ario tbm fidy. Tbm f`gd`cms `rm giw olsslgc ario tbm gmhe upw`rds fut `ppm`r ugdlsturfmd ario tbm gmhe diwg5 tbm `fsmghm ia f`gd`cms `riugd tbm bm`d hrm`tms ` j`rcm bijm lgti tbm lgtmrlir ia tbm fugdjm. Lgltl`jjy tbm seujj w`s olsslgc lts o`gdlfjm, fut tb`t w`s dlshivmrmd lg 6>>< lg tbm g`rriw sp`hm fmtwmmg tbm ouooy f`gd`cms `gd tbm sldm ia tbm hiaalg. Lt smmos jlemjy tb`t tbm k`w b`d hiom jiism lg tbm b`gd ia igm ia tbm Mcyptl`g sm`rhbmrs lg 0<6<, wbi b`d tuhemd
066
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lt f`he lg fmsldm tbm ouooy ‘ ti iur crm`t ciid airtugm. Fitb p`rts ia tbm seujj `rm f`rm ia selg `gd siat tlssum wltblg5 tbmrm ls gi b`lr ig tbm bm`d. Xhlmgtlalh study ia tbm SHBO ouooy fmc`g lg 0<34 wbmg lt w`s R-r`ymd jih`jjy `t Vmld Omoirl`j Bisplt`j. Tbm R-r`ys rmvm`jmd `jj tbm figms ia `g `dujt semjmtig `jtbiucb tbmy wmrm higsldmr`fjy dls`rr`gcmd (Alc. 6). Tbm Vlhboigd pbyslhl`gs ifsmrvmd tb`t tbm tblrd oij`rs b`d mruptmd `gd s`ld tbm ouooy“s ouooy“s `cm`t-dm`tb w`s `t jm`st 6> ym`rs. Tbmy hiujd git smm mgiucb ia tbm friemg pmjvls ig tbm R-r`ys ti usm lt ti dmtmrolgm cmgdmr. @gd `jtbiucb tbmy hiujd mx`olgm tbm ugwr`ppmd hr`gluo dlrmhtjy, tbmy hiujd git `crmm ig lts smx. @ddltlig`j R-r`ys `gd HT-sh`gs HT-sh`gs wmrm pmrairomd `t Vmld Bisplt`j lg 6>>>, fut `c`lg jih`j pbyslhl`gs hiujd git rm`hb ` higsmgsus. Gmw lgvmstlc`tligs ig tbm hiaalg `gd ouooy fmc`g lg 6>>1 wbmg tbls `utbir w`s lgvltmd ti h`t`jicum tbm ifkmhts lg tbm SHBO“s SHBO“s so`jj Mcyptl`g hijjmhtlig `gd prmp`rm ` gmw mxblflt ti am`turm tbm ouooy. @t tbls tlom ` h`rmauj study ia tbm HT-sh`gs w`s lgltl`tmd.
Alc. 6. R-r`ys (t`emg lg 0<34) ia tbm ouooy `t tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo (pbiti; F.O. X`opsmjj).
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068
Tbmsm HT-sh`gs rmvm`jmd tb`t tbmrm w`s gi siat tlssum prmsmrvmd mssmgtl`jjy `gywbmrm lg ir ig tbm fidy ia tbm ouooy. H`vltlms rmo`lglgc rmo` lglgc wltblg wltbl g tbm f`gd`cms, f`gd`cms , biwmvmr, lgdlh`tmd tb`t tbm fidy w`s stljj aujjy-ajmsbmd wbmg lt w`s wr`ppmd. Tbls ls mspmhl`jjy `pp`rmgt ig sh`gs tbriucb tbm uppmr `gd jiwmr jmcs, wbmrm tbm o`kir jmc figms rmo`lg hjism ti tbmlr irlclg`j pisltligs. Hiop`rlsigs ia sh`gs ario tbm SHBO ouooy ti igms ario wmjj-prmsmrvmd Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid ouoolms suhb `s tbism ario Jmldmg, air mx`opjm, wmrm bmjpauj lg mstlo`tlgc tbm v`rl`tlig lg ouoolalh`tlig prihmdurms mopjiymd lg tbm dlaamrmgt h`sms (V`vmg `gd T`higls 6>>=). Sm Sm alg`jj alg `jjyy highju hig hjudmd dmd tb`t tbm fidy ia tbm S`ygm Hiugty Hiug ty ouooy ouoo y b`d git fmmg dmslhh`tmd ti ` s`tlsa`htiry dmcrmm ia dmbydr`tlig5 `s ` rmsujt mssmgtl`jjy `jj ia lts siat tlssum cr`du`jjy dmh`ymd. Mvmgtu`jjy gitblgc bmjd tbm lgdlvldu`j figms ticmtbmr, `gd tbmy wmrm armm ti sjldm `fiut wltblg tbm stlaamgmd ‚h`r`p`hm‟ ia tbm f`gd`cms wbmg tbm hiaalg w`s rmirlmgtmd durlgc tr`gspirt `gd dlspj`y. Hijj`psm ia tbm rlf h`cm `jsi pmrolttmd tbm o`gy j`ymrs ia splr`j f`gd`cms ti sufsldm lg tbm rmclig ia tbm tirsi. Cmgdmr ia tbm Ouooy
Xlghm smvmr`j Vlhboigd pbyslhl`gs b`d git fmmg `fjm ti dmtmrolgm tbm ouooy“s cmgdmr, lt smmomd dmslr`fjm ti higsujt ` pbyslh`j `gtbripijiclst wltb oirm mxpmrlmghm dm`jlgc wltb semjmtigs ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs. @zz` X`rry mj-Dlg, ario tbm G`tlig`j Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg H`lri, ifjlcmd us fy studylgc pbiticr`pbs ia tbm f`rm seujj (Alc. 8). Tbm aijjiwlgc lgairo`tlig ls ario bmr hirrmspigdmghm wltb tbm prmsmgt `utbir (mo`ljs lg 6>>3 `gd 6>06). Xbm shirmd smvmg am`turms ig tbm hr`gluo uslgc ` sh`jm ia 0 ? typlh`j amo`jm, 6 ? sjlcbtjy amolglgm, 8 ? lgdmtmrolg`tm, 4 ? sjlcbtjy o`shujlgm, `gd = ? typlh`j o`jm. Bmr shirms wmrm Guhb`j hrmst =, O`stild 4, Cj`fmjj` 4, Xupmrhljl`ry `rhbms 6, Irflt`j sb`pm 8, [ycio`tlh `rhb =, Tmopir`j rldcm 4, @vmr`cm 8.21. @fiut tbm o`gdlfjm sbm rmo`remd; lts slzm `ppm`rs j`rcm, wldtb ia `shmgdlgc r`ous ls j`rcm, sb`pm ia hblg ls fri`d, `gd cigl`j `gcjm ls oirm tb`g 08= dmcrmms. Xbm highjudmd tb`t tbm seujj w`s ario ` o`jm. Lt h`g fm smmg tb`t tbm mtboild `gd figms ia tbm gism `rm lgt`ht, si tbm fr`lg w`s git rmoivmd tbriucb tbm gism. X`rry mj-Dlg `jsi studlmd tbm stljj-wr`ppmd `gd friemg pmjvls ig hiplms ia tbm 0<34 R-r`ys. Xbm w`s `fjm ti shirm tbm aijjiwlgc alvm am`turms `gd kudcmd tbmo ti `jj fm o`jm; puflh syopbysls, r`ous, iftur`tir air`omg, sb`pm ia pmjvls, `gd `hmt`fujuo. Bmr mx`olg`tlig ia tbm ouooy“s s`cltt`j suturm, dmcrmm ia tiitb wm`r, wm`r, `gd tbm amour bm`d `jjiwmd bmr ti mstlo`tm lts `cm `t dm`tb `s 8> ti 8= ym`rs. ^isslfjm H`usms ia Olso`thbms
Tbm lgvmstlc`tligs ig tbm SHBO ouooy `gd hiaalg, dmshrlfmd si a`r, rmvm`jmd ` olso`thb fmtwmmg tbm cmgdmr ia tbm ouooy (o`jm) `gd tb`t ia tbm wio`g dmplhtmd ig tbm hiaalg jld. Tbls jmd us ti higsldmr siom ia tbm sltu`tligs tb`t hiujd priduhm ` olso`thb5 tbmsm h`g fm dlvldmd lgti `ghlmgt h`usms `gd oidmrg igms.
064
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Alc. 8. Xeujj ia tbm ouooy `t tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo (pbiti; F.O. X`opsmjj).
Mltbmr rmfurl`j ir rmusm hiujd b`vm ihhurrmd lg `ghlmgt tloms; rmfurl`j wiujd priduhm `g ijd ouooy lg ` gmwmr hiaalg, wbljm hiaalg rmusm wiujd hioflgm `g ijd hiaalg wltb ` gmw ouooy. ouooy. Tbm oist git`fjm mx`opjms ia rmfurl`j lgvijvmd tbm Gmw Elgcdio elgcs `gd qummgs wbism ouoolms ‘ ldmgtlalmd fy lgshrlptligs ig tbmlr f`gd`cms ‘ wmrm hijjmhtmd lg smvmr`j h`hbms fy 60st Dyg`sty iaalhl`js. Xiom wmrm aiugd lg tiof TT 86> `t Dmlr mj-F`brl `gd itbmrs lg EQ 8= lg tbm Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs, pj`hms tb`t wmrm higsldmrmd oirm smhurm tb`g tbmlr irlclg`j vlij`tmd tiofs. Tbmsm a`oius ouoolms wmrm aiugd lg v`rlius ‚r`osb`hejm‟ ‚r`osb`hejm‟ hiaalgs fmh`usm tbmlr irlclg`j mj`fir`tm hiaalgs wmrm usurpmd ir slopjy strlppmd ia tbmlr prmhlius cljdlgc `gd lgj`ys (D`rmssy 0<><5 Vmmvms 0<<>). Mvldmghm air tbm rmfurl`j ia ` prlv`tm lgdlvldu`j lg tbm 60st Dyg`sty higslsts ia ` blmr`tlh j`fmj ‘ giw smp`r`tmd ario lts ouooy `gd hiaalg ‘ clvlgc tbm dmhm`smd“s g`om `gd tbm g`om ia tbm mof`jomr (Didsig 0<<0). Itbmr olso`thbms b`vm fmmg tr`hmd ti tbm wldmsprm`d pr`htlhm ia hiaalg rmusm durlgc tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid (Glwlgsel 0<22; 0<22 ; =45 Hiigmy 6>00). Vmhyhjmd hiaalgs hiujd b`vm ` gmw g`om `ddmd, hiujd b`vm tbm cmgdmr `jtmrmd fy hb`gclgc tbm wlc `gd b`gds (hjmghbmd alsts air o`jms, ipmg b`gds air amo`jms), ir hiujd b`vm gmw j`ymrs ia pj`stmr `gd p`lgtmd dmslcg `ppjlmd. Igm ia tbm hiaalgs purhb`smd ario ` so`jj ousmuo lg Gl`c`r` A`jjs, Igt`rli `gd giw lg tbm hijjmhtlig ia tbm Olhb`mj H. H`rjis Ousmuo `t Moiry ]glvmrslty privldms privldms `g mx`opjm. @g mj`fir`tm 60st Dyg`sty hiaalg w`s alrst lgshrlfmd air J`dy T`g`ebtmgtt`b`t, ` hb`gtrmss lg tbm Tmopjm ia @oug. Fut HT-sh`gs ia tbm ouooy lgsldm rmvm`jmd tb`t lt b`d git fmmg ouoolalmd lg tbm o`ggmr usmd air oist Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid mjltms5 lg a`ht, tbm wmjj-prmsmrvmd fidy b`d git fmmg mvlshmr`tmd `t `jj. Ig hjismr mx`olg`tlig ia tbm hiaalg, lt `ppm`rmd tb`t tbm irlclg`j g`oms ig tbm hiaalg, `s wmjj `s siom ia tbm dmhir`tlig, b`d fmmg `jtmrmd air ` wio`g g`omd T``smt T``smt `gd wbism a`oljy mvldmgtjy hiujd `aaird gmltbmr ` gmw hiaalg gir `g mj`fir`tm ouoolalh`tlig prihmdurm (J`hiv`r` 6>>6).
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06=
@ j`rcm guofmr ia tbm olso`thbms olso`t hbms dmtmhtmd lg oidmrg studlms `rm diuftjmss diuftjms s tbm rmsujts ia 00>; 31). Vmsijvlgc olso`thbms cmgmr`jjy rmqulrms tb`t fitb hiaalg `gd ouooy fm alrojy d`tmd. Sltb hiaalgs, tbls h`g usu`jjy fm digm f`smd ig lts dmslcg. Sltb ouoolms, tbm fmst `ppri`hbms lgvijvm `g `g`jysls ia ouoolalh`tlig omtbids `gd/ir h`rfig d`tlgc. Xiw`d` mt `j. (6>00) h`rfig-d`tmd ` ouooy lg tbm hijjmhtlig ia tbm Glhbijsig Ousmuo `t tbm ]glvmrslty ia Xydgmy. Tbm ouooy w`s `hqulrmd lg ` hiaalg wltb ` 6=tb Dyg`sty dmslcg, fut h`rfig d`tlgc ia s`opjms ia tbm f`gd`cms rmvm`jmd tb`t lts furl`j ihhurrmd `riugd @D 12-06<. D`tlgc tbm Ouooy Ouooy fy Ouoolalh`tlig Ouoolalh`tlig Omtbids
Tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid s`w tbm `pmx ia ouoolalh`tlig prihmdurms lg `ghlmgt Mcypt wltb tbm `diptlig ia siom gmw pr`htlhms suhb `s rmturglgc tbm vlshmr`j p`hemts ti tbm fidy `gd stuaalgc ia fidy h`vltlms `gd ugdmr tbm selg (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2). Tbmsm wmrm dmslcgmd ti rmstirm tbm fidy ti ` jlam-jlem `ppm`r`ghm. Ouoolms h`g fm d`tmd ti tb`t pmrlid uslgc mvldmghm ia tbm am`turms jlstmd fmjiw. Tbm igms tb`t `rm ugdmrjlgmd `rm dmalgltmjy, ir vmry jlemjy, prmsmgt lg tbm S`ygm Hiugty ouooy. Lt ls `pp`rmgt tb`t igjy ` amw ia tbm dl`cgistlh am`turms ia tb`t pmrlid `rm aiugd lg tbls ouooy, `gd tb`t lts ivmr`jj prmp`r`tlig air furl`j w`s hursiry; - Vmoiv`j ia tbm fr`lg tbriucb tbm gism - Lgtmrg`j irc`gs rmoivmd `gd drlmd smp`r`tmjy - Qlshmr` wr`ppmd `gd rmturgmd ti fidy h`vlty r`tbmr tb`g h`giplh k`rs - Xtuaalgc ia s`gd, oud, mth. lg fidy `gd ugdmr selg - ]sm ia `g `fdiolg`j prip - @rtlalhl`j myms - @oujmts lg tbm wr`pplgcs - @ros mxtmgdmd, b`gds ig tblcbs - Jlofs wr`ppmd smp`r`tmjy, tbmg wltb tirsi - Xplr`j f`gd`cms wltb jigcltudlg`j sbriud - Jigcltudlg`j `gd birlzigt`j tlms ir f`gds - Ouooy fr`hms ir stij` `riugd tbm gmhe Mjltm Tblrd Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid ouoolms usu`jjy sbiw ` higstmjj`tlig ia tbmsm am`turms, `gd tbls `jjiws tbmo ti fm `sslcgmd ti tb`t pmrlid wltb siom `ssur`ghm. Tbm prmsmghm ia ouooy fr`hms ig tbm ouooy ls mspmhl`jjy v`ju`fjm, slghm tbm t`fs ig tbm mgds ia tbmsm fr`hms clvm tbm g`om(s) ia tbm elgc `gd/ir tbm Blcb ^rlmst
061
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ia @oug lg iaalhm `t tbm tlom ia furl`j. Lg tbls w`y tbm d`tm ia tbm ouooy ltsmja h`g fm dmtmrolgmd lgdmpmgdmgtjy ia lts hiaalg. Ouooy fr`hms b`vm fmmg aiugd wltb g`oms r`gclgc ario V`omssms RL tbriucb tb`t ia Isireig L5 tbmy ihhur ig ouoolms furlmd lg `jj elgds ia ymjjiw hiaalgs, git igjy lg Typm Typm Q ir stij` hiaalgs (Glwlgsel 0<22).
Tbm @fdiolg`j ^rip Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid mof`jomrs mopjiymd v`rlius `rtlalhl`j o`tmrl`js ti o`em ` ouoolalmd fidy jiie `s jlamjlem `s pisslfjm. @gitbmr trlhe-ia-tbmlr-tr`dm, trlhe-ia-tbmlr-tr`dm, tbm `fdiolg`j prip, o`y b`vm fmmg ldmgtlalmd rmhmgtjy fy tbls `utbir wbi aiugd igm lg tbm SHBO ouooy `s wmjj `s ig tbm wmfsltm ia tbm Omtripijlt`g Ousmuo Ousmuo ia @rt @r t (OO@) lg Gmw \ire \ire Hlty. Lg tbmlr 0<68-0<64 sm`sig, Omtripijlt`g Ousmuo mxh`v`tirs ugdmr tbm jm`dmrsblp ia Bmrfmrt Slgjihe dlshivmrmd dlshivmrmd smvmr`j 60st Dyg`sty furl`js lg ` tiof ig tbm girtbmrg fiugd`ry ia tbm B`tsbmpsut tmopjm“s tmopjm“s hiurty`rd (Slgjihe 0<46). Lg tbm piirjy-prmsmrvmd ouooy ia ` o`g g`omd T`f`eout, wbi jlvmd durlgc tbm rmlcg ia ^susmggms LL, Slgjihe `gd Diucj`s Dmrry aiugd `g R-sb`pmd ifkmht higslstlgc ia twi jlgmg-wr`ppmd stlhes (tbls ltmo w`s clvmg ti tbm OO@ lg tbm 0<6= dlvlslig ia algds5 lts `hhmsslig guofmr ls 6=.8.034, `gd lt ls dlspj`ymd lg C`jjmry 08>). Tbmlr higtmopir`gmius hioomgts wmrm rmhirdmd ig tiof h`rds, giw `rhblvmd `t tbm OO@ `gd elgdjy privldmd ti om fy H`tb`rlgm Vimbrlc ia tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia Mcyptl`g @rt. Tbmsm s`y; ‚Gi `ttmopt w`s o`dm ti rmturg tbm vlshmr` ti tbm fidy. m igjy tblgc fmlgc aiugd lg tbm fidy h`vlty, h`vlty, mxhmpt g`trig, wltb wblhb lt w`s ffjjmd, w`s ` hriss o`dm ia twi stlhes tlmd ticmtbmr wltb ` r`c.‟ ‚ls w`s prmsuo`fjy ` k`he Uprip_ ti bijd up tbm `gtmrlir `fdiolg`j w`jj wbljm tbm mof`jomr w`s wirelgc lg tbm fidy. Lt hiujd fm mgtmrmd tbriucb tbm mof`jolgc lghlslig lg tbm jmat sldm aijdmd up, tbmg ipmgmd `gd mrmhtmd lgsldm tbm fidy.‟ fidy.‟ ‚msm stlhes wiujd clvm crm`t dlstmgslig ti tbm `gtmrlir `fdiolg`j w`jj, `gd tbls o`y mxpj`lg wby tbm selg ls iatmg smp`r`tmd ario tbm jiwmr rlfs lg itbmr ouoolms lg tbls smrlms. Lt wiujd `jsi jlat selg ia crilg ario pmjvls `gd a`hljlt`tm p`helgc tbm jmcs.‟
Tbm ifkmht b`s git fmmg dmshrlfmd lg `gy pufjlh`tlig tbls `utbir b`s aiugd, fut lt h`g fm t`emg ti rmprmsmgt igm oirm dmvlhm tb`t w`s usmd durlgc tbls pmrlid `s p`rt ia tbm mj`fir`tm mof`jolgc prihmdurms `gd wblhb o`y smrvm ti jlge ` ouooy ti tbls pmrlid ia Mcyptl`g blstiry. @ gm`rj gm `rjy-ld y-ldmgtl mgtlh`j h`j ltmo w`s aiugd aiu gd lgsld l gsldmm tbm SHBO ouooy o uooy lg 6>>< 6 >>< durlgc durl gc ` sm`rhb lgsldm tbm f`gd`cms air tbm alrst hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr` (Alc. 4). Air Air tbls `rtla`ht ti b`vm fmmg jih`tmd lgsldm tbm fidy ia tbls o`g, `g lghlslig oust b`vm fmmg o`dm. @gd tbmrm smmos smmo s ti t i fm f m gi g i rm`si rm `sigg air a ir o`elgc o`el gc `g lghlsli lgh lsligg ugjm u gjmss ss tbm lgtmgtl lgt mgtlig ig ls ti mvlshmr`tm mvlshmr` tm tbm hirpsm. Fut tbmrm ls gi mvldmghm mvldmg hm lg tbm HT-sh`gs HT-sh`gs tb`t tbm vlshmr` vl shmr` wmrm
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063
Alc. 4. @fdiolg`j prip; `g ifkmht aiugd wltblg tbm ouooy `t tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo Ousm uo (pbiti (p biti;; F.O. F.O . X`opsmj X` opsmjj). j).
dmslhh`tmd `gd rmturgmd ti tbm fidy h`vlty, gir tb`t `gy itbmr airo ia p`helgc w`s lgsmrtmd lg tbm fidy h`vltlms ir ugdmr tbm selg. Tbls `utbir pripisms, tbmrmairm, tbmrmairm, tb`t tbls ‚prip‟ o`y b`vm fmmg usmd ti suppirt tbm fidy w`jj ia tbm mopty `fdiomg durlgc tbm f`gd`clgc prihmss. D`tlgc tbm Ouooy fy H-04
Xlghm lt b`d git privmd pisslfjm ti highjuslvmjy d`tm tbm SHBO ouooy f`smd ig ouoolalh`tlig prihmdurms, wm dmhldmd ti `ttmopt h`rfig d`tlgc. Twi s`opjms ia jlgmg f`gd`cms ario tbm lggmr tirg mdcm `t tbm gmhejlgm, `jigc wltb ` so`jj plmhm ia figm `gd ` plmhm ia h`rtlj`cm ario tbm ouooy ltsmja wmrm smgt ti ` j`fir`tiry `t tbm ]glvmrslty ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig` lg 6>><. Tbm h`jlfr`tmd H-04 d`tms ia tbm furl`j (jlgmg s`opjms) `gd tbm ouooy“s fidy `ppm`r ti fm higslstmgt wltb tbm hiaalg“s d`tm ia o`gua`hturm (Alc. =). Tbm tip f`r lg tbm alcurm lgdlh`tms tbm fmclgglgc ia 66gd Dyg`sty, wltb tbm d`remr rmclig lgdlh`tlgc Glwlgsel“s pripismd d`tm air tbm hiaalg“s priduhtlig. Tbm d`remr pirtlig ia tbm `cm r`gcm air m`hb s`opjm sbiws tbm om`g `gd ° igm st`gd`rd dmvl`tlig, wbljm tbm jlcbtmr f`r lgdlh`tms + twi st`gd`rd dmvl`tligs. Tbmrm Tbmrm ls mxhmjjmgt `crmmomgt fmtwmmg fmtwmmg tbm `cms ia tbm hiaalg `gd tbrmm ia tbm s`opjms. @s ymt lt ls git egiwg wby tbm h`rtlj`cm d`tm ls ouhb ijdmr5 tbm crm`tmr `cm r`gcm air tb`t s`opjm dmrlvms ario tbm sb`pm ia tbm h`jlfr`tlig hurvm wblhb ls ouhb aj`ttmr air tb`t pmrlid.
062
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Alc. =. Vmsujts ia tbm H-04 d`tlgc ia s`opjms ario ouooy `t tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo. Ousm uo.
Highjusligs
Tbm H-04 tmst rmsujts `gd ouoolalh`tlig omtbids (mspmhl`jjy tbm usm ia `g `fdiolg`j prip) lgdlh`tm tb`t tbm SHBO ouooy d`tms ario tbm s`om pmrlid `s tbm m`rjy 66gd Dyg`sty hiaalg. Tbm lgt`ht tmgigs succmst tb`t tbm hiaalg w`s ipmgmd wltb h`rm air tbm alrst tlom slghm lt w`s furlmd ‘ prif`fjy `t tbm B`tiug sbip lg H`lri lg 0<6<. Lt dims git smmo jlemjy ti tbls `utbir tb`t tbm B`tiug sbip ltsmja hiujd b`vm fmmg tbm irlclg ia tbm olso`thb (fy `ddlgc ir rmpj`hlgc tbm ouooy lg tbm SHBO hiaalg) fmh`usm lt w`s ugjlemjy tb`t B`tiug b`d ` suppjy ia ouoolms `t b`gd lg 0<6<. Lg a`ht, tbm higdltlig ia tbm ouooy succmsts lt b`d ` jigc `ssihl`tlig wltb tbls hiaalg; tbm f`gd`cms `rm friemg lg tbm f`he `gd j`ymrs ia tbm f`gd`cms b`vm suge lgti tbm hr`hes ia tbm hiaalg ajiir wbmrm igm fi`rd ls olsslgc. Fmh`usm ia tbm dmtmrlir`tlig ia lts fidy `gd wr`pplgcs, tbm ouooy hiujd git fm sblatmd `riugd iutsldm ia ` hiaalg wltbiut a`jjlgc `p`rt. Sm highjud high judm, m, tbmrmairm tbmrm airm,, tb`t tbm olso`thb olso `thb fmtwmmg fmtw mmg ` o`jm o`j m ouooy ouoo y `gd ` hiaalg air ` wio`g ls `ghlmgt, d`tlgc ti tbm irlclg`j furl`j, `gd bypitbmslzm tb`t tbm a`oljy ia tbls `gigyoius 66gd Dyg`sty o`g purhb`smd ` prm-a`frlh`tmd hiaalg, wblhb w`s cilgc iut ia styjm. Tbmy hiujd git `aaird ti b`vm lt lgshrlfmd ir ti privldm tbm dmhm`smd wltb oirm tb`g ` oidmst mof`joomgt j`helgc oist ia tbm mj`fir`tm tmhbglqums mopjiymd ig tbm fidlms ia Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid mjltms. Bls furl`j `gd oidmrg mxbuo`tlig ihhurrmd siomwbmrm gm`r Tbmfms, tbm siurhm ia itbmr hiaalgs ia tbls typm. Oirm oidmst lgtmromgts ia tbls typm o`y hiom ti jlcbt `s oirm ousmuos study hiaalg `gd ouooy hioflg`tligs lg tbmlr hijjmhtligs. @gd lt ls jlemjy tb`t o`gy itbmr olso`thbms wljj fm rmsijvmd uslgc `dv`ghmd tmhbgijiclms lg hioflg`tlig wltb tr`dltlig`j Mcyptijiclh`j omtbids.
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06<
Ifkmht Ldmgtlalh`tlig
Tbm aijjiwlgc ltmos rmamrrmd ti lg tbls `rtlhjm fmjigc ti tbm S`ygm Hiugty Blstirlh`j Ousmuo (SHBO) lg Vlhboigd, Lgdl`g` (]X@). Ltmo
SHBO guofmr
Dlomgsligs
Hig Jld
>1.>8.6
2=.4 ho x 43 ho x 61.3 ho blcb `t aiit
Hig F`slg
>1.>8.8
2<.6 ho x =0.4 ho x 66.6 ho blcb
Ouooy
>1.>8.4
26.< ho x 43 ho wldm (bm`d ugwr`ppmd)
@fdiolg`j ^rip
>1.>8.4`
0=.6 ho x 2.8 ho
Ouooy O`se
>1.>8.=
8.6 ho x 0<.0 ho
R-r`ys ario 0<34
>1.>8.1
Alvm sbmmts ia R-r`y ffjo
M. B`tiug, H`lri Fuslgmss H`rd
>1.>8.3
0>.2 ho x 3.1 ho
08>
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Tbm ^mipjm ia X`y`j` Durlgc tbm J`tm Vio`g ti M`rjy M`rj y Fyz`gtlgm ^mrlid ^mrlid Mucmg Xtriub`j
Igm ia tbm crm`tmst hijjmhtligs ia `gtbripijiclh`j rmo`lgs, d`tlgc ario tbm J`tm Vio`g ti M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm ^mrlid, `gd hiolgc ario Gufl`, ls empt lg tbm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry lg Qlmgg`. Tbm o`tmrl`j irlclg`tms ario0> dlaamrmgt hmomtmrlms wblhb wmrm dlshivmrmd `gd mxh`v`tmd fy tbm @ustrl`g olssligs lg tbm `rm` ia X`y`j`, `fiut 06> eo siutb ia @sw`g, durlgc tbm ]GMXHI `htlig ia s`vmcu`rdlgc Gufl`g oiguomgts lg tbm 0<1>s. Tbm `ssmofj`cm higslsts ia 1=> lgdlvldu`j semjmtigs. Lt w`s iaamrmd ti @ustrl` fy tbm Mcyptl`g `utbirltlms lg cr`tltudm air tbmlr p`rtlhlp`tlig lg tbm Gufl`g h`op`lcg. @s `g `gtbripijiclst ia tbm Hzmhbisjiv`e olsslig ti Gufl`, L w`s lgvltmd fy tbm j`tm dlrmhtir ia tbm @gtbripi @gt bripijicl jiclh`j h`j Dmp`rtomg Dmp`r tomgt,t, Kib`gg Kib`g g Kugcwlrtb, Kugcwl rtb, ti hijj`fi hijj `fir`tm r`tm wltb blo lg tbls prikmht, wblhb w`s rm`jlzmd lg aiur sm`sigs fmtwmmg 0<1< `gd 0<<>. Ario tbm 0> hmomtmrlms mxh`v`tmd lg tbm `rm` ia X`y`j`, o`tmrl`j ario tbm twi ijdmst igms fmjigcmd ti tbm H-Criup `gd ^`g Cr`vms hujturms (Xtriub`j `gd Kugcwlrtb 0<24). Xiom rmsujts ario tbm alvm J`tm Vio`g-M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm hmomtmrlms `gd tbrmm Hbrlstl`g hmomtmrlms (1tb ti tbm 00tb h. @D) wmrm pufjlsbmd fy Kugcwlrtb `gd tbm prmsmgt `utbir lg smvmr`j prmjlolg`ry kiurg`j rmpirts. @atmr ` dmj`y h`usmd fy pijltlh`j hb`gcms lg Hzmhbisjiv`el` `gd oy rmturg ario tbm G`tlig`j Ousmuo ti Hb`rjms ]glvmrslty, wire hiujd rmsuom ig tbmlr mj`fir`tlig `gd wire hioomghmd ig tbm smhigd X`y`j` vijuom. Lg tbm prmsmgt higtrlfutlig siom blcbjlcbts ia tbm fiie, wblhb ls lg prmp`r`tlig, `rm prmsmgtmd, prlo`rljy tbism highmrglgc dmoicr`pby, seujj oirpbijicy `gd p`jmip`tbijicy. Dmoicr`pby
Tbm J`tm Vio`g-M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm `gtbripijiclh`j o`tmrl`j w`s mxh`v`tmd lg alvm hmomtmrlms, ia wblhb aiur wmrm ig tbm m`st f`ge ia Gljm (@, H L-LLL) `gd igm (G) ig tbm wmst f`ge. Hmomtmry @ higslstmd ia ` amw lgdlvldu`j furl`js sh`ttmrmd lg tbrmm `rm`s ia tbm prmvlius H-Criup hmomtmry. Tbm tiofs ia tbm tbrmm (irlclg`jjy aiur) j`rcm hmomtmrlms H L-LL L `gd G wmrm fuljt ia stigm, hlrhuj`rjy, hlrhuj`rjy, ario ` hmgtr`j guhjmus, airolgc j`rcm tuoujus-jlem struhturms. Lg tiofs wltb st`gd`rd dlomgsligs ia 0>>-6>> ho lg jmgctb, 4>-3> ho lg frm`dtb `gd ` dmptb ia 0=-3> ho, strmthbmd fidlms wmrm j`lg lg suplgm pisltlig.
��������
080
Hmomtmry @ ylmjdmd 64 semjmtigs (lghjudlgc tbrmm hbljdrmg). Higvmrsmjy, Higvmrsmjy, furl`j hiopjmxms H L higt`lgmd 1= (lghjudlgc alvm hbljdrmg), H LL 08< (slx ia wblhb fmjigcmd ti hbljdrmg) `gd H LLL 013 semjmtigs (lghjudlgc 08 hbljdrmg) rmspmhtlvmjy, rmspmhtlvmjy, lg tit`j 830 semjmtigs (hioprlslgc igjy 63 hbljdrmg lg tit`j). @t tbm wmst f`ge hmomtmry G =1 tiofs wmrm mxh`v`tmd, wblhb lg higtr`st ti H L-LLL hiopjmxms higt`lgmd 60 `dujts, fut ` surprlslgcjy blcb guofmr ia 8= hbljdrmg. Lg `ddltlig ti tbm tiofs wltb slgcjm furl`js, ` pmhujl`r am`turm ia tbm H/LLLL `gd G hmomtmrlms w`s tb`t strlelgcjy o`gy tiofs higt`lgmd oirm tb`g igm fidy, fidy, smmolgcjy lgtmrrmd `t dlaamrmgt tloms, succmstlgc suhhmsslvm furl`js. Oujtlpjm furl`js ihhurrmd lg 1< tiofs (0<.6%), ylmjdlgc 010 fidlms (8=.1%). Tbmrm wmrm =6 diufjm tiofs, ylmjdlgc 0>4 lgdlvldu`js, 08 trlpjm tiofs wblhb ticmtbmr bmjd 8< lgdlvldu`js (Alc. 0), twi qu`drupjm tiofs ylmjdlgc mlcbt fidlms, `gd alg`jjy twi qulgtupjm furl`js, `ddlgc tmg lgdlvldu`js ti tbm tit`j. Lg tiofs ia `dujts wltb diufjm furl`js, `fiut b`ja (42) wmrm o`jms `gd amo`jms, pisslfjy o`rrlmd hiupjms, `fiut ` alatb (66) higt`lgmd twi o`jms, pmrb`ps fritbmrs, ir a`tbmr `gd sigs, `gd ` tmgtb (0>) higt`lgmd twi amo`jms, pisslfjy slstmrs. Tbm rmo`lglgc 20 lgdlvldu`js wmrm lgtmrrmd lg v`rlius hioflg`tligs. Lgdlvldu`j hmomtmrlms dlaamrmd slcglalh`gtjy lg tbmlr dmoicr`pblh hiopisltlig. Tbm j`rcm furl`j hiopjmxms higt`lgmd ` vmry jiw guofmr ia hbljd `gd lga`gt furl`js. Hmomtmry H/LLL hiopjmtmjy j`hemd furl`js ia lga`gts `gd hbljdrmg up ti 3-2 ym`rs. Tbls olcbt fm mxpj`lgmd fy tbm ldm` tb`t tbmsm pipuj`tligs usmd ti fury igjy ijdmr hbljdrmg `gd kuvmgljms `atmr tbmy b`d rm`hbmd `g `cm ia lgltl`tlig, `gd wmrm `hhmptmd omofmrs ia tbm sihlmty. \iugcmr hbljdrmg `gd lga`gts wmrm mltbmr dlspismd ia, ir wmrm furlmd lg ` smp`r`tm hbljdrmg hmomtmry, wblhb b`s fmmg sufsuomd fy tbm rlslgc Gljm jmvmj. Ig tbm itbmr b`gd, tbm mxh`v`tligs ia hmomtmry G rmvm`jmd `g `joist ‚giro`j‟ dmoicr`pblh hiopisltlig, wltb furl`js ia pmipjm ia `jj `cm r`gcms. Lg hmomtmrlms H/L-LLL tbm om`g `cm `t dm`tb ia `dujts `gd kuvmgljms ivmr 0= ym`rs ia `cm w`s 8=.0 (s ? <.=) ym`rs lg o`jms, 88.8 (s ? 2.1) ym`rs lg amo`jms, `gd wltb omg `gd wiomg t`emg ticmtbmr 84.6 (s ? 06.8) ym`rs. Lg hmomtmry G tbm om`g `cm ia dm`tb air o`jms w`s 83.4 ym`rs, lg amo`jms 83.0 ym`rs. Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, tbls rmsujt h`g fm ` hb`ghm igm dum ti tbm jiw guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js. Lgdmmd, Hmomtmry @ privmd lts l ts hb`ghm hb` ghm hb`r` h b`r`htmr htmr sbiwlg s biwlgcc ` om`g om` g `cm ia i a 8>.2 8>. 2 ym`rs, ym`r s, lg o`jms o` jms,, fut 88.0 88 .0 ym`rs lg amo`jms, wblhb ls r`tbmr ugusu`j, `s wiomg, dum ti armqumgt dm`tbs durlgc hbljdflrtb hiooigjy b`vm ` jiwmr om`g `cm `t dm`tb tb`g omg lg `ghlmgt s`opjms (Smjjs 0<3=). @hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcc ti tbm jlam mxpmht`g mxpm ht`ghy hy t`fjms t` fjms prmp`rmd prmp` rmd air ai r tbm semjmt se mjmt`j `j s`opjm s` opjm,, tbm jlam j lam mxpmht`ghy ia gmwfirgs hiolgc ario tbm kilgt H/L-LLL hmomtmrlms w`s `s blcb `s 84.6 ym`rs (dum ti ` jiw guofmr ia loo`turm furl`js), wbljm lg tbm G hmomtmrlms (dum ti ` ivmrwbmjolgc guofmr ia hbljdrmg) lt w`s `s jiw `s 03.4 ym`rs. @t 6> ym`rs higtlgumd jlam mxpmht`ghy w`s 60.0 ym`rs lg `dujt o`jms, `gd lg `dujt amo`jms 0<.< ym`rs. Jlam mxpmht`ghy `t 8> ym`rs drippmd, surprlgcjy, surprlgcjy, qulhemr lg o`jms (ti `g mxpmhtmd 06 oirm ym`rs) tb`g lg amo`jms (wbi `t tbm `cm ia 8> wiujd fm mxpmhtmd ti jlvm `gitbmr 01.6 ym`rs). Tbls uga`vir`fjm o`jm d`t` surp`sslgc tb`t ia tbm amo`jms mgd`gcmrmd fy hbljdflrtbs o`y succmst o`jm jiss ia jlam fy alcbtlgc, `t jm`st air tbm
086
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Alc. 0. Trlpjm furl`j (6=/0-8) ario Hmomtmry G higslstlgc ia `g 2-< ym`r ijd fiy (9) irlmgtmd ti girtbm`st, ` 4>-=> ym`r ijd amo`jm ti siutbwmst `gd ` >-0/4 ijd lga`gt ig girtbm`st sldm (pbiti; @ustrl`g Olsslig Olssl ig ti t i Gufl`). Gu fl`).
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088
lgdlvldu`js furlmd `t tbm kilgt H/L-LLL hmomtmrlms. Tbm pmipjm ia hmomtmry G hiujd mxpmht `t 6> ym`rs ti jlvm ig air ` aurtbmr 03.< ym`rs, `gd `t 8> ym`rs `g `ddltlig`j 0>.< ym`rs ia jlam. Hr`gliomtrlh Xtudy
Xeujj oirpbijicy rmo`lgs ` f`slh tiij air dlshrlolg`tlig ia tbm cmgmtlh f`hecriugd ia `gtbripijiclh`j pipuj`tligs, `jtbiucb tbmrm b`s fmmg siom dmf`tm `fiut tbls (Friwg `gd @romj`cis 6>>=5 Sljjl`os mt `j. 6>>=). Tbm rmj`tlvmjy ciid prmsmrv`tlig ia tbm X`y`j` o`tmrl`j mg`fjmd us ti pmrairo hr`gliomtrlhs (32 am`turms `gd 4< lgdlhms 0, `g`jyzmd smp`r`tmjy air fitb smxms) uslgc Xtudmgt“s t 6 `gd A8 tmsts `gd `g`jysls ia v`rl`ghm (O`rtlg `gd X`jjmr 0<=<). Xurprlslgcjy, tbm tbrmm j`rcm furl`j hiopjmxms (H/L, LL `gd LLL) wmrm tbm igms tb`t ylmjdmd tbm blcbmst jmvmjs ia st`tlstlh`jjy slcglalh`gt (^ : >.>=) v`rl`ghm ia hr`gliomtrlh am`turms, lg fitb tbm o`jm (=6.2%) `gd amo`jm (=>.<%) criups. Tbm s`om s`opjm `jsi ylmjdmd st`tlstlh`jjy blcjy slcglalh`gt (^ : >.>0) v`rl`ghm lg 81.1% ia tbm o`jms `gd 1>% ia tbm amo`jms. Tbm rmsujts ia tbm hr`gliomtrlh `g`jysls tbus succmst tb`t tbm s`opjm ario hiopjmxms HL-LLL di git fmjigc ti ` slgcjm pipuj`tlig criup, fut tbrmm cmgmtlh`jjy smp`r`tmd trlfms, pmrb`ps wltb siom outu`j prixlolty tbriucb mxhb`gcm ia cmgms fy ihh`slig`j o`trloigl`j figds. Sbmg tbm twi so`jjmr so` jjmr pipuj`t pipu j`tlig lig s`opjms s`o pjms wmrm hiop`rmd hiop `rmd ti hmomtmrl hmom tmrlms ms H/LH/L LLL, hmomtmry G ylmjdmd tbm jiwmst `oiugt ia st`tlstlh`jjy slcglalh`gt (o`jms 0=.0%, amo`jms 60.0%) `gd blcbjy slcglalh`gt (o`jms 1.=%, amo`jms 6>%) hr`gliomtrlh am`turms dlsslolj`r ti hmomtmrlms H/L-LLL, tbus `ddlgc `g `rcuomgt ti tbm `rhb`mijiclh`jjy st`tmd slolj`rlty fmtwmmg tbm criups. Lg higtr`st ti hmomtmry G, tbm s`opjm rmhivmrmd ario tbm Vio`g tiofs lg Hmomtmry @ ylmjdmd ` blcbmr armqumghy ia st`tlstlh`jjy slcglalh`gt (o`jms 86.0%, amo`jms 62.0%) `gd blcbjy slcglalh`gt (o`jms =2.3%, amo`jms 6>%) dlaamrmgt hr`gliomtrlh am`turms lg hiop`rlsig wltb tbm H hmomtmrlms, `ttmstlgc tbmlr crm`tmr dlst`ghm ario tbm lgdlvldu`js lg tbm H/L-LLL H/L-LL L furl`j hiopjmxms. Hr`gliomtry w`s hiopjmomgtmd fy `g`jysms ia dmshrlptlvm am`turms fy usm ia tbm ‚hbl-squ`rm omtbid‟ (O`rtlg `gd X`jjmr 0<=<). Tbm oirpbijicy ia tbm lgdlvldu`js ls typlh`jjy Gufl`g, sbiwlgc ` fjmgd ia Omdltmrr`gm`g (Mcyptl`g) `gd Xuf-X`b`r`g @arlh`g am`turms suhb `s g`rriw `gd priolgmgt g`s`j figms `gd irtbicg`tius a`hl`j prialjms lg tbm h`sm ia tbm airomr, `gd fri`d `gd aj`t g`s`j figms `gd pricg`tius a`hl`j prialjms lg tbm h`sm ia tbm j`ttmr, wblhb h`g fm sbiwg fy hiop`rlgc twi ia tbm seujjs sldm fy sldm (Alc. 6). Air hiop`rlsig ia tbm X`y`j` kilgt hiopjmx H/L-LLL wltb itbmr Gufl`g s`opjms ario tbm s`om ir prmhmdlgc pmrlids, alvm hmomtmrlms/semjmt`j smrlms wmrm smjmhtmd. Tbmsm wmrm `s aijjiws;
0 6 8
m pmrhmgt`j rmj`tligsblp fmtwmmg twi om`surmomgts, uslgc tbm so`jjmr guofmr `s tbm guomr`tir `gd tbm j`rcmr guofmr `s tbm dmgiolg`tir. @ st`tlstlh`j tmst usmd ti hiop`rm tbm om`gs ia twi s`opjms. ]smd air tmstlgc air dlmrmghm lg s`opjm v`rl`ghm.
084
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Alc. 6. Higtr`stlgc `dujt o`jm seujjs ario Hmomtmry H LLL, igm (rlcbt) sbiwlgc Omdltmrr`gm`g (Mcyptl`g) am`turms, tbm itbmr (jmat) Xuf-X`b`r`g @arlh`g am`turms (pbiti; @ustrl`g Olsslig ti Gufl`).
Tbm alrst w`s tbm hmomtmry hioprlsmd ia j`rcm tuoujl `t S`dl Pltg`, jih`tmd 1= eo siutb ia @sw`g `gd 1> eo girtb ia X`y`j` ig tbm wmst f`ge ia tbm Gljm. Lt w`s mxh`v`tmd lg 0<1= fy tbm olsslig ia tbm Hzmhbisjiv`e Hzmhbisjiv`e Mcyptijiclh`j Lgstltutm (Xtriub`j 0<24, Xtriub`j `gd Gmuwlrtb lg prmss). @jj 46> tuoujl ylmjdlgc ` tit`j ia ==< lgdlvldu`js wmrm lgvmstlc`tmd. Tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j hujturm w`s dmtmrolgmd `s fmlgc tbm girtbmrg v`rl`gt ia tbm R-Criup (F`jj`g`) Hujturm. Tbm hmomtmry w`s d`tmd ario tbm smhigd p`rt ia tbm 8rd ti tbm mgd ia tbm =tb h. @D (Xtriub`j 0<24). @ smhigd (so`jj) (so`j j) semjmt`j semjmt` j s`opjm h`om ario siugdlgcs siugdl gcs o`dm `t tbm siutbmrgoi siutbm rgoist st mdcm ia tbm tuoujl hmomtmry ig tbm wmst f`ge ia Gljm `t E`j`fsb` Xiutb, igjy slx eo girtb ia S`dl Pltg`. Lt tii w`s ldmgtlalmd `s tbm girtbmrg v`rl`gt ia tbm R-Criup R-Criu p (F`jj`g (F`j j`g`) `) Hujturm. Hujtu rm. Tbm T bm hmomtmr hmom tmryy w`s d`tmd d`tm d ario tbm smhigd smhi gd p`rt p`r t ia tbm 8rd ti tbm mgd ia tbm =tb h. @D (Xtriub`j 0<24). Tbm tblrd `gd aiurtb siurhms h`om ario twi ugpufjlsbmd hr`glijiclh`j smrlms irlclg`tlgc ario mxh`v`tligs `t Pustuj, p`rt ia tbm smhigd @rhb`mijiclh`j Xurvmy ia Gufl`, jmd fy Frl`g Momry lg tbm tblrtmms ia 6>tb hmgtury. Pustuj jlms ig tbm m`st f`ge ia tbm Gljm, 03> eo siutb ario X`y`j`. Lg tbm vlhlglty ia tbm j`rcm tuoujl ia tbm jih`j gifljlty, so`jj tiofs ia hiooig pmipjm wmrm mxh`v`tmd. Tbmy wmrm d`tmd p`rtjy ti tbm R-Criup (PR), `gd p`rtjy ti tbm J`tm Omritlh ^mrlid (PO). Smjj-prmsmrvmd seujjs wmrm dmpisltmd fy @bo`d O`boiud mj-F`tr`wl lg tbm @g`tiolh`j Lgstltutm ia H`lri ]glvmrslty Omdlh`j A`hujty `t P`sr mj-@lgl. Lg 0<1=-0<13, prlir ti tbm dmv`st`tlig ia p`rt ia tbls hijjmhtlig lg tbm 0<3>s, tbm prmsmgt `utbir studlmd tbmo lg hijj`fir`tlig wltb Oib`oo`d A`wzl C`f`jj`b.
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08=
Tbm alatb siurhm w`s tbm siutbmrgoist Mcyptl`g sltm ia @esb`, jylgc ig tbm wmst f`ge ia tbm Gljm `fiut 0> eo siutb ia Pustuj, wbmrm ` Omriltlh hmomtmry d`tmd ti fmtwmmg tbm 8rd h. FH `gd tbm 8rd h. @D w`s mxh`v`tmd durlgc tbm ]GMXHI @htlig @htl ig ia i a tbm 0<1>s. 0<1> s. @g `gtbripi `gt bripijicl jiclh`j h`j study stud y ig tbm t bm pipuj` pi puj`tlig tlig ia tbls t bls hmomt h momtmry mry w`s sufsmqumgtjy pufjlsbmd fy O.-H. Hb`oj` (0<13). Airty-tbrmm am`turms wmrm hbismg air hiop`rlsig, uslgc t-tmsts `gd v`rl`ghm `g`jysms (T`fjm 0). Tbm rmsujts ia tbm `g`jysls sbiwmd tb`t o`jm seujjs ario S`dl Pltg` dlaamrmd st`tlstlh`jjy slcglalh`gtjy fy `fiut ` qu`rtmr ia am`turms ario `jj tbrmm X`y`j` hmomtmrlms, wbljm amo`jms igjy ario H/L, fut oirm ario H/LL `gd oistjy ario H/LLL. Tbus igjy ` cmgmr`j ‚Gufl`g‟ slolj`rlty h`g fm `dolttmd lg o`jms, fut amo`jms `rm `s dlst`gt `s ti succmst `g mxtmrg`j irlclg. Hiop`rlsig fmtwmmg X`y`j` `gd E`j`fsb` Xiutb sbiwmd surprlslgcjy tbmlr hjism slolj`rlty, fut tbm so`jj guofmr ia h`sms ario E`j`fsb` Xiutb prmvmgts `gy alg`j highjuslig. Igjy ` so`jj s`opjm ario tbm siutbmrgoist mdcm ia tbm hmomtmry hiujd b`vm fmmg mxh`v`tmd durlgc tbm ]GMXHI ipmr`tlig fmh`usm ia tlom sbirt`cm dum ti rlslgc Gljm jmvmj. Ario tbm twi Pustuj s`opjms, tbm R-Criup igm, higtmopir`ry wltb X`y`j` hmomtmrlms, rmvm`jmd tbmlr hjism slolj`rlty lg o`jms mspmhl`jjy wltb H/L hmomtmry. @ bypitbmsls ia tbmlr pisslfjm cmgmtlh rmj`tligsblp, biwmvmr, suaamrs ario tbm so`jj guofmr ia h`sms `gd f`d prmsmrv`tlig ia Pustuj seujjs, `s wmjj `s tbm a`r dlst`ghm fmtwmmg X`y`j` `gd Pustuj. Tbm Pustuj Omriltms `ppm`r jmss slolj`r ti tbm X`y`j` pmipjm (mxhmpt lg o`jms wltb H/LL). Lg amo`jms tbm dlst`ghm ls `hhmgtutmd wltb H/LL `gd H/LLL. Xuhb rmsujt smmos jiclh`j wltb rmspmht ti tbm cmicr`pblh`j `s wmjj `s hbrigijiclh`j dlst`ghm fmtwmmg tbm twi jih`jltlms. Tbm so`jjmr seujjs ario @esb` privmd ti fm hr`gliomtrlh`jjy oistjy dlsslolj`r ti tbm X`y`j` hmomtmrlms (mxhmpt air o`jms H/LL), fmlgc cmicr`pblh`jjy dlst`gt `gd hbrigijiclh`jjy ijdmr tb`g tbm hmomtmrlms ario X`y`j`. X`y`j` O`jms
y r m t m o m H
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48
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T`fjm 0. Vmsujts ia hr`gliomtrlh hiop`rlsig ia X`y`j` H/L-H/LLL hmomtmrlms wltb itbmr Omriltlh `gd R-Criup hmomtmrlms ario Jiwmr Gufl`. Mxpj`g`tligs; G ? tit`j guofmr ia hiop`rmd hr`gliomtrlh am`turms5 g ? guofmr ia st`tlstlh`jjy slcglh`gt am`turms ig ^ jmvmj ia >.>=5 % ? pmrhmgt` pmrh mgt`cm cm ia i a slcglh slc glh`gt `gt am`turms5 am`tu rms5 SP ? S`dl Pltg` Pltg ` R-Criup R-C riup hmomtmry hmom tmry55 EX ? E`j`fsb E`j `fsb`` Xiutb Xi utb R-Criup hmomtmry5 PR ? Pustuj R-Criup hmomtmry5 PO ? Pustuj Omriltlh hmomtmry5 @E ? @esb` @esb ` Omriltlh Omr iltlh hmomtmry hmom tmry..
081
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Ti suo up, tbm mlcbt hiop`rmd criups ario X`y`j` (8), S`dl Pltg`, E`j`fsb`, Pustuj (6) `gd @esb` `ppm`r ti rmprmsmgt lgb`flt`gts ia ` smrlms ia so`jj lsij`tmd b`ojmts `jigc tbm Gljm wltb ` cmgmtlh f`hecriugd irlclg`tlgc lg tbm si-h`jjmd aiugdmr“s aiugdmr“s maamht, l.m. tbm dmhrm`sm ia cmgmtlh v`rl`tlig lg ` criup stmoolgc ario tbm maamht ia ` gmw pipuj`tlig fmlgc mst`fjlsbmd fy ` vmry so`jj guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js ario ` j`rcmr pipuj`tlig, wltb olglouo cmgmtlh ajiw ario iutsldm. ^`jmip`tbijicy
Tbm p`jmip`tbijiclh`j p`ttmrg ia hmomtmrlms H/L-LLL `gd G ls diolg`tmd fy tr`uo`s ivmr `jj itbmr p`tbijiclh`j hb`gcms, wbljm hmomtmry @ sbiwmd amwmr tr`uo`tlh hb`gcms. @jticmtbmr 024 lgkurlms wmrm aiugd lg tbm wbijm hirpus ia 8<4 lgdlvldu`js `cmd ario 04 ym`rs up. Ia tbmsm, 41 (6=%) wmrm jih`tmd lg tbm seujj, 4= (64%) lg tbm vmrtmfr`j hijuog `gd <8 (=>%) lg tbm rmo`lglgc figms ia tbm pishr`gl`j semjmtig. Tbm pmrhmgt`cm ia seujj lgkurlms rmj`tmd ti tbm guofmr ia seujjs mx`olgmd sbiws `g lghrm`sm ario hmomtmrlms H/L tbriucb H/LL, H/LL L ti G wltb ` hjm`r prmdiolg`ghm ia o`jms sbiwlgc hr`gl`j tr`uo` ivmr amo`jms. Tbm rmj`tlvmjy j`rcmr pripirtlig ia o`jms lg hmomtmry @ ls oist prif`fjy ` hb`ghm rmsujt, wblhb, ticmtbmr wltb tbm j`he ia lgkurmd amo`jms, ls ` rmsujt ia tbm jloltmd guofmr ia fidlms mx`olgmd. Tbm tbrmm elgds ia lgkurlms ig tbm seujjs wmrm ugmvmgjy rmprmsmgtmd. rmprmsmgtmd. Loprmsslig ar`hturms ihhurrmd oistjy lg o`jms ia hmomtmry G (0<.6% ‘ gigm lg amo`jms), aijjiwmd fy o`jms ia hmomtmry @ (2% ‘ gigm lg amo`jms) `gd hmomtmry H/LL (=.1% ‘ gigm lg amo`jms), `s wmjj `s fitb smxms lg hmomtmry H/LLL (0.3% lg o`jms, 6.8% lg amo`jms)5 suhb lgkurlms wmrm `fsmgt lg H/L. Huts wmrm jloltmd lg fitb smxms oistjy ti hmomtmry H/LLL (04.0% lg o`jms, 4.=% lg amo`jms), aijjiwmd fy hmomtmrlms H/LL (8.0% lg o`jms, 0.<% lg amo`jms) `gd H/L (gigm lg o`jms, 4.3% lg amo`jms), `gd wmrm `fsmgt lg hmomtmrlms @ ` gd G. Xt`f wiugds wmrm higalgmd `joist mxhjuslvmjy ti o`jms, fmlgc lgajlhtmd oistjy lg hmomtmry G (<.=% lg o`jms, 0<.1% lg amo`jms), aijjiwmd fy hmomtmrlms H/LL (8.>% lg o`jms, 0.<% lg amo`jms) `gd H/LLL (>.3% lg o`jms, gigm lg amo`jms). Sltb rmc`rd rmc` rd ti tbm dlstrlfu dlst rlfutlig tlig ia seujj seuj j lgkurl lgk urlms ms (smx hioflgm hiof lgmd), d), `jigc `ji gc tbm slgcjm rmcligs ia tbm seujj, tbm o`kirlty wmrm aiugd lg tbm arigt`j rmclig (48.<%), aijjiwmd fy tbm p`rlmt`j rmclig (64.4%), g`s`j rmclig (04.1%), ihhlplt`j rmclig (3.8%), o`gdlfjm (3.8%) `gd fitb tmopir`j rmcligs (6.6%). Jmat sldm lgkurlms (=8.3%) ihhurrmd oirm iatmg tb`g rlcbt sldm (80.3%) `gd omdlis`cltt`jjy jih`tmd igms (04.1%). Tbmsm algdlgcs hjm`rjy succmst tb`t tbm o`kirlty ia lgkurlms irlclg`tmd ario b`gd ti b`gd alcbtlgc, wltb `g mgmoy bijdlgc ` wm`pig lg bls rlcbt b`gd. Tr`uo` lg tbm vmrtmfr`j hijuog w`s oirm iatmg lgajlhtmd ig o`jms tb`g ig amo`jms. Lt higslstmd ia hioprmsslvm ar`hturms ia tbm vmrtmfr`m, rm`hblgc tbm blcbmst pmrhmgt`cm lg hmomtmry G (mx`ccmr`tmd fy hb`ghm), lg tbm o`jms ia hmomtmry H/L (git lg tbm amo`jms), `gd lg fitb smxms ia hmomtmrlms H/LL `gd H/LLL. Itbmr tr`uo` lghjudmd pist-tr`uo`tlh sygistisms ia tbm vmrtmfr`m. Tbmsm ihhurrmd igjy lg tbm o`jms ia hmomtmrlms G `gd H/LL, `s wmjj `s lg fitb smxms ia H/LLL.
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083
Lg tbm vmrtmfr`j hijuog, hioprmsslvm ar`hturms wmrm oistjy jih`tmd (smx hioflgmd) lg tbm juof`r (83.>%) `gd jiwmr tbir`hlh rmcligs (0<.1%). Jmss `aamhtmd wmrm tbm jiwmr hmrvlh`j (1.=%), ` gd tbm uppmr tbir`hlh rmcligs (6.6%). Lg fitb smxms tbm uppmr hmrvlh`j rmclig w`s dmvild ia ar`hturms5 tbls w`s `jsi trum air tbm jiwmr hmrvlh`j rmclig lg amo`jms. Tbm dlaamrmghm lg jmvmjs ia vmrtmfr`j tr`uo` fmtwmmg tbm slgcjm hmomtmrlms ia HL-LLL w`s tmstmd air fitb smxms wltb tbm Hblsqu`rm omtbid, fut aiugd ti fm st`tlstlh`jjy lgslcglalh`gt. Hmomtmry @ dld git rmvm`j ` slgcjm h`sm ia tr`uo`tlh hioprmsslig. Oist ar`hturms ario tbm old-tbir`hlh rmclig diwgw`rds wmrm oistjy dum ti a`jjs lg ` slttlgc pisltlig. @hhirdlgc ti tbls dlshivmry, wm o`y `ssuom tb`t tbm X`y`j` pmipjm wmrm iatmg sufkmhtmd ti d`gcmr ia `frupt a`jjs lg slttlgc pisltlig, pisslfjy wbljm rldlgc h`omjs. Igjy tbm `fivm omgtligmd alvm h`sms ia hioprmsslvm ar`hturms `aamhtlgc tbm jiwmr hmrvlh`j splgm `gd tbm uppmr tbir`hlh splgm hiujd b`vm fmmg higgmhtmd wltb bm`djigc a`jjs. Igjy alvm o`jms `gd ` slgcjm wio`g wmrm tbus `aajlhtmd. Tbls o`y rmajmht tbm d`gcmr ia a`jjlgc diwg ario h`omj“s f`hes durlgc (oljlt`ry) `htligs. ^isttr`uo`tlh sygistisms (smhigd`ry fjihes) ia tbm vmrtmfr`m wmrm oirm mvmgjy dlstrlfutmd. Oist `ppm`r lg tbm jiwmr (0>.<%) `gd uppmr tbir`hlh rmcligs (2.3%), amwmr ti tbm jiwmr (1.=%) `gd uppmr hmrvlh`j rmcligs (1.=%), `gd amwmst ti tbm juof`r rmclig (6.6%). Lg o`jms tbmy wmrm prmsmgt lg `jj jih`tligs, wltb ` o`xlouo guofmr ihhurrlgc lg tbm jiwmr tbir`hlh rmclig, `gd ` olglouo guofmr lg tbm uppmr tbir`hlh rmclig. Lg amo`jms tbmsm wmrm aiugd mxhjuslvmjy lg tbm j`ttmr rmclig. Tr`uo`s ia tbm rmo`lglgc p`rts ia tbm pisthr`gl`j semjmtig rmj`tmd ti tbm guofmr ia lgvmstlc`tmd pmrsigs sbiws ` slolj`r p`ttmrg `s tb`t ia tbm tr`uo`s ti tbm seujj `gd splgm (Alc. 8). Tbm jiwmst armqumghy w`s ifsmrvmd lg o`jms ario hmomtmry @ (tbm amo`jms ia wblhb dld git b`vm tbmsm lgkurlms). Lg tbm tbrmm j`rcm hiopjmxms ig tbm m`st f`ge ia tbm Gljm, tbm lghldmghm ia pisthr`gl`j `gd mxtr`splg`j lgkurlms w`s blcb lg o`jms `gd slolj`r lg hmomtmrlms H/L (60.2 %), H/LL (6>.2%) `gd H/LLL (64.>%), wbljm igjy 06.1% ia o`jms ario hmomtmry G `gd 3.3% ario hmomtmry @ wmrm wiugdmd. Tr`uo` lg amo`jms `ppm`rs r`tbmr dlaamrmgtjy; H/L (6>.2%), jmss lg hmomtmry H/LLL (03.>%) `gd jm`st lg hmomtmrlms G (<.>%) `gd H/LL (3.4%) rmspmhtlvmjy, fmlgc hiopjmtmjy `fsmgt lg hmomtmry @. Ar`hturms wmrm tbm oist hiooig tr`uo` (mxhmpt air gigm lg G amo`jms), aijjiwmd fy huts lg H/LLL `gd H/L o`jms, st`fs lg G `gd H/LLL amo`jms `gd tr`uo`tlh sygistisms lg o`jms H/LL `gd H/LLL. Dlstrlfutlig ia lgkurlms `hhirdlgc ti lgdlvldu`j figms rmvm`js `g mvmg p`ttmrg, mxhmpt air tbmlr blcbmst lghldmghm lg fitb `gtmfr`hbl`j figms, lg wblhb tbm ujg` w`s oirm `aajlhtmd (lg o`jms lg 01.8%, lg amo`jms lg 3.=% ia tbm suo ia tr`uo`s rmspmhtlvmjy) tb`g tbm r`dlus (lg o`jms 04.0%, lg amo`jms =.=%). Tbm smxu`j dlaamrmghm lg tbls algdlgc ls higgmhtmd oistjy wltb p`rry ar`hturms ia tbm ujg`m, oist prif`fjy dum ti alcbtlgc. Sbmrm`s siom figms wmrm wiugdmd oirm iatmg ig tbm rlcbt r`tbmr tb`g tbm jmat sldm (rlfs, hj`vlhjm, buomrus, amour, aiit pb`j`gc`m), ir mvmgjy ig fitb sldms (tlfl`), tbm lgkurlms ig tbm r`dlus, ujg`, omt`h`rp`js, pmjvls `gd alfuj` prmv`ljmd ig tbm jmat sldm, `jsi lgdlh`tlvm ia alcbtlgc.
082
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01
04 o s l t ` 06 o u ` r t a i 0> o u s m b t 2 o i r a m c ` 1 t g m h r m ^
4
6
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J V] 6
J V 8
m ` t s i h
s m j h l v ` j h
huts
J V 4
J V =
s u r s m u o l u d ` b r
ar`hturms
J V 1
J V 3
` g j u
l p r ` h ` t m o
st`fs
J V 2 s l v j m p
J V < s r u o m a
J V 0> m ` l f l t
J V 00
J V 06
m j u f ff
s m c g s ` m j ` i t b a p i
pist-tr`uo`tlh sygistisms
Alc. 8. Tr`uo`s ia pisthr`gl`j semjmtigs (mxhmpt splgms) `hhirdlgc ti lgdlvldu`j figms (hmomtmrlms `gd smxms kilgt) rmj`tmd ti sldms `gd typms. O ? omdluo pj`gm, J ? jmat, V ? rlcbt, ] ? ugdmrtmrolgmd. 0 ? stmrguo, 6 ? hist`m, 8 ? hj`vlhjm, 4 buomrus, = ? r`dlus, 1 ? ujg`, 3 ? omt`h`rp`js, 2 ? pmjvls, < ? amour, 0> ? tlfl`, 00 ? fuj`, 06 ? pb`j`gc`m.
Iut ia tbm 02 ar`hturms ia tbm ujg`m, tbm o`kirlty (00, mqu`jjlgc 10.0%) wmrm typlh`j p`rry ar`hturms ia tbm dlst`j tblrds ir olddjm ia tbm dl`pbysls, usu`jjy sbiwlgc igjy ` sjlcbt pist tr`uo`tlh dlsjih`tlig tiw`rds tbm r`dlus, wblhb w`s git friemg, `s ` rujm. @ r`rm mx`opjm sbiws ` h`sm lg ` 1> ti 3> ym`r ijd alcbtmr ario hmomtmry H/LLL, cr`vm <3, wbism p`rry ar`hturm bm`jmd fy o`juglig ‘ psmudi`rtbrisls. Tbls elgd ia ar`hturm w`s tbm rmsujt ia ` fjiw, mltbmr ig tbm sblmjd bmjd wltb ` ajmxmd jmat `ro, ir dlrmhtjy ig tbm ujg` r`lsmd lg p`rry pisltlig. Iut ia tbm 04 ar`hturms ia tbm r`dlus tbm o`kirlty (2, mqu`jjlgc =3.0%) `jsi ihhurrmd lg tbm dlst`j tblrd ia dl`pbysls. @hhirdlgc ti tbmlr pisltlig `gd airo, tbmy wmrm oistjy tbm rmsujt ia ` fjiw, jmss iatmg ia ` a`jj wltb tbm b`gd lg dirs`j ajmxlig (Hijjms“ ar`hturms), ir lg vij`r ajmxlig (Xoltb“s ar`hturm).
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08<
Xiom ia tbm omg wmrm `aajlhtmd fy smvmr`j lgkurlms ia tbm typm tb`t wiujd lgdlh`tm tb`t tbmy wmrm ‚w`rrlirs‟. Tmg ia tbmsm wmrm lgdmgtlalmd `oigc tbm << o`jms furrlmd lg hmomtmrlms H/LL `gd H/LLL. Ia tbmo, b`ja suaamrmd ario smvmrm armsb wiugds wltb gi slcgs ia bm`jlgc, succmstlgc tb`t tbmy dlmd git jigc `atmr fmlgc mgc`cmd lg ` f`ttjm. Igm ia tbmo w`s ` 8= ti 4= ym`r ijd o`jm ario hmomtmry H/LLL cr`vm 1, wltb aiur jlemjy a`t`j huts lg bls seujj. Igm ia tbm r`rm st`f wiugds w`s ldmgtlalmd lg tbm jmat ljluo ia ` 6= ti 8= ym`r ijd o`jm ario hmomtmry H/LLL, cr`vm 24. Tbm tlp ia tbm `rriw rmo`lgmd lg sltu `t ` t tbm jmat s`hriljl`h`j kilgt (Alc. 4). Gi o`jlcg`gt tuoiurs wmrm aiugd lg tbm `ssmofj`cm, fut ` r`rm h`sm ia ` fmglcg igm w`s aiugd. Tbls higslstmd ia issmius ar`comgts aiugd lg tbm so`jj pmjvls ia `g lgdlvldu`j furlmd lg hmomtmry H/LLL cr`vm 3=. Tbmy wmrm h`rmaujjy rmoivmd fy tbm mxh`v`tirs, `gd rmstirmd fy tbm prmsmgt `utbir ti ` str`gcm higm sb`pmd airo`tlig, giw bmjd lg tbm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry lg Qlmgg`. Tbm `cm ia tbm `aajlhtmd lgdlvldu`j w`s `ssmssmd `s fmlgc fmtwmmg 8= `gd 4= ym`rs, f`smd ig hr`gl`j suturms tb`t wmrm ipmg ario iutsldm mxhmpt air tbm lghlplmgt ifjltmr`tlig ia p`rts ia H0 `gd H8 ia tbm hirig`j suturm, tbm mdmgtuijius `gd `tripblh uppmr `gd jiwmr k`ws, tbm a`hlms syopbysl`jls ia tbm pmjvls `ssmssmd ti cr`dm QLL (Tidd 0<6>), `gd tbm cr`dm 0 istmipbytisls ia tbm splgm (mxhmpt air cr`dm 6 ig vmrtmfr`m T4, = `gd X0, oist prif`fjy higgmhtmd wltb spigdyjijysls ia T=). Tbm cr`hljm semjmtig fmjigcmd ti ` amo`jm .
Alc. 4. @rriw lgsmrtmd `t tbm jmat s`hriljl`h kilgt ia ` 6=-8= ym`r ijd o`jm ario Hmomtmry H/LLL cr`vm 24 (@ustrl`g (@ustr l`g Olssli O lsslig g ti Gufl`). Gufl `).
04>
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Tbls tuomrius higm sb`pmd airo`tlig rm`hbmd ` bmlcbt ia 068 oo. Lt ls r`tbmr hiop`ht lg vmgtr`j `gd dirs`j vlmws (Alc. =). Lg lg tbm olddjm (vmrtlh`jjy), tbm s`cltt`j dl`omtmr ls 1= oo (lghjudlgc ` dirs`j prikmhtlig 3< oo), `gd tbm tr`gsvmrs`j dl`omtmr ls 16 oo. Tbm hr`gl`j mgd vlmwmd ario `fivm ls dmmpjy friemg iaa `gd lrrmcuj`r wltb tbm jmat p`rt olsslgc. Lt om`surms s`cltt`jjy 2> oo `gd tr`gsvmrs`jjy <= oo (wltb ` rmhigstruhtmd olsslgc p`rt 0>= oo). Tbm h`ud`j mgd ls riugdlsb `gd aj`ttmgmd, p`rtjy friemg iaa, wltb ` dl`omtmr ia 8> oo. Tbm riugd airo ia tbm h`ud`j mgd lg tbm hr`gl`j dlrmhtlig cr`du`jjy mgj`rcms oirm tr`gsvmrs`jjy tb`g s`cltt`jy, si tb`t tbm higm ls `gtmripistmrlirjy aj`ttmgmd. Tbm higlh`j airo`tlig b`s `g lrrmcuj`r struhturm ia ` tblhe egittmd giduj`tmd o`ss ia h`jhlalmd tlssum pmrom`tmd fy ` j`fyrlgtb ia mopty sp`hms. Lg tbm R-r`ys tbm wmjj dmjloltmd h`jhlalmd airo`tlig sbiws juopy ti hirgjlem struhturm, tblhemglgc `s tbmy ci upw`rd. Tr`hms ia ` kughtlig ia tbm airo`tlig wltb tbm giro`j figm ia tbm so`jj pmjvls wmrm git aiugd `gywbmrm. Tbmrmairm, Tbmrmairm, lt h`ggit fm `g mxistisls, `gd lts irlclg b`s ti jlm lg siat tlssum irc`gs lgsldm tbm pmjvls. Tbm criwtb b`s fmmg dl`cgismd `s fmlgc fmglcg f`smd ig lts lrrmcuj`r, fut oistjy hiop`ht sura`hm, tbm `fsmghm ia splhuj`m, tr`fmhuj`m, `gd tbm j`he ia am`turms lgdlh`tlvm ia `g lgv`slvm criwtb lgti tbm surriugdlgc figms. Tbmrm `rm gi slcgs ia ` prmssurm `tripby lg surriugdlgc figms. Tbm airo`tlig b`d mgiucb sp`hm ti criw up `s ` rmj`tlvmjy flc, sufsmritlh h`jhlalmd oyio` ario tbm jiwmr p`rt ia tbm utmrus lg tbm hr`gl`j dlrmhtlig, rmstlgc `c`lgst tbm mgtr`ljs ia tbm fmjjy. Vmalgmd prmp`r`tligs sbiw `g lrrmcuj`r jifmd struhturm wltb ` higdmgs`tlig zigm ia p`r`jjmjjy irlmgtmd fmjts ig lts mdcm, wblhb succmst ` h`psujm. Lg crm`tmr o`cglalh`tlig tbm alfrm-jlem struhturm ia tbls pirtlig ls ifvlius.
Alc. =. Qmgtr`j `gd dirs`j vlmw ia `g isslmd oyio` utmrl aiugd lg ` 8=-4= ym`rs ijd wio`g ario Hmomtmry Hmomt mry H/LLL H /LLL,, cr`vm cr` vm 03= 03 = (pbiti (p bitis; s; @ustrl`g Olsslig Olssl ig ti t i Gufl`). Gu fl`).
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040
Ti rmvm`j tbm pisslfjm irc`glh rmo`lgs lg tbm h`jhlalmd tlssum ` s`opjm w`s dmh`jhlalmd lg Xhbujtz“ sijutlig air mlcbt biurs, mofmddmd lg p`r`algm `gd dymd wltb bmo`tixljlg `gd mislg. Fy blstijiclh`j mx`olg`tlig mislgipbljlh sufst`ghms, p`rtjy hiop`ht, p`rtjy alfrm-jlem, wmrm rmhicglzmd. Lg tbm hiop`ht p`rts, rmog`gts ia h`jhlalh`tlig, o`dm `pp`rmgt fy turglgc ymjjiw wmrm aiugd. Gi tr`hms ia hmjjs wmrm dmtmhtmd. Tbm olhrishiplh mx`olg`tlig fy @jmg` Gmomheiv` dld git frlgc `gy mvldmghm `s ti tbm irlclg ia tbm irc`glh struhturm, fut lts rmsmofj`ghm ti tbm higgmhtlvm tlssum ls `pp`rmgt. Jih`jlz`tlig ia tbm h`jhlalmd airo`tlig lg tbm so`jj pmjvls ia tbls 8= ti 4= ym`r ijd amo`jm, lts fmglcg hb`r`htmr, irlclg lg siat tlssums, lts higlh`j sb`pm, `gd olhrishiplh mvldmghm ia alfrm-jlem `ppm`r`ghm pmrolt tbm dl`cgisls ia ` dystripblh h`jhlalmd sufsmritlh alfrijmlioyjio` ia tbm utmrus. Tbm higlh`j airo ia tbm tuoir, tuoir, wldmglgc ario tbm fittio up, tr`gsvmrs`jjy fri`dmr `gd s`clt`jjy aj`ttmgmd, rmh`jjs oist prif`fjy igm ia tbm hiooig jih`jls`tlig ia ` oyio` lg tbm dirs`j sldm ia tbm utmrus, hjism ti lts irlclg. Tbm armqumghy ia oyio`s lg oidmrg amo`jms ls 0=%. Lg tbism `cmd ugdmr 8= ym`rs lt ls igjy 6.=%, ario tbm `cm ia 8= ig lt lghrm`sms ti 03% ti 6>%, rm`hblgc ` o`xlouo fmtwmmg 4> ti => ym`rs ia `cm. D`t` ig armqumghy ia h`jhlalmd oyio`s `rm git `hhmsslfjm (Jàszjø `gd C`àj 0<1<; 6<1-8>>). Tbls oyio` w`s tbm alrst suhb mx`opjm ti fm dmshrlfmd lg tbm p`j`mip`tbijiclh`j jltmr`turm (Xtriub`j `gd Kugcwlrtb 0<33). Aurtbmr algds ia h`jhlalmd oyio`s wmrm pufjlsbmd j`tmr fy Er`o`r mt `j. (0<28), Frifmlj Klomgmz mt `j. (0<<65 0<<4), H`p`ssi mt `j. (0<<4), `gd J` Qmrcbmtt` `gd H`p`ssi (6>>0). Tbus, `s h`g fm smmg ario tbm mvldmghm prmsmgtmd `fivm, tbm hmomtmrlms ia Gufl` rmo`lg rlhb siurhms ia d`t` `fiut biw tbmsm pipuj`tligs jlvmd `gd dlmd durlgc tbm Vio`gi-Fyz`gtlgm mr`.
046
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Viy`j Ouslh`j uslh `j Hb`lrs; Hb`l rs; Ti Ti Sbio Sbi o Dims Dim s tbm Gmw ^yr`old lg X`qq`r` Fmjigc9 @a`a @a `a S`b S`bf` f`
Lgtriduhtlig
Tbm tr`gsltlig tr`gsltl ig fmtwmmg tbm Ijd Elgcdio“s Elgcdio“s =tb (h. 64<4-684= FH) 0 `gd 1tb Dyg`sty (h. 684=-6020 FH), `gd p`rtlhuj`rjy tbm irlclgs ia tbm j`ttmr ls ughjm`r `s tbm rmj`tligsblp rmj`tlig sblp fmtwmmg ]g`s (h. 683=-684= 683=-6 84= FH), tbm j`st elgc ia tbm =tb Dyg`sty, `gd Tmtl (h. 684=-6868 FH), tbm alrst rujmr ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty, ls ughmrt`lg. O`gmtbi, `g Mcyptl`g blstirl`g wbi jlvmd `gd wiremd durlgc tbm 8rd h. FH, tmjjs us lg bls jist blstiry ia Mcypt tb`t Elgc Tmtl w`s tbm vlhtlo ia ` p`j`hm higsplr`hy. Tbiucb higtmopir`ry mvldmghm air tbm purpirtmd hiup ls j`helgc, tbm sbirt rujm ia tbm mpbmomr`j elgc ]smre`rm (h. 6868-6860 FH), wbi o`y b`vm usurpmd tbm tbrigm air ` frlma frlm a pmrlid `atmr `a tmr Tmtl“ Tmtl“ss dm`tb fmairm lt l t w`s rmturgmd rmturgm d ti tbm rlcbtauj rlcbtau j bmlr ^mpy L (h. 6860-6823 FH), `ppm`rs ti suppirt O`gmtbi“s hb`rcm (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 8-4). Lg irdmr ti sbmd gmw jlcbt ig tbls jlttjm-egiwg pmrlid ia Mcyptl`g blstiry, blstiry, ` tm`o 6 ario tbm Olglstry ia Xt`tm air @gtlqultlms (OX@) b`s fmmg mxh`v`tlgc lg tbm Tmtl ^yr`old Hiopjmx `gd `ssihl`tmd hmomtmry slghm 0<<6. Tbls wire b`s hujolg`tmd lg tbm dlshivmry ia ` prmvliusjy ugegiwg pyr`old lg 6>>2. ]gairtug`tmjy, gi lgshrlptligs ir h`rtiuhbms rmvm`jlgc tbm ldmgtlty ia tbm iwgmr ia tbm pyr`old b`vm fmmg aiugd, fut f`smd ig tbm jih`tlig `gd `rhbltmhtur`j styjm ia tbm oiguomgt, lt b`s fmmg succmstmd tb`t tbm pyr`old fmjigcmd ti tbm oitbmr ia Elgc Tmtl, Pummg Xmsbmsbmt (B`w`ss 6>00). Lg `ddltlig ti tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j `gd styjlstlh mvldmghm, wm `jsi b`vm tbm `htu`j pbyslh`j rmo`lgs ia tbm pyr`old“s pyr`old“s ihhup`gt, `s tbm s`rhipb`cus stljj higt`lgmd ` dlsturfmd, fut oistjy hiopjmtm semjmtig. Tbls p`pmr wljj privldm ` frlma blstirlh`j f`hecriugd ia tbm m`rjy 1tb Dyg`sty, `c`lgst wblhb ti prmsmgt tbm rmsujts ia tbm rmhmgtjy hiopjmtmd `gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm figms aiugd lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr, `gd ` dlshusslig ia tbm ldmgtlty ia tbls lgdlvldu`j.
0 6
Hbrigijicy aijjiwlgc Xb`w (6>>>). Airomrjy tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms.
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048
Blstirlh`j F`hecriugd `gd tbm Viy`j A`oljy ia tbm M`rjy 1tb Dyg`sty
Tmtl w`s tbm alrst elgc ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty, fut mx`htjy biw bm `shmgdmd tbm tbrigm ls ughjm`r. Tbm jmgctb ia bls rmlcg ls `jsi ughmrt`lg, `gd mstlo`tms r`gcm ario 06 ti 68 ym`rs, dmpmgdlgc ig wbmtbmr `g `ggu`j ir fl`ggu`j h`ttjm hmgsus ls ` ssuomd (F`ud 6>>1). Tb`t Tmtl“s oitbmr w`s Pummg Xmsbmsbmt smmos rm`sig`fjy hmrt`lg, `s sbm ls `ttmstmd ig oirm tb`g igm oiguomgt wltb tbm tltjm owt-gswt 8, ‚Elgc“s Oitbmr‟ Oitbmr‟ (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 661-6625 @jtmgoújjmr 0<<>). Lg `ddltlig, ` ‚Pummg ‒Xmsb“, ‒Xmsb“, oitbmr ia Elgc Tmtl‟, ls `jsi omgtligmd lg tbm Mfmrs p`pyrus lg higgmhtlig wltb ` rmomdy air f`jdgmss, jlemjy rmamrrlgc ti tbm s`om qummg (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 6625 Xt`dmjo`gg 0<<45 Didsig `gd Bljtig 6>>4; 30). Tbiucb siom shbij`rs fmjlmvm tb`t Xmsbmsbmt w`s lgdmmd ` wlam ia Elgc ]g`s, o`elgc Tmtl tbm rlcbtauj bmlr ti tbm tbrigm (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 66<-6805 Qmrgmr 6>>0; 848), tbm cmgmr`j higsmgsus ls tb`t bm hj`lomd ` cmgm`jiclh`j jlge ti tbm prmvlius Dyg`sty tbriucb bls wlam Pummg Lput L, wbi ls fmjlmvmd ti b`vm fmmg ` d`ucbtmr ia ]g`s `gd wbi w`s dmalgltmjy tbm oitbmr ia ^mpy L (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 042). Tbls vlmw ls suppirtmd fy tbm hlrhuost`ghm tb`t tbm tltjm firg fy Pummg Xmsbmsbmt ls igjy tb`t ia ‚Elgc“s Oitbmr‟ ( owt gswt ), ), fut git tb`t tb` t ia ‚Elgc“s Slam‟ (Bot gswt ). ). Lg `ddltlig, Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `jsi `ppm`rs ti b`vm h`rrlmd tbm spmhlalh tltjm ia owt gswt fktk (Jmhj`gt 0<30), ` tltjm siomtloms dmshrlfmd `s prip`c`gdlstlh `s lt rmlgairhmd tbm st`tus ia tbm qummg oitbmr, `gd tbriucb bmr, strmgctbmgmd tbm hj`lo ti tbm tbrigm ia bmr sig. Lt w`s h`rrlmd fy qummgs wbism sigs mltbmr aiugdmd ` gmw dyg`sty, gmmdmd ti mopb`slzm tbmlr jmcltlo`hy air pijltlh`j rm`sigs, ir wbi suhhmmdmd ` rmj`tlvm itbmr tb`g tbmlr a`tbmr ig tbm tbrigm (H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 8=). Lg `ddltlig, tbm o`kirlty ia tbm aiurtmmg qummgs wbi h`rrlmd tbm tltjm `ppm`r ti b`vm fmmg hiooigmrs (H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 8=-81). Higvmrsmjy, ` fjihe aiugd lg Tmtl“s oirtu`ry tmopjm lg X`qq`r` (Pulfmjj 0<><, ^j. JLQ) rmamrs ti ` Pummg Xmsbmsbmt wltb tbm tltjm ia Bot Tl`smpma ‟, `g ifshurm tltjm pisslfjy higgmhtmd wltb ` riy`j gTr Qx-spa , ‚^rlmstmss ia Tl`smpma amrtljlty hujt, wblhb w`s `pp`rmgtjy igjy higamrrmd ig qummgs `gd wlvms ia elgcs, p`rtlhuj`rjy tbism wbi wmrm lg ` oitbmr-d`ucbtmr rmj`tligsblp rmj`tligsblp wltb `gitbmr qummg, wbi `jsi bmjd tbm tltjm. Tbls smmos ti succmst tb`t Pummg Xmsbmsbmt w`s lgdmmd ` wlam ia ]g`s (H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 08<). Biwmvmr, `s tbm g`om Xmsbmsbmt fmh`om a`lrjy pipuj`r lg tbm rmlcg ia Tmtl `gd j`tmr, lt b`s `jsi fmmg succmstmd tb`t tbls fjihe rmamrs ti `gitbmr qummg wltb tbm s`om g`om (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 6=8-6==). Lg tbm mgd, tbm oist hiooigjy bmjd vlmw ls tb`t Tmtl blosmja w`s git ia tbm riy`j fjiidjlgm (@jtmgoújjmr 0<<>5 Xt`dmjo`gg 0<<4). Lg `ddltlig ti tbm `airmomgtligmd Pummg Lput L, `gitbmr wlam ia Tmtl, Pummg Ebult (@), w`s `jsi furlmd gmxt ti bls pyr`old hiopjmx. Lg oist blstirlh`j ivmrvlmws ia tbm pmrlid, Pummg Lput b`s fmmg higsldmrmd tbm prlghlp`j wlam ia tbm elgc, fy vlrtum ia fmlgc ` d`ucbtmr ia ]g`s `gd tbm oitbmr ia Elgc ^mpy L (O`jme 6>>>5 E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 024). Biwmvmr, rmhmgt mxh`v`tligs ia tbm twi qummgs“ oirtu`ry hiopjmxms succmst tbls vlmw sbiujd fm rmmv`ju`tmd. Fmtwmmg 8
G`omjy ig pljj`r ar`comgts ario tbm oirtu`ry tmopjm ia ^mpy L, `s wmjj `s lg tbm tiof ia tbm ihl`j Ombu lg X`qq`r`.
044
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0<<6 `gd 0<<2, ` tm`o ario tbm OX@ ugdmr dlrmhtlig ia [`bl B`w`ss ugdmrtiie ` rm-mxh`v`tlig ia tbm `rm`, `s gmltbmr tiof b`d fmmg hiopjmtmjy lgvmstlc`tmd durlgc prmvlius mxpjir`tligs (Jirmt 02<<; 2=-215 Pulfmjj 0<><5 Alrtb `gd Cugg 0<615 Alrtb 0<6<). Tbm mxh`v`tlig rmvm`jmd tb`t tbm tiof ia Pummg Lput w`s lgltl`jjy fuljt `s ` o`st`f`, `gd igjy j`tmr higvmrtmd lgti ` pyr`old hiopjmx fy ^mpy L aijjiwlgc bls alrst Bmf-Xmd amstlv`j, wbljm tbm tiof ia Pummg Ebult w`s highmlvmd `s ` pyr`old hiopjmx ario tbm st`rt (B`w`ss 6>>>5 Qmrgmr Qmrgmr 6>>0; 8428=0). Lg `ddltlig, Ebult“s Ebult“s h`rmaujjy alglsbmd c`fjmd riia furl`j hb`ofmr higt`lgmd ` algm cr`gltm s`rhipb`cus, wbljm Lput“s so`jjmr `gd oirm riucbjy alglsbmd hb`ofmr bmjd ` ouhb slopjmr jlomstigm s`rhipb`cus (B`w`ss 6>>>5 H`jjmgdmr 6>>6). T`emg ticmtbmr, tbls lopjlms tb`t Ebult, git Lput, w`s Elgc Tmtl“s alrst ir a`virltm qummg. Tbiucb oist shbij`rs b`vm smmg Lput `s tbm cmgm`jiclh`j jlge ti tbm prmvlius dyg`sty (Crlo`j 0<<65 O`jme 6>>>5 E`g`w`tl 6>>85 Didsig `gd Bljtig 6>>4; 305 Didsig 6>08), lt ls pisslfjm tb`t Ebult, tii, w`s ` d`ucbtmr ia ]g`s (Xt`dmjo`gg 0<<4). @gitbmr pisslfjm mxpj`g`tlig air Ebult“s blcbmr sihl`j st`gdlgc `gd Lput“s j`tmr sihl`j mjmv`tlig o`y `jsi b`vm fmmg ughivmrmd durlgc tbm OX@ olsslig, lg tbm airo ia tbm tiof ia tbm ‚elgc“s mjdmst sig ia bls fidy‟ Tmtl`geb-emo, wblhb w`s ughivmrmd lg 0<<6-0<<8 kust ti tbm m`st ia tbm pyr`old ia Lput. Vmjlmas ario tbm tiof succmst tb`t Tmtl`geb-emo w`s tbm sig ia Pummg Ebult, `gd tbm `gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ia bls fidy, fidy, wblhb w`s aiugd lg tbm s`rhipb`cus, sbiws tb`t bm w`s fmtwmmg 6> `gd 6= ym`rs ia `cm wbmg bm dlmd, tbiucb gi h`usm ia dm`tb hiujd fm dmtmrolgmd. Tbus, lt `ppm`rs Tmtl`geb-emo w`s tbm irlclg`j hriwg prlghm, fut tb`t bm prmdmhm`smd bls a`tbmr (B`w`ss 6>>>). Pummg Ebult wiujd tbus jlemjy b`vm mgkiymd tbm st`tus ia fmlgc tbm oitbmr ia tbm bmlr `pp`rmgt air siom tlom, wbljm tbm s`om wiujd git fm trum air Pummg Lput ugtlj `atmr Tmtl`geb-emo“s dm`tb, wblhb jlemjy tiie pj`hm git jigc fmairm tbm dm`tb ia Tmtl blosmja, clvmg tbm `cm ia tbm `dujt sig. Lg `ddltlig ti Lput `gd Ebult, tbrmm aurtbmr sb`diwy qummgs, `fiut wbio wm egiw vmry jlttjm, jlt tjm, o`y b`vm fmmg `ssihl`tmd `ssihl` tmd wltb Tmtl. Tmtl. Tbm alrst twi, Bmtmpbmrms `gd `g d Tkmtl, `rm igjy egiwg ario siom p`pyrus shr`ps aiugd siutb ia ]g`s“ pyr`old fy Km`g-^blj Km`g- ^bljlppm lppm J`umr J`u mr lg 0<8< 0<8 < (B`w`ss (B`w` ss 6>00). 6>0 0). @ tblrd, tblrd , Ebmgt.tU Ebmg t.tU…_, …_, ls `ttmstmd `ttm stmd ig ` rm-usmd fjihe ario ^mpy L“s L“s pyr`old tmopjm (Jmhj`gt 0<30), `gd o`y b`vm fmmg tbm oitbmr ia Tmtl“s loomdl`tm suhhmssir ]smre`rm (smm fmjiw), `jtbiucb tbls ls a`r ario hmrt`lg (Kàgisl 0<<1; 48-44). Tmtl“s mtl“s Birus-g`om, Birus-g `om, Xmbmtmpt`wy, Xmbmt mpt`wy, ‒Bm wbi p`hlalms p`hlal ms tbm Twi Twi J`gds“, J`gd s“, o`y succmst suc cmst tb`t bls `shmgslig ti tbm tbrigm w`s git mgtlrmjy soiitb, `s slolj`r Birus g`oms wltb tbm s`om prmalx, ‒Bm wbi p`hlalms …..“ wmrm `diptmd rmpm`tmdjy fy smvmr`j elgcs durlgc tloms ia lgtmrg`j strlam (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 042). Gmvmrtbmjmss, Gmvmrtbmjmss, tb`t tbmrm w`s higsldmr`fjm higtlgulty fmtwmmg Tmtl“s rmlcg `gd tb`t ia bls prmdmhmssir h`g fm smmg lg tbm guofmr ia iaalhl`js tb`t smrvmd ugdmr fitb elgcs, `gd tbm frm`e fmtwmmg ]g`s `gd Tmtl lg tbm Turlg H`gig (`gd j`tmr tbmlr pj`hmomgt lg dlaamrmgt dyg`stlms fy O`gmtbi) o`y b`vm oirm ti di wltb ` oivm ia tbm riy`j rmsldmghm aurtbmr siutb ia Omopbls tb`g `gy higtmgtlius hj`los ti tbm tbrigm (O`jme 6>>>).
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04=
Tbmrm dims `ppm`r ti b`vm fmmg ` sb`diw b`gclgc ivmr tbm mgd ia Tmtl“s rmlcg, biwmvmr. @atmr bls dm`tb, ` jlttjm egiwg elgc g`omd ]smre`rm rmlcgmd air ` frlma pmrlid ‘ pmrb`ps `s jlttjm `s ` ym`r (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 4), `gd jlemjy git oirm tb`g aiur ym`rs (F`ud `gd Difrmv 0<<=). Tbiucb siom shbij`rs fmjlmvm tbls elgc w`s lgdmmd ` sig ia Tmtl“s, mltbmr fy Pummg Ebult (Xt`dmjo`gg 0<<4) ir fy tbm mpbmomr`j Ebmgt.t.U…_ (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 64=-6415 H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 0405 Kàgisl Kàgi sl 0<<1; 0<< 1; 48), 48) , oist o ist a`vir a`v ir tbm vlmw vlm w tb`t t b`t bm w`s `g usu usurpmr, rpmr, wbi o`y b`vm b`d tlms ti tbm prmvlius dyg`sty, `gd wbi pisslfjy o`y b`vm fmmg jiielgc ti rmstirm tbm hujt ia Vm ti tbm bmlcbts lt mgkiymd durlgc tbm =tb Dyg`sty (Cimdlhem 0<215 Crlo`j 0<<6; 205 Xb`w `gd Glhbijsig 6>>6; 6215 E`g `w`tl 6>>8; 043). Aurtbmr, tbm blstirl`g O`gmtbi tmjjs us tb`t Tmtl w`s `ss`sslg`tmd fy bls iwg p`j`hm cu`rd (O`gmtbi, tr`gsj`tlig S`ddmjj, 0<4>; =8). Tbmrm `rm gi higtmopir`ry wrlttmg siurhms hirrifir`tlgc tbls hj`lo, fut tbm a`ht tb`t tbm g`om ia Tmtl“s suhhmssir ]smre`rm ls higsplhuiusjy `fsmgt lg tbm tiofs ia tbm blcb iaalhl`js priudjy st` tlgc tb`t tbmy smrvmd ugdmr fitb Tmtl `gd bls sig ^mpy L ‘ `gd tbmrmairm jlemjy ugdmr tbm lgtmrvmglgc elgc `s wmjj ‘ o`y jmgd suppirt ti O`gmtbi“s O`gmtbi“s `ssmrtlig (E`g`w`tl (E`g` w`tl 6>>8; 0=2). Lg `ddltlig , ` amw tiofs lg tbm Tmtl Tmtl hmomtmry sbiw slcgs ia tbm j`ttmr elgc“s g`om b`vlgc fmmg rmoivmd fut j`tmr rmlgst`tmd, `gd `g ugusu`j guofmr ia tiof iwgmrs lg tbm hmomtmry wmrm sufkmhtmd ti wb`t `ppm`rs ti fm systmo`tlh rmoiv`j ia tbmlr g`oms `gd siomtloms alcurms, `oigc tbmo smvmr`j p` j`hm cu`rds, ` vlzlmr, `g ivmrsmmr ia wm`pigs `gd ` hblma pbyslhl`g (E`g`w`tl (E`g` w`tl 6>>8; 024). Tbls `ppm`rs ti b`vm t`emg pj`hm lg tbm rmlcg ia ^mpy L, `gd o`y d`og`tli omoirl`m `ppm`rs rmajmht bls rm`htlig tiw`rds tbm iaalhl`js tb`t b`d suppirtmd bls prmdmhmssir“s fld air tbm tbrigm. Ia hiursm, j`fmjlgc ]smre`rm `g usurpmr dims git `utio`tlh`jjy om`g tb`t Tmtl Tmtl w`s ourdmrmd ‘ ]smre`rm o`y b`vm slopjy t`emg `dv`gt`c m ia tbm elgc“s dm`tb fy g`tur`j h`usms `gd smlzmd tbm tbrigm ario tbm lgtmgdmd suhhmssir ^mpy L, wbi oust b`vm fmmg a`lrjy yiugc wbmg bls a`tbmr dlmd (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 024-02=). Tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Xmqumghm lg tbm Tmtl Tmtl ^yr`old Hmomtmry
Sm egiw eg iw ario ari o tbm `rhb`m `rh b`miji ijiclh clh`j `j mvldmg mvl dmghm hm tb`t tb` t Pummg Pum mg Ebult“s Ebu lt“s pyr`old pyr` old w`s tbm alrst sufsldl`ry tiof ti fm fuljt lg tbm pirtlig ia tbm Tmtl hmomtmry tb`t w`s rmsmrvmd air tbm riy`j a`oljy, `gd tb`t lt w`s fuljt ` s ` pyr`old `gd git ` o`st`f` ario tbm st`rt (B`w`ss 6>00). Tbm o`st`f` ia Pummg Lput w`s fuljt `atmr tbm pyr`old ia Pummg Ebult, aijjiwmd fy tbm o`st`f` ia tbm elgc“s sig Tmtl`gebemo. Tbm ouooy aiugd lg l g Tmtl`geb-emo Tmtl`geb-emo““s tiof, prmsuo`fjy tb`t ia tbm prlghm blosmja, w`s tb`t ia ` yiugc o`g fmtwmmg 6> `gd 6= ym`rs ia `cm ( Lfldmo 6>>>). Tbm wmst w`jj ia tbm gmw pyr`old `futs tbm m`st w`jj ia Tmtl`geb-emo“s tiof, succmstlgc tb`t lt w`s fuljt `atmr tbm hiopjmtlig ia tbm prlghm“s o`st`f` ( Lfldmo 6>00). Alg`jjy, Pummg Lput“s o`st`f` w`s rmfuljt lgti ` pyr`old. Kudclgc ario siom ia tbm rmjlmas ario tbm oirtu`ry tmopjm higgmhtmd wltb Pummg Lput“s pyr`old wblhb rmamrmghm tbm Xmd amstlv`j ia bmr sig ^mpy L, tbls b`ppmgmd a`lrjy j`tm lg tbm j`ttmr“s rmlcg, `gd tbus siom tlom `atmr tbm dm` tb ia fitb tbm qummg `gd bmr busf`gd ( Lfldmo 6>>>).
041
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@ a`lr a`l r `oiugt `oiu gt ia lge b`s fmmg spljjmd splj jmd ig tbm rm`sigs rm`s igs air tbm ‚upcr`dm‟ ‚upcr` dm‟ ia Pummg Lput“s o`st`f` ti ` pyr`old. J`friussm (0<<4) succmsts tb`t tbm qummg“s lgltl`j lgtmromgt lg ` o`st`f` w`s git dum ti bmr jiwmr st`tus, fut r`tbmr ti hb`gclgc t`stms lg tiof `rhbltmhturm `t tbm mgd ia tbm =tb `gd fmclgglgc ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty. J`friussm pilgts iut tb`t `t jm`st aiur j`tm =tb Dyg`sty qummgs ‘ Gufgmftl, Omrms`geb LQ, `gd twi wlvms ia ]g`s; Gmfmt L `gd Ebmgiut ‘ `rm egiwg ti b`vm fmmg furlmd lg o`st`f`s. Aurtbmroirm, Aurtbmroirm, ` o`st`f` ia ` qummg Ebult w`s mxh`v`tmd fy O`rlmttm (022<; 6>3) girtb ia tbm augmr`ry hiopjmx ia Dkismr lg X`qq`r`, `gd lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbls tiof w`s tbm igm lgltl`jjy fuljt air tbm Pummg Ebult j`tmr furlmd lg ` pyr`old lg tbm Tmtl hmomtmry (J`friussm 0<<45 Kàgisl Kàgis l 0<<1; 0<< 1; 46-48). 46- 48). Tbus, Tbus , J`frius J`f riussm sm succmst suc cmstss tb`t tbm o`st`f o`s t`f`` w`s tbm pripmr prip mr airo air ` qummg“ qum mg“ss augmr`ry augmr`r y oiguomgt `t ` t tbm mgd ia tbm =tb Dyg`sty Dyg`st y, fut wbmg tbm fmclgglgc ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty s`w ` rmturg ti tbm pyr`old`j airo, Pummg Ebult `f`gdigmd bmr o`st`f` aurtbmr wmst lg a`vir ia ` pyr`old hjismr ti bmr busf`gd, wbljm Pummg Lput“s sig b`d bmr o`st`f` higvmrtmd ti ` pyr`old (J`friussm 0<<4). Tbls wiujd `jsi succmst tb`t Pummg Lput w`s lgdmmd, `s tbm prmvlius cmgmr`j vlmw bmjd, tbm prlghlp`j qummg ia Tmtl, wltb ` a`virmd jih`tlig hjism ti bmr busf`gd“s pyr`old tb`t dld git fmhiom `v`lj`fjm ti Pummg Ebult ugtlj `atmr bmr rlv`j“s rlv`j“s dm`tb. Kàgisl Kàgis l (0<<1; (0<< 1; 40-44) 40- 44) t`ems t`em s tbls `rcuomg `rc uomgtt mvmg aurtbmr aur tbmr fy succmst suc cmstlgc lgc tb`t tbm oiguomgt ia Pummg Ebult ls git lg a`ht ` pyr`old, fut sbiujd fm rmhigstruhtmd `s ` o`st`f`. Bm `jsi succmsts tb`t tbm siomwb`t `wew`rdjy pisltligmd o`st`f` ia tbm vlzlmr Ebmgtle`, wbi smrvmd ugdmr fitb Tmtl `gd ^mpy L `gd w`s jlemjy furlmd m`rjy lg tbm rmlcg ia ^mpy L lg ` tiof kust siutb ia tbm hiopjmxms ia Lput `gd Ebult `t tbm girtbm`stmrg hirgmr ia Tmtl“s pyr`old hiopjmx w`s usurpmd `gd irlclg`jjy fmjigcmd ti qummg Ebmgt.t U..._, wbi bm fmjlmvms w`s tbm oitbmr ia ]smre`rm. Kàgisl Kàgis l rmhigstr rmhi gstruhts uhts tbm tiofs tiof s ia Ebmgt.t Ebmg t.t U..._ U... _ `gd Ebult Ebul t `s ` diufjm diuf jm o`st`f` o`st `f`,, wltb tbm armmst`gdlgc o`st`f` ia Pummg Lput kust ti tbm girtb (Kàgisl 0<<1; 44). Tbls wiujd jmgd suppirt ti tbm vlmw tb`t ]smre`rm w`s lgdmmd `g usurpmr wbi lghurrmd bls suhhmssir“s wr`tb ti tbm mxtmgt tb`t ^mpy L r`zmd tbm supmrstruhturm ia ]smre`rm“s oitbmr“s tiof `gd `jjiwmd bls vlzlmr ti lghirpir`tm p`rts ia lt lgti bls iwg o`st`f`. Biwmvmr, rmhmgt mxh`v`tligs b`vm h`st diuft ig tbm `fivm lgtmrprmt`tligs. @s omgtligmd `fivm, wm giw egiw tb`t tbm tiof ia Pummg Ebult w`s lgdmmd ` pyr`old (B`w`ss 6>00), `gd tb`t lt tbus hiujd git b`vm fmmg p`rt ia ` diufjm o`st`f` `s Kàgisl Kàgis l succmst suc cmsts. s. Tbm Tb m rmhmgt rmhm gt mxh`v`tl mxh` v`tligs igs o`y `jsi `js i mxpj`lg mxpj `lg tbm dlshrmp` dls hrmp`ghy ghy lg tiof airo fmtwmmg Pummg Ebult `gd Pummg Lput ‘ g`omjy tbriucb tbm dlshivmry ia tbm tiof ia tbm elgc“s sig Tmtl`geb-emo. B`w`ss (6>>>) pilgts iut tb`t gigm ia tbm =tb Dyg`sty qummgs wbi wmrm furlmd lg o`st`f`s b`d priduhmd `g bmlr ti tbm tbrigm. La Tmtl`geb-emo w`s lgdmmd tbm lgtmgdmd suhhmssir ti Tmtl `gd Pummg Ebult w`s bls oitbmr, tbls wiujd mxpj`lg wby sbm w`s `w`rdmd ` pyr`old, wbljm Pummg Lput b`d ti fm higtmgt wltb ` o`st`f` ugtlj bmr sig ^mpy L upcr`dmd bmr tiof j`tmr lg bls rmlcg. Lt ls ia hiursm stljj pisslfjm tb`t tbm o`st`f` mxh`v`tmd fy O`rlmttm aurtbmr wmst w`s `g m`rjlmr tiof ia Pummg Ebult“s, fuljt fmairm sbm b`d firg ` sig ti smhurm tbm suhhmsslig, fut lt smmos ugjlemjy, clvmg tb`t tbm tiof lg qumstlig ls jih`tmd `t siom dlst`ghm ario tbm hmomtmry dmdlh`tmd ti tbm riy`j
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043
a`oljy ugdmr Tmtl. Tb`t tbm tiof ia Ebmgtle` lghirpir`tmd p`rts ia `g m`rjlmr augmr`ry oiguomgt smmos a`lrjy hmrt`lg (K`oms 0<=8; 01-6>). Biwmvmr, tbmrm wmrm gi irlclg`j lgshrlptligs jmat lg tbm rm-usmd pirtlig ia Ebmgtle`“s o`st`f`, si wbmtbmr ir git lt lgltl`jjy fmjigcmd ti ` qummg rmo`lgs ugegiwg. Vmhmgt Mxh`v`tligs lg tbm Tmtl Tmtl ^yr`old Hmomtmry
Tbm mxh`v`tligs lg tbm Tmtl pyr`old `rm` fy tbm OX@ b`vm fmmg igcilgc slghm 0<<6, `ddlgc crm`tjy ti iur egiwjmdcm ia tbm hmomtmry `gd tbm blstiry ia tbm riy`j a`oljy. a`oljy. Lg 6>>1, tbm mxh`v`tlig `rm` w`s mxp`gdmd ti lghjudm ` zigm ti tbm m`st ia tbm @gufmlig w`jj (Alc. 0) . Tbls olsslig w`s h`rrlmd iut ugdmr tbm supmrvlslig ia [`bl B`w`s `gd B`elo E`r`r, `gd ls stljj igcilgc, `jtbiucb tbm oist rmhmgt sm`sigs b`vm fmmg `lomd `t `g`jysls ia tbm mxh`v`tmd o`tmrl`j r`tbmr tb`g almjdwire. Lgltl`j mxpjir`tlig rmvm`jmd `g mxtmgslvm pist-Ijd Elgcdio hmomtmry ia oirm tb`g 83> gig-mjltm furl`js, r`gclgc lg d`tm ario tbm Olddjm Elgcdio ti tbm Vio`g pmrlid, siom ia wblhb wmrm hiaalg furl`js stljj lg sltu , `gd siom tb`t b`d fmmg dlsturfmd. @s tbm o`lg ci`j ia tbm mxh`v`tlig w`s ti rm`hb tbm Ijd Elgcdio struhturms fmjiw tbm j`tmr hmomtmry, tbm furl`js wmrm systmo`tlh`jjy rmoivmd lg str`tlcr`pblh smqumghm ugtlj tbm girtbmrg mdcm ia wb`t wiujd privm ti fm tbm gmw pyr`old w`s rmvm`jmd (B`w`ss 6>00). Tbls pyr`old ls hiop`r`fjm lg slzm ti tbism ia Ebult `gd Lput, wltb ` 66 o sldm ( Lfldmo 6>>>5 6>00). @t tbm tlom ia mxh`v`tlig, slx stmps wmrm prmsmrvmd ti ` bmlcbt ia 4.= o, `jtbiucb tbm pyr`old irlclg`jjy prif`fjy stiid
Alc. 0. O`p ia tbm mxh`v`tmd `rm` `gd tbm Tmtl hmomtmry (o`p; K. E`lsmr)
042
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`fiut 0= o t`jj (Alc. 6). Lt w`s surriugdmd fy ` jlomstigm mghjisurm w`jj, wblhb b`s git ymt fmmg hiopjmtmjy mxh`v`tmd. Tbm irlclg`j mgtr`ghm w`s ig tbm girtb sldm, ario wblhb ` dmshmgdlgc p`ss`cm, stljj fjihemd fy smvmr`j j`rcm sj`fs ia cr`gltm, jmd ti tbm sufstruhturm ia tbm pyr`old. Tbriucb Tbriucb tbm hmgtmr ia tbm supmrstruhturm ` riffmr“s sb`at b`d fmmg hut, wblhb `jjiwmd `hhmss ti tbm ugdmrcriugd furl`j hb`ofmr ia tbm pyr`old, wbmrm ` plge cr`gltm s`rhipb`cus w`s stljj aiugd lg sltu `jigc tbm wmst w`jj ia tbm hb`ofmr, `jfmlt wltb tbm jld sjlcbtjy pusbmd ti tbm sldm fy tbm tiof riffmrs ( Lfldmo 6>00). Tbm s`rhipb`cus w`s hiopjmtmjy pj`lg `gd wltbiut lgshrlptligs, fut wltb ` v`ujtmd jld. Tbls s`rhipb`cus typm w`s hiooig tbriucbiut tbm Ijd Elgcdio (Ler`o `gd Didsig 0<<2; 64=-641). Tbm w`jjs ia tbm furl`j hb`ofmr `jigc wltb oist ia tbm rmo`lglgc sufstruhturm b`d fmmg jlgmd wltb algm Tur` jlomstigm. Tbiucb oist ia tbm jlomstigm fjihes b`d fmmg riffmd, mgiucb rmo`lgmd ti `shmrt`lg tb`t tbm s`rhipb`cus oust b`vm fmmg jiwmrmd lg pj`hm fmairm tbm w`jjs ia tbm furl`j hb`ofmr wmrm jlgmd, `s tbm g`rriw sp`hm surriugdlgc tbm s`rhipb`cus wiujd git b`vm `jjiwmd air tbm w`jjs ti fm alglsbmd itbmrwlsm. Ti tbm m`st ia tbm furl`j hb`ofmr ` smhigd`ry hb`ofmr ir smrd`f w`s jih`tmd. Twi jlomstigm ruffjm w`jjs lg tbls hb`ofmr d`tlgc ti tbm J`tm Vio`g pmrlid succmst tb`t tbm smrd`f w`s rm-usmd `t tb`t tlom. Aurtbmroirm, pittmry `gd itbmr o`tmrl`j ario tbm Gmw Elgcdio, ^tijmo`lh `gd Vio`g pmrlids aiugd lg itbmr `rm`s ia tbm hiopjmx succmst tb`t lt b`d fmmg jiitmd oirm tb`g ighm. Lg `ddltlig ti rmoivlgc tbm fjihes ario tbm lgtmrlir ia tbm pyr`old, tbm h`slgc fjihes, irlclg`jjy hut ario algm wbltm Tur` Tur` jlomstigm `gd pijlsbmd, b`d `jsi j`rcmjy fmmg t`emg, tbiucb mx`htjy wbmg tbls b`ppmgmd ls dlaalhujt ti dmtmrolgm. ^mrb`ps
Alc. 6. Tbm gmw pyr`old durlgc mxh`v`tlig. Qlmw ario tbm girtbm`st, tiw`rds tbm Tmtl pyr`old, pyr` old, wblhb ls vlslfj vl slfjmm lg tbm f`hecriu f`he criugd gd (pbiti (p biti;; S. X`jmb X `jmb). ).
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04<
git surprlslgcjy, higsldmrlgc tbm mxtmgslvm jiitlgc `gd d`o`cm ti tbm pyr`old, gi lgshrlptligs, rmjlmas ir h`rtiuhbms tb`t hiujd b`vm blgtmd ti tbm ldmgtlty ia tbm oiguomgt“s iwgmr b`vm fmmg aiugd (B`w`ss 6>00). ]gairtug`tmjy, tlom b`s git `jjiwmd air aurtbmr mxpjir`tligs ti tbm m`st ia tbm pyr`old, wbmrm tbm `ssihl`tmd oirtu`ry tmopjm, sbiujd igm mxlst, hiujd fm mxpmhtmd `gd wblhb o`y higt`lg tbm g`om ia tbm dmhm`smd. Biwmvmr, tbm `rhbltmhtur`j am`turms ia tbm pyr`old pripmr `rm slolj`r ti itbmr sufsldl`ry pyr`olds ia tbm 1tb Dyg`sty, Dyg`sty, suhb `s tbm pyr`olds ia tbm qummgs Gufwmgmt `gd Lgmgme-Lgtl, qummgs ia ^mpy L (Kàgisl 0<<1; 4=415 Qmrgmr 6>>0; 8=1-8=2), `s wmjj `s ti tbm pyr`old ia Pummg Ebult (B`w`ss 6>>>5 6>00). Tbls `gd tbm a`ht tb`t lt ls jih`tmd lg tbm smhtir ia tbm Tmtl hmomtmry cmgmr`jjy rmsmrvmd air tbm elgc“s higsirts (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 08<), succmst tb`t tbm gmw pyr`old fmjigcs ti igm ia Tmtl“s qummgs ‘ fut wblhb igm9 Tbm Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs ario tbm Gmw ^yr`old
Lgsldm tbm slopjm cr`gltm s`rhipb`cus lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr w`s tbm semjmtig ia tbm pyr`old“s irlclg`j iwgmr. Tbiucb tbm cr`vm riffmrs b`d fmmg `fjm ti ipmg tbm s`rhipb`cus `gd dlsturf tbm fidy, oist semjmt`j mjmomgts wmrm stljj prmsmgt. Tbm lgdlvldu`j b`d fmmg lgtmrrmd lg `g mxtmgdmd pisltlig, irlmgtmd girtb-siutb, wltb tbm jmat b`gd ig tbm pmjvls, `gd tbm rlcbt b`gd mxtmgdmd `jigc tbm sldm ia tbm fidy. Tbm hr`gl`j figms `gd uppmr jlofs b`d fmmg dlsturfmd, `gd wmrm git aujjy `rtlhuj`tmd. Tbm seujj w`s friemg lgti plmhms fut prmsmgt. Tbm pmjvlh figms `gd tbm jiwmr jlofs wmrm lg sltu. Xiom siat tlssum w`s prmsmrvmd, `gd ` d`re o`tmrl`j `dbmrlgc ti siom ia tbm figms succmsts tb`t tbm fidy w`s irlclg`jjy ouoolalmd. Aiur cijdmg algcmr st`jjs wmrm `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm semjmtig, igm stljj ig igm ia tbm algcmrs. @cm `gd smx `ssmsso `ss mssomgt mgt wmrm h`rrlmd h`r rlmd iut uslgc uslg c st`gd`r st` gd`rdd istmiji istm ijiclh` clh`jj omtbids, omtb ids, j`rcmjy aijjiwlgc tbm rmhioomgd`tligs ia tbm Xt`gd`rds air D`t` Hijjmhtlig ario Buo`g Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs (Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4). ^mjvlh oirpbijicy lgdlh`tmd ` amo`jm, wltb ` wldm shl`tlh githb `gd suf-puflh `gcjm, `gd prigiughmd suf-puflh high`vlty ( Lfldmo ; 01-02). @ priolgmgt prm-`urlhuj`r sujhus w`s `jsi prmsmgt, pisslfjy lgdlh`tlgc tb`t tbm lgdlvldu`j b`d clvmg flrtb (Fr`z 6>>2). Hr`gl`j am`turms suhb `s ` so`jj cj`fmjj`, guhb`j hrmst `gd o`stild prihmss `gd ` cr`hljm, riugdmd airmbm`d wltb sb`rp supr`irflt`j o`rclgs wmrm `jsi higslstmgt wltb ` amo`jm (Fulestr` `gd ]fmj`emr 0<<4; 6>-60). Lgdlh`tirs ia `cm `jj pilgtmd ti ` yiugc lgdlvldu`j. Tbiucb tbm tblrd oij`rs b`d mruptmd, tbmrm w`s gi ihhjus`j wm`r ig tbm smhigd `gd tblrd oij`rs, `gd igjy sjlcbt mg`omj wm`r ig tbm alrst oij`r, dmalgltmjy succmstlgc `g `cm ia jmss tb`g 6= ym`rs (Fritbwmjj 0<20; 36), `gd prif`fjy oirm jlemjy fmtwmmg 01 `gd 6> ym`rs (Jivmkiy 0<2=). Tbm p`rtl`jjy ipmg ljl`h hrmst `gd lshbl`j mplpbysms wmrm `jsi higslstmgt wltb tbls `cm r`gcm, `s auslig ia tbmsm semjmt`j mjmomgts cmgmr`jjy t`ems pj`hm fmtwmmg 01 `gd 68 `gd 03 `gd 6= ym`rs, rmspmhtlvmjy (Fritbwmjj 0<20; 115 Sbltm Sblt m mt `j. 6>06; 8<=). Tbm `urlhuj`r sura`hm lgdlh`tmd `g lgdlvldu`j fmtwmmg 6> ti 64 ym`rs (Jivmkiy mt `j. 0<2=), wbljm tbm puflh syopbysls succmstmd `g lgdlvldu`j fmtwmmg 0= ti 64 ym`rs ia `cm (Friies `gd Xuhbmy 0<<>). T`emg ticmtbmr, tbm
0=>
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semjmt`j lgdlh`tirs ia `cm `gd smx tbus pilgt ti ` amo`jm lg bmr j`tm tmmgs ti m`rjy twmgtlms, fmtwmmg 02 ti 68 ym`rs ia `cm. Tbm figms wmrm cmgmr`jjy sjlo `gd cr`hljm, wltb so`jj oushjm `tt`hbomgts, pmrb`ps rmajmhtlgc ` a`lrjy smdmgt`ry jlamstyjm wltb jlttjm o`gu`j j`fir (J`rsmg 0<<3; mt `j. 6>>1). Twi 0<15 Vuaa mt Twi gig-omtrlh gig-omtr lh tr`lts wmrm prmsmgt; prmsm gt; ` H`r`fmjjl“s H`r`fm jjl“s husp (J`uh 6>>8) ig tbm uppmr jmat alrst oij`r, `gd flj`tmr`j aiss` ijmhr`gig pmrair`tli ig tbm dlst`j buomrl (Tyrmjj 6>>>). Lg `ddltlig, tbm o`xljj`ry `rh w`s ugusu`jjy g`rriw. Gi h`usm ia dm`tb hiujd fm dmtmrolgmd, fut tbm yiugc wio`g w`s git lg pmramht bm`jtb `t tbm tlom ia bmr dm`tb. @htlvm hrlfr` irflt`jl` (plttlgc ia tbm irflt`j riia ) `gd flj`tmr`j piritlh bypmristisls (pirislty ia tbm hr`gl`j v`ujt figms) ig tbm p`rlmt`js (Alc. 8), lgdlh`tm sbm w`s ugdmr siom airo ia systmolh strmss `t tbm tlom ia bmr dm`tb (S`jemr mt `j. 6>><). Lg `ddltlig, sbm suaamrmd ario ` dmgt`j `fshmss fmjiw bmr jmat j`tmr`j o`gdlfuj`r lghlsir, oist jlemjy h`uslgc siom p`lg. Alg`jjy, tbm rlcbt arigt`j figm sbiwmd mvldmghm ia ` pisslfjm fjiw ti tbm bm`d ir a`jj, lg tbm airo ia `g `rm` wltb figm gmhrisls surriugdmd fy ` zigm ia bypmrv`shuj`rlty (Alc. 4). Tbls typm ia jmslig h`g ihhur wbmg fjiid ajiw ls lgtmrruptmd aijjiwlgc tr`uo` (Irtgmr 6>>8; 06<-08>, alcs. 2-01-2-02). Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, `s tbm figm w`s git ar`hturmd, tbm lgkury w`s jlemjy git a`t`j. Sbi Sb i ls l s Furlmd Fur lmd lg tbm tb m Gmw Gm w ^yr`o ^yr `old ld99
Sbmg tbm gmw pyr`old pyr` old w`s lgltl`j lgl tl`jjy jy dlshivmrm dls hivmrmd, d, lt l t w`s w `s succmst suc cmstmd md tb`t lt fmjigcmd fmji gcmd ti Pummg Xmsbmsbmt, ` jiclh`j highjuslig f`smd ig tbm pyr`old“s `rhbltmhtur`j higalcur`tlig `gd jih`tlig (B`w`ss 6>00). Biwmvmr, slghm B`w`ss“ 6>00 `rtlhjm rmpirtlgc tbm dlshivmry, tbm `gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm rmo`lgs aiugd lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr b`s fmmg hiopjmtmd, `gd tbm rmsujts succmst tb`t Pummg Xmsbmsbmt o`y fm ` jmss tb`g jlemjy h`gdld`tm. Tbm o`lg `rcuomgt `c`lgst Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `s tbm pyr`old“s iwgmr ls tbm yiutb ia tbm wio`g aiugd lgsldm `gd tbm a`ht tb`t tbm tiof w`s fuljt durlgc tbm j`tmr pb`sms ia hmomtmry“s usm, `atmr tbm o`st`f` ia Tmtl`geb-emo, fut fmairm tbm rmhigalcur`tlig ia Pummg Lput“s o`st`f` lgti ` pyr`old (B`w`ss 6>00). La Tmtl`geb-emo w`s lgdmmd tbm ijdmst sig ia tbm elgc fut prmdmhm`smd bls a`tbmr `t tbm `cm ia 6> ti 6=, Tmtl oust b`vm fmmg `t jm`st 8= ti 4> ym`rs ijd `t tbm tlom ia bls iwg dmolsm. Mvmg wltb tbm blcbmr mstlo`tm ia ` 68- ym`r rmlcg, Tmtl wiujd tbmg b`vm fmmg 06 ti 03 ym`rs ijd `t olglouo wbmg bm tiie tbm tbrigm, `gd `s ijd `s 66 ti 63 ym`rs la tbm oirm higsmrv`tlvm mstlo`tm ia ` 08-ym`r rmlcg ls higsldmrmd (F`ud 6>>1). La tbm 02 ti 68 ym`r ijd amo`jm furlmd lg tbm gmw pyr`old ls lgdmmd Tmtl“s oitbmr, sbm oust b`vm dlmd wbmg Tmtl w`s vmry yiugc ‘ fmtwmmg 8 ti 2 ym`rs ia `cm `ssuolgc sbm w`s `t jm`st 0= wbmg sbm c`vm flrtb ‘ `gd hmrt`lgjy wmjj fmairm bm fmh`om elgc. Lt ls ia hiursm git lopisslfjm tb`t Tmtl wiujd b`vm oivmd bls oitbmr“s fidy ario ` oirm oidmst tiof ti ` pyr`old `atmr bm rism ti piwmr. Fut wby wiujd tbm elgc b`vm irhbmstr`tmd tbls oivm si j`tm lg bls rmlcg9 T`elgc lgti `hhiugt tbm yiugc `cm ia tbm wio`g aiugd lg tbm gmw pyr`old, tbm tlom ia lts higstruhtlig `atmr tbm o`st`f` ia Tmtl`geb-emo, Tmtl`geb-emo, `gd tbm `cm ia tbm elgc `t tb`t tlom, wm `rm a`hmd wltb ` c`p lg tlom ia 63 ti 86 ym`rs fmtwmmg tbm dm`tb ia tbm
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0=0
@
F
Alc. 8@) Hrlfr` irflt`jl` lg rlcbt irflt`j riia ia tbm qummg5 F) ^iritlh bypmristisls ig tbm rlcbt p`rlmt`j p`rl mt`j (pbitis; (pbi tis; @. S`bf`).
0=6
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Alc. 4. Arigt`j figm ia tbm qummg5 sbiwlgc `rm` ia lghrm`smd bypmrv`shuj`rlz`tlig ig tbm rlcbt arigt`j arig t`j figm f igm higslstmg higs lstmgtt wltb wlt b ` fjiw f jiw ti t i tbm bm`d ir a`jj. a` jj. (pbit ( pbiti; i; @. S`bf`). S`bf `).
elgc“s elgc“s oitbmr `gd bmr sufsmqumgt rmfurl`j lg ` pyr`old, sbiujd tbm rmo`lgs lg tbm gmw pyr`old fm tbism ia Pummg Xmsbmsbmt. Lg `ddltlig, tbmrm wiujd b`vm fmmg ` c`p ia smvmr`j ym`rs ‘ pmrb`ps `s ouhb `s 64 ym`rs la tbm sbirtmr rmlcg ls higsldmrmd ‘ fmtwmmg tbm dm`tb ia tbm elgc“s oitbmr `gd bls `shmgt ti tbm tbrigm la bm b`d jist bmr wbljm stljj ` hbljd. Oirmivmr, la Tmtl blosmja lgdmmd w`s git ia riy`j fjiid, tbls wiujd om`g tb`t Xmsbmsbmt wiujd b`vm fmhiom qummg igjy pistbuoiusjy, `gd wiujd git b`vm fmmg ` omofmr ia tbm riy`j a`oljy durlgc bmr jlamtlom. Tbls shmg`rli smmos ugjlemjy, biwmvmr, clvmg tbm a`lrjy guomrius rmamrmghms ti ` Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `s tbm oitbmr ia ` elgc. Alg`jjy, tbm rmamrmghm lg tbm Mfmrs p`pyrus (11, 01) ti ` qummg ‚Xmsb‟, oitbmr ia elgc Tmtl, smmelgc ` rmomdy air f`jdgmss oist jlemjy rmamrs ti Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `s wmjj (Mfmrs 02345 \iyittm 0<=35 Xmlpmj 0<2>; 6625 H`jjmgdmr 6>00; 60>-600), `gd ls succmstlvm ia ` wio`g wbi jlvmd ` a`lrjy jigc jlam, rmgdmrlgc Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `g ugjlemjy h`gdld`tm air tbm ldmgtlty ia tbm yiugc wio`g furlmd lg tbm gmw g mw pyr`old. Lg tbm =tb `gd 1tb dyg`stlms, pyr`olds `ppm`r ti b`vm fmmg cr`gtmd igjy ti tbism riy`j higsirts wbi priduhmd ` hriwg prlghm (H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 60>-600). @hhirdlg @hhi rdlgcjy, cjy, tbm a`ht a`h t tb`t Pummg Pumm g Ebult Ebul t rmhmlvmd rmhm lvmd ` pyr`old pyr` old lg tbm Tmtl hmomtmr hmom tmryy wbljm Pummg Lput w`s privldmd ` omrm o`st`f` lgdlh`tms tb`t Tmtl`geb-emo w`s tbm lgtmgdmd bmlr ti tbm tbrigm. @s tbm hriwg prlghm, lt smmos ugjlemjy tb`t bm wiujd b`vm st`rtmd tbm higstruhtlig ia ` o`st`f` air blosmja lg tbm hmomtmry ia bls a`tbmr5 tbm mxpmhtmd hiursm ia `htlig wiujd b`vm fmmg tbm mst`fjlsbomgt ia bls iwg pyr`old hmomtmry `atmr bm `shmgdmd tbm tbrigm. Tbm so`jj slzm `gd slopjm j`yiut ia tbm o`st`f` ia Tmtl`geb-emo, `s wmjj `s lts siomwb`t `wew`rd pisltlig lg tbm `rm` ia tbm hmomtmry itbmrwlsm rmsmrvmd air qummgs (E`g`w`tl 6>>8) `jj succmst
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0=8
tb`t Tmtl`geb-emo“s dm`tb w`s prmo`turm `gd ugmxpmhtmd. Tb`t tbm `htu`j oitbmr ia tbm auturm elgc, Pummg Lput, w`s furlmd lg ` o`st`f` r`tbmr tb`g ` pyr`old ls m`sljy mxpj`lgmd, `s ^mpy L w`s git tbm mxpmhtmd bmlr `t tbm tlom tbm qummgs“ tiofs wmrm fuljt. Tmtl`geb-emo“s tiof w`s `jsi mrmhtmd `atmr tbm hiopjmtlig ia tbm tiof ia Pummg Lput (B`w`ss 6>>>), pmrb`ps succmstlgc tb`t sbm w`s `jrm`dy dm`d `t tbm tlom lt w`s fuljt. Tbm gmxt mvmgt lg tbls p`rt ia tbm hmomtmry w`s tbm higstruhtlig ia tbm gmw pyr`old. @s dlshussmd, tbm pyr`old`j airo ia tbm oiguomgt succmsts tb`t lt w`s fuljt air ` qummg wbi b`d privldmd `g bmlr ti tbm tbrigm. Lgtmrmstlgc jy, jy, tbls lopjlms tb`t ` tblrd bmlr ti tbm tbrigm momrcmd momr cmd `atmr tbm dm`tb dm` tb ia Tmtl`geb-em Tmtl`geb-emo, o, prmsuo`fjy prmsuo`fj y ` sig ia Tmtl fy tbm qummg air wblhb tbm gmw pyr`old w`s lgtmgdmd. Oirmivmr, tbm higstruhtlig ia `g `ddltlig`j sufsldl`ry pyr`old lg tbm Tmtl Tmtl hmomtmry `atmr tbm dm`tb ia Tmtl`geb-emo fut fmairm tbm upcr`dm ia Pummg Lput“s o`st`f` o`y `jsi succmst tb`t tbls bmlr w`s mltbmr `bm`d ia ^mpy Omryrm lg suhhmsslig, ir tb`t bm iuto`gmuvmrmd blo `gd usurpmd tbm tbrigm. La Pummg Lput w`s lgdmmd `jrm`dy dm`d, tbls o`y git b`vm fmmg tb`t dlaalhujt, higsldmrlgc wb`t oust b`vm fmmg tbm a`lrjy yiugc `cm ia tbm auturm elgc (E`g`w`tl 6>>8; 4). Clvmg tb`t bm w`s tbm loomdl`tm suhhmssir ia Elgc Tmtl, tbm oist jlemjy h`gdld`tm air tbls tblrd bmlr ti tbm tbrigm `ppm`rs ti fm ]smre`rm. Ia tbm tbrmm `ddltlig`j pisslfjm qummgs ia Tmtl, Bmtmpbmrms, Tlmtl `gd Ebmgt.t U..._, igjy tbm j`ttmr smmos ` vl`fjm higtmgdmr air tbm gmw pyr`old. Tbm fjihe omgtliglgc bmr g`om, aiugd lg tbm aiugd`tlig ia ^mpy L“s oirtu`ry tmopjm lg Xiutb X`qq`r`, `jsi firm bmr tltjm owt gswt fktk, succmstlgc tb`t sbm w`s tbm oitbmr ia ` elgc, oist jlemjy ]smre`rm (Xmlpmj 0<2>; 64=-6415 H`jjmgdmr 0<<6; 0405 Kàgisl 0<<1; 40-44). Oirmivmr, tbm ‚ fktk‟ `ddltlig ti bmr tltjm `jsi succmsts tb`t bmr sig o`y git b`vm fmmg tbm smja-mvldmgt bmlr ti tbm tbrigm. @s omgtligmd `fivm, tbm s`om qummg o`y `jsi b`vm fmmg tbm irlclg`j iwgmr ia ` r`zmd o`st`f` siutb ia Pummg Ebult“s Ebult“s pyr`old lghirpir`tmd lgti tbm tiof ia tbm vlzlmr Ebmgtle` durlgc tbm rmlcg ia ^mpy L. Tbiucb tbm tbmiry tb`t tbls o`st`f` w`s irlclg`jjy igm b`ja ia ` diufjm o`st`f` higstruhtmd air Ebmgt.t U..._ `gd Pummg Ebult b`s fmmg dlsprivmg lg jlcbt ia tbm hiopjmtmd mxh`v`tlig ia Pummg Ebult“s pyr`old, lt ls stljj pisslfjm tb`t lt w`s tbm irlclg`j tiof ia Ebmgt.t U..._, `gd tb`t tbm pj`ggmd higalcur`tlig ia tbls p`rt ia tbm hmomtmry w`s ` pyr`old air tbm oitbmr ia tbm hriwg prlghm, Pummg Ebult, aj`gemd fy o`st`f`s ia tbm twi qummgs wbi firm sigs tb`t wmrm git mxpmhtmd ti lgbmrlt tbm tbrigm, Ebmgt.t U..._ `gd Lput. Sm Sm h`g pmrhb`gh pmrh b`ghmm spmhuj`tm spmhu j`tm tb`t tb `t aijjiwl aij jiwlgc gc tbm dm`tb dm` tb ia Tmtl` Tmtl`gebgeb-emo emo `gd `g d Elgc Tmtl ‘ pisslfjy lg swlat suhhmsslig ‘ tbm sig ia Ebmgt.t.U…_, jlemjy ]smre`rm, smlzmd tbm tbrigm, mltbmr fy vlrtum ia fmlgc tbm ijdmst rmo`lglgc sig, ir fmh`usm bm (ir bls oitbmr) o`g`cmd ti iuto`gmuvmr ^mpy ^mpy Omryrm, wbi w`s prif`fjy stljj ` hbljd, `gd wbi o`y `jrm`dy b`d jist bls oitbmr. Durlgc tbm frlma rmlcg ia ]smre`rm, mltbmr tbm elgc blosmja ir bls oitbmr dmhldmd ti `f`gdig tbm irlclg`j o`st`f` fuljt air Ebmgt.t U…_ lg a`vir ia tbm higstruhtlig ia ` gmw pyr`old, alt air ` qummg oitbmr, lg wblhb Ebmgt.t U..._ w`s mvmgtu`jjy lgtmrrmd. Sbmg ^mpy L sufsmqumgtjy fmh`om elgc, bm o`y b`vm rmsmgtmd fitb ]smre`rm `gd bls oitbmr Ebmgt.t. U…_, `gd smt iut ti dmstriy tbmlr oiguomgts. Tbls wiujd mxpj`lg biw tbm fjihe ia
0=4
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Ebmgt.t U..._ mgdmd up lg tbm aiugd`tlig ia ^mpy L“s oirtu`ry tmopjm, tbm `fsmghm ia ` tiof air ]smre`rm, ]smre`rm, `gd tbm j`he ia rmamrmghms ti ]smre`rm lg tbm tiofs ia tbm iaalhl`js smrvlgc ugdmr fitb bls prmdmhmssir `gd suhhmssir, dmspltm tbm a`ht tb`t bls rmlcg ls `ttmstmd lg fitb tbm @fydis `gd Turlg Elgc Jlsts. Sltb tbm omoiry ia bls iaamgdlgc rmj`tlvms tbus dmstriymd, ^mpy L tbmg prihmmdmd ti higvmrt bls iwg oitbmr“s tiof lgti ` pyr`old, pmrb`ps `s ` prip`c`gdlstlh om`surm `riugd tbm tlom ia bls alrst Xmd amstlv`j. Tbiucb tbm `fivm shmg`rli wiujd tlm tbm v`rlius str`gds ia mvldmghm ticmtbmr r`tbmr glhmjy, `gd lg `ddltlig siomwb`t `omjlir`tm tbm vlmw ia ]smre`rm `s `g iutsldm usurpmr, lt sbiujd ia hiursm fm gitmd tb`t lg tbm `fsmghm ia `gy tltjms ir g`oms `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm gmw pyr`old lt rmo`lgs purm spmhuj`tlig. Aurtbmroirm, Aurtbmroirm, tbm `rcuomgt `c`lgst Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `s tbm iwgmr ia tbm gmw pyr`old f`smd ig tbm yiugc `cm ia tbm amo`jm lg tbm furl`j hb`ofmr `jsi `ppjlms ti Pummg Ebmgt.t U..._. La tbm rmo`lgs ario tbm gmw pyr`old `rm lgdmmd tbism ia Pummg Ebmgt.t U..._. tbm oitbmr ia ]smre`rm, bm wiujd b`vm fmmg mltbmr mxhmmdlgcjy yiugc wbmg bm lgbmrltmd tbm tbrigm wltb tbm bmjp ia bls oitbmr, oitbmr, wbi lg tb`t shmg`rli wiujd b`vm fmmg sh`rhmjy oirm tb`g ` hbljd bmrsmja, ir bm wiujd b`vm fmmg irpb`gmd fmairm bm fmh`om elgc, `gd wiujd b`vm b`d ti oivm bls oitbmr“s fidy pistbuoiusjy lg irdmr ti privldm bmr wltb ` pyr`old alt air ` qummg oitbmr. Gmvmrtbmjmss, clvmg tbm rmamrmghms ti Pummg Xmsbmsbmt“s tblgglgc b`lr lg tbm Mfmrs p`pyrus `gd tbm higstruhtlig ia tbm gmw pyr`old tiw`rds tbm vmry mgd ia Elgc Tmtl“s rmlcg, ir pmrb`ps mvmg `atmr bls dm`tb, Pummg Ebmgt.t U..._ `ppm`rs ti fm tbm oist jlemjy h`gdld`tm ia tbm twi. Vmc`rdjmss ia tbm ldmgtlty ia tbm yiugc wio`g ario tbm gmw pyr`old, wm b`vm c`lgmd siom v`ju`fjm lgairo`tlig ario bmr rmo`lgs lg tmros ia tbm jlam ia ` riy`j wio`g lg tbm 1tb Dyg`sty. Bmr figms tmjj us tb`t sbm prif`fjy jmd ` a`lrjy smdmgt`ry jlam, `gd tb`t sbm w`s ugdmr siom elgd ia systmolh strmss wbmg sbm dlmd, pmrb`ps higtrlfutlgc ti bmr m`rjy dmolsm. ^isslfjm hujprlts air tbm strmss jmsligs ig bmr figms hiujd fm gutrltlig`j dmalhlmghlms, `gmol`, ir p`r`sltlh lgamhtlig (S`jemr mt `j. 6>><), succmstlgc tb`t git mvmg tbm blcbmst mhbmjigs ia sihlmty wmrm loougm ti tbm maamhts ia piir dlmt ir ugs`glt`ry higdltligs. Lg `ddltlig, sbm w`s `jsi tbm vlhtlo ia mltbmr `g `ss`ujt ir ` a`jj a`lrjy hjism ti tbm tlom ia bmr dm`tb `gd smrlius mgiucb ti jm`vm o`res ig bmr figms. Tbiucb tbm fjiw ti bmr bm`d w`s git a`t`j, lt o`y b`vm higtrlfutmd ti bmr dm`tb, `gd aurtbmr o`y rmajmht tbm pmrb`ps tuoujtuius tloms air tbm riy`j a`oljy durlgc bmr frlma jlam, wbimvmr sbm w`s. Tbiucb tbm `gtbripijiclh`j lgvmstlc`tlig hiujd git highjuslvmjy lgairo ig bmr ldmgtlty, bmr yiugc `cm, `jsi cjm`gmd ario bmr semjmtig, bmjpmd lg g`rriwlgc tbm guofmr ia higtmgdmrs. Bipmaujjy, auturm mxh`v`tligs ti tbm m`st ia tbm pyr`old wljj ugm`rtb `g `ssihl`tmd tmopjm wltb prmsmrvmd rmjlmas tb`t h`g put ` g`om ti bmr figms.
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0==
‚Fmblgd Mvmry O`se Tbmrm ls ` A`hm, `gd Fmblgd Fmb lgd Tb`t ` Xtiry‟. Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy Fli`rhb`mijicy `gd @ghlmgt Ldmgtltlms Xigl` [`erzmwsel
Sb`t Sb `t ls Ldmgt Ldm gtlt lty9 y9 @gd Biw Dims Dim s Lt Vmj`t Vmj `tmm ti Fli`r Fli `rhb hb`m `miji ijicy cy99
Fli`rhb`mijicy ls oirm tb`g ‚kust‟ tbm study ia tbm flijiclh`j `spmhts ia `rhb`mijicy. `rhb`mijicy. Lt ls oirm tb`g ‚kust‟ p`jmip`tbijicy, `jtbiucb tbls ls armqumgtjy biw tbm wldmr hioouglty vlmws istmi`rhb`mijicy ir fli`rhb`mijicy (^mrry 6>>3). Fli`rhb`mijicy ls tbm study ia pmipjm wbi jlvmd lg tbm p`st, h`rrlmd iut uslgc `rhb`mijicy, `rhb`mijicy, fut wltb ` ar`omwire sltu`tmd wltblg, `gd dmvmjipmd ario, flijiclh`j omtbids. Tbm emy wird ls ‚pmipjm‟ ‚pmipjm‟ `s lt ls tbm pmipjm, ir oirm spmhlalh`jjy tbm lgdlvldu`js tbmosmjvms, wbi `rm tii iatmg aircittmg, ir ‚jist‟, lg tbm fri`dmr wbijm. Lg higtr`st ti O`rty Vuflg, tbm fjiccmr `gd `pbirlst, wbi `rcums tb`t m`hb pmrsig b`s ` stiry, air fli`rhb`mijiclsts, m`hb lgdlvldu`j b`s oujtlpjm stirlms. Sbmtbmr Sbmt bmr semjmtig semj mtiglsm lsmdd ir ouoolalm ouoo lalmd, d, m`hb fidy fid y ir furl`j fur l`j b`s o`gy o`g y stirlms, stir lms, tijd ir wrlttmg lg v`rylgc dmcrmms ia dmt`lj. Tbmsm oujtlpjm stirlms mxlst `s `spmhts ia oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms, git igjy j`ymrmd igm ig tip ia `gitbmr, fut `jsi lgtmrhuttlgc `gd tr`gsmhtlgc m`hb itbmr. @rhb`mijiclh`j studlms ia ldmgtlty b`vm armqumgtjy hioprlsmd `g`jysms ia cmgdmr (m.c. S`jdm `gd Sljjiws 0<<05 Dï`z-@gdrmu 6>>=5 Xia`mr 6>>1), `cm (m.c. Oiirm `gd Xhitt 0<<35 Juhy 6>>=`5 Xia`mr 6>>1), pmrsigbiid (m.c. Aiwjmr 6>>4), r`ge ir sihl`j st`tus (m.c. S`sig 0<<45 F`flă 6>>=), smxu`jlty (m.c. Xhboldt `gd Qiss 6>>>5 Diwsig 6>>2), mtbglhlty (m.c. Kigms 0<<35 0<< 35 Juhy J uhy 6>>=f5 6>>= f5 [`erzmws [`er zmwsel el 6>00) 6>00 ) `gd/ ` gd/ir ir dls`fljl dls` fljlty ty (m.c. (m.c . Bufmrt Buf mrt 6>>>`5 6>> >`5 6>>>f). @rhb`mijiclh`jjy, tbmsm oujtlpjm str`gds ia ldmgtlty b`vm rmhmgtjy fmcug ti fm friucbt ticmtbmr ti airo hibmslvm mgtltlms (Omsemjj 6>>0). Dmspltm siom git`fjm mxhmptligs, suhb `s spmhlalh p`pmrs lg Juh`s ^iwmjj mt `j. (0<<0), Cr`umr `gd Xtu`rt-O`h`d`o (0<<2), Xtmhemj `gd Vism (6>>6), Ciwj`gd `gd Egúsmj (6>>1) `gd Egudsig `gd Xtik`giwsel (6>><), tbmsm oujtlpjm `spmhts ia ldmgtlty b`vm r`rmjy fmmg lgtmcr`tmd wltblg fli`rhb`mijicy. Tbls p`pmr wljj `rcum tb`t fli`rhb`mijicy `gd augmr`ry `rhb`mijicy h`g `ht `s tbm omhb`glsos ti sygtbmslzm tbmsm dlaamrmgt h`tmcirlms lg highmrt ti airo ivmr`rhblgc ldmgtltlms. Xuhb h`tmcirlms `rm ajuld `gd dyg`olh r`tbmr tb`g dlshrmtm, fut `rm `jsi rmj`tlig`j lg tb`t tbmlr rmhicgltlig wljj dmpmgd upig pmrsig`j, lgdlvldu`j vlmwpilgts. Mvmg `spmhts tb`t `rm armqumgtjy higsldmrmd hiopjmtmjy
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0=3
flijiclh`j, suhb `s hlrhuj`tlgc mstricmg jmvmjs, `jsi b`vm lgdlvldu`j, `gd bmghm sihl`j, v`rl`tlig5 air mx`opjm, ` 1>+ ym`r-ijd o`jm o`y b`vm blcbmr mstricmg jmvmjs tb`g `g mqulv`jmgtjy `cmd (l.m. pist-omgip`us`j) amo`jm (Crmmgd`jm mt `j. 0<<3) dmspltm mstricmgs fmlgc tbm prlo`ry amo`jm smx biroigms. Tbmsm flijiclh`j a`htirs tbus gmmd ti fm lgtmcr`tmd lgti tbm fri`dmr `rhb`mijicy lg irdmr ti dmvmjip oirm gu`ghmd lgtmrprmt`tligs. @t tbm ^tijmo`l ^tijm o`lh-Vi h-Vio`g o`g dmjt` dmjt ` hmomtmr hmom tmryy ia Pumsg`, Pums g`, oist lgdlvl lgd lvldu`j du`jss wmrm lgtmrrmd lg slopjm plt cr`vms mxh`v`tmd dlrmhtjy lgti tbm s`gd (air dmt`ljs, smm Viwj`gd 6>>25 Viwj`gd mt `j. 6>0>). Tbm irlmgt`tlig ia tbm furl`js v`rlms, wltb twmgty-igm lgdlvldu`js irlmgtmd m`st-wmst, oist wltb tbmlr bm`ds tiw`rds tbm wmst, `gd mlcbt furlmd girbt-siutb, oist wltb tbmlr bm`ds ti tbm girtb. Lg `ddltlig, tbmrm `rm lgdlvldu`js furlmd wltblg oujtlpjm furl`js, siomtloms wltb smvmr`j lgdlvldu`js furlmd lg igm dmpisltlig`j `htlvlty, `htlvlty, wbmrm`s itbmrs `rm furlmd lg dlstlght `gd dlshrmtm furl`j mvmgts. Xtljj itbmrs `rm furlmd lg hmr`olh hiaalgs. Tbls dlvmrslty ia oirtu`ry trm`tomgt blgts `t dlaamrlgc `spmhts ia ldmgtlty fmlgc rmhicglzmd `gd `htmd upig fy tbm furylgc (survlvlgc, (sur vlvlgc, jlvlgc) pipuj`tlig. Lt ls lopmr`tlvm tb`t tbls dlvmrslty ls rmhicglzmd tbriucbiut tbm `rhb`mijicy, `rhb`mijicy, `gd tb`t tbls ls `rtlhuj`tmd lg dlshussligs rmc`rdlgc tbm lgdlvldu`js furlmd wltblg tbm hmomtmry. Tbm aijjiwlgc smhtligs usm mx`opjms ti dmoigstr`tm biw tbls `ppri`hb olcbt fm t`emg. Dmoicr`pby
Sltblg Sltbl g studlms stu dlms ia ldmgtlty, ldmg tlty, `spmhts `spm hts ia `cm `gd cmgdmr cmg dmr `rm usu usu`jj `jjyy higsldm hig sldmrmd rmd ti fm rmj`tlvmjy sihl`jjy irlmgtmd. Cmgdmr, `s dlstlght ario smx, ls wmjj studlmd (m.c. Xwmmgmy 6>00), fut tbm sihl`j `spmhts ia `cm, itbmr tb`g tbism dlstlgculsblgc hbljdbiid (Xia`mr Dmrmvmgsel 0<<3), `rm jmss fri`djy egiwg (Oiirm `gd Xhitt 0<<35 Ciwj`gd 6>>15 Xia`mr 6>>1). Lg studlms ia `cm, aihus b`s cmgmr`jjy fmmg ig loprivlgc tbm `hhur`hy `gd prmhlslig ia flijiclh`j `cm mstlo`tlig tmhbglqums air semjmt`j o`tmrl`j, r`tbmr tb`g ig airolgc ` gu`ghmd `ppri`hb ti sihl`j `spmhts ia `cm. Sbmrm suhb ` jlam-hiursm `ppri`hb b`s fmmg ugdmrt`emg, lgdlvldu`j flicr`pblms r`tbmr tb`g dlstlght `gd dlshrmtm `cm h`tmcirlms b`vm cmgmr`jjy fmmg dmvmjipmd. Ia tbm s`opjm ia furl`js mxh`v`tmd ario Pumsg`, jmss tb`g b`ja tbm `dujts mxh`v`tmd hiujd fm `sslcgmd lgti mvmg fri`d `cm h`tmcirlms, suhb `s yiugc `dujt, olddjm`cmd `dujt ir ijdmr `dujt. Oist lgdlvldu`js wmrm slopjy hj`sslalmd `s fmlgc ‚`dujt‟. Fut tbmsm lgdlvldu`js m`hb b`d tbmlr iwg dlstlght jlam mxpmrlmghms. Air mx`opjm, dld `gy ia tbmsm lgdlvldu`js mxpmrlmghm p`lg, suhb `s ario `rtbrltls9 H`g wm jlge tbmlr flijiclh`j `cm, slopjy ‚`dujt‟, ti tbmlr augmr`ry higtmxts si `s ti c`ucm tbmlr rmj`tlvm sihl`j `cm wltblg tbm `ssmofj`cm9 Tbm fli`rhb`mijicy ia hbljdrmg b`s dmvmjipmd lg Mcyptl`g higtmxts (m.c. ^iwmr 6>065 Sbmmjmr 6>><5 6>065 Sbmmjmr mt `j. 6>08), fut tbm jlge fmtwmmg hbljdbiid `gd hbljdrmg“s hbljdrmg“s ldmgtltlms ls stljj git armqumgtjy higtmxtu`jlzmd. @t wb`t flijiclh`j ir semjmt`j `cm `rm hbljdrmg sihl`jlzmd lgti fmlgc ‚pmipjm‟9 ‚pmipjm‟9 Ls tbmrm ` rmhicglzmd sihl`j pmrlid ia hbljdbiid, `gd h`g tbls fm ldmgtlalmd ario tbm oirtu`ry fli`rhb`mijicy9 Tbls ls ` dmvmjipomgt ia tbm jlam-hiursm `ppri`hb, aihuslgc ig tbm prihmss `gd
0=2
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mxpmrlmghm ia hbljdbiid r`tbmr tb`g smmlgc `fsijutm `cmlgc `s fmlgc tbm mgdpilgt ia fli`rhb`mijiclh`j studlms. Igm furl`j ario Pumsg` ls ia p`rtlhuj`r lgtmrmst wltb rmc`rd ti tbm jlam-hiursm `ppri`hb `gd `cm. Tbm lgbuo`tlig rmhirdmd `s Furl`j F1 ario Cr`vm 0>>=, tbm fmst prmsmrvmd ia `jj tbm furl`js, ls tb`t ia `g ijd amo`jm (Viwj`gd 6>>2). Xbm w`s rmj`tlvmjy sbirt lg st`turm (`pprixlo`tmjy 046 ho), mdmgtujius, `gd mxpmrlmghmd fitb istmipirisls `gd istmi`rtbrltls. Tbm vmry a`ht tb`t sbm survlvmd si jigc, dmspltm bmr j`he ia tmmtb `gd semjmt`j jmsligs, succmsts tb`t sbm w`s ` ‚h`rmd air‟, `gd lgdmmd v`jumd, omofmr ia tbm hioouglty. Xbm w`s tbus ` ‚pmrsig‟, prif`fjy mvmg `g ‚ijdmr wio`g‟ ir ‚ijd j`dy‟, r`tbmr tb`g slopjy `g lgdlvldu`j. Igm olcbt `jsi `rcum tb`t sbm ‚jlvmd‟ ‚ jlvmd‟ r`tbmr tb`g slopjy ‚survlvmd‟. ‚survlvmd‟. Mtbglhlty
Xihl`j ldmgtlty hjm`rjy lghjudms `spmhts ia mtbglhlty. mtbglhlty. Vmhicglzlgc mtbglhlty rmqulrms tbm ldmgtlalh`tlig ia flijiclh`j `aalgltlms `gd, `jtbiucb mtbglhlty hjm`rjy h`ggit fm o`ppmd dlrmhtjy igti pipuj`tlig `aalglty ario suhb highmpts ia `aalglty `gd `aaljl`tlig, mtbglh criuplgcs o`y fm bypitbmslzmd. Tbls Tbls vlmw ia mtbglhlty ls dlstlght ario ‚r`hm‟ ir v`rl`tlig lg selg hijiur`tlig. Mtbglhlty ls ajuld `gd dyg`olh, wbmrm`s tbm tr`dltlig`j vlmw ia ‚r`hm‟ ‚r`hm‟ b`s fmmg ia alxmd `gd dlshrmtm mgtltlms. V`hm ls tbus ` oidmrg sihl`j higstruht. Sltblg tbm aije highmpt ia r`hm, tbm tr`lts usu`jjy usmd ti dlstlgculsb r`hms dmpmgd upig mxtmrg`j `gd ifsmrv`fjm am`turms suhb `s selg hijiur, jm`dlgc ti ` dlhbitioius highmpt ia r`hm, usu`jjy aihuslgc ig Fj`he `gd Sbltm (Xb`gejlg 0<<<). Xiom `rhb`mijiclh`j studlms slopjy mqu`tm r`hm wltb mtbglhlty `gd rmlay pmrhmlvmd `rtma`ht `ssihl`tligs, tbmrmfy lgvmstlgc tbm `rtma`hts wltb ` st`tlh mtbglhlty (ir r`hm) (Irsmr 0<<<). 0 M`rjy flidlst`ghm studlms ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs highmgtr`tmd ig tbm sb`pm ia hmrt`lg `g`tiolh`j hiopjmxms. Tbmsm hiopjmxms, dmalgmd fy mxtrmom v`rl`gts `s cmicr`pblh criups, wmrm sltu`tmd wltblg `g `gtbripijiclh`j rmsm`rhb oljlmu ia alxmd ‚r`hl`j typms‟ `gd mgtltlms. Air mx`opjm, V`gd`jj-O`hLvmr (0<>0) `gd Tbiosig `gd V`gd`jj-O`hLvmr (0<>=) usmd slx oirpbijiclh`j ifsmrv`tligs, `gd highjudmd tb`t siutbmrg ^rmdyg`stlh Mcyptl`gs wmrm ` byfrld pipuj`tlig, higslstlgc ia ‚Gmcrild‟ `gd ‚gig-Gmcrild‟ (ir ‚Xmoltlh‟) mjmomgts. Tbmy `rcumd tb`t tbm oirpbijiclh`j p`ttmrglgc suppirtmd ` bypitbmsls ia tbm kuxt`pisltlig ia twi criups, wblhb tbmy tbmg higsldmrmd `s ‚r`hl`j typms‟. Old-6>tb hmgtury studlms, m.c. suhb `s tbism ia F`tr`wl (0<4=5 0<41)5 A`whmtt `gd Jmm (0<>6)5 Cluaarld`Vuccmrl (0<0=)5 Oir`gt 0<6=5 0<8=5 0<83)5 Vlsdig (0<8<)5 Xtimsslcmr (0<63), wmrm prlo`rljy omtrlh, fut mopjiymd siom ia tbm s`om highmpts ia alxmd ‚typms‟. Oirm rmhmgt rmsm`rhbmrs b`vm mopjiymd fitb omtrlh `gd gig-omtrlh v`rl`tlig ti dmtmrolgm p`ttmrglgc rmsujtlgc ario olcr`tlig `gd oifljlty (m.c. Bljjsig 0<325 Emlt` 0<<>5 Vñslgc 0<<>5 0<<65 Lrlsb 0<<25 6>>>5 [`erzmwsel 6>>05 Emlt` 6>>45 6>>=5 Lrlsb 6>>15 Emlt` 6>>15 [`erzmwsel 6>>3`5 Emlt` `gd Fiyhm 6>>25 Lrlsb `gd Arlmdo`g 6>0>5 [`erzmwsel `gd ^iwmjj 6>00). Tbmsm studlms, oirm olhri0
Air ` flijiclh`j dlshusslig ia tbm mxlstmghm ir git ia flijiclh`j r`hms, smm H`rtoljj (0<<2).
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0=<
mvijutlig`ry lg ar`omwire, `hegiwjmdcm `spmhts ia ajuldlty lg oirpbijicy, `gd lghjudm tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j ir Mcyptijiclh`j higtmxt air lgtmrprmtlgc tbm om`glgc ia tbm `g`jysms. Xuhb `ppri`hbms b`vm fmmg dmvmjipmd fy Fuzig (6>>15 6>>2) `gd [`erzmwsel (6>>0), uslgc fli`rhb`mijiclh`j omtbids ti lgtmcr`tm furl`j p`ttmrglgc wltb semjmt`j oirpbijicy. @s gitmd gitm d m`rjlmr, m`rj lmr, mtbglhl mtbg lhlty ty ls vmry vmr y dlstlgh dlst lghtt ario tbm pipuj`r pipu j`r aije-hi aij e-highmp ghmptt ia ‒r`hm“ wltb lts aihus ig selg hijir`tlig. Mtbglhlty sbiujd r`tbmr fm vlmwmd `s `g `spmht ia sihl`j irc`gls`tlig tb`t lgvijvms tbm `htlvm o`lgtmg`ghm ia hujtur`j fiugd`rlms tbriucb sihl`j lgtmr`htlig. Mtbglhlty ls ` p`rt ia sihl`j prihmssms, slolj`r ti sufslstmghm, rmjlclig, mhigioy, pijltlhs, mth (Trlccmr 0<2<5 Kigms 0<<35 Vlccs `gd F`lgms 6>06), fut o`y fm ugdmrplggmd fy siom flijiclh`j p`ttmrglgc. Mtbglh criuplgcs b`vm st`rtmd ti fm dmalgmd `s criups tb`t smja-higshliusjy ugltm `riugd p`rtlhuj`r tr`dltligs. Xuhb dmalgltligs higtr`st wltb tbm prloirdl`j gitlig ia mtbglhlty, wbmrmfy mtbglh criup omofmrsblp ls clvmg `t flrtb ig tbm f`sls ia fjiid ir elg. @s ` rmsujt, mtbglhlty mxlsts wltblg tbm ajuld sltu`tlig`j g`turm ia criup fiugd`rlms, wltb lgdlvldu`j ldmgtlalh`tlig ihhurrlgc wltblg ` smja-dmalglgc systmo (Kigms 0<<3; 14). Lg tbls smgsm, ‚mtbglh criups `rm hujtur`jjy `shrlfmd ldmgtlty criups, wblhb `rm f`smd ig tbm mxprmsslig ia ` rm`j ir `ssuomd sb`rmd hujturm `gd hiooig dmshmgt‟ (Kigms 0<<3; 24).
Tbls hiujd fm higsldmrmd (`s) ` rmj`tlig`j `gd o`jjm`fjm `ppri`hb ti tbm dmalgltlig ia mtbglhlty, mtbglhlty, wbmrmfy mtbglhlty lgtrlgslh`jjy lgvijvms ` higshliusgmss ia dlaamrmghm. Lt ls tbls j`ttmr ugdmrst`gdlgc ia mtbglhlty tb`t ls mxmopjlalmd `t tbm Gmw Elgcdio tiofs fy tbm p`ttmrglgc lg cr`vm ciids, augmr`ry `rhbltmhturm `gd furl`j pr`htlhm (Fuzig 6>>15 6>>2). Xlolj`rjy, ario tbm Alrst Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid igw`rds, mvldmghm ario stmjms succmsts tb`t Cmfmjmlg b`d ` hijigy ia Gufl`g omrhmg`rlms ([`erzmwsel 6>>0). Air mx`opjm, siom stmjms, suhb `s Fistig OA@ >8.0242 (wblhb spmhlalh`jjy h`jjs tbm lgdlvldu`j dmplhtmd ‚Gmbmsy‟, tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g g`om air Gufl`gs (Emgd`jj 0<<3)) `gd Jmldmg A 0<82/0.1, succmst tb`t Gufl`g omrhmg`rlms b`d o`rrlmd Mcyptl`g wiomg (Alshbmr, 0<10). Tbmsm stmjms ario Cmfmjmlg lgdlh`tm tb`t Gufl`gs jlvmd wltb, `gd wmrm furlmd gm`r tbm Mcyptl`g hioouglty tbmy smrvmd, `gd `jtbiucb tbmy wmrm furlmd lg `g Mcyptl`g o`ggmr, tbmy wmrm stljj dmplhtmd `s Gufl`g, tbus rmt`lglgc tbmlr mtbglh ldmgtlty. Xt`turm
Fidy slzm `gd sb`pm `rm lopirt`gt hiopigmgts ia ldmgtlty5 tbm oidmrg a`shlg`tlig wltb ‚fmlgc tblg‟ `gd tbm fidy fm`utlauj ls slopjy `g mxprmsslig ia tbls lop`ht ig oidmrg higstruhtligs ia ldmgtlty. Biw t`jj wmrm tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs9 H`g `dujt bmlcbt fm usmd `s ` prixy air sihl`j r`gelgc lg `ghlmgt Mcypt9 Sm Sm egiw tb`t tbm Mcyptl`gs tbmosmjvms rmhicglzmd dlaamrmghms lg fidy slzm `gd sb`pm fmtwmmg fitb lgdlvldu`js `gd criups. Lgdmmd, tbmrm wmrm tbrmm dlstlght Mcyptl`g wirds air `fgiro`jjy sbirt pmipjm, lghjudlgc dlaamrmgt typms ia dw`ras ( dgc , gow , `gd Bw` ) (D`smg 0<<8). Clvmg tb`t hiopjmtmd `dujt bmlcbt h`g fm usmd `s ` prixy
01>
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air dlsm`sm ji`d, `g `dujt wbi ugdmrwmgt smvmr`j pmrlids ia prijigcmd strmss lg hbljdbiid tmgds ti fm sbirtmr `gd so`jjmr tb`g siomigm wbi dld git. @dujt st`turm ls tbmrmairm `t jm`st ` riucb lgdlh`tir ia hbljdbiid bm`jtb st`tus. @dujt @duj t bmlcbts bmlc bts wmrm hioputmd hiop utmd air tbm semjmt`j semj mt`jjy jy o`turm o`t urm lgdlvld lgd lvldu`j u`jss rmhivmrmd rmhivm rmd ario tbm Pumsg` hmomtmry, aijjiwlgc V`xtmr mt `j. (6>>2). Xt`tlstlh`jjy slcglalh`gt smxu`j dloirpblso w`s aiugd fmtwmmg tbm o`jms `gd amo`jms lg tbm s`opjm, wltb o`jms fmlgc ig `vmr`cm `joist 0>% t`jjmr tb`g amo`jms. Tbls higtr`sts wltb tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g giro ia omg fmlgc `pprixlo`tmjy 1.6% t`jjmr tb`g wiomg ([`erzmwsel 6>>85 6>>3f). Lg `ddltlig, crm`tmr v`rl`fljlty w`s aiugd air hioputmd amo`jm st`turms tb`g air o`jms. Xt`turm `gd fidy slzm, `gd tbm smxu`j dloirpblso mxprmssmd wltblg tbmo, `rm lopirt`gt `s git igjy `rm tbmy maamhts ia hbljdbiid bm`jtb, fut `rm `jsi jlgemd ti `spmhts ia cmgdmr rmj`tligs `gd lgtmr`htligs wltb sihl`j blmr`rhby `gd sihl`j r`gelgc. Dmspltm tbm hrltlhlso tbmlr omtbids b`vm `ttr`htmd (smm Cr`y `gd Sijam 0<2>5 C`ujlg `gd Fistmr, 0<2=5 0<<65 Bijdmg `gd O`hm 0<<<), @jmx`gdmr mt `j. (0<3<) rmpirtmd ` slcglalh`gt `ssihl`tlig fmtwmmg pijycygy `gd smxu`j dloirpblso lg st`turm. Xlolj`rjy, E`g`z`w` `gd Giv`e (6>>=) bypitbmslzmd tb`t pijycygy o`y lghrm`sm smxu`j dloirpblso fy dmhrm`slgc amo`jm bmlcbt, slghm amo`jms wltb m`rjlmr omg`rhbm tmgd ti fm sbirtmr lg oidmrg pijycygius sihlmtlms. Lg `ddltlig, g`tur`j smjmhtlig olcbt `jsi higstr`lg olglouo amo`jm fidy slzm si `s ti o`lgt`lg rmpriduhtlvm h`p`hlty (Xtlgl, 0<3=5 Cuìc`g mt `j. 6>>>)5 bmghm wbmrm amrtljlty ls blcb, smxu`j dloirpblso o`y fm jiw (Cuìc`g mt `j. 6>>>). Clvmg tb`t criwtb ls blcbjy smgsltlvm ti ‚flihujtur`j a`htirs‟ suhb `s sihl`j, gutrltlig`j, mhigiolh `gd bm`jtb higdltligs (Mvmjmtb `gd T`ggmr 0<<>5 Xtmhemj 0<<=5 Ficlg 0<<<5 Xtmhemj 6>><), tbmsm a`htirs o`y jm`d ti smxu`j dloirpblso la o`jms `gd amo`jms `rm dlaamrmgtl`jjy `aamhtmd. Aurtbmroirm, o`jms o`y b`vm fmmg oirm smgsltlvm tb`g amo`jms ti tbmsm criwtb strmssirs (m.c. Blmrg`ux `gd Fimdbl B`rtigi 0<2>5 Mvmjmtb `gd T`ggmr 0<<>5 Irtgmr 0<<25 K`gtz `gd K`gtz 0<<<5 [`erzmwsel 6>>85 6>>35 Xtmhemj 6>><), lopjylgc tb`t pipuj`tligs ugdmr mgvlrigomgt`j strmss o`y mxblflt jiwmr smxu`j dloirpblso. Biwmvmr, rmhmgt rmsm`rhb b`s succmstmd tb`t tbmsm p`ttmrgs ia smx-spmhlalh mgvlrigomgt`j smgsltlvlty o`y fm higaiugdmd fy hujtur`j fmb`vliurs (m.c. Xljvmgtilgmg mt `j. 6>>05 Jmig`rd mt `j. 6>>65 D`gciur mt `j. 6>>8). Alg`jjy, Alg`jjy, dlaamrmgtl`j lgvmstomgt `gd trm`tomgt `jigc cmgdmr jlgms o`y `jsi jm`d ti smx dlaamrmghms lg criwtb `gd bmghm smxu`j dloirpblso, fut `c`lg tbm mvldmghm suppirtlgc suhb bypitbmsms ls v`rl`fjm (Bijdmg `gd O`hm 0<<<). Tbm `rcuomgts prmsmgtmd `fivm succmst tb`t tbm blcb jmvmj ia smxu`j dloirpblso lg tbm Pumsg` semjmt`j `ssmofj`cm o`y b`vm ugdmrjylgc `gd pitmgtl`jjy lgtmrjlgelgc h`usms. Tbmsm o`y `aamht tbm sihl`j struhturm `gd irc`gls`tlig ia tbm jih`j pipuj`tlig, `gd `s suhb sbiujd fm higsldmrmd lg dlshussligs ia tbm sltm `gd tbm jlvlgc pmipjm. Tbm Pumsg` pipuj`tlig o`y b`vm trm`tmd fiys `gd clrjs dlaamrmgtjy ir tbmrm o`y b`vm b`d siom pijycygius g`turm ti tbmlr sihl`j irc`gls`tlig.
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010
(Dls)@fljlty `gd ^`jmip`tbijicy ^`jmip`tbijicy
^`jmip`tbijicy `gd tbm `ssmssomgt ia dls`fljlty `rm wb`t `rm hiooigjy `ssuomd ti fm tbm prlo`ry purpisms ia semjmt`j studlms. ^`jmip`tbijicy ^`jmip`tbijicy ls rmj`tlvmjy m`sy ti ugdmrst`gd, fmlgc tbm study ia dlsm`sms `gd tbmlr prihmssms lg tbm p`st, fut dls`fljlty ls r`tbmr b`rdmr ti dmalgm. Dls`fljlty ls `g uofrmjj` tmro, hivmrlgc lop`lromgt, `htlvlty jlolt`tlig, `gd rmstrlhtligs ig p`rtlhlp`tlig ( Sirjd Bm`jtb Irc`gls`tlig USBI_, gi d`tm), (`gd) si dls`fljlty ir dls`fljltlms o`y `ppm`r spir`dlh`jjy, spir`dlh`jjy, `gd siomtloms hbriglh`jjy, tbriucbiut ` pmrsig“s jlamtlom. Dls`fljlty ls higstruhtmd lg tmros ia omdlh`j rmduhtliglso wltblg tbm omdlh`j hioouglty fut `s ` sihl`j pbmgiomgig fy sihl`j shlmgtlsts (Tbio`s 6>>3). @diptlgc @dipt lgc tbls j`ttmr j`t tmr `ppri`h `ppr i`hb, b, Ijlvmr Ijlv mr (0<28) (0<2 8) `rcumd `rc umd tb`t dls`flj dls `fljlty lty ls git h`usmd h`u smd fy lop`lromgt, fut r`tbmr ario sihl`j rmstrlhtligs pj`hmd upig lgdlvldu`js wltb fidljy lop`lromgt. Tbls sihl`j dmvl`ghm aihus hioprlsms `spmhts ia fitb tbm lop`lrmd fidy `gd tbm jlvmd mxpmrlmghm. Aijjiwlgc tbls `rcuomgt, dls`fljlty ls slopjy ` airo ia jloltmd `htlvlty5 bmghm ` dls`fjmd pmrsig ls igm wbi b`s siom higdltlig tb`t prmvmgts blo/bmr ario h`rrylgc iut tbm aujj ‚giro`j‟ r`gcm ia `htlvltlms `ssihl`tmd wltb ` clvmg `cm (Tbio`s 6>>3). Dls`fljlty ls tbmrmairm `g `cm-rmj`tmd `gd uglvmrs`j pbmgiomgig, wltb `g mopb`sls ig jlvlgc wltb ‚ljjgmss‟. Lg `ddltlig, aihus ls pj`hmd ig tbm hb`gcmd hlrhuost`ghms ia slcglalh`gt itbmrs wltblg tbm jih`j sihlmty. Dls`fljlty ls `jsi higsldmrmd ` st`tm ia sihl`j jlolg`jlty, wbmrmfy tbm lgdlvldu`j ls mxhjudmd ario irdlg`ry jlam `gd ls tbmrmairm tbmrmairm dmglmd tbm aujj mxprmsslig ia ‚fmlgc buo`g‟ (Ourpby 0<<>). Tbls Tbls higstruhtlig ia dls`fljlty ls fuljt ig fitb buo`g pmrhmptlig `gd ‚fmlgc‟ `s mofidlmd pbmgiomg`, wltb om`glgc rmsldlgc lg tbm fidy `gd tbm fidy ltsmja rmsldlgc lg tbm wirjd (Omrjm`u^igty 0<16). Higsmqumgtjy, Higsmqumgtjy, tbmrm ls ` ajuld fiugd`ry fmtwmmg dls`fjmd ` gd `fjmfidlmd, `gd ldmgtlty, ldmgtlty, mspmhl`jjy smja-ldmgtlty `gd `shrlfmd ldmgtlty, ldmgtlty, b`s p`r`oiugt slcglalh`ghm. Aurtbmroirm, tbm pmrhmlvmd lop`lrmd fidy o`y `jsi fm sihl`jjy higstruhtmd. Aijjiwlgc tbls `ppri`hb, tbm mofidlmd ‚dlaamrmghm‟ o`y hioprlsm tbm si-h`jjmd ‚lop`lromgt‟ wltb tbm mxtmrg`j rm`htlig ti tbm lop`lromgt fmlgc tbm si-h`jjmd ‚dls`fljlty‟ ‚dls`fljlty‟ (Trmo`lg (Trmo`lg 6>>6). Tbls sihl`jjy higstruhtmd vlmw ia dls`fljlty pmrolts fmlgc ‚dls`fjmd‟ ti fm vlmwmd `s slopjy ` pilgt upig ` higtlguuo ia `fljlty r`tbmr tb`g `s ` flg`ry ippisltlig ti `fjm-fidlmd. Fli`rhb`mijicy lgtmr`hts fitb wltb `jj tbm `fivm `ppri`hbms ti dls`fljlty, `gd `jsi tbmlr lop`ht ig ugdmrst`gdlgc tbm lgtmrpj`y ia tbm oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms upig tbm pmrsig. Tbm fri`d g`turm ia siom ia tbm SBI tmros, suhb `s ‚rmstrlhtlig ig p`rtlhlp`tlig‟, p`rtlhlp`tlig‟, om`gs tb`t dls`fljlty ls ` hiopjmx smrlms ia pbmgiomg` tb`t rmajmht tbm lgtmr`htlig fmtwmmg tbm pmrsig `gd tbm jih`j sihlmty ([`erzmwsel lg prmss). Durlgc hmrt`lg pmrlids ia jlam ` pmrsig o`y mxpmrlmghm tmopir`ry rmstrlhtligs ig `htlvltlms, air mx`opjm, `s ` rmsujt ia prmcg`ghy loplgclgc ig oifljlty tbriucb syopbysls pufls dysaughtlig. Aijjiwlgc hbljdflrtb, tbm wio`g ls jlemjy ti rmturg ti aujj oifljlty `gd tbmrmairm gi jigcmr b`s tbls airo ia dls`fljlty, fut o`y b`vm siom jlolt`tligs ig `htlvlty rmsujtlgc ario j`ht`tlig ir tbm h`rm ia ` yiugc lga`gt. Xlolj`rjy, aijjiwlgc ` smvmrm lgkury h`uslgc jigc figm ar`hturm, tbm jlof rmqulrms st`fljls`tlig `gd bmghm ` rmduhtlig lg oifljlty. @s ` rmsujt, tbm `htlvlty p`ttmrglgc p`ttmrgl gc `gd usm ia tb`t pmrsig“s pmrsig“s jlof hb`gcms. hb`gcms . Tbls `aamhts tbm mgtlrm hioouglty hioougl ty
016
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surriugdlgc `gd suppirtlgc tb`t pmrsig. Tbm w`y lg wblhb tbm sihlmty trm`ts suhb hb`gcms lg `htlvlty p`ttmrglgc `rm tbus ia lopirt`ghm air ugdmrst`gdlgc tbm g`turm ia tbm rmj`tligsblp fmtwmmg sihlmty `gd dls`fljlty. Lt ls air tbls rm`sig tb`t wm sbiujd, pmrb`ps, tblge lg tmros ia ` higtlguuo ia `fljlty, wltb lgdlvldu`js oivlgc f`hew`rds `gd airw`rds `jigc lt `t dlaamrlgc j lam st`cms. @s ` rmsujt, `gy pmrsig o`y fmhiom dls`fjmd `t siom pilgt lg tbmlr jlam, `gd ymt dls`fjmd pmipjm `gd dls`fljlty b`vm iatmg fmmg ivmrjiiemd `rhb`mijiclh`jjy ir higsldmrmd ‚blddmg ario vlmw‟ (smm S`jdrig 6>>>). Tbmsm dls`fljltlms o`y fm pmro`gmgt ir tmopir`ry, `gd o`y higtrlfutm ti sihl`j mxhjuslig `gd/ir tbm highmpt ia ‚dlaamrmghm‟ ([`erzmwsel lg prmss). Lgdmmd, `jtbiucb Mcypt smmos ti b`vm fmmg rmj`tlvmjy `hhmptlgc tiw`rds lgdlvldu`js higsldmrmd (`s) ‚dlaamrmgt‟ ir ‚itbmr‟ (Kmaarmys `gd T`lt 6>>>), ‚Sb`t ls pmrhmlvmd `s ` ‒dls`fljlty“ ir `s ‒o`dgmss“ lg igm sihlmty, lg `gitbmr o`y fm higsldmrmd `s kust igm `ttrlfutm `oigc o`gy wblhb o`em up `g lgdlvldu`j, ir o`y git fm pmrhmlvmd `s p`rt ia tbm lgdlvldu`j `t `jj‟ (S`jdrig 6>>>; 3).
]gjlem lg Vio`g ir Crmme `rt, dls`fljltlms `rm rmj`tlvmjy wmjj rmprmsmgtmd lg Mcyptl`g `rt, wltb `hbigdripj`sl` prif`fjy tbm oist hiooig. Higsldmrlgc dw`ralgc ti fm ` dls`fljlty ls pitmgtl`jjy `g ixyoirig, `s gmltbmr dw`ralso gir so`jj st`turm gmmd jm`d ti `gy rmduhtlig lg `fljlty ti ugdmrt`em `htlvltlms ([`erzmwsel lg prmss). @s gitmd m`rjlmr, lt ls hjm`r, biwmvmr, tb`t Mcyptl`gs dld rmhicglsm dw`ralgc `gd `fgiro`jjy sbirt st`turm, `s tbmrm wmrm tbrmm dlstlght Mcyptl`g wirds air suhb pmipjm, `gd tbm usm ia tbmsm wirds wiujd usu`jjy fm `hhiop`glmd fy ` dmtmrolg`tlvm dmplhtlgc ` dlspripirtlig`tm dw`ra (D`smg 0<<8). Lt ls tbmrmairm hjm`r tb`t lgdlvldu`js ia `fgiro`jjy sbirt st`turm wmrm higsldmrmd dlaamrmgt ario ‚giro`j‟ pmipjm (air dmt`lj smm Smmes 0<3>5 Lvmrsmg 0<3=5 D`smg 0<<85 Viflgs 0<<4), `gd siom ia tbmsm pmipjm wmrm ia blcb sihl`j r`gelgc. Air mx`opjm, tbm 4tb Dyg`sty dw`ra ^mrgl`gebu, furlmd lg tbm wmstmrg hmomtmry `t Clz` (Sljelgsig 6>>3), ls dmplhtmd wltb syofijs ia `utbirlty suhb `s ` shmptrm `gd ` jigc st`aa (B`w`ss 0<<05 Sljelgsig 6>>3). Lgdmmd, dw`ralgc o`y b`vm fmmg v`jumd `s siom airo ia dlvlgm o`relgc (D`smg 0<<8), suhb `s `ssihl`tlig wltb sij`r dmltlms `gd usm lg hujt d`ghms (F`lgms 0<<6). Dw`rvms tbus `ppm`r ti b`vm fmmg vlmwmd pisltlvmjy wltblg Mcyptl`g sihlmty (Xujjlv`g 6>>0), `gd pitmgtl`jjy `fjm-fidlmd, `jtbiucb ‚itbmr‟. @jtbiuc @jt biucbb Mcyptl`g Mcyptl `g `rtlstl `rtl stlhh rmprmsmgt` rmprmsm gt`tlig tlig aihusm ai husmdd ig tbm fidy `s `g mgtlty, wltb m`hb pirtlig b`vlgc lts ldm`jlsmd ir typlh`j airo (Viflgs 0<<4), `gd lgdlvldu`j `gd pmrsig`j tr`lts pitmgtl`jjy fmlgc diwgpj`ymd ir `vildmd (Lvmrsmg 0<3=), tbmrm `rm dmplhtligs tb`t o`y rmprmsmgt siom airo ia ‚dls`fljlty‟ ir dlsm`sm prihmss. Mx`opjms lghjudm tbm c`rdmgmr ario tbm tiof ia Lpuy `t Fmgl B`s`g (Omtripijlt`g (Omtripijlt`g Ousmuo ia @rt, Gmw \ire 8>.4.00=) `gd Vio`“s wltbmrmd rlcbt jmc ig bls Gmw Elgcdio augmr`ry stmj` (Gy H`rjsfmrc Cjyptitme, Hipmgb`cmg @LG 084). Tbm dmairoltlms ljjustr`tmd fy tbm alrst mx`opjm `rm usu`jjy tbiucbt ti fm ` rmprmsmgt`tlig rmprmsmgt`tlig ia eypbisls rmsujtlgc ario ^itt“s dlsm`sm (Vmmvms 0<<65 Aljmr 0<<=5 B`jliu` `gd [lselgd 6>>=5 [lselgd `gd B`jliu` 6>>3), `jtbiucb itbmr put`tlvm h`usms b`vm fmmg succmstmd (Gugg 0<<1). Fitb higcmglt`j dmairolty (t`jlpms mqulgus) `gd pijlioymjltls b`vm fmmg succmstmd air Vio` (Aljmr 0<<=5 Gugg 0<<15 B`jliu` `gd
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018
[lselgd 6>>=). Tbm j`ttmr stmj` ls ia p`rtlhuj`r lopirt`ghm, slghm Vio` ls sbiwg uslgc bls st`aa `s ` hruthb r`tbmr tb`g `s ` syofij ia st`tus `gd r`ge (Kmaarmys `gd T`lt 6>>>). Biwmvmr, lg oist `rtlstlh rmprmsmgt`tligs, pbyslh`j lop`lromgts `rm igjy sbiwg air rmj`tlvmjy olgir lgdlvldu`js (D`smg 0<<8), lopjylgc tb`t mltbmr tbm pbyslh`j o`glamst`tligs wmrm git higsldmrmd ti fm p`rt ia tbm prlo`ry lgdlvldu`j“s lgdlvldu`j“s pmrsig` ir tb`t igjy tbm fidy fm`utlauj sbiujd fm dmplhtmd. Tbmrm `rm `spmhts ia dls`fjmomgt tb`t h`g fm ldmgtlalmd ario tbm `rtlstlh rmhird tb`t o`y git fm rmhicglsmd `rhb`mijiclh`jjy, suhb `s lop`lromgts ti bm`rlgc ir slcbt. @jtbiucb siom fjlgdgmss o`y irlclg`tm lg am`turms tb`t jm`vm ` semjmt`j o`remr, suhb `s fjlgdgmss `s ` rmsujt ia tuoiur ir tr`uo` ti tbm iptlh `rm`, oist fjlgdgmss ls git rmhicgls`fjm ario tbm fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmhird. Biwmvmr, mx`opjms suhb `s tbm pitmgtl`jjy fjlgd b`rplst ario tbm Gmw Elgcdio tiof ia G`ebt `t Tbmfms Tbmfms ir V`l`, tbm V`omssldm hblma ia slgcmrs ario tbm tmopjm ia ^t`b `t Omopbls (Sljelgsig 6>>3) lgdlh`tm tb`t fjlgdgmss w`s higsldmrmd ia gitm, `gd lt o`y mvmg pitmgtl`jjy b`vm rmprmsmgtmd plmty (D`smg 0<<8). Xlghm V`l` w`s dmplhtmd fjlgd wbmg pj`ylgc ouslh air bls p`trig dmltlms, fut slcbtmd ir `t jm`st wltb bls myms ipmg lg itbmr rmprmsmgt`tligs rmprmsmgt`tligs ( Lfldmo ) succmsts ` du`jlty ti bls sihl`j pmrsig`.6 Clvmg tbls mxprmsslig ia oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms `gd tbm armqumgt `ssihl`tlig ia dw`ras wltb fitb o`jairomd `g d/ir ‚mxitlh‟ ‚mxitlh‟ pmipjms, pmipjm wltb ‚b`gdlh`ps‟ ir ‚dls`fljlty‟ o`y b`vm fmmg higsldmrmd ti fm jlolg`j ( Lfldmo ). Tbls `rcuomgt `jsi suppirts tbm bypitbmsls tb`t oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms wmrm rmhicglsmd fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs, `gd tb`t spmhlalh `spmhts ia ldmgtlty wmrm vilhmd wltblg tbm o`tmrl`j hujturm. @cml @c mlgc gc,, Higcm Hig cmgl glt` t`jg jgms msss `gd ` gd ‚Dls` ‚Dl s`fl fljl jlty‟ ty‟
@dv`ghl @dv` ghlgc gc `cm armqumgtjy armqumg tjy jm`ds ti ` rmduhtlig rmduh tlig lg oifljlt oif ljltyy `gd oivmomgt, oivmomg t, hiooigj hioo igjyy `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm igsmt ia `rtbrltls `gd `rtbrltls-jlem dlsirdmrs. Sltbiut Sltbiut oidmrg omdlhlgm, suhb rmduhtligs lg oifljlty `rm jlemjy ti b`vm fmmg mvmg oirm hiooig `gd pitmgtl`jjy oirm p`lgauj tb`g `rm hurrmgtjy mxpmrlmghmd. Tbls wiujd lopjy crm`tmr vlslfljlty wltblg Mcyptl`g sihlmty ia lgdlvldu`js wltb rmduhmd oifljlty `s ` rmsujt ia tbm `cmlgc prihmss. Tbls Tbls olcbt `jsi jm`d ti ` dlaamrmgt ugdmrst`gdlgc ia dls`fljlty `gd ` pitmgtl`jjy wldmr rmhicgltlig ia `cm-rmj`tmd rmduhtligs lg oifljlty `gd `fljlty. Ivmr`jj, suhb ` vlmw wiujd trm`t tbm mjdmrjy `s slopjy fmlgc jih`tmd dlaamrmgtjy ig, ir oivlgc `jigc, tbm higtlguuo ia `fljlty. Aijjiwlgc Trmo`lg (6>>6), tbls ldm` o`y fm dmvmjipmd si tb`t lopirt`ghm ls pj`hmd ig higsldmrlgc wbmtbmr tbm lgdlvldu`j w`s lg p`lg. Tbls `ppri`hb ti dls`fljlty olrrirs tb`t t`emg fy sihl`j shlmgtlsts lg vlmwlgc (dls)`fljlty `s slopjy fmlgc igm `spmht ia tbm jlamhiursm `gd igm `spmht ia `g lgdlvldu`j“s ldmgtlty. Lt ls hjm`r ario Mcyptl`g tmxts, suhb `s tbm ‚Lgstruhtlig ia @omgmoipm‟ @omgmoipm‟ (wblhb lghjudms hioo`gds suhb `s ‚Di
6
mrm ls `jsi tbm ldm` tb`t tbmsm pmrairomrs omrmjy b`d tbmlr myms sbut `gd wmrm git, `s ` rujm, fjlgd. Lgdmmd, lg Mcypt `gd o`gy itbmr hiugtrlms mvmg tid`y ouslh`j pmrairomrs sbut tbmlr myms ti fmttmr bm`r tbm ouslh. Lt olcbt, lg siom h`sm, fm `g lhigicr`pblh tipis (mds.).
014
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git j`ucb `t ` fjlgd o`g, Gir tm`sm ` dw`ra, Gir h`usm b`rdsblp air tbm j`om.‟), tb`t tijmr`ghm tiw`rds pmipjm wltb dls`fljltlms w`s rmhioomgdmd. Tbls b`s fmmg dmshrlfmd `s ‚` oirm cmgmrius `ttltudm tiw`rds siom dls`fljltlms‟ (Pu`rofy 6>00; 6=).
Biwmvmr, qumstligs qumstlig s rmo`lg lg tmros ia wblhb dls`fjmd dls` fjmd pmipjm, ir ‚itbmrs‟, wmrm dmmomd rmspmht`fjm `gd/ir vlmwmd `s ‚Mcyptl`g pmipjm‟. Lt ls pisslfjm tb`t tbism pbyslh`j hb`gcms `ssihl`tmd wltb tbm ‚giro`j‟ `cmlgc prihmss wmrm higsldmrmd v`jld `gd pmrolttmd lgdlvldu`js ti rmt`lg tbmlr ldmgtltlms, wbmrm`s tbism tb`t wmrm higcmglt`j, suhb `s dw`ralgc, olcbt b`vm jmd ti tbm sihl`j dmo`rh`tlig ia tbm pmrsig `s ‚itbmr‟ ir ‚dlaamrmgt‟, ‚dlaamrmgt‟, fut stljj vmry dmalgltmjy Mcyptl`g. Twi furl`js ario Pumsg` `rm ia p`rtlhuj`r gitm lg tbls rmc`rd; furl`js F60 `gd F61. Dmspltm tbmlr dlaamrlgc augmr`ry higtmxts, tbmsm twi lgdlvldu`js sb`rm hmrt`lg slolj`rltlms `gd fitb wmrm hjm`rjy higsldmrmd ti fm ia siom lopirt`ghm lg tbm jih`j hioouglty. F61 w`s tbm uppmroist mxtmgdmd suplgm furl`j lg ` oud-frlhe furl`j struhturm wltb alvm itbmr lgbuo`tligs (Viwj`gd 6>>2). Lt w`s aiugd olsslgc lts seujj, pitmgtl`jjy `s ` rmsujt ia cr`vm rifflgc. Tbls pmrsig w`s vmry t`jj, wltb ugausmd mplpbysms (suhb `s fitb buomr`j bm`ds, dlst`j r`dl`j mplpbysms). Tbm igjy ausmd figms wmrm tbm gmur`j `rhbms ia tbm vmrtmfr`m `gd tbm lggiolg`tms5 `jj s`hr`j fidlms, bm`ds ia rlfs, splgius prihmssms `gd mgdpj`tms ia vmrtmfr`m wmrm ugausmd. F`smd ig tbm oirpbijicy ia tbm puflh syopbysls, uslgc tbm Xuhbmy-Friies omtbid (Friies `gd Xuhbmy 0<<>), tbm lgdlvldu`j w`s mstlo`tmd ti b`vm fmmg 0=-64 ym`rs ijd `t dm`tb. Biwmvmr, lt pissmssms guomrius mplpbysms, wblhb sbiujd, fy tbls `cm, mltbmr b`vm ausmd ir b`vm st`rtmd ti ausm ticmtbmr. Clvmg tbm jmgctb `gd rmj`tlvm rifustgmss ia tbm jigc figms, tbm lgdlvldu`j w`s `ssuomd ti fm o`jm. F`smd ig tbls `ssuoptlig, st`turm w`s mstlo`tmd ti fm `pprixlo`tmjy 0.3 o (aijjiwlgc V`xtmr mt `j. 6>>2). Twi ifkmhts wmrm aiugd lg tbm cr`vm aljj, ` ^tijmo`lh pit sbmrd `gd ` sbmrd lghlsmd wltb ` wmdk`t mym (Viwj`gd 6>>2). F60 w`s aiugd lg cr`vm 0>0<, ` slgcjm lgbuo`tlig lg ` slopjm plt cr`vm, hut dlrmhtjy lgti tbm s`gd. ]gjlem oist itbmr furl`js ario Pumsg`, tbm mxtmgdmd suplgm semjmtig ia ` suf`dujt ia lgdmtmrolg`tm smx w`s irlmgtmd girtb-siutb (Viwj`gd 6>>2). Tbm fidy w`s olsslgc oist ia tbm seujj, `gd tbm p`rt tb`t w`s rmhivmrmd w`s f`djy d`o`cmd, prif`fjy `s ` rmsujt ia cr`vm rifflgc `htlvlty. Lg higtr`st ti F61, wbmrm tbm `ros wmrm aiugd hrissmd rlcbt ivmr jmat, tbm `ros ia F60 wmrm pj`hmd `jigcsldm tbm fidy. Biwmvmr, jlem F61, tbls lgdlvldu`j b`d hiopjmtmjy ugausmd mplpbysms. F`smd upig pufls syopbysls oirpbijicy, `cm w`s mstlo`tmd `s 0=64 ym`rs (Friies `gd Xuhbmy 0<<>). Tbm dmgt`j wm`r `gd dmvmjipomgt w`s `jsi `ssmssmd `s `pprixlo`tmjy slolj`r (Fritbwmjj 0<205 @jP`bt`gl mt `j. 6>0>). Jlem F61, tbm lgdlvldu`j b`d o`gy mplpbysms, suhb `s tbm bm`ds ia tbm omt`h`rp`js, omt`t`rs`js `gd tbm prixlo`j pb`j`gcms, tb`t sbiujd, fy tbls `cm, b`vm mltbmr ausmd ir b`vm fmmg lg tbm prihmss ia auslgc. Tbm jigc figms wmrm `jsi rmj`tlvmjy jigc, jm`dlgc ti ` st`turm mstlo`tm ia `joist 0.1 o la amo`jm `gd `joist 0.1= o la o`jm (aijjiwlgc V`xtmr mt `j. 6>>2). Tbls pmrsig w`s aiugd lg `ssihl`tlig wltb ` v`rlmty ia cr`vm ciids, lghjudlgc ` B`tbir pj`qum, ` wlgcmd flrd hijj`r, ` j`rcm sh`r`f,
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01=
smvmr`j so`jj sh`r`fs, ` Dkmd pljj`r `gd ` v`rlmty ia itbmr `oujmts, pj`qums `gd plmhms ia h`rtigg`cm (Viwj`gd 6>>2). Fitb furl`js wmrm ia ugusu`jjy t`jj suf`dujts. Fitb wmrm ia lgdlvldu`js wbi wmrm stljj criwlgc `t tlom ia dm`tb, air wblhb tbmrm o`y b`vm fmmg ` guofmr ia dlaamrmgt h`usms, fut tbm dlaamrmgtl`j dl`cgisls ls git ia lopirt ti tbm `rcuomgt bmrm. Sb`t ls gitmwirtby ls tb`t m`hb ia tbmsm lgdlvldu`js w`s `aairdmd ` gig-giro`j furl`j, fut igm tb`t succmsts tb`t tbm pmrsig w`s higsldmrmd lopirt`gt `gd ` v`jld ‚pmrsig‟ ‚pmrsig‟ ti tbm hioouglty. Lt aijjiws tb`t tbm jih`j pipuj`tlig rmhicglsmd tbmsm twi pmipjm `s fmlgc ‚dlaamrmgt‟ lg siom w`y, fut tb`t tbls w`s slopjy igm p`rt ia tbmlr oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms. Tbls Tbls lopjlh`tlig tbus jlges ti molh higstruhtligs ia ‚itbmrgmss‟ ‚itbmrgmss‟ (Bufmrt (Bufmrt 6>>>) `gd higstruhtligs ia ldmgtlty `s rmhicglzmd fli`rhb`mijiclh`jjy (^mrry (^mrry 6>>35 Egudsig `gd Xtik`giwsel 6>>2). Oujtlpjm O`ses, Oujtlpjm A`hms, Oujtlpjm Xtirlms, Oujtlpjm Ldmgtltlms
Tbls p`pmr b`s `ttmoptmd ti dmoigstr`tm biw fli`rhb`mijicy h`g `ht `s oirm tb`g slopjy ` h`t`jicum ia furl`js `gd ia p`jmip`tbijicy. p`jmip`tbijicy. O`gy fli`rhb`mijiclh`j studlms, wbmg tbmy b`vm higsldmrmd ldmgtlty, ldmgtlty, b`vm prlo`rljy fmmg slgcjm-lssum studlms (Omsemjj 6>>0), usu`jjy aihuslgc ig `spmhts ia bm`jtb ir dlsm`sm. Fli`rhb`mijicy sbiujd higsldmr biw tbm semjmt`j ir ouoolalmd mvldmghm air dlsm`sm ir tr`uo`, ir pipuj`tlig `aalglty mth., o`y `htu`jjy b`vm `g lop`ht ig fitb tbm lgdlvldu`j pmrsig `gd ig bls/bmr pmmrs. Tbus fli`rhb`mijicy sbiujd lgtmr`ht wltb oirm tr`dltlig`j `spmhts ia `rhb`mijicy `gd Mcyptijicy. B`wems“ (0<=4) j`ddmr ia lgamrmghm, fmttmr dmshrlfmd fy C`ofjm (6>>3; 2<-<>) `s `g ‚iglig ia lgamrmghm‟, h`g fm mopjiymd `s `g `g`jicy. M`hb j`ymr ia ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm pmrsig ls ` o`se (ir ` furl`j wr`pplgc) tb`t oust fm rmoivmd ti jm`d ti tbm lgamrmghms ugdmrgm`tb. L b`vm `rcumd tb`t, `s `jrm`dy mspiusmd lg siom Mcyptl`g prikmhts suhb `s @o`rg` @o` rg`,, D`ebjmb D`ebj mb I`sls I`sl s ir @fydis, @fydi s, fli`rhb` fli` rhb`miji mijicy cy h`g fm oirm tb`g ls iatmg iatm g rmhicglzmd mxtmrg`jjy5 lt lgvijvms ugwr`pplgc smvmr`j j`ymrs ia lgtmrprmt`tlig. @atmr st`gd`rd lgltl`j studlms ia furl`j `rhb`mijicy `gd `rhbmitb`g`tijicy, `cm, smx, p`jmip`tbijicy mth., igm olcbt bipm ti mxpjirm mv`ju`tligs ia molh ugdmrst`gdlgcs ia sihl`j pmrsigbiid, bm`jtb, dlsm`sm `gd dls/`fljlty mth. Tbls lgvijvms rmhicglslgc tbm oujtlpjm `spmhts ia ldmgtlty tb`t `rm fiugd ticmtbmr lg higstruhtligs ia smja `gd itbmr. @ sult`fjm omhb`glso fy wblhb ti prihmmd olcbt fm ti dmvmjip oujtlpjm istmiflicr`pblms, `gd usm tbmsm lg `ssihl`tlig wltb oirm tr`dltlig`j pipuj`tligir s`opjm-f`smd `ppri`hbms. Air m`hb pmrsig tbmrm ls `g lgdlvldu`j flicr`pby, flicr`pby, `gd bmghm ` p`r`jjmj istmiflicr`pby. M`hb ia tbmsm wljj rmajmht, ti dlaamrlgc mxtmgts, `spmhts ia tbm lgdlvldu`j“s lgdlvldu`j“s ldmgtltlms. M`hb pmrsig tbus b`s oujtlpjm stirlms fmblgd `g mxtmrg`j o`se `gd loprlgtmd upig tbm fidy, fidy, wblhb rmajmht tbmsm oujtlpjm `gd lgtmrjlgelgc a`hmts ti tbm pmrsig`j `gd sihl`j ldmgtlty ia tbm lgdlvldu`j. Fmst pr`htlhm, L wiujd `rcum, ls tbus ti sygtbmslzm istmiflicr`pby wltb pipuj`tligir s`opjm-f`smd `ppri`hbms. Tbls lgvijvms t`elgc fmst pr`htlhm ario studlms ia tbm lgdlvldu`j (m.c. smm p`pmrs lg Xtiddmr `gd ^`jeivlhb ^`jeivlhb 6>06) ti dmvmjip `gd hiop`rm dlaamrmghms fmtwmmg lgdlvldu`js. Sbmmjmr mt `j. (6>08), lg tbmlr study ia pitmgtl`j
011
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hbljd `fusm `t D`ebjmb, b`vm dmoigstr`tmd tbm lopirt`ghm ia dmt`ljmd study ia tbm lgdlvldu`j, `gd b`vm pj`hmd furl`j =0< lgti fitb ` wldmr Mcyptl`g `gd ` wldmr Vio`g higtmxt. Viff (6>>6) privldms igm ia tbm alrst mxhmjjmgt dmoigstr`tligs ia tbm pitmgtl`j air istmiflicr`pby `s `g `ld ti ugdmrst`gdlgc tbm lgdlvldu`j, tlom `gd tbm p`st, `gd Fiutlg (6>00) dmoigstr`tms lts pitmgtl`j `s ` om`gs ti ugdmrst`gd pmrsigbiid. Lg Mcyptl`g higtmxts, biwmvmr, wm b`vm tbm `ddltlig`j fmgmalt ia tbm mxhmjjmgt `rtlstlh rmprmsmgt`tlig`j rmhird, tbm pitmgtl`j ti ugdmrt`em `rhbmitb`g`tijicy (Dud`y 6>><), `gd si L wiujd `rcum tb`t wm sbiujd `ttmopt ti sygtbmslzm tbls, wbmrm pisslfjm, wltb iur oujtlpjm istmiflicr`pblms ti dmvmjip molh ugdmrst`gdlgcs. Xihl`j highmptligs `gd ugdmrst`gdlgcs h`g fm rmhicglsmd wltblg Mcyptl`g `rt (Viflgs 0<<45 Vlccs 6>0>5 Vlccs `gd F`lgms 6>06). Lt ls tbmsm oujtlpjlhltlms ia dlaamrmgtl`tlig tb`t pmrolt tbm dlvmrslty wltblg istmiflicr`pby ti fm higtmxtu`jlzmd. Tbus Mcyptl`g fli`rhb`mijicy b`s tbm pitmgtl`j ti lgtmcr`tm `gd hrltlqum tbm dlaamrlgc `spmhts ia ldmgtlty tbriucb istmiflicr`pblms ia fitb spmhlalh lgdlvldu`js `gd j`rcmr s`opjms suhb `s hmomtmrlms. Mcyptl`g fli`rhb`mijicy h`g tbmrmairm study `gd privldm o`gy a`hms, dmjlvmr `gd ljjuolg`tm o`gy stirlms `gd tbmrmfy ughivmr oujtlpjm ldmgtltlms.
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013
Dics `t Mj-Dmlr Ar`gãilsm Ar`gãilsm Dug`gd, Vicmr Jlhbtmgfmrc & Hìhljm H`jjiu
Xlghm 0<<2, tbm tm`o ario Xtr`sfurc ]glvmrslty (]OV 3>44 ia HGVX), wltb tbm hijj`fir`tlig ia ` omofmr ia tbm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry, ^`rls (]OV 36><), b`s fmmg wirelgc ig tbm hmomtmrlms `t mj-Dmlr (Dmlr Oiuglr`), lg Eb`rc` I`sls, Mcypt“s Smstmrg dmsmrt. Tbm sltm ls sltu`tmd 8> eo girtbm`st ia tbm oidmrg tiwg ia Eb`rc` `gd w`s `g lopirt`gt stip ig tbm Girtb-Xiutb h`r`v`g ri`d, wblhb jmd ario tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy ti Xud`g `gd ` gd D`raur (tbm (t bm ‚Airty D`ys Vi`d‟), `gd `g d M`st-Smst, M`st-Smst, ario tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy ti tbm i`sms i`s ms ia tbm Jlfy`g Dmsmrt Dmsm rt (Alc. 0). @t mj-Dmlr tr`vmjjmrs tr`v mjjmrs hiolgc ario tbm wmst ir tbm siutb wiujd algd tbm j`st wmjj fmairm hjloflgc tbm bucm pj`tm`u wblhb smp`r`tms tbm i`sms ario tbm Gljm Q`jjmy (Dug`gd mt `j. 6>0>; 08-80). Tbls sltm b`d fmmg lcgirmd fy `rhb`mijiclsts ig tbm wbijm, fut, jlem o`gy itbmrs mvmrywbmrm lg Mcypt, lt b`d fmmg bm`vljy jiitmd ario `gtlqulty ugtlj giw5 tbus, tbm tm`o st`rtmd wb`t hiujd fm h`jjmd ` rmshum mxh`v`tlig. Tbm tm`o mxpjirmd alvm hmomtmrlms (Alc. 6). Sm wmrm `fjm ti d`tm siom ia tbmsm f`he ti tbm ^mrsl`g pmrlid (=tb h. FH), `gd pmrb`ps m`rjlmr (Dug`gd mt `j. 6>06; 6<8-6<1), fut tbm oist lopirt`gt pmrlid air tbls sltm w`s pisslfjy tbm ^tijmo`lh `gd m`rjy Vio`g mr`s. Tbm j`tmst ihhup`tlig ls tmstlalmd fy ` so`jj Hbrlstl`g hmomtmry, wblhb w`s d`tmd ti tbm mgd ia tbm 4tb `gd =tb h. @D, f`smd ig tbm hmr`olhs. Sm `rm git hmrt`lg `t wb`t pmrlid tbm sltm w`s dmsmrtmd5 siom pmipjm ario tbm gmxt vljj`cm, Oiuglr`, wmrm hujtlv`tlgc so`jj almjds ig tbls `rm` ugtljj tbm 0<=>s. Tid`y, tbm j`gd b`s rmturgmd ti dmsmrt, wltb ` fmjt ia flc s`gd dugms oivlgc r`tbmr qulhejy siutbw`rd. Sm h`g `aalr `a alro o tb`t tb` t tbm sltm slt m w`s lgb`fltm lgb` fltmdd higst` hi gst`gtj gtjyy air glgm glg m hmgtur hm gturlms lms `t jm`st j m`st,, st`rtlgc ario `fiut 4=> FH. Sm Sm tblge tb`t tbm lgb`flt`gts wmrm oistjy pm`s`gts `gd hr`atsomg f`smd ig tbm algds ario tbm hmomtmry `gd tbm wbijm `rm`; v`st `oiugts ia hmr`olhs `gd f`semtry. S`tmr w`s pjmgtlauj lg tbls `rm`5 lt h`om ario wmjjs tb`t suppjlmd higdults tb`t amd tbm almjds, `gd lt smmos tbmrm wmrm piijs `gd o`rsbms tii ti i (T`jjmt (T`jjmt mt `j. 6>00; 038-022). Ia hiursm tbmrm wmrm `jsi wm`jtby pmipjm jlvlgc `t mj-Dmlr; hlvlj smrv`gts ir prlmsts, wbi wmrm mgdiwmd wltb ‚rlhb‟ augmr`ry ciids. Tbm lgb`flt`gts ia mj-Dmlr aijjiwmd tbm Mcyptl`g tr`dltlig`j p`c`g rmjlclig ugtljj tbm 4tb h. @D, `atmr wblhb siom ia tbmo wmrm higvmrtmd ti Hbrlstl`glty. Sbmg mxpjirlg mxpj irlgcc tbm Girtb Hmomtmr Hmom tmryy lg Amfru`ry Amfru` ry 6>>0, 6>>0 , air tbm alrst alr st tlom tbm tm`o dlshivmrmd ` v`st guofmr ia h`glgm rmo`lgs. Lgsldm twi augmr`ry riios ia tiof G02, wm alrst dlshivmrmd aiur so`jj ouoolalmd dics tb`t wmrm a`lrjy wmjj wr`ppmd, succmstlgc tb`t tbmsm olcbt fm pmts furlmd wltb tbmlr o`stmrs. Fut lgsldm
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01<
Alc. 0. O`p sbiwlgc tbm jih`tlig ia Eb`rc` I`sls (o`p; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
tiof G66, wm aiugd semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia `fiut 4> ir oirm dics. Xiom tm`o omofmrs succmstmd, b`ja-smrliusjy, tb`t tbmsm wmrm ` p`he ia biugds. Biwmvmr, lt ls ugjlemjy tb`t Mcyptl`gs pm`s`gts, ir itbmrs `t tb`t tlom, pr`htlsmd tbls elgd ia bugtlgc. Tbm aijjiwlgc sm`sig, K`gu`ry 6>>6, wbljm mxpjirlgc tbm M`st Hmomtmry, `gitbmr, oirm guomrius dmpislt ia dics w`s dlshivmrmd, `fiut 6=>, siom ia tbmo wmjj ouoolalmd `gd wmjj-prmsmrvmd, wmjj-prmsmrvmd, fut tbm o`kirlty fmlgc semjmtigs.
03>
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Alc. 6. Tipicr`pby ia tbm sltm ia mj-Dmlr (o`p; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
Alg`jjy, lg Givmofmr 6>>4, lt w`s dmhldmd ti mxpjirm ` so`jj bljj vmry gm`r tbm M`st Hmomtmry5 wm b`d h`jjmd lt ‚Dics“ bljj‟ ( ^ltig `ux hblmgs ), ), fmh`usm o`gy figms ia dics hiujd fm smmg ig tbm sura`hm, olxmd wltb s`gd `gd stigms (Alc. 8). Lgsldm ` vmry h`rmaujjy hut, j`rcm tiof (augmr`ry hb`ofmr; 6.=> o Ó 6.1> o, plt; >.3= o Ó 0.1> o) `fiut 6>> dics wmrm dlshivmrmd. @fiut 2> wmrm fm`utlaujjy wr`ppmd ouoolms wltb hijiurmd tmxtljms `gd p`lgtmd a`hms. Tbmy b`d fmmg qultm olr`hujiusjy prmsmrvmd ugdmr ` bucm fjihe ia s`gdstigm tb`t amjj ario tbm suoolt ia tbm bljj lgti tbm tiof.
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030
Alc. 8. Tipicr`pby ia tbm sltm ia mj-Dmlr wltb tbm tiofs ia tbm dics o`remd (o`p; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
@jj tbm wmjj-prms wmjj -prmsmrv mrvmd md ouoolms ouoo lms wmrm R-r`ymd, R-r` ymd, wltb siom ugmxpmh ugm xpmhtmd tmd rmsujts rmsu jts (Alcs. 4, =). Tbm R-r`y mqulpomgt usmd w`s ` pirt`fjm O`sslit-^bljlps (ario tbm 0<=>s), privldlgc 6> o@ `gd <> eQ. Xiom ouoolms wmrm rm`jjy ia o`turm dics5 itbmrs wmrm ia pupplms, siomtloms higt`lglgc tbrmm vmry so`jj dics lg igm fugdjm, wbljm stljj itbmrs dld git higt`lg dics `t `jj ‘ r`tbmr tbmsm p`he`cms bmjd ` flc figm ir ` so`jj p`rhmj ia m`rtb. Tbus, wm b`d dlshivmrmd ` pipuj`tlig ia `fiut =>> oirm ir jmss ouoolalmd dics. ]gjlem tbm `glo`j hmomtmrlms `t X`qq`r` ir Tug` mj Cmfmj (Emssjmr 0<2<5 Ler`o 6>>=5 Ler`o mt `j. 6>08), lt ls git mx`htjy ` hmomtmry mxhjuslvmjy air dics; tbm tbrmm tiofs wbmrm tbmy b`d fmmg dmpisltmd wmrm tiofs air buo`gs. @jj tbmsm tiofs `t mj-Dmlr `rm irlclg`jjy a`oljy tiofs, wblhb lg siom h`sms b`d fmmg rmusmd air gmwhiomrs, wbmg tbm irlclg`j iwgmrs b`d dls`ppm`rmd (tbm a`oljlms pisslfjy dlmd iut). ^rmsuo`fjy tbm s`om prihmss tiie pj`hm highmrglgc dics. Tbmsm tiofs b`d git fmmg moptlmd ia buo`gs fmairm tbm dics wmrm furlmd wltblg; lgsldm tiof G66 tbmrm wmrm ouoolalmd ir semjmt`j rmo`lgs ia 0> pmrsigs, `oigc tbmo ` hbljd5 lgsldm tiof M< tbmrm wmrm rmo`lgs ia aiur `dujts `gd aiur hbljdrmg5 lgsldm tiof ^= tbmrm wmrm `fiut 0> seujjs `gd o`gy semjmt`j rmo`lgs. Sm Sm h`g pislt p islt ` c`p ia i a twi ir i r tbrmm hmgturlm hmgt urlmss fmtwmmg fmtw mmg tbm tb m buo`g buo` g furl`j fur l`js, s, wblhb wbl hb `rm prif`fjy ^tijmo`lh (tbmrm `rm typlh`jjy ^tijmo`lh jlomstigm s` rhipb`cl lgsldm tbm tiofs), `gd tbm `glo`j furl`js, wblhb, tbriucb tbm tmhbglqum `gd styjm ia tbm wr`pplgcs `rm d`tmd ti tbm Vio`g mr`. ]gairtug`tmjy, ]gairtug`tmjy, tbus a`r lt ls lopisslfjm ti dmtmrolgm tbm jmgctb ia tlom tb`t tbm tiofs wmrm usmd air tbm dmpisltlig ia dic ouoolms. Dlshivmry ia `glo`j ouoolms lgsldm buo`g tiofs ls git mxhmptlig`j; `t X`j`eb`g`, gm`r @sslut, lg 0<66, o`gy ouoolalmd rmo`lgs ia dics wmrm dlshivmrmd dlshivmrmd lgsldm tbm tiof ia ` Olddjm Elgcdio prlghm ia tbm Jyhipijlt`g Jyhipijlt`g giom (wltb ` jit ia stmjms dmdlh`tmd ti Smpw`wmt, ` h`glgm dmlty)5 lt smmos tb`t tbm ouoolms b`vm dls`ppm`rmd, si tbmrm ls gi ldm` `s ti tbmlr guofmr (DuPumsgm 6>>3). Git`fjy, air tbm blstiry ia h`glgm ouoolms lg Eb`rc` I`sls, X`jlo` Ler`o dlshivmrmd `gitbmr criup `t mj-D`f`sbly`, 6> eo wmst ia mj-Dmlr. Tbm j`rcm
036
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Alc. 4. @g `rr`y ia wmjj wr`ppmd dics (pbiti; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
Alc. =. Dic ^=.>.0= wr`ppmd `gd R-r`ymd. Lt ls ` kuvmgljm (pbiti; V. Jlhbtmgfmrc).
guofmr ia dics, o`gy ia tbmo h`rmaujjy prmp`rmd `gd wr`ppmd, oust fm rmj`tmd ti rmjlclius pr`htlhms. Lt ls wmjj-egiwg tb`t ` jit ia `glo`j ouoolms wmrm sijd ti pmipjm wbi iaamrmd tbmo `s mx viti ti tbm dmltlms wltb wbio tbmsm `glo`js wmrm jlgemd (Hb`rrig 6>>=). Tbus a`r gi tmopjm `t mj-Dmlr w`s hjm`rjy dmdlh`tmd ti ` h`glgm dmlty. ^isslfjy, f`smd ig tbm guofmr ia h`glgm ouoolms, igm h`g prmsuom tb`t tbmrm w`s siomwbmrm fmtwmmg mj-D`f`sbly` `gd mj-Dmlr ` tmopjm dmdlh`tmd ti @gufls @gu fls,, ir pisslfj piss lfjyy Smpw`wmt, Smpw`wm t, tbm o`lg o`l g cid ia Jyhipijls, Jyhipij ls, wblhb wblh b w`s higgmht hig gmhtmd md ti tbm girtb ia Eb`rc` fy ` wmjj-egiwg, ouhb aijjiwmd tr`he.
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038
@s jiitmrs jiit mrs dlsturf dls turfmd md oist ia tbm ouoolms, ouoo lms, lt ls lopissl lopi sslfjm fjm ti dmtmrol dmtm rolgm gm wbmtbmr tbm `glo`js wmrm dmpisltmd `t r`gdio, ir lg `g irc`glzmd o`ggmr. Lt w`s bipmd tb`t siom dlaamrmghms hiujd fm mst`fjlsbmd f`smd ig tbm `cm ir styjm ia f`gd`clgc. Biwmvmr, f`smd ig tbm mxt`gt mvldmghm, tbls dims git smmo ti fm tbm h`sm. @atmr @atm r tbmlr dlshivmr dlsh ivmryy, tbm `glo`j `gl o`j rmo`lgs rmo` lgs wmrm prmsmrvm prmsm rvmdd lg oirm tb`g airty air ty j`rcm f`cs, wblhb higt`lgmd ar`comgts ia dic ouoolms, oirm ir jmss dls`rtlhuj`tmd, olxmd wltb ugwr`ppmd dic ouoolms, ticmtbmr wltb ` bucm qu`gtlty ia jiism figms. Tbmsm Tbmsm figms, vmry wmjj-prmsmrvmd, `jsi fmjigcmd ti ouoolalmd `glo`js, `s ls succmstmd fy tbm prmsmghm ia so`jj plmhms ia tmxtljm ir tr`hms ia rmslg ig oist ia tbmo. Tbm ci`j ia tbls study w`s ti algd dlaamrmgt w`ys ia mx`olglgc tbm algds si `s ti stlouj`tm dlshusslig, `gd ti pripism `rm`s air pitmgtl`j rmsm`rhb. Tbm dmpislts ia mx-viti r`lsm o`gy qumstligs, p`rtlhuj`rjy ig tbm mst`fjlsbomgt ia hmomtmrlms lg higgmhtlig wltb ` spmhlalh hujt, fut `jsi ig oirm tmhbglh`j `gd pr`htlh`j `spmhts, suhb `s tbm trm`tomgt ia ouoolms, ir tbm hbilhm ia `glo`js iaamrmd ti tbm cid. @t mj-Dmlr, mj-Dmlr, qumstligs ia dic frmmds (X`juel, O`stlaa, p`rl`b dics), tbm `cm ia dics `t dm`tb, tbm prmsmghm ia `glo`js wblhb b`d fmmg frmd spmhlalh`jjy ti fm s`hrlalhmd, ir wblhb dlmd ` g`tur`j dm`tb `gd wmrm tbmg friucbt fy tbmlr iwgmrs ti tbm sltm air furl`j, `gd itbmr qumstligs ia `glo`j siurhms h`g fm higsldmrmd. Tbm study ia tbmsm guomrius rmo`lgs w`s h`rrlmd iut lg dlaamrmgt st`cms. Alrst w`s ` study ia tbm lsij`tmd figms lg tbm tmopir`ry zii`rhb`mijiclh`j j`fir`tiry smt up ig tbm sltm, tbm rmsujts ia wblhb wmrm `g`jyzmd j`tmr lg ` Armghb j`fir`tiry. Tbm slcglalh`gt ar`comgts ia tbm ouoolms, mspmhl`jjy bm`ds `gd gmhes, wmrm R-r`ymd lg tbm ig-sltm j`fir`tiry wblhb b`s fmmg smt up siom ym`rs `ci air R-r`ylgc buo`g ouoolms. Tbm ci`j w`s ti ift`lg `s ouhb lgairo`tlig `s pisslfjm ario tbm hiopjmtm dic ouoolms, wltb ` p`rtlhuj`r aihus ig ugdmrst`gdlgc biw tbmsm `glo`js dlmd, suhb `s seujj ar`hturms, str`gcuj`tlig wltb dlsjih`tlig ia hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m (`s b`s fmmg ifsmrvmd ig h`ts ouoolms, @rolt`cm `gd Hjuttig-Frihe 0<20; 0235 [lvlm `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>>5 [lvlm `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>=), ir gitblgc ti rmpirt. Tbm tm`o hj`sslalmd tbm v`rlius `g`tiolh`j p`rts, o`dm om`surmomgts `gd h`rrlmd iut pbiti-dihuomgt`tlig. Lt `jsi rmhirdmd p`tbijiclms, mplcmgmtlh hb`r`htmrlstlhs, dlshrmtm hb`r`htmrlstlhs, `gd siom ugusu`j tblgcs (air mx`opjm, tbm o`gdlfjm ia `g `dujt dic wblhb stljj b`d lts dmhlduius tmmtb). Tbm tm`o `jsi gitmd tbm amw ar`hturms `gd siom istmi`rtbrltls o`res ig tbm figms. @ oirm hioprmbmgslvm rmvlmw, hiop`rlgc dics ario mj-Dmlr wltb dics aiugd lg D`f`sbly`, sbiujd higalro tbm bypitbmsls ia ` jih`j pipuj`tlig. Tbus a`r, tbm mstlo`tmd olglouo guofmr ia dics, f`smd igjy ig semjmt`j rmo`lgs, ls 48>. Lg `ddltlig ti tbmsm `rm tbm 26 fm`utlaujjy wr`ppmd ouoolms, `gd `jsi ar`comgts ia R-r`ymd ouoolms tb`t `rm git hiugtmd `s ymt. Tbus, Tbus, wm h`g higalro tbm alrst mstlo`tm ia oirm tb`g =>> dics fmlgc furlmd `t tbls sltm. Tbls ls hjm`rjy ` hmomtmry air diomstlh dics, H`gls a`oljl`rls . Biwmvmr, siom aix figms wmrm ldmgtlalmd, fmjigclgc ti tbrmm lgdlvldu`js ia tbm spmhlms Qujpms rumppmjjl . Ia hiursm, tbm qumstlig ia lgtruslvm rmo`lgs `rism. Biwmvmr, lt sbiujd
034
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fm gitmd tb`t igm ia tbm tbrmm lgdlvldu`js firm rmslg rmsldum ig tbm figms, ` hjm`r lgdlh`tlig ia ouoolalh`tlig. Pultm prif`fjy tbm itbmr twi wmrm `jsi ouoolalmd dmjlfmr`tmjy. Xuhb ` olxturm ia spmhlms ls git ugbm`rd ia (Ler`o mt `j. 6>08). Tbus, igm wljd `glo`j, `t jm`st, w`s pj`hmd lgsldm ` hmomtmry dmvitmd mxhjuslvmjy ti diomstlh `glo`js. @jj `cm criups criu ps `rm prmsmgt prms mgt lg tbm tiofs, tiof s, wltb ` j`rcm j`r cm pripirtl prip irtlig ig ia pupplms pupp lms ario igm ti twi oigtbs (6=%), ia yiugc `dujts `cmd 1 ti 0= oigtbs (81%) `gd dics ivmr aiur ym`rs (01.=%) f`smd ig st`cms ia tiitb mruptlig (Xljvmr 0<1<), `gd st`cms ia tiitb wm`r (Bir`rd-Bmrflg 6>>>). @hhirdlgc ti tbmsm rmsujts, lt ls lopisslfjm ti s`y tb`t `gy `cm criup w`s prmamrmgtl`jjy smjmhtmd. @jj `rm prmsmgt, ario tbm vmry yiugc puppy ti tbm vmry ijd dic ‘ ` sltu`tlig aiugd lg itbmr h`glgm hmomtmrlms tii (Ler`o mt `j. 6>08). Jigc figms wmrm usmd ti mstlo`tm tbm oirpbijicy ia tbm dics. Tbm lgdmx h`jhuj`tligs upig 040 buomrl sbiw tb`t tbm dics tmgd ti fm omdluo slzmd, fmtwmmg airty `gd slxty hmgtlomtmrs `t tbm wltbmrs (4>-=> ho; 1>%, =>-1> ho; 4>%) (Eiudmje` 022=, lg vig dmg Drlmshb `gd Fimssgmhe 0<345 ]drmshu 0<<>). Tbmrm ls ` hmrt`lg bioicmgmlty ia dics `t mj-Dmlr, gmltbmr so`jj, gir j`rcm, wltb jlofs omdluo (28%) `gd rifust (01.8%), r`tbmr tb`g sjmgdmr. ]gairtug`tmjy, tbm hioflg`tlig ia slzm om`surmomgts `gd dl`pbysls pripirtlig dld git `jjiw air dlstlgculsblgc fmtwmmg o`jms `gd amo`jms. Igm rm`sig ls prif`fjy tbm prmsmghm ia smvmr`j frmmds ir dlaamrmgt oirpbitypms/pbmgitypms. oirpbitypms/pbmgitypms. ^rlghlp`j hiopigmgt `g`jysls ig tbm ‚jic sb`pm r`tlis‟ wmrm pmrairomd, wltb twmgty-tbrmm om`surmomgts (dlaamrmgt jmgctb, wldtb `gd bmlcbt) `gd bugdrmd alaty-alvm seujjs (Alc. 1). Tbm pilgt ia tbls omtbid ls ti study tbm sb`pm ia tbm seujj, `p`rt ario tbm lsiomtrlh slzm. @gitbmr aihus ls ti ifkmhtlvmjy `g`jyzm `jj tbm seujjs ticmtbmr, dmspltm tbmlr slcglalh`gt v`rl`fljlty. @ blmr`rhb blmr `rhblh lh hjustmr hju stmr `g`jysl `g` jyslss pmrairom pmra iromdd ig tbm ^rlghlp`j ^rlgh lp`j Hiopigmg Hiop igmgtt @g`jysl @g` jyslss (^H@) clvms alvm criups (@ ti M). Lg frlma, seujjs ia typms @ `gd F `rm hb`r`htmrlzmd fy ` jmgctbmglgc ia tbm seujj, mspmhl`jjy tbm ouzzjm, wltb g`rriwgmss, o`lgjy lg tbm arigt`j figms. Lg `ddltlig, tbm seujj ls jiw. Tbm dics ia typm M, biwmvmr, b`vm ` sbirtmr seujj, p`rtlhuj`rjy `t tbm ouzzjm5 `t tbm s`om tlom tbm seujj ls blcbmr `gd wldmr. Typms H `gd D `rm lgtmromdl`tm ia tbmsm twi oirpbitypms. Typms @ `gd F hirrmspigd hjm`rjy ti am`turms wblhb `rm ifsmrvmd ig oidmrg X`juels. Tbm smhigd `xls h`g fmttmr dlstlgculsb tbmsm twi typms. Tbm hirrmspigdmghm ia tbmsm typms wltb twi ‚frmmds‟, wblhb h`g fm ifsmrvmd ig p`lgtlgcs ir f`s-rmjlmas; tbm t`lj up (X`juel) `gd tbm jigc t`lj diwg (Crmybiugd), h`ggit ymt fm sbiwg, fut lt ls ` aihus air auturm rmsm`rhb, `s wiujd fm, ia hiursm, tbm dlstlghtlig fmtwmmg o`jm `gd amo`jm dics. Typm M hirrmspigds ti tbm oidmrg O`stlaa, wbljm H `gd D hirrmspigd ti tbm hiooig dic wblhb ls hurrmgtjy aiugd lg Mcypt `gd lg Xud`g, wltb igm fmlgc sjlcbtjy j`rcmr tb`g tbm itbmr. Tbm qumstlig wby tbmrm `rm twi criups h`g `s ymt git fm `gswmrmd. Ifvliusjy, Ifvliusjy, tbm h`usms ia dm`tb ia tbmsm `glo`js wmrm studlmd. Igjy igm seujj ia `g `dujt `glo`j sbiwmd slcgs ia tr`uo`. @jj tbm itbmrs `rm lgt`ht ir wmrm friemg durlgc jiitlgc. Gi semjmt`j mvldmghm ia hut o`res mxlsts. Biwmvmr, lt ls m`sy ti eljj
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03=
Alc. 1. Dlstrlfutlig ia tbm dlmrmgt seujj slzms `gd oirpbijiclms air tbm dics `t mj-Dmlr (lo`cm; H. H`jjiu).
` puppy fy driwglgc ir twlstlgc lts gmhe. Tbm rmsm`rhb pricr`o ig tbls tiplh ls igcilgc ario tbm `g`jysls ia tbm R-r`ymd ouoolms. Durlgc tbm hiursm ia rmsm`rhb `gitbmr bypitbmsls `fiut tbm dm`tb ia tbm `glo`js mvijvmd. @ ouooy ia ` yiugc dic (aiur ti alvm oigtbs ijd) ario tiof ^= sbiws ifvlius slcgs ia ` strigc mxtmrg`j p`r`sltlso. Tbm `g`jysls, o`dm lg hijj`fir`tlig wltb Km`g-Fmrg`rd Buhbmt (`rhb`mimgtioijiclst, ]OV 36><, Ousìuo g`tlig`j d“Blstilrm G`turmjjm dm ^`rls), rmvm`js tbm ihhurrmghm ia jiusm ajy rmo`lgs (Blppifish` jigclpmggls ), ), guomrius pup`rl` ia s`rhi-s`pripb`cius ajlms (Dlptmr`; X`rhipb`cld`m `gd H`jjlpbirld`m), fitb ia wblhb `rm pitmgtl`j `cmgts ia tr`uo`tlh oyl`sls (dlsm`sm dum ti tbm j`rv`m ia v`rlius lgsmhts), `s wmjj `s o`gy tlhes stljj strigcjy `tt`hbmd ti p`rts ia tbm hi`t, wltb ` blcb highmgtr`tlig lg tbm rlcbt m`r. @jj ia tbmsm spmhlms `rm egiwg `s pitmgtl`j vmhtirs ia dlaamrmgt p`tbicmgs tb`t olcbt fm rmspigslfjm ia tbm prmo`turm dm`tb ia tbls dic (Buhbmt mt `j . 6>08), `gd pmrb`ps ia itbmr lgdlvldu`js. Tbm rmsm`rhb wljj fm higtlgumd `s lt wljj sbmd jlcbt ig tbm bm`jtb ia tbm dics aiugd `t mj-Dmlr.
031
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Amjlgm Dmshmgd`gt ia tbm Vmd ir tbm Fj`he J`gd; @ Oujtldlshlpjlg`ry Lgvmstlc`tlig ia i a `g ]gusu`jjy J`rcm @g @ g h l m g t M c y p t l ` g H ` t Ouo Ou o o y H`rijlg Kib`gssig, Cmirmy Omtz & O`rc` O`r c`rmt rmt`` ]bjbir ]bj birgg
Lgtriduhtlig
Tbm prmsmgt d`y wirjdwldm diomstlh h`t pipuj`tlig ls ` dmshmgd`gt ia tbm @arlh`g wljdh`t (Amjls sljvmstrls jlfyh` ), ), wbism r`gcm lghjudms p`rts ia @arlh` `gd tbm Olddjm M`st (Xugqulst `gd Xugqulst 6>>65 Drlshijj mt `j. 6>>3). Lg Mcypt, tbls h`t lgb`flts tbm o`rclgs o`rclg s ia tbm Gljm Dmjt` `gd tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy `gd dwmjjs dwmj js p`thbljy p`thblj y lg tbm Smstmrg Smstmrg `gd M`stmrg dmsmrts (Bi`tb 6>>8). Lt w`s jigc `ssuomd tb`t `ghlmgt Mcypt w`s tbm irlclg ia h`t diomstlh`tlig, o`lgjy f`smd ig tbm `fugd`ghm ia lhigicr`pblh, `rhb`mijiclh`j `gd wrlttmg siurhms tb`t dihuomgt tbm lopirt`ghm tb`t tbm h`t b`d fitb lg tbm pria`gm `gd s`hrmd spbmrms lg `ghlmgt Mcypt (m.c. F`jdwlg 0<3=). Biwmvmr Biwmvmr,, j`tmr studlms, f`smd ig gig-Mcyptl`g `rhb`mijiclh`j algds `gd pbyjicmgy ia higtmopir`ry h`t pipuj`tligs, b`vm `rcumd tb`t tbm diomstlh`tlig tiie pj`hm iutsldm Mcypt, prlir ti tbm ^b`r`iglh pmrlid (Qlcgm mt `j. 6>>45 Drlshijj mt `j. 6>>35 Qlcgm mt `j. 6>06). Xtljj, tbls ls qumstlig`fjm `s ^rmdyg`stlh algds `t Blmr`eigpijls lg ]ppmr Mcypt lgdlh`tm `ttmopts ia t`olgc (Jlgsmmjm mt `j. 6>>35 6>>2) ir mvmg diomstlh`tlig-jlem `d`pt`tligs (Arlmdo`g mt `j. 6>00) ia h`ts. Lgdmmd, ` rmhmgt study uslgc oijmhuj`r omtbids suppirts ` shmg`rli lg wblhb diomstlh`tlig ia h`ts tiie pj`hm fitb lgsldm `gd iutsldm ia `ghlmgt Mcypt ( Kib`gssig 6>06). Tbm Tbm lssum ls tbus stljj ipmg air dmf`tm. 0 Tbm h`t w`s igm ia tbm o`gy `glo`js tb`t wmrm rmcuj`rjy ouoolalmd ario tbm J`tm tbriucb tbm Vio`g ^mrlid (O`jme 6>>1). @p`rt ario tbm o`kirlty ia tbm prmsmrvmd `gd dihuomgtmd h`t ouoolms wblhb a`lrjy rmsmofjms tid`y“s oidmrg diomstlh h`t, ` amw `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs b`vm fmmg succmstmd ti fmjigc ti itbmr wljdh`t spmhlms suhb `s tbm Kugcjm ir Xw`op h`t ( Amjls hb`us ) (Oirrlsig0
ls p`pmr ls, biwmvmr, biwmvmr, git lgtmgdmd `s ` dlshusslig ia tbm pisslfjm irlclgs ia tbm diomstlh h`t pipuj`tlig ia tid`y `s tb`t ls git ia rmjmv`ghm lg tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`sm.
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033
Xhitt 0<=65 Ler`o, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig), ` sjlcbtjy j`rcmr `gd oirm rifust h`t jlvlgc lg jmss dry b`flt`ts ia o`lgjy @sl`, fut wltb ` sp`rsm dlstrlfutlig lg tbm Gljm Dmjt` `gd Gljm Q`jjmy mxhjuslvm ti @arlh` (Xugqulst `gd Xugqulst 6>>6). Tbm h`t ouooy (Alc. 0) tb`t ls tbm sufkmht ia tbls study fmjigcs ti ` prlv`tm `gtlqulty hijjmhtlig lg Xwmdmg `gd ls ia ugegiwg privmg`ghm privmg`ghm fut w`s rmputmdjy 6 mxh`v`tmd fy Ajlgdmrs ^mtrlm. 8 Tbm ouooy p`he`cm ls mxhmptlig`jjy j`rcm `gd om`surms =2 ho lg jmgctb `gd tbm ouooy wr`pplgc `gd dmhir`tligs rmajmht blcbqu`jlty o`gua`hturm. Tbm jlgmg f`gd`cms `rm hriss-wr`ppmd lg ` rbioflh p`ttmrg wbmrm tbm hirm ia m`hb jizmgcm w`s irlclg`jjy aljjmd fy ` a`frlh dymd lg rmd, ia wblhb igjy tr`hms rmo`lg. Lt ls styjlstlh`jjy d`tmd ti tbm j`tm ^tijmo`lh ir m`rjy Vio`g ^mrlid `s tbm p`ttmrgmd wr`pplgc ls hb`r`htmrlstlh ia tb`t tlom pmrlid (Ler`o, pmrsig`j hioouglh`tlig). otDG@ `g`jysls
Tbm lssums ia piir prmsmrv`tlig ia guhjmlh `hld oijmhujms lg uga`viur`fjm higdltligs `gd tbm blcb rlse ia higt`olg`tlig b`vm jigc empt `jlvm ` shbij`rjy dmf`tm ig tbm pisslfljlty ia rmtrlmvlgc `g`jys`fjm `ghlmgt DG@ (`DG@) ario `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g fli`rhb`mijiclh`j rmo`lgs.4 Biwmvmr, tbm prmvliusjy strigc ippisltlig b`s wm`emgmd j`tmjy (Cljfmrt 6>00), `gd `g`jysms ia `glo`j oltihbigdrl`j DG@ (otDG@) str`gds ia up ti 6>> f`sm p`lrs (fp) b`vm fmmg pufjlsbmd rmhmgtjy (Bmee`j` mt `j. 6>005 Eurusblo` mt `j. 6>06). @g `ttmopt `ttm opt ti mxtr`ht mxtr `ht `gd `g`jysm `g` jysm otDG@ otDG @ ario a rio tbm h`t ouooy ouoo y ia i a tbls t bls study stu dy w`s pmrairomd. Tbm purpism ia tbm mxpmrlomgt w`s ti put cmgmtlh lgairo`tlig ia tb`t h`t lgdlvldu`j lgti tbm higtmxt ia ` wldmr prikmht ig tbm irlclg ia h`t diomstlh`tlig `gd tbm pisltlig ia tbm Mcyptl`g diomstlh h`t (Kib`gssig 6>06), ticmtbmr wltb rmsijvlgc tbm lssum ia spmhlms `ttrlfutlig lg tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`sm. O`tmrl`j `gd Omtbids
X`opjm ^rmp`r`tlig ^rmp`r`tlig @ jiism jii sm vmrtmfr` vmrt mfr` wblhb wblh b b`d a`jjmg a`j jmg iut ia tbm f`sm f`s m ia tbm wr`ppmd wr`p pmd ouooy ouoo y w`s `g`jyzmd. Tbm figm s`opjm (>.41 c) w`s dmhigt`olg`tmd fy 0 K/ho 6 lg `g ]Q lrr`dl`tlig XpmhtrijlgemrΩ XpmhtrijlgemrΩ ]Q hriss-jlgemr `gd tbm lggmr p`rt ia lt w`s pujvmrlsmd. Figms ario ` Muripm`g Omdlmv`j h`t `gd ` Gmijltblh Gmijltblh `urihb wmrm usmd `s mxtr`htlig `gd ^HV higtrij s`opjms `gd wmrm prmp`rmd lg tbm s`om w`y `s tb`t ia tbm h`t ouooy. Drljj flts `gd sura`hm hivmr ia tbm wirelgc `rm` wmrm hb`gcmd fmtwmmg m`hb s`opjm. B`lr sb`ats ario ` A. hb`us lgdlvldu`j lgdlvldu`j wmrm prmp`rmd `s ` rmamrmghm s`opjm `gd usmd air mxtr`htlig `s lg Kib`gssig (6>06).
6 8 4
Xtihebijos @uetligsvmre, 0<<>. ‚Ev`jltmts`uetli g 08-01 Givmofmr 0<<>‟ p. 0>8, Jit 88>. Ha. tbm dlshusslig ig tbm irlclg ia tbm h`t ouoolms lg @rolt`cm `gd Hjuttig-Frihe (0<20). Ha. m.c. O`rit` mt `j. `j. (6>>6), [lge `gd Gmrjlhb (6>>8), Cljfmrt mt `j. `j. (6>>=), [lge `gd Gmrjlhb (6>>=) `gd tbm hrltlqum lg Jirmgzmg `gd Sljjmrsjmv (6>0>).
032
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Alc. 0. Mxtmrg`j vlmw ia tbm h`t ouooy. Gitm tbm cmiomtrlh wr`pplgc p`mrg tb`t ls dlrmhtmd ti tbm uppmr hirgmr ia m`hb rbiof, dmt`ljmd ig tbm rlcbt sldm (pbiti; ]pps`j` Ouooy Xurvmy).
DG@ mxtr`htlig 0>>-6>> oc ia figm piwdmr wmrm usmd pmr mxtr`htlig, pmrairomd `hhirdlgc ti \`gc mt `j. (0<<2) wltb tbm mxhmptlig ia uslgc 0 O urm` lgstm`d ia XDX lg tbm lgltl`j lghuf`tlig stmp.
T`rcmt Xmqumghms `gd ^rlomr Dmslcg @ rmclig rmcl ig lg tbm Hytihbriom Hytih briom F (HytF) cmgm, cmg m, lg wblhb wblh b Drlshijj Drlsh ijj mt `j. (6>>3) b`d = sbiwg smvmr`j Xlgcjm Guhjmitldm Guhjmitl dm ^ijyoirpbl ^ijyoirpblsos sos (XG^s) , w`s t`rcmtmd wltb prlomr smqumghms1 tb`t wiujd rmsujt lg ` cr`dlmgt ia `opjlhig slzms (32, 0>>, 03> `gd 6=1 fp rmspmhtlvmjy). @ smqumghm lg tbm G@DB dmbydricmg`sm sufuglt = (GD=) cmgm wltb igm egiwg XG^ ia 3= fp lg jmgctb, w`s `jsi t`rcmtmd. 3 Tbm alrst tbrmm XG^s b`vm tbm piwmr ti dlshrlolg`tm fmtwmmg dlaamrmgt hj`dms ia diomstlh h`ts (A. s. jlfyh` ) `gd tbm aiurtb fmtwmmg tbm diomstlh h`t jlgm`cm `gd itbmr sufspmhlms ia A. sljvmstrls (`hhirdlgc (`hhirdlgc ti tbm d`t` prmsmgtmd fy Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3) f`smd ig ` tit`j guofmr ia <3< wljd `gd diomstlh h`ts). @jj prlomr smqumghms wmrm iptlolzmd ig higtmopir`ry h`t DG@.
= 1 3
0=><3, 0=0>8 `gd 0=0>4, `jj pisltlig guofmrs usmd lg tbls dihuomgt rmamr ti tbm rmamrmghm `j. 0<<1). oltihbigdrl`j cmgiom smqumghm wltb Cmgf`ge `hhmsslig guofmr GHY>>03>>.0 (Jipmz mt `j. 0<<1). Airw`rd; THC@@@@TH@H@HHHHHTT@, rmvmrsm; H@TCHTC@C@TCTT@C@TCCC, @T@@C@@HT @T@@C@@HT T@@TC@HH@@H T@@TC@HH@@H@TTHC, @TTHC, TCTT@TH@TT@TTHTH@H@TCC@@TTT TCTT@TH@TT@TTHTH@H@TCC@@TTT `gd HH@@@HHH@HH@T@@@TTCC. Airw`rd; Airw` rd; @HHTH@TH@@HTHH@TT@@@HC, rmvmrsm; rmvmr sm; CCCC CCCCC@T@ C@T@TT@T TT@T@@C@@@TT@C@. @@C@@@TT@C@.
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^HV Xmtup 6= ½j ^HV-rm`htligs ^HV-rm`htl igs wmrm prmp`rmd `hhirdlgc `hhirdlg c ti tbm iptlolzmd pritihij lg T`fjm T`fjm 0. @jj ia tbm prm-^HV prm-^ HV stmps stmp s (prmp`r` (prmp `r`tlig tlig,, DG@ mxtr`htl mxtr `htlig ig `gd ^HV smtup) smtu p) air tbm `ghlmgt s`opjms wmrm higduhtmd lg ` hjm`g riio a`hljlty spmhlalh`jjy dmdlh`tmd ti `DG@ wire 2 `gd pbyslh`jjy smp`r`tmd ario j`f j` f `rm`s wbmrm higtmopir`ry s`opjms wmrm b`gdjmd. Gi amjlgm o`tmrl`j b`d mvmr fmmg wiremd upig lg tbm `DG@ j`f prmvlius ti tbm prmsmgt study. X`opjm prmp`r`tlig, DG@ mxtr`htlig `gd ^HV smtup ia tbm h`t ouooy s`opjm wmrm pmrairomd `t twi ihh`sligs (smp`r`tmd lg tlom fy `pprixlo`tmjy mlcbt oigtbs), tbm Omdlmv`j h`t figm w`s prmp`rmd p`r`jjmj wltb tbm smhigd h`t ouooy mxtr`htlig, fut `atmr tb`t m`hb stmp ig tbm h`t ouooy s`opjm w`s hiopjmtmd. @jj stmps wmrm oigltirmd air higt`olg`tlig fy tbm usm ia fj`ge s`opjms.
@opjl @op jlal alh` h`tl tlig ig DG@ `opjlalh`tlig w`s pmrairomd lg ` tbmro`j hyhjmr (O`stmrhyhjmr®, (O`stmrhyhjmr®, Mppmgdira) Mppmgdira ) `hhirdlgc ti tbm pricr`o sbiwg lg T`fjm 6. @opjlalh`tlig suhhmss w`s `ssmssmd fy slzm smp`r`tlig lg `c`rism cmj mjmhtripbirmsls aijjiwmd fy MtFr st`lglgc. Tbm ^HV priduhts wmrm w`sbmd fy uslgc ` hioomrhl`j purlalh`tlig elt (OXF®Xplg ^HV`p`hm, Lgvltme) `hhirdlgc ti tbm o`gua`hturmr“s pritihij.
Xmqumghlgc ^yrismqumghlgc w`s pmrairomd lg ` ^XPTO <1O@ systmo. Dlaamrmgt hioflg`tligs ia smqumghlgc prlomrs wmrm usmd lg irdmr ti mv`ju`tm tbm wbijm smqumghms `gd/ ir tbm lgdlvldu`j XG^s. < Tbm rmsujtlgc pyricr`os wmrm o`gu`jjy hbmhemd `gd lgtmrprmtmd `gd tbm hirrmspigdlgc smqumghms higstruhtmd. Tbm rmsujtlgc XG^ v`jums `gd smqumghms wmrm hiop`rmd ti tbm d`t` mst`fjlsbmd lg Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3). Vmsujts
@opjl @op jlal alh` h`tl tlig ig Xuhhm Xuh hmss ss Xuhhmss ia ` ^HV rug w`s dmalgmd fy ` hjm`r f`gd rmprmsmgtlgc tbm s`opjm `atmr DG@ smp`r`tlig tbriucb cmj mjmhtripbirmsls `t tbm hirrmht pisltlig `s lgdlh`tmd fy usm ia ` DG@ slzm j`ddmr `gd/ir pisltlvm higtrij ticmtbmr wltb gi slcglalh`gt lgdlh`tlig ia DG@ `t tb`t pisltlig lg `gy ia tbm gmc`tlvm higtrijs (T`fjm (T`fjm 8).
2 <
m `DG@ j`f w`s mqulppmd wltb ]Q j`ops, pisltlvm `lr stiw, stiw, pritmhtlvm dlspis`fjm j`f `ttlrm `gd dlrmht sblpplgc ia rm`cmgts `gd itbmr mqulpomgt. ^isltligs 04>0>, 0=><3, 0=0>8 `gd 0=0>4.
02>
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^HV Xmtup ^ritihij
Alg`j Highmgtr`tlig (armsb s`opjm)
Alg`j Highmgtr`tlig (`ghlmgt s`opjms)
Air w`rd ^rlomr
>.6 ½O
>.6 ½O
Vmvmrsm ^rlomr
>.6 ½O
>.6 ½O
dGT^s
>.6 oO
>.6 oO
OcXI4
6.> oO
6.> oO
Xo`rt-T`q DG@ ^ijyomr`sm
0]
0]
FX@ (fivlgm smruo `jfuolg)
4>> gc/½j
6 ½c/½j
Tmopj`tm (DG@ mxtr`ht)
6 ½j
= ½j
Tbmro`j Hyhjmr ^ricr`o
Tmopmr`turm
Tlom
Xtmp 0; Lgltl`j dmg`tur`tlig
<=¾H
0= olg
Xtmp 6; Dmg`tur`tlig
<4¾H
8> s
Xtmp 8; @ggm`jlgc
=0‘=3¾ H, =8¾ H, =8¾ H, =3¾ H `gd =4¾ H
8> s
Xtmp 4; Mjigc`tlig
36¾H
8> s
Xtmp =; Alg`j mjigc`tlig
36¾H
6 olg
Xtmp 1; Xtir`cm
4¾H
∗
T`fjm 0. ^HV smtup pritihij.
T`fjm 6. Tbmro`j Hyhjmr pricr`o. Xtmp 6-4 w`s rmpm`tmd 84 tloms air tbm armsb s`opjm `gd =4 tloms air tbm `ghlmgt s`opjms. X`opjm
3= fp
32 fp
0>> fp
03> fp
6=1 fp
H`t Ouooy Mxtr`ht 0
+
+
-
-
-
H`t Ouooy Mxtr`ht 6
+
+
-
-
-
Omdlmv`j H`t
+
+
+
+
+
Kugcjm H`t
+
+
T`fjm 8. @opjlh`tlig suhhmss lg `t jm`st igm rug ls lgdlh`tmd fy ` hriss, rmpm`tmd a`ljurm ls lgdlh`tmd fy ` d`sb. Mopty hmjjs rmprmsmgt `opjlh`tligs tb`t b`d git fmmg `moptmd.
Dlshusslig
DG@ prmsmrv`tlig Lt w`s pisslfjm ti `opjlay otDG@ ar`comgts ia 3= fp `gd 32 fp ario tbm h`t ouooy vmrtmfr`. @jj itbmr ^HV rm`htligs wltb crm`tmr `opjlhig slzms a`ljmd fut wmrm suhhmssauj wltb tbm oirm oidmr`tmjy `cmd Omdlmv`j h`t s`opjm irlclg`tlgc ario ` hiijmr (`gd tbus oirm DG@ prmsmrv`tlig arlmgdjy) mgvlrigomgt. Tbls, ticmtbmr wltb tbm `gtl-higt`olg`tlig prmh`utligs t`emg, spm`es lg a`viur ia tbm `utbmgtlhlty ia tbm rmtrlmvmd DG@.
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020
X`opjmZXG^
04>0>
0=><3
0=0>8
0=0>4
H`t Ouooy
( 8/8) H (8
T (4/4)
H (00/00)
C ()
Omdlmv`j H`t
( 8/8) H (8
T (6/6)
H (6/6)
@ (6/6)
Kugcjm H`t
T (6/6)
H (8/8)
(8/8) H (8
-
T`fjm 4. Tbls t`fjm jlsts tbm typlgc rmsujts (XG^ v`jums). Guofmrs wltblg p`rmgtbmsms rmamr ti tbm guofmr ia tloms tbm clvmg v`jum w`s rm`d rmj`tlvm ti tbm tit`j guofmr ia suhhmssauj smqumghlgc rm`ds. Tbm hmjj wltb ` d`sb rmprmsmgts smqumghlgc a`ljurm (gi d`t`).
Biwmvmr, Biwmvmr, `g lghigslstmghy lghigsl stmghy w`s gitmd lg tbm typlgc typl gc ia tbm XG^ `t pisltlig 0=0>4 0=0> 4 (T`fjm 4) lg tbm alrst ia tbm twi h`t ouooy mxtr`hts. Tbls h`g fm `ttrlfutmd ti smvmr`j pisslfjm h`usms; bmtmripj`soy (lg wblhb twi ir smvmr`j otDG@ b`pjitypms ihhur g`tur`jjy wltblg igm lgdlvldu`j) b`s fmmg gitmd lg amjlgms prmvliusjy (T`rdltl mt `j. 6>005 Kib`gssig 6>06). D`o`cm ti `DG@ h`g ihhur lg tbm airo ia spigt`gmius out`tligs ia wblhb tbm @ ti C out`tlig (`s lg tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`sm) ls tbm oist hiooig (Xtljjmr mt `j. 6>>1). Higt`olg`tlig ls `jsi, ifvliusjy, ` pisslfjm h`usm. Tbm maamhts ia jiw-dmcrmm bmtmripj`soy, pitmgtl`j d`o`cm `gd higt`olg`tlig hiujd b`vm fmmg mgb`ghmd fy tbm a`ht tb`t tbm guofmr ia tmopj`tm oijmhujms ls so`jj. Clvmg tb`t tbls lghigslstmghy w`s gitmd igjy ighm `gd lg igjy igm ia tbm mxtr`hts, lt w`s git rmc`rdmd suaalhlmgt ti rmkmht tbm v`jldlty ia tbm d`t` fut r`tbmr `s `g maamht tb`t ls hiooigjy mghiugtmrmd wbmg wirelgc wltb dmcr`dmd DG@.
^byjicmgmtlh Lgairo`tlig Tbm XG^ ia tbm GD= cmgm lgdlh`tmd ` b`pjitypm (H) tb`t ls uglqum ti tbm diomstlh h`t hj`dm `hhirdlgc ti Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3) `gd dlaamrmgt ario tbm rmsujtlgc v`jum ia A. hb`us (T). (T). Tbm lgtmrprmt`tlig lgtmrprmt`tlig ls tb`t tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`t ls jlemjy ti fm ` diomstlh ir wljd h`t ia A. s. jlfyh` , ir, pisslfjy, tbm iaasprlgc ia ` byfrldlz`tlig fmtwmmg ` amo`jm A. s. jlfyh` `gd `gd ` o`jm ia `gitbmr ` gitbmr h`t spmhlms (m.c. A. hb`us ). ). Tbm tbrmm typmd XG^s lg tbm hytF cmgm b`vm tbm piwmr ti dlshrlolg`tm fitb fmtwmmg dlaamrmgt spmhlms ia Amjls sljvmstrls `gd o`trljlgms wltblg tbm diomstlh h`t hj`dm `hhirdlgc ti tbm d`t` prmsmgtmd fy Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3). Tbm v`jum hioflg`tlig rmtrlmvmd lg tbls h`sm, THC, ls lgdmmd ` b`pjitypm prmsmgt wltblg smvmr`j o`trljlgms ia tbm diomstlh h`t hj`dm, g`omjy H, D `gd M. Lgtmrmstlgcjy, tbm h`t ouooy ia tbls study dims git hjustmr wltb tbm tbrmm Mcyptl`g h`t ouoolms studlmd fy Eurusblo` mt `j. (6>06)0> `hhirdlgc ti tbm b`pjitypm ldmgtlalh`tlig systmo mst`fjlsbmd fy wbijm olticmgiom smqumghms lg Kib`gssig Kib`g ssig (6>06; (6>0 6; 2>) wbmrm tbm highird` hig hird`ghm ghm ia b`pjityp b`pj itypmm dmslcg` dmsl cg`tlig tligss f`smd f`s md ig dlaamrmgt p`rts ia tbm cmgiom, mst`fjlsbmd fy tbm systmos ia Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3) `gd Cr`bg mt `j. (6>00), ls lgdlh`tmd. Lgdmmd, tbmlr j`st hiooig `ghmstir ls d`tmd ti `riugd 2>-0>> e\, e\, a`r m`rjlmr tb`g `gy rm`sig`fjm d`tm air tbm alrst pisslfjm h`t diomstlh`tlig mvmgts lgdlh`tmd fy `rhb`mijicy. Tbls ls lg higtr`st ti tbm olgir o`trljlgms ldmgtlalmd lg tbm h`t ouoolms ia Eurusblo` mt `j. (6>06) wbi sb`rm 0> Sblhb hirrmspigds ti o`trljlgm @ ia Drlshijj mt `j. (6>>3). `j. (6>>3).
026
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tbmlr j`st hiooig `ghmstir `pprixlo`tmjy 4 >>>-< =>> ym`rs `ci `hhirdlgc ti tbm `utbirs ia tb`t study. 00 Tbus wm o`y hj`lo, clvmg tb`t tbls h`t fmjigcmd ti diomstlh stihe, tb`t, lg Vio`g ^mrlid Mcypt, tbmrm wmrm `t jm`st twi diomstlh h`t o`trljlgms `jrm`dy prmsmgt, pisslfjy fmjigclgc ti smp`r`tm diomstlh`tlig mvmgts. HT Mx`olg`tlig
O`tm O` tmrl rl`j `j `gd `g d Omtbi Omt bids ds Tbm h`t ouooy w`s mx`olgmd fy R-r`y hioputmd tioicr`pby tmhbglqum (HT) lg ` Xlmomgs Xio`tio® Dmalgltlig Aj`sb HT sh`ggmr `hhirdlgc ti tbm aijjiwlgc pritihij; vijt`cm; 06> eQ, hurrmgt; 88> o@, tblhegmss ia sjlhm; >.1 oo `gd lghrmomgt; >.8 oo. Tbm d`t` w`s vlsu`jlzmd lg tbm `hhiop`gylgc siatw`rm `gd lo`cms `gd om`surmomgts wmrm t`emg ig-shrmmg fy irlmgtlgc tbm dlaamrmgt `spmhts p`r`jjmj wltb tbm pj`gm ia vlmw. Dmtmrolg`tlig ia spmhlms w`s `ttmoptmd fitb tbriucb studylgc tbm oirpbijicy ia tbm seujj `gd fy qu`gtlt`tlvm om`surmomgts ia tbm hr`gl`j `gd pist-hr`gl`j semjmtig `hhirdlgc ti tbm st`gd`rd lg Qig dmg Drlmshb (0<31) ugjmss itbmrwlsm st`tmd. Tbm rmsujts wmrm hiop`rmd wltb ` j`rcm smt ia d`t` pufjlsbmd ig dlaamrmgt pipuj`tligs ia higtmopir`ry h`ts `gd `rhb`mijiclh`j h`t rmo`lgs lg tbm jltmr`turm. Vmsujts
Tbm HT d`t` rmvm`jmd ` semjmtig `gd siat tlssum ia ` j`rcm, tlcbtjy wr`ppmd h`t, `joist hiopjmtmjy mxtmgdmd wltblg tbm wbijm jmgctb ia tbm ouooy p`he`cm (Alc. 6). Tbm h`t ls pisltligmd lg tbm oist hiooig pism ia Mcyptl`g ouoolalmd h`ts; tbm bm`d ls fmgt pmrpmgdlhuj`r ti tbm `xls ia tbm fidy, tbm arigt jmcs strmthbmd iut `jigc tbm fidy, `gd tbm t`lj fmgt fmtwmmg tbm blgd jmcs rmstlgc `c`lgst tbm fmjjy (Ler`o `gd Lse`gdmr 6>>65 [lvlm `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>=). Fitb amours b`vm fmmg friemg ir hut lg tbm dl`pbysls, `gd tbm dlst`j p`rts ia tbm blgd jmcs `rm git lghjudmd lg tbm p`he`cm (Alc. 8H). Tbm prixlo`j p`rt ia tbm jmat amour b`s fmmg dlsjih`tmd iut ia tbm blp kilgt. Tbm h`t mxblflts aurtbmr mxtmgslvm d`o`cm ti tbm bm`d `gd gmhe rmclig. Tbm rlcbt o`gdlfjm ls ar`hturmd `t tbm syopbysls `gd ls omdl`jjy `gd h`ud`jjy dlsjih`tmd wltb tbm ristr`j p`rt sltu`tmd lg tbm `rm` ia tbm irflt `gd tbm h`ud`j p`rt sltu`tmd lg tbm ihhlplt`j `rm` wltb ` j`tmr`j <>¾ rit`tlig (Alc. 8@). Tbmrm ls `jsi ` olgir ar`hturm lg tbm syopbysls ia tbm p`j`tuo oijjm wbmrm tbm rlcbt sldm p`j`tuo oijjm `gd o`xljj` `rm dlsjih`tmd `pprixlo`tmjy 8-4 oo vmgtr`jjy rmj`tlvm ti tbm jmat sldm (Alc. 8F). Xmvmr`j ar`hturm ar`comgts `gd tbm byild figms `rm jih`tmd lg tbm ihhlplt`j `rm` `gd dlsjih`tmd tmmtb ia tbm rlcbt o`xljj` `rm aiugd lg tbm h`jv`rl`. Tbm `tj`s ls hiopjmtmjy jux`tmd `gd vmgtr`jjy rit`tmd <>¾ (Alc. 8@). Xufjux`tlig ls gitmd ia tbm tblrd `gd aiurtb hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m `gd fmtwmmg smvmr`j ia tbm tbir`hlh vmrtmfr`m.
00 m hirrmspigdlgc gidm lg Kib`gssig (6>06) ls `pprixlo`tmd ti 8= >>> ym`rs `ci.
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028
Alc. 6. Qlsu`jlz`tlig ia tbm HT d`t`. Tbm lo`cm sbiws tbm semjmtig ia ` j`rcm h`t vlmwmd ario tbm rlcbt sldm. Vmo`lgs ia siat tlssum `gd rmslg ls vlsu`jlsmd lg rmd. Jmss dmgsm o`tmrl`j higslstlgc ia tbm jlgmg wr`pplgcs lgdlh`tms tbm mxtmgt ia tbm ouooy p`he`cm (lo`cm; ]pps`j` Ouooy Ouoo y Xurvmy) Xu rvmy)..
024
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Tbmrm `rm gi rmo`lgs ia `gy dmhlduius tmmtb, lgdlh`tlgc tb`t tbm lgdlvldu`j ls ijdmr tb`g slx oigtbs. Oirmivmr, tbm criwtb jlgms ia tbm prixlo`j amour `rm rmhmgtjy hjismd fut tbism ia tbm h`ud`j vmrtmfr` fidlms ia tbm hmrvlh`j `gd juof`r vmrtmfr`m `rm stljj sjlcbtjy ipmg wblhb lgdlh`tms `g loo`turm lgdlvldu`j fmtwmmg 06 `gd 02 oigtbs ia `cm. @ pmgls figm w`s siucbt air fut hiujd git fm ldmgtlalmd5 smx dmtmrolg`tlig fy itbmr om`gs w`s git pisslfjm. Tbm irlclg ia tbm jiism h`ud`j vmrtmfr` w`s higalromd fy ldmgtlaylgc ` c`p lg tbm smqumghm (pisltlig gi. slx) ia h`ud`j vmrtmfr`m ia tbm t`lj (Alc. 8H). Lg `ddltlig, tbm bijm lg tbm fittio ia tbm ouooy p`he`cm w`s mx`olgmd lg wblhb igm hiujd smm tbm pritrudlgc mdcms ia tbm `dk`hmgt vmrtmfr`m `gd siom siat tlssum `gd aur ia tbm t`lj. Xpmhlms Dmtmrolg`tlig
Oirpb Oir pbij ijic ic y @plh`j @plh `j `gd (jmat) (jma t) prialjm pria ljm vlmws vlm ws ia tbm seujj seuj j (Alcs. (Alcs . 4, =) wmrm hiop`rmd hiop `rmd wltb prikmhtligs ia seujjs ia diomstlh h`t (Isfirg `gd Bmjoy 0<2>5 Iwmg 6>>0`), amo`jm `gd o`jm A. s. jlfyh` (Iwmg (Iwmg 6>>0f5 6>>6) `gd A. hb`us (@udiulg (@udiulg 02615 Isfirg `gd Bmjoy 0<2>). Gitms lg Isfirg `gd Bmjoy (0<2>; 481-482) wmrm usmd `s culd`ghm `s wmjj. Hiop`rlsig w`s hiopjlh`tmd dum ti tbm d`o`cmd higdltlig ia tbm seujj fut ` amw gitms wmrm o`dm; sljvmstrl s (Alc. - Tbm pistirflt`j g`rriwlgc ls oidmr`tm `s lg A. sljvmstrls (Alc. =). - Tbm `gtmrlir mgd ia tbm zycio`tlh prihmss ls riugdmd `s lg A. s. jlfyh` (Alc. =). - Tbm s`cltt`j hrmst ig tbm ihhlplt`j figm ls strigcjy dmvmjipmd `s lg A. hb`us fut tbm pistirflt`j rldcms ig tbm tip ia tbm seujj `rm jmss dmvmjipmd, rmsmofjlgc A. s. jlfyh` (Alcs. (Alcs. 8D, =). - Tbm dmgtltlig ls j`rcm `s lg A. hb`us , mspmhl`jjy wltb rmc`rds ti tbm h`glgms, fut tbm `gtmrlir husp ia tbm uppmr h`rg`ssl`j ls oidmr`tm `s lg A. s. jlfyh` 06 (Alc. 4).
Istmiomtry @ guofmr guof mr ia istmiomt istm iomtrlh rlh`j `j v`jums v`j ums air wblhb wbl hb rmjmv`gt rmjm v`gt hiop` hi op`r`tl r`tlvm vm o`tmrl`j o`tm rl`j b`s b` s fmmg `hhmsslfjm `rm `hhiugtmd air lg tbm dl`cr`os fmjiw (T`fjm (T`fjm =). Dlshusslig
^rmvlius ^rmvlius lgvmstlc`tligs ia hijjmhtligs ia h`t ouoolms b`vm lgdlh`tmd tb`t o`gy ia tbm h`ts tb`t wmrm prmsuo`fjy frmd lg tmopjms air tbm vitlvm ouooy lgdustry wmrm hujjmd fy ` fjiw ti tbm bm`d ir fy dlsjih`tlig ia hmrvlh`j vmrtmfr`m `gd tb`t tbmrm ls `g ivmr-rmprmsmgt`tlig ia suf-`dujt lgdlvldu`js (@rolt`cm `gd Hjuttig-Frihe 0<205 [lvlm `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc 6>>=). @t prmsmgt, lt ls git pisslfjm ti dmtmrolgm la `gy ia tbm d`o`cm ti tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`t ouooy ls pmrloirtmo ir mvldmghm ia 06 Ha. tbm seujj ia A. hb`us lg (@udiulg 0261; 01, ^j`ghbm 0, Alc. 8.0) wbmrm tbls husp ls lg ` slzm hiop`r`fjm ti tbm itbmr twi husps ia tbm s`om tiitb.
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Alc. 8. Tbm h`t ouooy mxblflts smvmrm d`o`cm ti tbm bm`d, gmhe `gd blgd jmcs. @) @) Hriss-smhtlig ia tbm seujj wltb tbm dlsjih`tmd o`gdlfjm `gd `tj`s (wbltm `rriws), gitm tbm iutjlgm ia tbm ouooy p`he`cm wltb `rtlhl`j `rtl hl`j m`rs5 F) @gtmrlir vlmw vl mw sbiwlgc priolgmgt priolgmg t h`glgms5 h`glgm s5 H) Tbm twi amoir` b`vm fmmg friemg ir hut lg tbm dl`bysls. Gitm tbm t`lj wblhb ls fmgt up fmtwmmg tbm blgd jmcs `gd rmstlgc ig tbm fmjjy. Tbm wbltm `rriw o`res tbm spit air tbm s`opjmd vmrtmfr` lg tbm vmry fiio ia tbm ouooy5 D) Jmat-pistmrlir vlmw wltb ` wbltm `rriw pilgtlgc `t tbm s`cl`j hrmst ig tbm ihhlplt`j jifm (lo`cm; ]pps`j` Ouooy Xurvmy). Xurvmy).
Alc. 4. Jmat prijm vlmw ia tbm h`t ouooy bm`d `gd hiop`rlsigs wltb seujjs ia A. s. jlfyh` (olddjm) `gd A. hb`us (rlcbt). hb`us (rlcbt). Gitm; tbm dlmrmgt seujjs `rm git lg rmj`tlvm sh`jm (dr`wlgcs rmpriduhmd ario curms 084 `gd 08= ia Isfirg `gd Bmjoy 0<2>; 482 `gd 4465 lo`cm; ]pps`j` Ouooy Xurvmy). Xurvmy).
021
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Alc. =. @plh`j vlmw ia tbm h`t ouooy bm`d `gd hiop`rlsigs wltb seujjs ia A. s. jlfyh` (olddjm) `gd A. hb`us (rlcbt). Gitm; tbm dlmrmgt seujjs `rm git lg rmj`tlvm sh`jm (dr`wlgcs rmpriduhmd ario curms 084 `gd 08= ia Isfirg `gd Bmjoy 0<2>; 482 `gd 4465 lo`cm; ]pps`j` Ouooy Ouoo y Xurvmy) Xu rvmy)..
frut`j b`gdjlgc lg tbm ouoolalh`tlig prihmss ir pist-oirtmo `htlvltlms, suhb `s ls `jsi siomtloms ifsmrvmd lg buo`g ouoolms (Oiidlm 0<80; 68, pj. RLQ). Tbm blgd jmcs o`y b`vm fmmg hut dum ti tbm dlaalhujty ia aijdlgc tbmo `jigc tbm fidy `t tbm tlom ia wr`pplgc fy tbm mof`jomrs, `gd tbm d`o`cm ia tbm gmhe rmclig o`y fm `jj pist-ouoolalh`tlig `s lt ls tbm wm`emst pilgt ia tbm ouooy p`he`cm ltsmja. Lgdmmd, tbmrm ls d`o`cm ifsmrvmd lg tbm wr`pplgc `t tbls jih`tlig (Alc. 0). Fitb tbm oirpbijiclh`j `gd istmiomtrlh`j `ssmssomgts ylmjdmd surprlslgcjy lghighjuslvm rmsujts. Aiur ia tbm om`surmomgts lgdlh`tmd A. sljvmstrls (T`fjm =@, =H, =J `gd =O), aiur lgdlh`tmd A. hb`us (T`fjm =F, =A, =B `gd =E) `gd alvm (T`fjm =C, =L, =K, =I `gd =^) amjj fmtwmmg tbm twi. Xiom ia tbm dlaalhujtlms lg ldmgtlalh`tlig `rm dum ti ` j`he ia `dmqu`tm rmamrmghm o`tmrl`j. @ddltlig`jjy, @ddltlig`jjy, smxlgc b`s git fmmg pisslfjm `s o`gy ia tbm tr`lts usmd ti dlaamrmgtl`tm fmtwmmg tbm twi spmhlms `rm `jsi smx-spmhlalh. Lg p`rtlhuj`r, lt ls prifjmo`tlh ti usm tbm dr`wlgcs ia h`t seujjs lg Isfirg `gd Bmjoy (0<2>) `s rmprmsmgt`tlvms air tbm twi spmhlms fmh`usm tbmy `rm jlemjy ti fm ia dlaamrmgt smx, `gd oirm lopirt`gtjy, tbm seujj ia tbm ouoolalmd h`t ls d`o`cmd, `gd oist prif`fjy suf-`dujt. Lg oist h`sms lt ls h b`us lg oirm slolj`r ti A. hb`us lg tmros ia slzm fut j`hes siom ia lts typlh`j oirpbijiclh`j hb`r`htmrlstlhs, git`fjy tbm g`rriwlgc ia tbm seujj fmblgd tbm irflts `gd tbm j`rcm slzm ia tbm `gtmrlir husp ia tbm uppmr h`rg`ssl`js. Biwmvmr, tbm rmj`tlvm jmgctb ia tbm t`lj, wblhb ls higsldmrmd `s ` hruhl`j hrltmrlig air dlaamrmgtl`tlig (^ihihe (^ihihe 0<=0) h b`us h`ggit lg tbls h`sm clvm ` hjm`r lgdlh`tlig, fut tbm jmgctb ls hjismr ti tb`t ia A. hb`us s ljvmstrls (T`fjm tb`g A. sljvmstrls (T`fjm =^) =^ )08.
08 m ‚Bm`d `gd Fidy Jmgctb‟ ia tbm h`t ouooy ls `pprixlo`tmd `s lt ls ffxmd lg `g ugg`tur`j pism.
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T`fjm =@-^. Jmcmgd `gd h`ptlig ig p`cm 0<2.
@ [ycio`'h Frm`dtb (oo) 00>
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=>
) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ` ` ` ` 3 3 3 d X X B B ` f ` f f f ` \ U \ f \ U \ U \ U \ U \ \ U \ U \ U > C C C m \ U \ U C U I I O U O t U U J U J J U J C U U ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U ` ) ) U J ) ) M M M M M M M M M M M M U s s o D D m m ( X ( X X X ( X ( X ( X ( X ` X ( X ( X ( t ) ` h u u c c X ( ( ( 8 X X ` y ` ` D s ( ( g g 4 = 0 1 = = 6 < 4 0 4 j X f b b m 4 ` ` l ( 6 6 6 = = 1 = = 0 ? u ( j r h r ? ? ( ( ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g h l . h . . y g g 0 1 g g g g g g g g g g g s g ? A A A t ` o ` ` 0 0 s s s t s t s t ` o g t s t s t s t s t ` t ` t s t s ? ? ` o h h ` ` ` H ` ` h ` g g h h H H ` . ` h u 8 8 h H h A h ` h h h d i d j d h h j ` ` 8 i j d d d d d h j j 8 j j l j j j O s h h l l 8 8 l l l l l l 8 s l g y 8 t m s S S S S S S s m . f S S s ` g . i l m m m o h j j H h . l b b g o o g g g g g i . . o o s s i g ` A ` ` ` s . 8 8 i i ` ` l l h h i D d A m m . h l . s l l r a A r l r D D p p s A r D g @ @ a . F F i A . . @ @ g ` b r i r H s b s u h H . . ` l u 8 8 r X X h l l l M M a r r r a @ F F @ . . X X
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Frm`dtb ia ^ist-irflt`j Higstrlh4ig Higstrlh4i g (oo) 8< 83 8= 88 80 6< 63 6= H`t Ouooy
H
A.s. jlfyh` g?00 (r`gcm) UIB_
A. h. gljiFh` g?03 (r`gcm) UIB_
Crm`tmst Jmgctb ia tbm G`s`j Figm (oo)* 4= 4> 8= 8> 6= 6> 0=
y 8 _ 8 _ B _ B _ o C C I I J J U U ) U ) U u o ` ` m m t h F j ` g c g c t O ` u ` ` m s r r h ( H ( l g 3 i o ` 0 > 0 d ? g g ? . o A . A ` ` y h F h f i l j j l . . g A . s h A .
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D
Crm`tmst Frm`dtb ia tbm uppmr H`glgm @jvmijus (oo)
3 1 = 4 8 H`t Ouooy
M
A. sljvmstrls g?=-0> UCQ_
A.sljvmstrls g?=-0> UCQ_
A. hb`us hb `us g?=-0> UCQ_
A. hb`us g?=-0> UCQ_
Crm`tmst Crm`tmst Jmgctb ia tbm uppmr H`glgm @jvmijus (oo)
3 1,= 1 =,= = 4,= 4 y o o u O t ` H
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_ Q C U > 0 = ? g s l r t s m v j l s . A
_ Q C U > 0 = ? g s u ` b h . A
A
Jmgctb ia tbm ^rmoij`r Viw (]ppmr K`w) (oo)
6<
63
6=
68
60
0<
03 H`t Ouooy
Muripm`g Sljdh`ts g?01 (XM) U\f_
X. @arlh`g DiomsBh H`ts g?8 (XM) U\`_
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C
Jmgctb ia ^4 (oo) 03 01 0= 04 08 06 00 0> < 2 3
B
) ) _ h h _ y 8 ) 2 s t s t h h s t s t s t s t s t s t m D D < 8 8 0 ? 0 ` ` ` ` ` ` ` o ? c X X g ? ` > s s h h h h h h h h m m C ( ( s s d J C o g g g d d d d d d d U ` ` J 8 h ` j u ` ( l j l m m j l j l j l j l j l j l o o ` U r 4 ? ? y o o h h t i i O y 0 g g f S S i i S S S S S S D D j ` ` h l t f j ` ` i b b g g g g g g D D l 1 u ` j j . h h g g s s ? l ` ` ` ` ` ` h s l s l l H . g s g b b m m s ` l h l h ` m A s i i A . . l l s s p p h h g l l r r r r j j @ @ a a r r ` o l l h F F l l i i . . u a a r r i r r @ @ . t g g . o @ @ H A . . . . A ` . . F F . d u u H h h h X X X X . M M A . A . A . A
O`gdlfuj`r Jmgctb** (oo) 2>
3=
3>
1=
1>
==
=> H`t Ouooy
0<6
A. sljvmstrls (XD) UXQ_
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A. hb`us (XD) UXQ_
L
H-O0*** (oo) 4=
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0<8
K
Jmgctb ia tbm Hbmmetiitb Viw ^8-O0 (oo) 88
80
6<
63
6=
68
60
0<
03
0<4
* _ _ D D * U * ) U * D ) D y X X o ( ( 1 o 6 0 u 6 ? ? O g g t l s ` o u H ` ` r b t h s l . r A t . s . A
_ ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ` ` ` f f f f ` ` ` D ` \ X \ U \ \ U \ \ \ U \ \ \ \ U U U U U U U U ) ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) D 4 D D D D D D D D D D 6 X X X ( X X X ( X ( X ( X ( X ( X ( ( ? ( ( ( g 8 s 2 4 8 = 0 2 4 4 0 4 6 t 0 6 = 0 1 8 = = 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g g ` h g g g g g g g g g s t s d s s t j t s t s t ` t s t s t s t ` l ` t s t s ` ` ` H ` ` ` h ` h S H H ` h H h h h h h d d d h d j d j d d j h h j j j j l b s l l l l l l s s m s s S S S S S S m l r m m S b g o o g g g g s F o o g i ` ` ` ` ` l l i i m m s s l h ` h i D l l r a r D g r D D p p @ @ a F i i . . g ` b b @ @ r r H H . h s s u . ` l u h a r X X l l l M M r @ r r a F F . @ X . X
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Jmgctb ia O0 (oo)
08
06
00
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2
3
1
y o o u O t ` H
_ D U ) m c g ` r ( < 0 ? g s u ` b h . A
_ D U ) m c g ` r ( 8 6 ? g s l r t s m v j l s . A
_ ` \ U ) M X ( < 0 ? g s t ` h d j l S b s l r F
_ ` \ U ) M X ( 4 0 ? g s t ` h d j l S b s l r F
_ ` \ U ) D X ( 2 0 ? g s t ` H h s m o i D b s l r F
_ ` \ U ) D X ( 4 6 ? g s t ` H h s m o i D b s l r F
_ f \ U ) D X ( < = ? g s t ` h d j l S g ` l s @ . H
_ f \ U ) D X ( 2 8 ? g s t ` h d j l S g ` l s @ . H
_ ` \ U ) D X ( 8 = ? g s t ` h d j l S g ` h l r a @ . X
_ ` \ U ) D X ( = = ? g s t ` h d j l S g ` h l r a @ . X
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_ ` \ U ) D X ( 4 ? g s t ` H h s m o i D g ` h l r a @ . X
0<=
J
Crm`tmst Jmgctb ia tbm Buomrus (oo) 0=>
04>
08>
06>
00>
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_ J U s u ` b h . A m j ` O
O
_ J U ) m c g ` r ( 6 ? g s u ` b h . A
_ E U ) D X ( 6 1 ? g t ` H m s u i B
_ E U ) D X ( < 0 ? g t ` H d j l S
_ I U ) D X ( 6 ? g t ` H d j l S
_ I U ) D X ( = ? g t ` H m s u i B
_ 8 C J U ` t ` j u h l g ` o . A
_ 8 C J U ) m c g ` r ( 8 ? g ` h s m o i d . A
Bm`d `gd Fidy Jmgctb (oo)
2>> 3>> 1>> =>> 4>> >> H`t Ouooy (ms8o`tmd)
0<1
A.s. trlstr`ol g?4 (r`gcm) UIB_
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A.s. jlfyh` g?1 (r`gcm) UIB_
A. h. glji8h` g?06 (r`gcm) UIB_
G
T`lj Jmgctb (oo) 4>>
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62>
64>
6>>
y t o ` o H u O
I
l ) ) o . ` 4 m s r ? c . t g A g ` s ( l r r ( t
` ) h m y ) 1 c f l ? g j g ` . ( r s ( . A
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^istirflt`j Frm`dtb tbriucb Vistr`j Frm`dtb
0,= 0,4 0,8 0,6 0,0 0 H`t Ouooy
^
A.s.jlfyh` (dmrlvmd) A. h gljiFh` (dmrlvmd) UIB_ UIB_
T`lj Jmgctb tbriucb Bm`d `gd Fidy Jmgctb >,2 >,3 >,1 >,= >, >,8 H`t Ouooy (ms4o`tmd)
A.s. trlstr`ol g? (r`gcm) UIB_
A.s. jlfyh` g?1 (r`gcm) UIB_
A. h. glji4h` g?06 (r`gcm) UIB_
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H`t Ouooy A. sljvmstrls Vmamrmghm Criups A. hb`us Vmamrmghm Criups ]gdmtmrolgmd Xmx O`jm 8
4
=
1
3
Amo`jm
T`fjm =@-^. Tbm dl`cr`os ig tbm prmvlius p`cms sbiw tbm dlmrmgt om`surmomgts pjimd air tbm v`rlius rmamrmghm criups. ‚g‟ mqu`js tbm guofmr ia lgdlvldu`js (la oirm tb`g igm)5 r`gcm ir dlstrlfutlig om`surm ls lgdlh`tmd wltblg p`rmgtbmsls (XM?st`gd`rd mrrir5 XD?st`gd`rd dmvl`tlig). Xiurhms `rm `ffrmvl`tmd wltblg squ`rm fr`hemts `s aijjiwlgc; CQ?Cljmo`g `gd Q`jemgfurcb (0<<3)5 E?Er`tihbvlj `gd Er`tihbvlj (0<31)5 J?Jlgsmmjm mt J?Jlgsmmjm mt `j. `j . (6>>3)5 JC8?Jirtmt `gd C`ljj`rd (0<>8)5 JC3?Jirtmt `gd C`ljj`rd (0<>3)5 OX?Oirrlsig-Xhi (0<=6)5 I?I“Higgir (6>>3)5 IB?Isfirg `gd Bmjoy (0<2>)5 XQ?Xj`tmr `gd v`g Q`jemgfurc (6>><)5 \`?\`o`cuhbl mt \`?\`o`cuhbl mt `j. (6>>4`) `j. (6>>4`) `gd \f?\`o`cuhbl mt \f?\`o`cuhbl mt `j. `j . (6>>4f). * Dmgmd `s lg Isfirg `gd Bmjoy5 ** Jmgctb ario tbm higdyjm prihmss ti tbm `gtmrlir firdmr ia tbm h`glgm `jvmijus5 *** Dlst`ghm fmtwmmg tbm `gtmrlir mgd ia tbm h`glgm `jvmijus `gd tbm pistmrlir p`rt ia tbm oij`r `jvmijus5 **** Tbm om`surmomgt w`s t`emg lg ` pj`gm spjllgc tbm jmat o`gdlfjm lg twi b`jvms `jigc lts jmgctb, ifsmrvmd ario tbm jlgcu`j sldm ia tbm o`gdlfjm.
Tbm j`rcm slzm ia siom ouoolalmd h`ts b`s fmmg ifsmrvmd prmvliusjy (Oirrlsig(OirrlsigXhitt 0<=65 Qig Qig dmg Drlmshb `gd Fimssgmhe 0<28). Tbls h`g fm `ttrlfutmd ti tbm ihhurrmghm ia g`tur`j frmmds, jlamstyjm, g`tur`j byfrldlz`tlig, `rtlalhl`j frmmdlgc ir ` semwlgc lg tbm s`opjms friucbt f`he ti ousmuos. Biwmvmr, tbmrm ls `g ifvlius prifjmo wltb hiop`rlgc tbm oirpbijicy ia higtmopir`ry diomstlh/wljd h`ts wltb `ghlmgt h`t rmo`lgs, `s wm di git egiw biw tbmsm o`y b`vm mvijvmd lg sb`pm, slzm `gd dlstrlfutlig ivmr tbm oljjmggl`. @g `ddltlig `ddl tlig`j `j ljjustr ljj ustr`tl `tlig ig ia tbm prifjmo prif jmo`tlh `tlh g`turm g`t urm ia spmhlms spmh lms dmtmrol dmtm rolg`tl g`tlig ig ls tbm ^rmdyg`stlh h`t aiugd lg Blmr`eigpijls `gd pufjlsbmd fy Jlgsmmjm mt `j. sljvmstrl s (6>>3). Tbm `utbirs lgltl`jjy hj`lomd lt ti jlemjy fm ` rmprmsmgt`tlvm rmprmsmgt`tlvm ia A. sljvmstrls f`smd ig pisthr`gl`j om`surmomgts fut wltbdrmw tb`t st`tmomgt ig tbm criugds ia `ddltlig `jvmij`r om`surmomgts ia tbm uppmr k`w wblhb tbmy kudcmd tii j`rcm air A. sljvmstrls `gd `gd rm-ldmgtlalmd tbm h`t `s ` prif`fjm A. hb`us. Lgtmrmstlgcjy, tbm hirrmspigdlgc om`surmomgts air tbm h`t ia tbls study wmrm cmgmr`jjy so`jjmr fut lg siom h`sms ldmgtlh`j ti ir igjy sjlcbtjy so`jjmr (d`t` git sbiwg) tb`g tbm igm ario Blmr`eigpijls. @gitbmr `ghlmgt h`t semjmtig ario Mcypt tb`t b`s fmmg gitmd `s fmlgc mspmhl`jjy j`rcm ls ` Vio`g ^mrlid h`t ouooy aiugd `t Pusmlr (Qig (Qig dmg Drlmshb `gd Fimssgmhe 0<28). Tbm `utbirs hj`lomd, dmspltm lts rifust semjmtig `gd j`rcm slzm, tb`t lt w`s lgdmmd ` diomstlh h`t `gd git ` wljd spmhlms. Igjy aiur iut ia 03 hiop`r`fjm hr`gl`j `gd pist-hr`gl`j om`surmomgts ia tb`t h`t wmrm j`rcmr tb`g tbm hirrmspigdlgc om`surmomgts air tbm h`t ouooy ia tbm prmsmgt study tbiucb. Tbm rmst wmrm so`jjmr ir ouhb so`jjmr (d`t` git sbiwg).
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Highjuslig
Tbm rmsujts ia tbm otDG@ typlgc `gd tbm HT mx`olg`tlig t`emg ticmtbmr rujm iut tbm pisslfljlty, pisslfljlty, dmspltm lts j`rcm slzm, ia tbls p`rtlhuj`r h`t ouooy fmlgc ` aujj A. hb`us lgdlvldu`j. Tbmrm ls stljj ` pisslfljlty, biwmvmr, tb`t tbm h`t ls ` byfrld fmtwmmg ` A. sljvmstrls amo`jm `gd ` A. hb`us o`jm, o`jm, ir pissmsslgc `gitbmr v`rl`gt ia olxmd `ghmstry wbmrm tbm oltihbigdrl`j cmgiom ia ` A. sljvmstrls b`s fmmg tr`gsamrrmd tbriucb tbm o`tmrg`j jlgm. Hriss-frmmdlgc fmtwmmg A. sljvmstrls `gd A. hb`us ls ls lgdmmd pisslfjm (Viflgsig `gd Qmjj` Qmjj` 0<<<) fut jmss hiooig lg g`turm wbmrm tbm b`flt`ts ia tbmsm twi spmhlms r`rmjy ivmrj`p (Xugqulst `gd Xugqulst 6>>6). Biwmvmr, tbm Gljm Gljm Dmjt` `gd ` gd tbm arlgcms arlgc ms ia tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy o`y b`vm b` vm fmmg ` uglqum ug lqum sljvmstrl s spmhlms ommtlgc pilgt air wljd `gd diomstlh A. sljvmstrls spmhlms `gd tbm A. hb`us. Tbus, igm ir smvmr`j bypitbmtlh`j byfrldlz`tlig mvmgt(s) o`y p`rtjy mxpj`lg tbm smmolgcjy b`pb`z`rdjy olxmd smt ia hb`r`htmrlstlhs lgdlh`tlvm ia A. sljvmstrls `gd A. hb`us rmspmhtlvmjy, `s wmjj `s tbm prmsmghm ia tbm lgtmromdl`tm tr`lts sbiwg lg tbls study. Xuhb ihh`slig`j byfrldlz`tlig mvmgts (g`tur`j ir `rtlalhl`j) o`y b`vm higtrlfutmd ti tbm bmtmricmgmlty ifsmrvmd `oigc `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g h`t rmo`lgs, rmc`rdjmss ia tbm irlclg ia tbm diomstlh h`t ir lts diomstlh`tlig. Biwmvmr Biwmvmr,, hiop`r`tlvm o`tmrl`j ig tbm oirpbijicy ia suhb byfrlds ls j`helgc. Clvmg tb`t tbm oujtlpjlhlty ia fitb omtbids `gd d`t` lg tbls h`sm dims git privldm ` hmrt`lg spmhlms ldmgtlalh`tlig, lt smmos `s ` wldmr dlstrlfutlig lg oirpbijicy `gd slzms sbiujd fm higsldmrmd wbmg studylgc `rhb`mijiclh`j h`t rmo`lgs. @ pisslfjm mxpj`g`tlig air tbm r`gcm ia hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia tbm h`ts bmjd fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs o`y fm byfrldlz`tlig `t ` slcglalh`gt mxtmgt wltb `gitbmr amjld spmhlms itbmr tb`g tbm `ghmstr`j spmhlms ia tbm diomstlh h`t, wbmrm A. hb`us ls tbm oist jlemjy h`gdld`tm. Tbm bmtmricmgmlty ia h`ts lg `gtlqulty ls `jsi lg highird`ghm wltb tbm prmsmghm ia oujtlpjm o`trljlgms, pmrb`ps ia smp`r`tm diomstlh`tlig mvmgts, `oigc ouoolalmd h`ts ario Vio`g ^mrlid Mcypt, `t tbm j`tmst. Sm tbus qumstl qu mstlig ig tbm v`jldlty v`jl dlty ia tbm rmsujts rmsu jts ia itbmr studlm st udlmss lg wblhb mxhmptlig mxhmp tlig`j `j `rhb`mijiclh`j h`t rmo`lgs b`vm fmmg hj`sslalmd `s mltbmr A. sljvmstrls (lghjudlgc diomstlh h`t `gd itbmr sufspmhlms) ir `s A. hb`us (Oirrlsig-Xhitt (Oirrlsig-Xhitt 0<=65 Qig dmg Drlmshb `gd Fimssgmhe 0<285 Jlgsmmjm mt `j. 6>>35 6>>2). Sm `jsi `rcum tb`t tbmrm ls ` j`he ia suaalhlmgt rmamrmghm o`tmrl`j `t tbm oiomgt ti sijvm tbls lssum wltb s`tlsa`htlig, fitb wltb rmc`rds ti hbrigijicy, hbrigijicy, qu`gtlty `gd qu`jlty ia tbm d`t`. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Tbm `utbirs `rm crm`tjy lgdmftmd ti tbm aijjiwlgc pmrsigs `gd lgstltutligs; H`trlg B`oomr, @j S`fr` Sljdjlam ^rmsmrv`tlig Xbmleb X`iud Flg Oibd Flg @j-Tb`g @j- Tb`gl,l, air privldlgc privl dlgc tbm s`opjm s`o pjm ia ` A. hb`us lgdlvldu`j5 @gdmrs Cñtbmrstrño, Cñtbmrstrño, Dmp`rtomgt ia Mvijutlig`ry Flijicy ]pps`j` ]glvmrslty air privldlgc `DG@ j`fir`tiry a`hljltlms `gd culd`ghm5 @gdmrs O`cgussig, ]pps`j` ]glvmrslty Bisplt`j air privldlgc `hhmss ti r`dlijicy mqulpomgt `gd Slo v`g Gmmr, Viy`j Fmjcl`g Lgstltutm ia G`tur`j Xhlmghms air bmjpauj hioouglh`tlig `gd succmstligs.
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0<<
Xuppirtlgc O`tmrl`j
Hiopjmtm dihuomgt`tlig ig o`tmrl`j, omtbids, rmsujts `gd hiop`r`tlvm d`t` ls `v`lj`fjm ario tbm `utbirs upig rmqumst.
6>>
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Tbm ^itmgtl`j ^itmgtl`j ia Dmgdrihbrigijicy Dmgdrihbrigi jicy lg Mcypt; ]gdmrst`gdlgc @ghlmgt Buo`g/Mgvlrigomgt Lgtmr`htligs
^m`rhm ^`uj Hrm`so`g
Lgtriduhtlig
Dmspltm fmlgc tbm aihus ia gm`rjy 6>> ym`rs ia rmsm`rhb `gd tbius`gds ia `rhb`mijiclh`j mxh`v`tligs, ticmtbmr wltb tbm survlv`j ia `g mxtmgslvm wrlttmg rmhird, tbm hbrigijicy ia `ghlmgt Mcypt rmo`lgs f`smd ig ar`comgtmd, siomtloms higtr`dlhtiry, quitmd mxhmrpts `gd suoo`rlms ia ` 8rd h. FH blstirl`g“s hbriglhjm ia tbm pb`r`iglh pmrlid, O`gmtbi“s ‚@mcyptl`h`‟ (S`ddmjj 0<4>). O`gmtbi dlvldmd bls jigc jlst ia Mcyptl`g elgcs lgti 80 dyg`stlms `gd `ttrlfutmd ` jmgctb ia rmlcg ti m`hb elgc, wbism hirrmj`tlig wltb elgcs egiwg ario tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j rmhird ls git `jw`ys hjm`r. Ti rmalgm tbls oist f`slh `gd lopmramht ar`omwire, Mcyptijiclsts b`vm b`d ti rmjy ig ` v`rlmty ia lgsuaalhlmgtjy prmhlsm siurhms `gd omtbidijiclms, lghjudlgc `strigiolh`j irlmgt`tligs, Xitblh hyhjms, itbmr `ghlmgt elgc jlsts, syghbriglsos wltb itbmr hujturms, `gd r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc (m.c. Xpmghm 6>>>5 Birgugc mt `j. 6>>15 Slmgmr 6>>15 Frige V`osmy mt `j. 6>0>5 Dmm mt `j. 6>065 Xbirtj`gd `gd Frige V`osmy 6>08). Lt ls git, biwmvmr, tbm lgtmgt ia tbls `rtlhjm ti dlshuss tbm spmhlalh hbrigijiclh`j lssums lg Mcyptl`g blstiry (wblhb b`vm fmmg tbiriucbjy trm`tmd fy itbmrs), fut r`tbmr ti pripism tb`t dmgdrihbrigijicy hiujd `ddrmss `gd rmsijvm tbmsm prifjmos, `s lt b`s mjsmwbmrm. @t prmsmgt, prms mgt, `hhur` `hh ur`tm tm `fsijut `fs ijutmm d`tlg d `tlgcc lg Mcyptijic Mcypt ijicyy mxtmg m xtmgds ds igjy igj y `s ` s a`r f`he f`h e `s `s tbm tr`gsltlig ario tbm 6=tb Dyg`sty ti tbm 61tb; 114 FH (air ` tbiriucb rmvlmw ia tbls qumstlig, smm Xhbgmldmr 6>0>5 6>06), `jtbiucb smvmr`j shbij`rs prmsmgt strigc `rcuomgts air tbm hmrt`lgty ia m`rjlmr d`tms (m.c. Elthbmg 6>085 Xbirtj`gd 6>08). Mvmg tbls igm smmolgcjy oidmst highjuslig b`s fmmg o`dm pisslfjm igjy tbriucb tbm bmrhujm`g maairts ia ` dmdlh`tmd criup ia shbij`rs wbi f`sm tbmlr wire prlo`rljy ig tmxtu`j rmhirds, wltb smjmhtlvm lghjuslig ia `rhb`mijiclh`j rmsujts. Tbm Tbm mgtlrm pmrlid tb`t tbm cmgmr`j pufjlh tmgds ti highmlvm ia `s ‚`ghlmgt ‚`ghlmgt Mcypt‟‘ tb`t ia tbm crm`t pyr`old fuljdmrs `gd tbm Q`jjmy Q`jjmy ia tbm Elgcs ‘ rmo`lgs ugrmsijvmd `gd sufkmht ti rm`os ia dlshusslig, suppisltlig, `gd `pprixlo`tlig.
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6>0
@s ` rmsujt, rmsu jt, lt ls git ughiooi ugh iooigg ti algd alg d `g mdltmd mdlt md vijuom viju om ir kiurg`j kiur g`j a`shlh a`s hlhjm jm wltb ` v`rlmty ia d`tms `shrlfmd ti tbm s`om rmlcg ir mvmgt, ir `t jm`st jlttmrmd wltb hlrh`s. Higslstmghy ls mvmg jmss prmv`jmgt wbmg oujtlpjm kiurg`js (ir itbmr wires) `rm hiop`rmd `oigc m`hb itbmr. Tbls ls git ` hrltlhlso fut r`tbmr `g ifsmrv`tlig ia ippirtuglty `gd gmmd air loprivmomgt. Igm git`fjm `gd higtlgulgc maairt ti higarigt tbls ifsmrv`tlig rmsujtmd lg tbm rmhmgt pufjlh`tlig ia ‚V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt‟ (Xbirtj`gd `gd Frige V`osmy 6>08). V`dlih`rfig D`tlgc
V`dlih`rfig d`tlgc ls pmrairomd fy om`surlgc tbm rmo`lglgc `oiugts ia ` r`dli`htlvm lsitipm ia h`rfig wltblg ` s`opjm ia irc`glh o`ttmr. o`ttmr. ^j`gts, mspmhl`jjy, mspmhl`jjy, `fsirf r`dlih`rfig tbriucbiut tbmlr jlamtloms, vl` pbitisygtbmsls5 upig tbmlr dm`tb (suhb `s tbm b`rvmstlgc ia ` trmm), r`dlih`rfig ls gi jigcmr `fsirfmd `gd tbm mxt`gt r`dlih`rfig fmclgs ti dmh`y `t ` egiwg r`tm. Tbm `oiugt rmo`lglgc lg ` s`opjm ls om`surmd, mltbmr fy ` r`tm (‚Fmt`-hiugtlgc‟) ir ` r`tli (@hhmjmr`tiry O`ss Xpmhtriomtry) ia dmh`y, rmsujtlgc lg ‚F^‟ d`tms, ir ‚ym`rs Fmairm ^rmsmgt‟ (Fmairm ^rmsmgt ^rmsmgt ls dmalgmd `s @D 0<=>). \mt, \mt, F^ d`tms h`ggit fm mqu`tmd ti h`jmgd`r ym`rs, dum ti lghigslstmgt jmvmjs ia r`dlih`rfig lg tbm `toispbmrm tbriucbiut tbriucbiut tlom (air crm`tmr dmt`lj rmc`rdlgc tbm r`dlih`rfig omtbid ia d`tlgc, smm Frige V`osmy 6>08). Ti lghrm`sm `hhur`hy, r`dlih`rfig dmh`y r`tms ir r`tlis `rm `jsi hiooigjy st`tlstlh`jjy h`jlfr`tmd `c`lgst ` egiwg hurvm ia r`dlih`rfig jmvmjs. Air tbm ^b`r`iglh pmrlid, tbmsm egiwg jmvmjs `rm prlo`rljy om`surmd ario alvm- ir, oirm hiooigjy, tmg ym`r smhtligs ia wiid tb`t b`vm fmmg d`tmd ti oidmrg h`jmgd`r ym`rs vl` dmgdrihbrigijicy (` omtbid tb`t wljj fm dmshrlfmd lg oirm dmt`lj fmjiw5 air tbm rijm ia dmgdrihbrigijicy dmgdrihbrigijicy lg r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc, smm Arlmdrlhb mt `j. 6>>45 Jm`vltt `gd F`gglstmr 6>><5 Eriomr 6>><). Tbmsm d`tms `rm egiwg `s ‚h`jlfr`tmd ym`rs‟ ym`rs‟ (h`j ir h`j.), `gd tbmy `hhiugt air tbm lghigslstmgt jmvmjs ia r`dlih`rfig. Biwmvmr, mvmg tbm rmsujtlgc h`jlfr`tmd r`dlih`rfig d`tms `rm git mx`ht. @ h`jlfr`tmd r`dlih`rfig d`tm ls clvmg `s ` r`gcm ia ym`rs, wltb `g lgdlh`tlig ia st`tlstlh`j prif`fljlty ‘ git `s ` prmhlsm h`jmgd`r d`tm. Air mx`opjm, tbm h`jlfr`tmd r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc ia ` p`pyrus egiwg ti d`tm ario tbm rmlcg ia Elgc Dkmde`rm ia tbm 4tb Dyg`sty ylmjdmd ` <=.4% hb`ghm ia d`tlgc ti 643=-66<2 h`j FH, ` sp`g ia 033 ym`rs, ir ` 12.6% hb`ghm ia mltbmr ia twi g`rriwmr, fut stljj oujtldmh`dm, r`gcms; 6412-64>0 h`j FH (44.0%) ir 6826-6843 h`j FH (64.0%) (Frige V`osmy 6>08). Lgdlvldu`j s`opjms ario @o`rg`, wblhb w`s ihhuplmd air jmss tb`g ` cmgmr`tlig durlgc tbm 02tb Dyg`sty, clvm r`dlih`rfig d`tms rmcuj`rjy sp`gglgc twi ir tbrmm dmh`dms (ir oirm) wltb `hhur`hlms bivmrlgc gm`r 3>% (O`gglgc mt `j. 6>08). Hrltlh`jjy, mvmg suhb oidmst r`gcms mxhmmd tbm jmgctbs ia o`gy elgcs“ mgtlrm rmlcgs; siom 0=> ia tbm egiwg pb`r`ibs rujmd air vmry sbirt pmrlids ‘ jmss tb`g tmg ym`rs ‘ prmsmgtjy a`r iutsldm tbm r`gcm ia prmhlslig privldmd fy r`dlih`rfig mvmg lg tbm fmst ia hlrhuost`ghms. @s ` airomr Xmhrmt`ry Cmgmr`j ia tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms ighm `hegiwjmdcmd;
6>6
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‚Lg irdmr ti d`tm Mcyptl`g dyg`stlms, wm gmmd ti b`vm spmhlffh d`tms5 yiu h`ggit usm h`rfig d`tlgc‟ (H`tt`gm 6>0> Uigjlgm; bttp;//www.mcyptlgdmpmgdmgt.hio/ gmws/mcyptl`g-`rhbmijiclsts-hioomgt-h`rfig-d`tlgc_).
Tbls smmos ti rmprmsmgt tbm iplglig ia o`gy lg tbm `rhb`mijiclh`j `dolglstr`tlig, o`elgc lt lopirt`gt ti higsldmr lg `gy hbrigijiclh`j mgdm`vir air Mcypt. V`dlih`rfig d`tlgc b`s crm`t utljlty, fut privldlgc mx`ht d`tms ls git `gd h`g gmvmr fm igm ia tbmo (air ` rmhmgt hrltlqum ia itbmr prifjmos wltb r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc rmj`tlvm ti Mcyptijicy `gd rmj`tmd almjds, smm Flmt`e 6>08). Tbus, wbljm r`dlih`rfig h`g fm ` slcglalh`gt `ld lg `dkustlgc ‚ flc plhturm‟ hbrigijiclh`j hbrigijiclh`j lssums ir h`g `sslst lg pj`hlgc sltms ir `rtla`hts lg tbmlr dyg`stlh higtmxt, lt j`hes tbm prmhlslig ti rmsijvm tbm mssmgtl`j hbrigijiclh`j lssums. Tbm igjy omtbid tb`t iaamrs tbm hbrigijiclh`j rmsijutlig gmmdmd ti ugdmrst`gd `gd `sslcg h`jmgd`r d`tms ti `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g mvmgts `gd prihmssms ls dmgdrihbrigijicy; tbm study ia trmm-rlgcs. Dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j D`tlgc
Dmgdrihbrigijiclsts study trmm rlgcs `s g`tur`j hbrigiomtmrs `gd rmhirdmrs ia hb`gcm lg tbm mgvlrigomgt. Trmm rlgcs privldm ` pmrspmhtlvm ig prm-lgdustrl`j hujturms `gd mgvlrigomgts tb`t ls itbmrwlsm ug`tt`lg`fjm. Tbm omtbidijicy ls iatmg hiop`rmd ti tbm `ssmofjy ia ` klcs`w puzzjm; plmhms, hijjmhtmd ario ` wldm v`rlmty ia siurhms, `rm p`lgst`elgcjy alttmd ticmtbmr ivmr ` pmrlid ia ym`rs ti fuljd up ` hiopjmtm (ir gm`rjy si) lo`cm wltb `ggu`j ‘ `gd iatmg sm`sig`j ‘ prmhlslig. La tbm `ggu`j rmsijutlig tb`t dmgdrihbrigijicy iaamrs hiujd fm mst`fjlsbmd air `ghlmgt Mcypt, tbm lop`ht wiujd fm slolj`r ti tb`t ia `ggu`j rmsijutlig lg tbm @omrlh` @om rlh`gg Xiutbwmst Xiut bwmst,, wblhb wblh b rmvijutli rmvij utliglzm glzmdd iur ugdmrst` ugdm rst`gdl gdlgc gc ia tbm blstiry blst iry ia tbls rmclig ‘ igm j`helgc wrlttmg rmhirds ‘ fmairm tbm `rrlv`j ia Muripm`gs (smm Diucj`ss 0<6<5 B`ury 0<16), `gd aurtbmroirm wiujd b`vm fri`d lopjlh`tligs air tbm lgtmrhiggmhtmd Gm`r M`st `gd Omdltmrr`gm`g wirjd. Tbls ls git ` gmw rm`jlz`tlig (m.c. B`ury 0<8=5 F`gglstmr 0<3>5 Hrm`so`g mt `j . 6>06). Tbm gmmd air suhb prmhlslig lg Mcyptl`g blstiry `gd tb`t ia lts gmlcbfirs b`s fmmg rmhicglzmd air `t jm`st ` hmgtury, hmgtury, `s b`s tbm pitmgtl`j sijutlig; dmgdrihbrigijicy. dmgdrihbrigijicy. Tbm criwtb b`flts ia o`gy spmhlms ia trmms rmsujt lg highmgtrlh rlgcs tb`t `rm vlslfjm lg tbm wiid. Tbmsm Tbmsm rlgcs `rm airomd fy criwtb lg rm`htlig ti mgvlrigomgt`j (`gd buo`g-lopismd) prihmssms, typlh`jjy hb`gcms lg prmhlplt`tlig ir tmopmr`turm, wblhb mghiur`cm (prmhlplt`tlig, air mx`opjm) ir dlshiur`cm (driucbt) trmm criwtb. Air o`gy trmms, lghjudlgc tbm prlzmd higlamrs si iatmg usmd lg `ghlmgt Mcypt, m`hb hiopjmtm `ggu`j criwtb rlgc rmprmsmgts igm ym`r. Sltb ` suaalhlmgtjy j`rcm smt ia hiop`r`tlvm o`tmrl`js, tbm ym`r tbm trmm w`s amjjmd h`g fm dmtmrolgmd fy o`thblgc tbm trmm-rlgc p`ttmrgs (Alc. 0). @jtbiucb p`ttmrg o`thblgc ls git, strlhtjy spm`elgc, biw dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j d`tlgc ls pmrairomd, `gd ls `g ivmr slopjlalh`tlig ia tbm prihmss, lt smrvms `s ` usmauj highmpt (`g lgtriduhtiry culdm h`g fm aiugd lg Xtiems `gd Xoljmy 0<12).
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6>8
Alc. 0. Hbrigijicy fuljdlgc vl` trmm-rlgcs air `ghlmgt Mcypt (dr`wlgc; V. H`rijl5 hiurtmsy ia ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig` Mcyptl`g Mxpmdltlig 6>08).
Tbm mgvlrigomgt lg wblhb tbm trmm b`s criwg `aamhts hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia tbm rlgcs. Xiom trmms criw lg higdltligs tb`t b`vm ` crm`tmr lop`ht ig tbm wldtb ia rlgcs. Tbmsm higdltligs olcbt fm tbm `v`lj`fljlty ia w`tmr (`s lg tbm dmsmrt siutbwmst ia tbm ]X@) ir, `t girtbmrg j`tltudms `gd blcb `jtltudm, tmopmr`turm (F`gglstmr 0<18). Vmj`tlvmjy g`rriwmr wldtbs lgdlh`tm ` jlolt`tlig ia rmsiurhm ir itbmrwlsm jmss a`vir`fjm higdltlig ti wblhb tbm trmm w`s sufkmhtmd durlgc tb`t criwlgc sm`sig, suhb `s driucbt. ^`ttmrgs ia wldm `gd g`rriw wldtbs `rm pjittmd ir om`surmd, `gd tbmsm `rm hiop`rmd wltb tbm pjits ir om`surmomgts ia itbmr spmhlomgs ario ` slolj`r irlclg (ldm`jjy ia tbm s`om spmhlms ir cmgus) tb`t wiujd b`vm fmmg sufkmhtmd ti slolj`r mgvlrigomgt`j ajuhtu`tligs. Ivmrj`p ia p`ttmrgs fmtwmmg spmhlomgs ia dlaamrlgc `cm, egiwg `s hrissd`tlgc, rmsujts lg mxtmgslig ia tbm hbrigijicy (smm Diucj`ss 0<40 air ` dlshusslig ia hrissd`tlgc). Sbmg spmhlomgs ia egiwg d`tm `rm lghjudmd ti `ghbir tbm hbrigijicy ti tbm prmsmgt, suhb `s ario ` jlvlgc trmm, `g `fsijutm hbrigijicy wltb `ggu`j prmhlslig h`g fm mst`fjlsbmd. Air siom p`rts ia tbm wirjd, suhb trmm-rlgc ‚o`stmr hbrigijiclms‟ b`vm fmmg fuljt cilgc f`he 04,=>> ym`rs (Arlmdrlhb mt `j. 6>>4). @atmr tbm mst`fjlsbomgt ia ` o`stmr hbrigijicy air ` rmclig ir cmgus/spmhlms, hiop`rlgc tbm trmm-rlgc d`t` ia spmhlomgs ia ugegiwg d`tm ti lt wljj iatmg pmrolt tbmlr pj`hmomgt wltblg tbm tlomjlgm. Dmgdrihbrigijicy ls tbm igjy omtbid ia cmihbrigijiclh`j ir `rhb`mijiclh`j d`tlgc tb`t ls `hhur`tm ti tbm h`jmgd`r ym`r (smm F`gglstmr 0<185 Xtiems `gd Xoljmy 0<125 Dm`g 0<32)5 ugjlem r`dlih`rfig d`tlgc, lg wblhb tbm `gswmr ls gmhmss`rljy ` sp`g ia dmh`dms ir mvmg hmgturlms, lg dmgdrihbrigijicy mvmg Euglbijo 6>>6; 14). ‚` igm-ym`r mrrir ls U…_ mcrmclius‟ mcrmclius‟ ( Euglbijo
6>4
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La ` trmm ls hut ir itbmrwlsm dlms durlgc lts criwlgc sm`sig, d`tlgc `hhur`hy h`g fm ldmgtlalmd ti wltblg `pprixlo`tmjy twi oigtbs lg tbm fmst h`sms ‘ oirm tb`g suaalhlmgt air hirrmj`tlig wltb tbm tbrmm sm`sigs rmhicglzmd fy tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs ( @xt , prt , `gd Xow ) ‘ privldlgc tbm o`xlouo jmvmj ia prmhlslig pisslfjm tid`y. Dmgdrihbrigijicy `gd Mcypt
Lg tbm 0<6>s, @gdrmw Mjjlhit Diucj`ss, tbm lgvmgtir `gd ‚a`tbmr‟ ia dmgdrihbrigijicy, w`s lg higt`ht wltb priolgmgt Mcyptijiclsts mxpjirlgc tbm pisslfljlty ia higstruhtlgc ` trmm-rlgc-f`smd hbrigijicy air `ghlmgt Mcypt. Fy 0<86, Diucj`ss, lg higsujt`tlig wltb guomrius omofmrs ia tbm Mcyptijiclh`j `gd ousmuo hioougltlms, highjudmd tb`t ` suaalhlmgt vijuom ia o`tmrl`j `jrm`dy mxlstmd lg tbm ousmuos ia tbm wirjd ti o`em sufst`gtl`j pricrmss (Diucj`ss 0<865 Frm`stmd 0<88). Xlghm Diucj`ss, guomrius shbij`rs b`vm dlrmhtjy ir lgdlrmhtjy h`jjmd air tbm higstruhtlig ia ` trmm-rlgc hbrigijicy air Mcypt ir tbm prixy rmhirds lt privldms, lghjudlgc K`oms B. Frm`stmd (0<88), Molj B`ury (0<8=), @ofrism J`gslgc (0<82), Judjiw Fujj (0<46), Fry`gt F`gglstmr (0<3>5 0<2=), Kmaarmy X. Dm`g (0<32), Hijlg Vmgarmw (0<<1), ^mtmr ^mtmr L`g Euglbijo (0<<65 6>>05 6>>6), L`g Xb`w (6>>>), Itti Hlhbihel (6>>>5 6>>1), G`dlgm Oimjjmr (6>>=), Emggmtb @. Elthbmg (6>>1), O`jhijo B. Slmgmr (6>>1), `gd itbmrs. Molj B`ury, ` studmgt ia Diucj`ss“s `gd blosmja ` pligmmr lg Xiutbwmstmrg @omrlh` @om rlh`gg `rhb`mi `rhb `mijicy jicy `gd omofmr omof mr ia tbm (]X) G`tlig`j G`tlig `j @h`dmoy @h`d moy ia Xhlmghms Xhlm ghms,, higduhtmd tbm m`rjlmst almjdwire lg pursult ia ` trmm-rlgc hbrigijicy air Mcypt. Bm hijjmhtmd spmhlomgs ario tbm Fistig Ousmuo ia Algm @rts lg tbm m`rjy 0<8>s, highjudlgc; ‚L fmjlmvm lt ls git ugjlemjy tb`t trmm-rlgcs olcbt wmjj sufst`gtl`tm `gd pisslfjy `opjlay‟ (B`ury 0<8=; 0>2) tbm hbrigijicy ia `ghlmgt Mcypt. Amrvmgtjy lg `crmmomgt tb`t tbm ci`j hiujd fm `hblmvmd, Fry`gt F`gglstmr, ` studmgt ia B`ury“s `gd jlemwlsm `g molgmgt dmgdri`rhb`mijiclst, hijjmhtmd spmhlomgs ario o`kir oiguomgts lg Mcypt lg tbm 0<1>s (m.c. F`gglstmr 0<3>). @atmr `g`jyzlgc tbm spmhlomgs F`gglstmr b`d hijjmhtmd, Kmaarmy X. Dm`g, ` dmgdri`rhb`mijiclst `gd rmhlplmgt ia fitb tbm @jarmd Qlghmgt Elddmr @w`rd air Molgmghm lg tbm Almjd ia @omrlh`g @rhb`mijicy `gd tbm Xihlmty air @omrlh`g @rhb`mijicy“s Jlamtlom @hblmvmomgt @w`rd, st`tmd; ‚` study ia wiid s`opjms ario `g Mcyptl`g pyr`old lgdlh`tms tb`t auturm suhhmssms lg tbls `rm` `rm pisslfjm‟ (0<32; 04>).
F`gglstmr `gd Dm`g, fitb spmhl`jlsts lg tbm @omrlh`g Xiutbwmst ihhuplmd wltb itbmr t`ses, dld git `dv`ghm tbm study air Mcypt aurtbmr fut suppirtmd tbm dmvmjipomgt ia ^mtmr L`g Euglbijo“s h`rmmr. Euglbijo privmd tbm utljlty ia dmgdrihbrigijicy wltb `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g o`tmrl`js fy fuljdlgc ` =68-ym`r aji`tlgc hbrigijicy ario igm ia tbm aiur so`jj 06tb Dyg`sty fi`ts ario tbm pyr`old hiopjmx ia Xmgwisrmt LLL (0<<65 rmc`rdlgc tbm fi`ts, smm ^`thb `gd B`jd`gm 0<<>5
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S`rd S`rd 6>>>5 6>> >5 Hrm`so`g Hrm`s o`g 6>0>`5 6>0> `5 Hrm`so`g Hrm`s o`g mt `j. 6>0>). Hrltlh`jjy, fy o`thblgc `g ijdmr hiaalg ario X`qq`r` lg tbm Irlmgt`j Lgstltutm Ousmuo, Hblh`ci (ILO 06>365 Alrst Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid) wltb tbm hbrigijicy dmrlvmd ario tbm D`bsbur fi`t, bm dmoigstr`tmd tb`t `ghlmgt lopirtmd tlofmr ( Hmdrus jlf`gl , Jmf`gmsm hmd`r) ario Mcyptl`g sltms h`g fm hrissd`tmd (Euglbijo 0<<65 6>>0). Dmspltm tbm ihh`slig`j hijjmhtlig ia spmhlomgs ario lgdlvldu`j sltms tbriucbiut Mcypt (m.c. Cmrlshb mt `j. 6>>3), jlttjm itbmr pricrmss b`s fmmg o`dm tiw`rd ` dmgdrihbrigijicy air @h`h l` gljitl gl jitlh` h` ), `ghlmgt Mcypt. Tbm Tbm usmaujgmss ia g`tlvm tlofmrs, suhb `s `h`hl` ( @h`hl` ), air dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j purpisms b`s fmmg lg`dmqu`tmjy mxpjirmd, `jtbiucb maairts `rm fmlgc o`dm air slolj`r spmhlms lg itbmr `rld/smol`rld rmcligs, lghjudlgc tbm Gm`r M`st `gd Mtblipl` (m.c. Ciurj`y 0<<=`5 0<<=f5 Msbmtm `gd Xtíbj 0<<<5 Tiuhb`g `gd Bucbms 6>><5 Glhijlgl mt `j. 6>0>, Sljs mt `j. 6>0>5 6>00). Aurtbmroirm, tbmrm b`s fmmg gi systmo`tlh maairt ti hijjmht `gd `g`jyzm wiid spmhlomgs sp`gglgc `jj pmrlids ario sltms ir ousmuos `jj ivmr Mcypt, gir dims Mcypt pissmss ` hmgtr`jlzmd wiid s`opjm rmpisltiry tb`t wiujd fm hrltlh`j ti tbls prihmss. Tbmrm ls, tbmg, `t prmsmgt gi alxmd dmgdrihbrigijicy air `ghlmgt Mcypt, `jtbiucb tbmrm o`y wmjj fm `dmqu`tm rmsiurhms ti `hhiopjlsb tbls; tbm wiid ia sblps `gd fi`ts, hiaalgs, `rhbltmhturm, st`tu`ry, `gd itbmr ifkmhts `jj o`y bijd blddmg plmhms ia tbm hbrigijiclh`j puzzjm. ]gtlj tbmsm `rm aurtbmr studlmd `gd ` o`stmr trmm-rlgc hbrigijicy ls fuljt, ` prmhlsm ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm blstirlh`j (`gd prm-blstirlh`j) tlomjlgm wljj rmo`lg mjuslvm. Biwmvmr Biwmvmr,, lgairo`tlig highmrglgc o`gy tblgcs itbmr tb`g hbrigijicy h`g fm dmrlvmd ario lgvmstlc`tligs ia `rhb`mijiclh`j wiid. Git`fjy, trmm rlgcs smrvm `s prixy rmhirds air mgvlrigomgt`j higdltligs, suhb `s driucbt, `gd wljj jlemjy fm tbm emy ti mv`ju`tlgc mgvlrigomgt`j tbmirlms ia dyg`stlh hijj`psm (Fmjj 0<305 0<3=5 Oimjjmr 6>>=5 B`ss`g 6>>35 Tiuhb`g `gd Bucbms 6>><). Aurtbmroirm, tbmrm ls ouhb `fiut buo`g fmb`vlir lg dlrmht rmj`tlig ti tbm mgvlrigomgt tb`t h`g fm jm`rgmd tbriucb tbm study ia wiid. Buo`g/Mgvlrigomgt Buo`g/Mgvlrigomgt Lgtmr`htligs
Tbm study ia `rhb`mijiclh`j wiid-usm fmb`vlirs `gd mxtr`pij`tlig ario wiid ia itbmr cmgmr`j fmb`vlir`j egiwjmdcm ls ` rmj`tlvmjy rmhmgt aihus lg tbm almjd ia trmmrlgc `g`jysls, c`lglgc oiomgtuo wltb Kmaarmy Dm`g“s wire (0<<1), `jtbiucb lt w`s pripismd `gd frlmajy pursumd ouhb m`rjlmr (Viflgsig 0<135 G`sb 6>>6). Tbm augd`omgt`j highmpt, `s st`tmd fy Dm`g (0<<1; 411), ls tb`t; ‚m oirm wm ugdmrst`gd tbm fmb`vlir lgvijvmd lg wiid prihurmomgt, usm, dlsh`rd `gd higsuoptlig, tbm fmttmr wm wljj fm `fjm ti `sslcg ug`oflcuius d`tms ti buo`g mvmgts.‟
Tbls ls mspmhl`jjy lopirt`gt air sihlmtlms tb`t o`dm lgtmgslvm usms ia wiid `gd j`he rmjl`fjm hbrigijiclms. Igm suhb sihlmty ls, ia hiursm, tb`t ia `ghlmgt Mcypt. @jtbiuc @jtb iucbb Dm`g `ddrmssm `ddr mssmdd buo`g/m buo` g/mgvlr gvlrigom igomgt gt lgtmr`h lgtm r`htlig tligss tbriucb tbriu cb wiidmg wiid mg struhturms itbmr tb`g w`tmrhr`at, sblps `gd fi`ts `rm tbm prlo`ry h`sm study mopjiymd bmrm fmh`usm ia tbm lopirt`ghm ia w`tmrhr`at lg `ghlmgt Mcypt (m.c.
6>1
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Qlgsig 6>><5 6>08) `gd fmh`usm sblp ir fi`t tlofmrs rmhird ` hiopjmx stiry ia o`tmrl`j usm `gd fmb`vlir. fmb`vlir. @ trmm truge ir fr`ghb oust fm slcglalh`gtjy oidlalmd air usm lg ` bujj (Alc. 6). Sbmg suhb tlofmrs `rm lopirtmd, `s w`s iatmg tbm h`sm air Mcypt, tbmrm `rm `ddltlig`j buo`g/mgvlrigomgt `spmhts ti fm mv`ju`tmd. Hiopjmtm w`tmrhr`at `jsi tmgd ti privldm ` j`rcm siurhm ia higtmopir`gmius o`tmrl`j wltb wblhb ti wire. Sbmg sblps sblp s `rm `g`jyzm `g` jyzmdd `s hijjmhtl hijj mhtligs igs ia lgdlvld lgdl vldu`j u`j `rtla` `rt la`hts hts (`s `rm, air mx`opjm, hmr`olh sbmrds ir dmhigstruhtmd `rhbltmhtur`j stigm fjihes), tbm d`t` h`g mxtmgd a`r fmyigd tbm shipm ia ` sblp“s sblp“s higstruhtlig `gd tmhbgijicy (tbm usu`j aihl ia sblp studlms), f`he ti mvmgts lg tbm sblpy`rd wbmrm lt w`s fuljt, up tbm suppjy hb`lg, `gd lgti tbm airmsts ario wblhb tbm tlofmrs wmrm b`rvmstmd. Ouhb ia tbls lgairo`tlig typlh`jjy rmo`lgs ugegiwg tbriucb itbmr siurhms, prlo`rljy fmh`usm
Alc. 6. Xblp tlofmrs supmrlopismd ig ` p`rmgt trmm (dr`wlgc; V. H`rijl5 hiurtmsy ia ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig` Mcyptl`g Mxpmdltlig). Mxpmdltlig).
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6>3
oist `spmhts ia sblp fuljdlgc `gd suppjy wmrm hjismjy cu`rdmd tr`dm smhrmts, r`rmjy la mvmr rmhirdmd. Fut m`hb ia tbmsm st`cms rmsujts lg oidlalh`tlig(s) ti tbm r`w o`tmrl`j, iatmg jm`vlgc pmrhmptlfjm mvldmghm ia buo`g lgtmr`htligs upig tbls v`ju`fjm g`tur`j rmsiurhm. Ti Ti tbls mgd, tbmrm b`s fmmg ldmgtlalh`tlig ia `t jm`st glgm lgvmstlc`tiry h`tmcirlms tb`t ylmjd slcglalh`gt fmb`vlir`j lgairo`tlig, mspmhl`jjy `s rmj`tms ti tbm `hqulsltlig, usm, `gd o`g`cmomgt ia r`w o`tmrl`js; `cm hjustmrs5 `ssmofjy `gd higstruhtlig o`res5 rmj`tlvm tlofmr `cm5 rmusm5 spmhlms ldmgtlalh`tlig `gd usm5 tlofmr higvmrslig5 tlofmr slzm `gd sb`pm5 tiij o`res5 `gd wiid `g`tioy. `g`tioy. @g mxpj`g` mxpj `g`tlig tlig ia m`hb h`g fm aiugd aiug d lg Hrm`so`g Hrm` so`g (6>0>f) (6>0 >f),, `gd tbmy `rm `jsi `js i `ddrmssmd mjsmwbmrm lg crm`tmr dmt`lj tb`g ls pisslfjm bmrm (m.c. C`jm mt `j. 6>>>5 S`rd S`rd 6>>45 6> >45 Hrm`so Hrm `so`g `g 6>0>`5 6> 0>`5 O`re O` re 6>065 6>06 5 Hrm`so`g Hrm`s o`g 6>08)5 6> 08)5 biwmvmr, b iwmvmr, `g mxmopj` mxm opj`rr ls privldmd fmjiw. Tlofmr Higvmrslig
Dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j `g`jysms h`g fm mxtrmomjy lgairo`tlvm rmc`rdlgc tlofmr higvmrslig `gd tbm `oiugt ia w`stm wiid priduhmd lg tbm hiursm ia ift`lglgc higstruhtlig o`tmrl`js. Siid w`s ` v`ju`fjm rmsiurhm lg Mcypt, mspmhl`jjy wbmg lopirtmd. Tbm w`tmrhr`at tb`t privldm tbm oist rmjl`fjm studlms ia tlofmr higvmrslig (l.m., tbm hrm`tlig ia usm`fjm tlofmr ario tbm r`w o`tmrl`j5 Alc. 8) `rm tbm 06tb Dyg`sty D`bsbur fi`ts (Alc. 4); alvm fi`ts furlmd kust iutsldm tbm pyr`old hiopjmx ia Xmgwisrmt LLL `gd prmsuomd ti b`vm fmmg `aaljl`tmd wltb tbm elgc“s furl`j rltu`j (Hrm`so`g mt `j. 6>><). Tbm D`bsbur fi`ts `rm gm`rjy hiopjmtm `gd tbm oist tbiriucbjy studlmd Mcyptl`g w`tmrhr`at (m.c. S`rd 6>>>5 Hrm`so`g 6>0>`). Lt b`s fmmg mstlo`tmd tb`t gi amwmr tb`g mlcbtmmg o`turm hmd`r trmms wmrm rmqulrmd air tbm higstruhtlig ia ` slgcjm fi`t, lghjudlgc lts fm`os, dmhelgc, `gd pj`gelgc (tbls fmlgc Gmwtig“s mstlo`tm air tbm fi`t giw lg tbm hijjmhtlig ia tbm H`rgmclm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry, ^lttsfurcb5 S`rd 6>>>). Tbls mstlo`tm w`s
Alc. 8. 02tb Dyg`sty h`rpmgtmr ario tbm tiof ia Vmebolrm (TT 0>>) `t Tbmfms higvmrtlgc tlofmr ti pj`ges (dr`wlgc; V. H`rijl, `atmr; D`vlms 0<48; pj. 4>5 Eljjmg 0<<4; c. 3).
6>2
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Alc. 4. Twi vlmws ia ` H`lri D`bsbur fi`t, HC 4<6=, tbm ‚wbltm fi`t‟ (pbiti; ^.^. Hrm`so`g. Hiurtmsy Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri).
`hblmvmd tbriucb hiop`rlsig ia tlofmr cr`lgs `gd trmm-rlgc p`ttmrgs, fy wblhb pirtligs ia ` slgcjm trmm h`g fm ldmgtlalmd. La tbls alcurm bijds trum air tbm aiur itbmr D`bsbur fi`ts, lt wiujd lgdlh`tm tbm lopirt`tlig ia `pprixlo`tmjy igm bugdrmd trmms, ` elgcjy b`uj `gd higsplhuius higsuoptlig ia rmsiurhms. Dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j `g`jysms b`vm `jsi dmoigstr`tmd tb`t ippislgc pirt (jmat) `gd st`rfi`rd (rlcbt) sldm tlofmrs wmrm hut ario tbm s`om trmm, prif`fjy ti mghiur`cm syoomtry lg bujj sb`pm (S ( S`rd 6>>>). Xlghm w`tmrhr`at wmrm fuljt fy mym (tb`t ls, gi fjumprlgts ir pj`gs `rm egiwg ti b`vm mxlstmd), uslgc oujtlpjm huts ario tbm s`om trmm hiujd privldm siomwb`t slolj`r hurv`turms. Lt ls git surprlslgc tb`t tbm sblpfuljdmrs mopjiymd tbls pr`htlhm, wblhb ls prif`fjy hiooig tbriucbiut tbm alvm bujjs5 biwmvmr, igjy tbm vmssmj giw lg ^lttsfurcb b`s fmmg sufkmhtmd ti tbls elgd ia `g`jysls. O`thblgc dlstlght egit `gd cr`lg p`ttmrgs lg tbm rmo`lgdmr ia tbm bujj succmsts tb`t syoomtry w`s pr`htlhmd mjsmwbmrm ig tbm ^lttsfurcb fi`t (Lfldmo ). Tbm Hblh`ci fi`t, fmlgc tbm jm`st studlmd fut fmst prmsmrvmd ia tbm D`bsbur criup, wiujd fm `g ldm`j h`gdld`tm air suhb `g`jysms. Tlofmr higvmrslig studlms h`g `jsi rmvm`j tbm omtbids usmd ti sb`pm tbm tlofmr `gd tbm qu`jlty ia huts. C`jm mt `j. (6>>>) `gd Eljjmg (0<<4) iaamr tbiriucb `g`jysms ia `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g tlofmr prmp`r`tlig omtbids. Euglbijo“s (0<<6) `g`jysls ia tbm ^lttsfurcb D`bsbur fi`t succmstmd git igjy tb`t ` crm`t pmrhmgt`cm ia wiid w`s w`stmd lg tbm fi`t“s higstruhtlig fut `jsi tb`t ouhb ia tbm wiid mopjiymd w`s rmusmd. Tbmsm twi pr`htlhms wiujd smmo higtr`dlhtiry. Lt ls pisslfjm, mvmg
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jlemjy, tb`t tbmsm tlofmrs wmrm lopirtmd slcglalh`gtjy fmairm Xmgwisrmt LLL“s rmlcg `gd b`rvmstmd ario itbmr vmssmjs ir struhturms. Tbmlr Tbmlr lgltl`j usm(s) ir `ppjlh`tlig(s) `gd tbm `ssihl`tmd rmpmtltlvm trloolgc wiujd fm tbm h`usm ia wb`t `ppm`rmd ti fm igm mvmgt ia ‚mxtr`irdlg`ry‟ w`stm, wltb m`hb sufsmqumgt rmusm mxpjlh`fjm `s tbm priduht ia `g lgtmgtlig ti higsmrvm o`tmrl`js. Tbus tbls ifsmrv`tlig ls vmry jlemjy tbm rmsujt ia smrl`j rmusm, git ` slgcjm tbrlatjmss mvmgt tb`t priduhmd ouhb w`stm (Hrm`so`g 6>08). Ig tbm itbmr b`gd, tbm 00tb Dyg`sty Jlsbt tlofmrs, wblhb h`om ario igm ir oirm dls`rtlhuj`tmd wire fi`ts, wmrm hut si tb`t `g S`rd 6>>>; 00>). ‚mhigioy ‚mhigioy ia wiid usm ls mvldmgt‟ ( S`rd
Tbm h`rpmgtmrs hut tbmsm g`tlvm `h`hl` `gd t`o`rlse tlofmrs str`tmclh`jjy ti `vild o`kir egits `gd hioprmsslig wiid (smm ^uj`e 6>>0 air ` dlshusslig ia hioprmsslig wiid `gd lts lssums lg sblp higstruhtlig) `gd ti t`em `dv`gt`cm ia tbm g`tur`j cr`lgs `gd hurv`turms, prmsuo`fjy ti o`xlolzm strmgctb `gd olglolzm wm`egmssms lg higstruhtlig. Highjuslig
@rhb`mij @rhb `mijicl iclh`j h`j wiid, wiid , wbmtbmr wbmtb mr ario sblps sblp s ir itbmrwl itbm rwlsm, sm, wbmg mx`olg mx` olgmd md wltb fmb`vlir`j `gd mgvlrigomgt`j higtmxts lg olgd, iaamrs crm`t lgslcbt lgti buo`g/mgvlrigomgt lgtmr`htligs. @s ` rmsujt ia a`vir`fjm prmsmrv`tlig `gd tbm `ghlmgt Mcyptl`g pr`htlhm ia rltu`jjy privlsliglgc lgdlvldu`js air tbm `atmrjlam, lt ls jlemjy tb`t bugdrmds ia tigs ia buo`g-oidlalmd wiid b`vm fmmg rmhivmrmd ario `rhb`mijiclh`j mxh`v`tligs lg Mcypt. @ghlmgt sblps, hiaalgs, aurglturm, `gd `rhbltmhtur`j tlofmrs privldm ` rifust siurhm ia o`tmrl`j air trmm-rlgc-f`smd lgvmstlc`tligs. Dmgdrihbrigijiclh`j omtbids iaamr ippirtugltlms ti mxtr`ht v`st `oiugts ia lgairo`tlig ‘ fm lt hbrigijiclh`j, mgvlrigomgt`j ir fmb`vlir`j ‘ ario mxh`v`tmd o`tmrl`js tb`t `rm aljjlgc v`ju`fjm sp`hm lg o`c`zlgms `gd ousmuos `gd o`y itbmrwlsm rmhmlvm jlttjm `ttmgtlig. @hegiw @he giwjm jmdc dcmom momgt gtss
Tbm `utbir ls cr`tmauj air tbm suppirt ia tbm irc`glzmrs lg `ttmgdlgc tbm higamrmghm, `s wmjj `s tbmlr maairts lg `ssmofjlgc tbm prihmmdlgcs. Aurtbmr alg`ghl`j suppirt w`s privldmd fy tbm ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig`5 spmhlalh`jjy lt ls @ppilgtmd ^riamsslig`j @dvlsir @dvl siryy Hiughlj Hiug hlj.. Vmajmhtl Vmaj mhtlig ig ig tbls t bls o`gus o` gushrlp hrlptt fy `gigyoi `gi gyoius us rmvlmwm rmv lmwmrs, rs, Girmmg Girm mg Diyjm `gd ^`uj V. Xbmpp`rd crm`tjy loprivmd lt `gd tbm `utbir ls, `c`lg, oist cr`tmauj.
60>
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Flfjlicr`pby @ff`tm, @ff` tm, M., M ., @. @jfl`gm @jf l`gmjjl, jjl, @. @w`d, @w` d, ^. ^. Fljjl, Flj jl, ^. Frugl, Fr ugl, O. Dmjalg Dm jalgi, i, O.^ O. ^. amrrmtt amr rmttl,l, I. I . Aljlppl, Aljl ppl, C. C`jj`l, O. Cblg`ssl, X-M. J`urltzmg, D. Ji Qmtri, F. O`rtlgmz-G`v`rri, A. O`rtlgl, C. G`pijmigm, I. Fmdrl, O. ^`plgl, J. Viie, O. X`crl. 6>0>. ‒^jmlstihmgm Mgvlrigomgts `gd Buo`g ^rmsmghm lg tbm Olddjm @tf`r` Q`jjmy (Eb`sbo Mj Clrf`, M`stmrg Xud`g)“, ^`j`micmicr`pby, ^`j`micmicr`pby, ^`j`mihjlo`tijic y, ^`j`mimhijicy ^`j`mimhijic y 6<6; 6<6; 06-84. @fdmja`t @fdm ja`tt`b t`b,, @., @.B. @jj`o, @jj` o, X. S`gg, `gg , V.H. Tbiopsig Tbi opsig,, C.@. O`esiud, O`esi ud, L. F`dr, B.@. @omr, @. Gur mj-Dlg, H.M. Alghb, O.L. Oly`oiti, J. Xutbmrj`gd, K. Xutbmrj`gd, `gd C.X. Tbio`s. 6>06. ‒@tbmrishjmritlh H`rdliv`shuj`r Dlsm`sm lg Mcyptl`g Siomg; 0=3> 0=3 > FHM-6>00 FHM- 6>00 HM“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia H`rdlijicy dil; 0>.0>01/k. lkh`rd.6>06.>0.>26. @hsàdl, @hsà dl, C. C . `gd `g d K. Gmomseìrl. Gmomseì rl. 0<3>. 0<3 >. Blstiry ia Buo`g Jlam Xp`g `gd Oirt`jlty. Fud`pmst. Oirt`jlty. Fud`pmst. @d`os, @d`o s, K.M. `gd H.S. @jsip. @jsi p. 6>>2. 6 >>2. ‒Lo`clgc ‒Lo` clgc lg Mcyptl`g Mcyp tl`g ouoolms“, ouoo lms“, 60-40, 60- 40, lg Mcyptl`g Ouoolms Ouoolm s `gd Oidmrg Oidmr g Xhlmghm Xhl mghm , D`vld, V. (md.). H`ofrldcm. @jmx`gdm @jmx `gdmr, r, V.D., V.D ., K.J. Biicj`gd, Biicj `gd, V.D. Biw`rd, Biw`r d, E.O. Giig`g Giig` g `gd ^.S. .S. Xbmro X bmro`g. `g. 0<3<. 0<3< . Xmxu`j Dloirpblso `gd Frmmdlgc Xystmos Xystmo s lg ^lgglpmds, ]gcuj`tms, ^rlo`tms `gd Buo`gs, 4>6-48=, lg Mvijutlig`ry Flijicy Flijic y `gd Buo`g Fmb`vliur; @g @gtbripijiclh`j ^mrspmhtlvm , ^mrspmhtlvm , G.@. Hb`cgig `gd S. Lrigs (mds.). Girtb Xhltu`tm, O`ss. @jj`o, @jj `o, @.B., @.B. , @. Gurmjdlg, Gurmjd lg, C. @dmjo`esi @dmj o`esiud, ud, L. F`dr `gd B.@. @omr. 6>0>. 6>0> . ‒Xiomtbl ‒Xio mtblgc gc Ijd, Xiomtblgc Gmw; Hioputmd Hio putmd Tioicr`pby Tioicr`pby Xtudlms Xtudl ms ia tbm H`rdliv`shuj`r H`rdliv`shuj` r Xystmo lg @omrlh`g h`g Bm`rt Bm` rt Bisplt`j Bis plt`j Kiurg`j 2.0; Kiurg`j 2.0; 0>-08. @ghlmgt @gh lmgt Mcyptl`g Mcyp tl`g Ouoolms“, Ouoolm s“, @omrl @jj`o, @jj `o, @.B., @.B. , V.H. Tbiopsig Tbio psig,, J.X. S`gg, `gg , O.L. Oly`oiti Oly` oiti `gd C.X. Tbiopsig Tbio psig.. 6>><. ‒Hioputmd Tioicr`pblh @ssmssomgt ia @tbmrishjmrisls lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouoolms“, Kiurg`j Ouoolms“, Kiurg`j ia tbm tb m @omrlh`g @omr lh`g Omdlh`j Omdlh` j @ssihl` @s sihl`tlig tlig 8>6.0<; 6><0-6><4. @jj`o, @jj `o, @.B., @.B. , V.H. Tbiopsig, Tbio psig, J.X. S`gg, O.L. Oly`oiti Oly` oiti,, @.B. Gur mj-Dlg, mj-D lg, C.@. O`esiud, O.@. Xijlo`g, L. F`dr, B.@. @omr, O.J. Xutbmrj`gd, K.D. Xutbmrj`gd `gd C.X. Tbio`s. 6>00. ‒@tbmrishjmrisls lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouoolms“, Kiurg`j ia tbm @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Hijjmc H ijjmcmm ia H`rdlijic H`rdli jicy, y, Lo`clgc 4; 80=-863. @jjmg, @jj mg, V.B., V.B. , X.J. Hb`, Hb` , J.O. Er`gemr, Er`g emr, T.J. Kibgsig Kibgs ig `gd M.D. Curmwltsh Curmw ltshb. b. 6>>3. 6>>3 . ‒Hiop`rlgc Omhb`glh`j Amt`j Vmspigsm Durlgc Dmshmgt, Hriwglgc, `gd Vmstltutlig `oigc Dmjlvmrlms wltb `gd wltbiut Xbiujdmr Dystihl`“, @omrl Dystihl`“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia Ifstmtr If stmtrlhs lhs `gd Cygmhijicy 0<1; 0<1; =8<.m0-=. @jP`bt` @jP `bt`gl, gl, X.K., X.K. , O.^. O.^. Bmhtir Bmhti r `gd B.O. Jlvmrsldc Jlvmr sldcm. m. 6>0>. 6>0> . ‒Frlma ‒Frl ma Hioougl Hioo uglh`tl h`tlig; ig; Tbm Jigdig @tj`s ia Buo`g Tiitb Dmvmjipomgt `gd Mruptlig“, @omrlh`g @omrlh `g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy 046; 046; 420-4<>. @jtmgoú @jt mgoújjmr, jjmr, B. 0<<>. 0<<> . ‒Fmomr ‒ Fmomreugc eugcmg mg zur Crúgdugc Crúgd ugc dmr 1. Dyg`stlm“, Dyg` stlm“, 0-6>, 0-6 >, lg Amstshbrlat Kúrcmg vig Fmhemr`tb Fmhem r`tb [uo 3>. Cmfurtst`c Cmfurt st`c `o 0<. Amfru`r Amfru` r 0<<> 0 <<> ,, @. Mccmfrmhbt `gd F. Xhboltz (mds.). Bljdmsbmlo. Bljdmsbmlo. @ofrldcm @ofr ldcm,, J. `gd O. Xbmppmrsi Xbmpp mrsig. g. 6>>1. 6>>1 . ‒Xiutb ‒Xiut b Tiofs Tiofs Hmomtmr Hm omtmr y, 6>>1“, 6>>1 “, lg F. Emop, ‒Tmjj Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <6; mj-@o`rg`, 6>>=->1“, Kiurg`j 6>>=->1“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` <6; 63-83.
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600
@gigyoiu @gig yoius, s, 0<83. 0<83 . Gmsmgl`l Gmsmgl `l ĩ E`ugč E`ug č `tvmŷt`s `tvm ŷt`s Mclpti Mclp ti e`r`jlmg e`r` jlmgēs ēs Hb`tmpsu Hb` tmpsutt Dm-Mj-F`b Dm-Mj -F`brl rl s`reia`c`s. ūelglgei p`t`rēk`s 0, K`gu`ry 2. @rolt`cm @rol t`cm ^.J. `gd K. Hjut H juttigtig-Frihe Frihe.. 0<20. 0< 20. ‒@ V`dli V `dlijicl jiclh`j h`j `gd Blstijic Blst ijiclh`j lh`j Lgvmstlc` Lgvms tlc`tli tligg lgti tbm Ouoolalh`tlig Ouoolalh`tlig ia H`ts ario @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Kiurg` Mcypt“, Kiurg`jj ia @rhb`mijiclh`j @rhb`miji clh`j Xhlmghm Xhlmg hm 2; 2; 02=-0<1. @sbtig, @sbt ig, X.@. X .@. 6>>4. 6>>4 . Vio`g Mcyptio`gl` . Jigdig. @udiulg, @udiu lg, Q. Q. 0261. 0261 . ‒O`oolaâr ‒O`oo laârms ms H`rg`ss H`r g`sslmrs“, lmrs“, 344-3= 34 4-3=>, >, lg Dmshrlptlig dm j“Ìcyptm iu rmhumlj dms ifsmrv`tligs mt dms rmhbmrhbms qul igt ìtì a`ltms mg Ìcyptm Ìcyptm pmgd`gt j“mxpìdltlig j“mxpìd ltlig dm j“`roìm Ar`gã`lsm <; <; Blstilrm G`turmjjm LL LL wltb pj`tm 0 lg vij <; Blstilrm G`turmjjm L [IIJICLM, L [IIJICLM, O`oolaârms O`ool aârms H`rg`sslm H`rg `sslmrs rs (Xuppjmomgt) (Xuppjmomgt) 6gd md. ^`rls. @uadmrbml @uadm rbmldm, dm, @. @ . H. 6>>8. 6>> 8. Tbm Xhlmgtlalh Xtudy ia Ouoolms . H`ofrldcm. @uadmrbml @uadm rbmldm, dm, @.H., @.H. , O. [jigls, [jig ls, J.J. H`rtomj H`r tomjj,j, O.V. [loomro`g [loom ro`g,, ^. Xbmjdrlh Xbmj drlhe, e, O. Hiie `gd K.M. Oijti. 0<<<. ‒Buo`g Ouoolalh`tlig ^r`htlhms `t Lso`gt mj-Eb`r`f“, Kiurg`j mj-Eb`r`f“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijicy 2=; 2=; 0<3-60>. @uadmrbml @uadm rbmldm, dm, @.H., @.H. , J.J. H`rtomj H`r tomjj,j, O. [jigls [jig ls `gd ^. Xbmjdrlh Xbmj drlhe. e. 6>>4. 6>>4 . ‒Ouoolalh` ‒Ouool alh`tli tligg ^r`htlhms `t Emjjls Xltm lg Mcypt“s D`ebjmb I`sls“, Kiurg`j I`sls“, Kiurg`j ia tbm Xihlmt X ihlmtyy air tbm tb m Xtudlms Xtudlm s ia Mcyptl`g @gtlqultlms 80; 80; 18-33. F`flă, X. 6>>=. ‒Xt`tus Ldmgtlty `gd @rhb`mijicy“, 13-2=, lg Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Ldmgtlty , Dï`z-@gdrmu, O., X. Juhy, X. F`flă `gd D.G. Mdw`rds (mds.). Jigdig. Fàhs, T.@. 0<<2. Alrst ^rmjlolg`ry Vmpirt ig tbm Sire ia tbm Bugc`rl`g Olsslig lg Olttml jugcmg mg dms Dmutshbmg Dmutsh bmg Tbmfms lg Tbmf`g Tiof G¾ 1= (Gmf`oug/Lolsmf`). Olttmljugc @rhbäijicl @rhbäi jiclshbmg shbmg Lgstltuts, Lgstltu ts, E`lri E` lri =4; 4<-14. Fàhs, T.@. 6>>>. Tbm Xi-H`jjmd ‒Oig`stmry ia Hyrl`hus“ `t Tbmfms. Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijicy 03; 84-81. Fàhs, T.@. 6>><. @ G`om wltb Tbrmm (9) Irtbicr`pblms; Tbm H`sm ia tbm ‒Elgc“s Xig, Ivmrsmmr ia Xiutbmrg Airmlcg J`gds, ^mgrm.“ Xud`g & Gufl` Fujjmtlg 08; Fujjmtlg 08; 8>-83. Fàhs, T.@. T.@. 6>00`. 6>0 0`. Tbm J`st Gmw Elgcdio Tiof Tiof `t Tbmfms; Tb mfms; Tbm Mgd ia ` Crm`t Tr`dltlig Tr`dltlig99 Frltlsb Ousmuo Xtudlms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt `gd Xud`g 01; 0-41. Fàhs, T.@. 6>00f. ‒“…Jlem Bm`vmg Lg Lts Lgtmrlir“; J`tm V`omsldm ^`lgtmrs lg Tbmf`g Tiof 1=“, 88-40, 88- 40, lg ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Hijjiquluo ig Tbmf`g @rhb`mijicy @rhb`mijic y `t tbm Xuprmom Hiughlj ia @gtlqultlms, Givmofmr =, 6>>< , B`w`ss, [., T.@. Fàhs `gd C. Xhbrmlfmr (mds.). H`lri. Fàhs, T.@., [. Aàflàg, C. Xhbrmlfmr `gd J. Tñrñe (mds.). 6>><. Bugc`rl`g Mxh`v`tligs lg tbm Tbmf`g Gmhripijls. @ Hmjmfr`tlig ia 0>6 \m`rs ia Almjdwire lg Mcypt. H`t`jicum air tbm Tmopir`ry Mxblfltlig lg tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri, Givmofmr 1, 6>><-K`gu`ry 0=, 6>0> . Fud`pmst. F`lgms, K. 0<<6. ‒Omrlt fy ^rixy; Tbm Flicr`pblms ia tbm Dw`ra Dkmbi `gd Bls ^`trig Tk`lb`rpt`“, Kiurg`j Tk`lb`rpt`“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy 32; 32; 640-6=3. F`emr, F.K. 0<<<. M`rjy O`glamst`tligs ia Tufmrhujisls lg tbm Xemjmtig , 8>0-8>3, lg Tufmrhujisls ^`st `gd ^rmsmgt , ^`jal, C., I. Dutiur, K. Dm`e `gd L. But`s (mds.). Fud`pmst.
606
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F`jdwlg, K. 0<3=. ‒Gitms `gd Xpmhuj`tligs ig Diomstlh`tlig ia H`t lg Mcypt“, @gtbri Mcypt“, @gtbripis pis 3>; 462-442. F`gglstmr, F. 0<18. Dmgdrihbrigijicy , Dmgdrihbrigijicy , 010-031, lg Xhlmghm lg @rhb`mijicy , Fritbwmjj, D. `gd M. Blccs (mds.). Gmw \ire. F`gglstmr, F. 0<3>. Dmgdrihbrigijicy lg tbm Gm`r M`st; Hurrmgt Vmsm`rhb `gd Auturm ^itmgtl`jltlms, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Xmvmgtb Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higcrmss ia @gtbripijiclh`j `gd Mtbgijiclh`j Xhlmghms =; Fujjmtlg 0<<3 Xpmhl`j Lssum. =; 881-84>. Vmprlgtmd; Trmm-Vlgc Fujjmtlg 0<<3 F`gglstmr, F. 0<2=. Jmttmr ti D. S`ttmrs, S`ttmrs, H`rgmclm H`r gmclm Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry, ^lttsfurcb, ^mggsyjv`gl`, ]X@, d`tmd 8 Ihtifmr 0<2=, J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb `rhblvms. F`rry, ^.S. `gd O.D. Bihelgc. 0<<8. Lga`gt Vlf Ar`hturm ‘ Flrtb Tr`uo` ir Gig @hhldmgt @hhl dmgt`j `j Lgkur L gkury, y, @rhbl @rhblvms vms ia i a Dlsm`sm Dls m`sm lg Hbljdb Hb ljdbiid iid 12; 12; 6=>. F`ss, S.O. 0<<=. Buo`g Istmijicy; @ J`fir`tiry `gd Almjd O`gu`j , O`gu`j , 4tb md. Hijuofl`, Olssiurl. F`tr`wl, @. 0<4=. ‒Tbm V`hl`j Blstiry ia Mcypt `gd Gufl`, ^`rt L“, Kiurg`j ia tbm Viy`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijiclh`j clh`j Lgstltutm Lgstltu tm 3=; 3=; 20-0>0. F`tr`wl, @. 0<41. ‒Tbm V`hl`j Blstiry ia Mcypt `gd Gufl`, ^`rt LL“, Kiurg`j ia tbm Viy`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijiclh`j clh`j Lgstltutm Lgstltu tm 31; 31; 080-0=1. F`ud, O. 6>>1. ‒Tbm Vmj`tlvm Hbrigijiclms ia Dyg`stlms 1 `gd 2“, 044-0=2, lg @ghlmgt @ghlmg t Mcyptl`g Hbrigijicy , Birgugc, M., V. Er`uss `gd D.@. S`rfurtig (mds.). Jmldmg. F`ud, O. `gd Q. Difrmv. 0<<=. ‒Dm giuvmjjms `gg`jms dm j“@ghlmg Moplrm ìcyptlmg. ]gm ‒^lmrrm dm ^`jmrom“ piur j` QLm dyg`stlm“, Fujjmtlg dm j“Lgstltut Ar`gã`ls d“@rhbìijiclm Irlmgt`jm <=; <=; 68-<6. Fmd`wl, A.@. A.@. 0<31. 0<31 . Dlm Vñolshbmg Cräfmramjdmr vig X`y`j` ‘ Guflmg. Guflmg . Qlmgg`. Fmlgjlhb B. `gd O. X`jmb. 0<2<. Hirpus Dmr blmricjypblshbmg Lgshbrlatmg `us dmo Cr`f dms Tut`ghb`oug. Tut`ghb`oug. Ixaird. Fmjh`stri, O.C., M. V`stmjjl `gd Q. O`rlittl. 6>>2. ‒Q`rl`tlig ia tbm Dmcrmm ia X`hr`j Qmrtmfr`j Fidy Auslig lg @dujtbiid lg Twi Muripm`g Oidmrg Xemjmt`j Hijjmhtligs“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 08=.6; 08=.6; 04<-01>. Fmrjmv, I. `gd X. Bidk`sb. 0<<2. H`t`jicum ia tbm Oiguomgts ia @ghlmgt Mcypt. Ario tbm Ousmuos Ousmuo s ia tbm Vussl`g Vussl` g Amdmr`tlig, Amdmr`t lig, ]er`lgm, Fymjirussl Fymjir ussl`, `, H`uh`su H` uh`sus,s, Olddjm Ol ddjm @sl` `gd tbm t bm F`jtlh Xt`tms . Cñttlgcmg. Fmrgb`rdt, H.M., F.^. Birtig `gd K-D Xt`gjmy. 6>06. ‒Gljm Dmjt` Qmcmt`tlig Vmspigsm ti Bijihmgm Hjlo`tm Q`rl`fljlty“, Cmijicy 4>; 4>; 10=-102. Fmrrmttigl, F.@. `gd K.V. H`rtmr. 0<21. Omhb`glsos ia H`ghmr Omt`st`sls ti Figm, Kiurg`j ia Figm `gd Kilgt Xurcmry 12@; Xurcmry 12@; 8>2-806. Fmjj, F. 0<30. ‒ Tbm D`re @cms lg @ghlmgt Blstiry L; Tbm Alrst D`re @cm lg Mcypt“, @omrl Mcypt“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijic y 3=.0; 3=.0; 0-61. Fmjj, F. 0<3=. Hjlo`tm `gd tbm Blstiry ia Mcypt; Tbm Olddjm Elgcdio, @omrl Elgcdio, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia @rhb`mijicy 3<.8; 3<.8; 668-61<.
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608
Flrrmjj, O. 0<<<. Mxh`v`tligs lg tbm Hmomtmrlms ia Lso`gt mj-Eb`r`f , 6<-46, lg D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht; ^rmjlolg`ry Vmpirts ig tbm 0<<6-0<<8 `gd 0<<8-0<<4 Almjd Xm`sigs , Bipm, H.@. `gd @.K. Oljjs (mds.). Ixaird. Flmt`e, O. 6>08. @gt`ciglsos @gt`cig lsos lg Blstirlh`j Blstir lh`j `gd V`dlih`rf V`dl ih`rfig ig Hbrigijic Hbrig ijic y , y , 31-0><, lg V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Mcypt , Xbirtj`gd, @.K. `gd H. Frige V`osmy (mds.). Ixaird. Omt`st` tlh Figm Dlsm`sm Dlsm` sm , =<0-1>4, lg Dyg`olhs ia Figm `gd H`rtlj`cm Fidy K.K. 0<<<. Omt`st`tlh Omt`fijlso Omt`fij lso,, Xmlfmj, O.K., X.^. Viflgs `gd K.^. Fljmzlel`g (mds.). X`g Dlmci, H@. Ficlg, F. 0<<<. ^`ttmrgs ia Buo`g Criwtb . H`ofrldcm. Fñgl, T., A.K. Vubjl `gd V.E. Hbbmo. 6>>4. ‒Blstiry ia ^`jmir`dlijicy; M`rjy ^ufjlsbmd Jltmr`turm, 02<1-0<60. H`g`dl`g @ssihl`tlig ia V`dlijiclsts Kiurg`j ==; Kiurg`j ==; 6>8-60>. Fiutlg, @.T. 6>00. ‒Hr`atlgc ` Fli`rhb`mijicy ia ^mrsigbiid; Istmiflicr`pblh`j G`rr`tlvms ario @j`j`eb“, 0><-088, lg Frm`tblgc Gmw Jlam lgti tbm Mvldmghm ia Dm`tb; Higtmopir`ry @ppri`hbms ti Fli`rhb`mijicy, Fli`rhb`mijicy, F``dsc``rd, @., @.T. Fiutlg `gd K.M. Fulestr` (mds.). X`gt` Am. Fiwmg, C.M. 6>>8. Xiom Ifsmrv`tligs ig Hbrlstl`g Furl`j ^r`htlhms `t Emjjls , Emjjls , 013-26, Tbm I`sls ^`pmrs LLL; ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Alrst Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht , lg Fiwmg, C.M. `gd H.@. Bipm (mds.). Ixaird. Fiwmr, O. `gd X. Hix. 6>>4. ‒Mgdihrlgm `gd Omt`fijlh Hiopjlh`tligs ia @dv`ghmd H`ghmr“, 122-1<>, lg Ixaird Tmxtfiie ia ^`jjl`tlvm Omdlhlgm , Omdlhlgm , Diyjm, D., C. B`ges, G.L. Hbmrgy `gd E. H`jo`g (mds.). Gmw \ire. Fiuwo`g, @.X. `gd T.B. Friwg, 6>>=. ‒Tbm Jlolts ia Flioijmhuj`r ^`jmip`tbijicy; Xghlmgt DG@ h`ggit fm ]smd ti Xtudy Qmgmr`j Xypbljls“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mijicl @rhb`m ijiclh`j h`j Xhlmghm 86/6>>8; 86/6>>8; 3>8-308. Fr`z, Q.X. 6>>2. ‒@gtbripijiclh`j Mstlo`tlig ia Xmx“, lg B`gdfiie ia Airmgslh @rhb`mijicy `gd @gtbripijicy , Fj`u, X. `gd D. ]fmj`emr (mds.). S`jgut Hrmme, H@. Frm`stmd, K.B. 0<88. Jmttmr ti @.M. Diucj`ss, ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig`, Tuhsig, @rlzig`, ]X@, d`tmd 0 Givmofmr 0<88, J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb `rhblvms. Frifmlj Klomgmz, X.I., O.H. Fitmjj` Jøpmz `gd J. Vulz Vidrlcumz. 0<<6. ‒@ Higtrlfutlig ti Omdlmv`j ^`tbijiclh`j Cyg`mhijicy“, Kiurg`j Cyg`mhijicy“, Kiurg`j ia ^`jmip`tbij ^`jmip `tbijic icy y 4.0; 4.0; 43-=8. Frige V`osmy, H. 6>08. ‒]slgc V`dlih`rfig Mvldmghm lg Mcyptl`g Hbrigijiclh`j Vmsm`rhb“, 6<-8<, lg V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Mcypt , Xbirtj`gd, @.K. `gd H. Frige V`osmy (mds.). Ixaird. Frige V`osmy, H., O. Dmm, K. Viwj`gd, T. Blcb`o, X. B`rrls, A. Frihe, @. Puljms, M. Sljd, M. O`rhus `gd @. Xbirtj`gd. 6>0>. ‒V`dlih`rfig-F`smd Hbrigijicy air Dyg`stlh Mcypt“, Xhlmghm 862; 862; 0==4-0==3. Friies, X. `gd K.O. Xuhbmy. 0<<>. Xemjmt`j @cm Dmtmrolg`tlig F`smd ig tbm Is ^ufls; @ Hiop`rlsig ia tbm @ãs`dl-Gmomsemrl `gd Xuhbmy-Friies Omtbids“, Buo`g Mvijutlig =.8; 663-682. Trm`tomgt, `gd Xtudy ia Buo`g Fritbwmjj, D.V. 0<1=. Dlcclgc up Figms; Tbm Mxh`v`tlig, Trm`tomgt, Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs . Jigdig.
604
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Fritbwmjj, D.V. 0<20. Dlcclgc ]p Figms; Tbm Mxh`v`tlig, Trm`tomgt `gd Xtudy ia Buo`g Vmo`lgs. Ltb`h`, G\ G \. Friwg, ^. 0<<>. Tbm Fidy `gd Xihlmty; Omg, Siomg `gd Xmxu`j Vmgughl`tlig lg M`rjy Hbrlstl`glty . Gmw \ire. Friwg, V.@. `gd C.K. @romj`cis. 6>>0. ‒@ppirtligomgt ia V`hl`j Dlvmrslty; @ Vmvlmw“, Mvijutlig`ry @gtbripijicy 0>.0; 0>.0; 84-4>. Friwg, T `gd E. Friwg. 6>00. Flioijmhuj`r @rhb`mijicy; @g Lgtriduhtlig. Lgtriduhtlig . Ixaird. Fuhejmy, X.@. `gd V.^. Mvmrsbmd. 6>>0. ‒Irc`glh Hbmolstry ia Mof`jolgc @cmgts lg ^b`r`iglh `gd Cr`mhi-Vio`g Ouoolms“, G`turm 408.12=2; 408.12=2; 283-240. Fuhejmy, X.@., E.@. Hj`re `gd V.^. Mvmrsbmd. 6>>4. ‒Hiopjmx Irc`glh Hbmolh`j F`jos ia ^b`r`iglh @glo`j Ouoolms“, G`turm 480; 480; 6<4-6<<. Fuhejmy, X., @.S. @.S. Xtitt `gd V.^. V.^. Mvmrsbmd. 0<<<. ‒Xtudlms ia Irc`glh Vmsldums Vms ldums ario @ghlmgt @ ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouoolms ]slgc Blcb Tmopmr`turm-C`s Hbrio`ticr`pby-O`ssspmhtiomtry `gd Xmqumgtl`j Tbmro`j Dmsirptlig-C`s Hbrio`ticr`pby-O`ss Xpmhtiomtry `gd ^yrijysls-C`s ^yrijysls-C`s Hbrio`ticr`pby-O`ss Hbrio`ticr`pby-O`ss Xpmhtriomtry“, Xpmhtriomtry“, @g`jy @g`jyst st 064; 064; 448-4=6. Fulestr`, K.M. `gd D.B. ]fmj`emr (mds). 0<<4. Xt`gd`rds air D`t` Hijjmhtlig ario Buo`g Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs . A`ymttmvljjm. Fulestr`, K.M., F.K. F`remr `gd D.H. Hiie. 0<<8. Sb`t Dlsm`sm ^j`cumd @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs9 @ Hmgtur Hm gturyy ia Higtrivmrsy Higtr ivmrsy Higsldmrmd Higsl dmrmd ,, 64-=8, lg Flijiclh`j @gtbripijicy `gd tbm Xtudy ia @ghlmgt @ghlmg t Mcypt Mc ypt , D`vlms, S.Q. S.Q. `gd V. S`jemr (mds.). Jigdig Fujj, J. 0<46. Jmttmr ti @.M. Diucj`ss, ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig`, Tuhsig, @rlzig`, ]X@, d`tmd 8> Kugm 0<46, J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb `rhblvms. Fuzig, O.V. 6>>1. ‒Bm`jt b ia tbm Gig-Mjltms `t Tiofis; Tiofis; Gutrltlig`j Gutrltlig `j `gd Dlsm`sm Xtrmss lg Gmw Elgcdio Gufl`“, @omrl Gufl`“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 08>; 08>; 61-83. Fuzig, O.V. 6>>1. ‒Tbm Vmj`tligsblp Fmtwmmg Flijiclh`j `gd Mtbglh Ldmgtlty lg Gmw Elgcdio Gufl`“, Hurrmgt @gtbripijicy 43; 43; 128-1<=. Fuzig, O.V. 6>>2. ‒@ Fli`rhb`mijiclh`j ^mrspmhtlvm ig Mcyptl`g Hijigl`jlso lg Gufl` durlgc tbm Gmw Elgcdio“, Kiurg`j Elgcdio“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <4; <4; 01=-020. Fuzig, O.V., @. Xloigmttl `gd V.@. Hrm`smr. 6>>3. ‒Olcr`tlig lg tbm Gljm Q`jjmy Durlgc tbm Gmw Elgcdio ^mrlid; @ ^rmjlolg`ry Xtrigtluo Lsitipm Xtudy“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijiclh`j lh`j Xhlmghm Xhlmg hm 84; 84; 08<0-04>0. Fuzig, O.V. `gd V. Vlhbo`g. 6>>3. ‒Tr`uo`tlh Lgkurlms `gd Lopmr`jlso; Tbm Maamhts ia Mcyptl`g Hijigl`j Xtr`tmclms `t Tiofis lg ]ppmr Gufl`“, @omrl Gufl`“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh ^b yslh`j `j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 088; 088; 328-3<0. H`lrd, O.X., X. Vmddy, T.K. C`gjmy `gd D.X. Druooigd. 6>>=. ‒Hmrvlh`j Xplgm Ar`hturm-Dlsjih`tlig Ar`hturm-Dlsjih`tlig Flrtb Lgkury; ^rmvmgtlig ^rmvmgtlig Vmhicgltlig, `gd Lopjlh`tligs air tbm Irtbip`mdlh Xurcmig“, Kiurg`j Xurcmig“, Kiurg`j ia ^mdl`trlh ^mdl` trlh Irtbipmdl Irtb ipmdlhs hs , 6=; 424-421. H`jjmgdmr, Q.C. 6>00. Lg B`tbir“s Lo`cm L. Tbm Slvms `gd Oitbmrs ia Mcyptl`g Elgcs ario Dyg`stlms L-QL . ^r`cum H`jjmgdmr, Q.C. 6>>6. ‒^rlghmss Lgtl ia tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Xlxtb Dyg`sty“, Kiurg`j ia Gm`r M`stmrg Xtudlms 10.4; 10.4; 613-634.
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60=
H`jjmgdmr, Q.C. Q.C. 0<<6. 0<< 6. Tbm Slvms ia tbm Mcyptl`g Elgcs; Dyg`stlms L-RQLL L-RQL L . 0-8. ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, O`hqu`rlm ]glvmrslty. H`ghl, @. `gd X. Olgizzl. 6>>=. @rhbmijicl @rhbmi jicl`` dml rmstl uo`gl; uo`gl ; d`jji d`jj i sh`vi `j j`fir`tirli j`fir` tirli . Viom. H`p`ssi, J., C. F`cclmrl, C. Dl Tit` `gd H. Omuhhl. 0<<4. ‒^rif`fljm alfrijmliolio` utmrlgi h`jhlalh`ti d`jj` gmhripijl dl @jamdmg` (J“@qulj`), hlrh` QL-QL smhiji `. H. (Mtî jicl`` Higtmopi Hig tmopir`gm` r`gm` 03.0; dmj Amrri)“, @gtripi Amrri)“, @gtripijicl 03.0; 08-02. H`rr, K.F. 6>>8. ‒O`jjmij`r Ar`hturms `gd Xiat Tlssum Lgkurlms ia tbm @gejm“, 68>3-6834, lg Xemjmt`j Tr`uo` (8rd (8rd mdltlig), Friwgmr, F.D., K.F. Kupltmr, @.O. Jmvlgm `gd ^.C. Tr`atig (mds.). ^blj`dmjpbl`. H`rtoljj, O. 0<<2. ‒Tbm Xt`tus ia tbm V`hm Highmpt lg ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy“, @omrl @gtbripijicy“, @omrlh`g h`g @gtbripijic @gtbri pijiclst lst 0>>; 0>>; 1=0-11>. H`vlcjl`, B., H.^. C`rrldi, A.A. ^`j`zzl `gd G.Q. Om`g`. 6>>=. ‒^mdl`trlh Ar`hturms ia tbm Vmsm`rhb 486; 4<-=1. Buomrus“, Hjlglh`j Irtbip`mdlhs `gd Vmj`tmd Vmsm`rhb 486; H`tt`gm, Q. 6>0>. ‒Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijiclsts Hioomgt ig H`rfig D`tlgc“, Mcyptl`g Lgdmpmgdmgt 2 Kujy 6>0>. Igjlgm `t; bttp;//www.mcyptlgdmpmgdmgt.hio/gmws/ mcyptl`g-`rhbmijiclsts-hioo mcyptl`g-`rhbmijiclsts-hioomgt-h`rfig-d`tlgc. mgt-h`rfig-d`tlgc. Hb`ofmrj`lg, C. 6>>4. ‒Hbljdflrtb lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Tbm Kiurg`j ia tbm Viy`j Xihlmty air tbm ^rioitlig ia Bm`jtb 064; 624-621. @esb ` LLL. J` pipuj`tlig pipuj `tlig du hlomtlârm hlom tlârm omriltlqum omril tlqum.. Mtudm Hb`oj`, O.-H. 0<13. @esb` `gtbripijiclqum. ^`rls. Hb`rrig @. 6>>=. ‒Jms `glo`ux s`hr`jlsìs“, 01=-6>>, lg Dms `glo`ux mt dms biooms. ]gm syoflism ìcyptlmggm , Dug`gd, A. `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc (mds.). ^`rls. Hbbmo, V.E. `gd D.V. Fritbwmjj. 6>>2. ^`jmir`dlijicy. Lo`clgc Ouoolms `gd Aissljs , Fmrjlg-Bmldmjfmrc. Hlhbihe, I. 6>>>. ‒Omtbids `gd @los lg Dmgdrihbrigijicy. D`tlgc Siidmg Ifkmhts ario tbm M`stmrg Omdltmrr`gm`g lg tbm Xmhigd Oljjmggluo F.H. (@fsijutm Hbrigijicy LQ)“, 16-13, lg Tbm Xyghbriglz`tlig ia Hlvljlz`tligs lg tbm M`stmrg Omdltmrr`gm`g lg tbm Xmhigd Oljjmggluo F.H., F.H., Flmt`e, O. (md.). Qlmgg`. Hlhbihel, I. 6>>1. ‒Jlf`gmslshbm [mdmrg `js D`tlmrugcswmrezmuc lg dmr äcyptlshbmg @rhbäiji @rhb äijiclm“, clm“, 6<8-6<<, 6<8- 6<<, lg Tlomjlgms; Xtudlms lg Bigiur ia O`garmd Flmt`e , Flmt`e , Hzmrgy, M., L. Bmlg, B. Bugcmr, D. Omjo`g `gd @. Xhbw`f (mds.). Jmuvmg. Hj`re, E.@., X. Ler`o `gd V. Mvmrsbmd. 6>08. ‒Irc`glh Hbmolstry ia F`jos ]smd lg tbm ^rmp`r`tlig ia ^b`r`iglh Om`t Ouoolms“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm G`tlig`j @h`dmoy ia Xhlmghm s 00>.=0; 6>8=6-6>8=8. Hihefurg, @. `gd M. Hihefurg (mds.). 0<2>/0<<2. Ouoolm 0<2>/0<<2. Ouoolms,s, Dlsm`sm Dl sm`sm & @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Hujturm Hu jturms s . H`ofrldcm. Hijmo`g, V. `gd V. Vufmgs. 0<23. ‒Tbm Hjlglh`j Hiursm ia Figm Omt`st`sms lg Frm`st H`ghmr“, Frltlsb Kiurg`j ia H`ghmr 33; 33; 881-84>. Hijmo`g, V. 6>>1. ‒Hjlglh`j Am`turms ia Omt`st`tlh Figm Dlsm`sm `gd Vlse ia Xemjmt`j Oirfldlty“, Hjlglh`j H`ghmr Vmsm`rhb 06; Vmsm`rhb 06; 1648-164<.
601
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Hiigmy, E. 6>00. ‒Hb`gclgc Furl`j ^r`htlhms `t tbm Mgd ia tbm Gmw Elgcdio; Dmamgslvm @d`pt`tl @d`p t`tligs igs lg Tiof Hioolssl Hioo lssligs, igs, Hiaalg Hiaa lg Hioolssl Hioo lssligs, igs, Hiaalg Hiaa lg Dmhir`tl Dmhi r`tlig, ig, `gd Ouoolalh`tlig“, Kiurg` Ouoolalh`tlig“, Kiurg`jj ia tbm @omrlh` @o mrlh`gg Vmsm`rhb Vmsm` rhb Hmgtrm H mgtrm lg l g Mcypt Mc ypt 43; 43; 8-44. Higsiggl, @. `gd @. Xms`g`. Lg prmss. ‒Tbm ^ittmry ario ` Olddjm Elgcdio Tiof `t tbm Tmopjm ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs ia @omgbitmp LL, Tbmfms“, lg Qlmgg` 6 - @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Hmr`olhs lg tbm 60st Hmgtury, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm bmjd `t tbm ]glvmrslty ia Qlmgg` 04tb-02tb ia O`y, 6>06 , 6>06 , F`dmr, F., H.O. Egifj`uhb `gd M.H. Eñbjmr (mds.). Jmuvmg. Hiipmr, @. `gd B.G. ^ilg`r. 6>>>. ‒@ghlmgt DG@. Di lt Vlcbt ir Git `t @jj“, Xhlmghm 62<; 008<. Hipm, D.K. 6>>2. Fmgt Figms; Tbm ^`tbijiclh`j @ssmssomgt ia Twi Amt`j Xemjmtigs ario tbm D`ebjmb I`sls, Mcypt . O@ Tbmsls, ]glvmrslty ia Hmgtr`j Ajirld`, Irj`gdi. Hipm D.K. `gd T.J. Dupr`s. 6>06. ‒Istmicmgmsls Lopmramht` lg tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Vmhird; @g Mx`opjm Mx`op jm ario tbm D`ebjmb D`eb jmb I`sls, I`sl s, Mcypt“, Mcypt “, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia ^`jmip`tbijicy 0; 022-0<<. Hirhir`g, J.B. `gd O. Xvifid`. 6>0>. Bmr`ejmldms; @ ^irtr`lt Ouooy ario Vio`g Mcypt . Jis @gcmjms. Hrufìzy, Ì., J. Jmc`j, C. A`f`s, B. D`fmrg`t `gd F. Judms. 6>>1. ‒^`tbicmgy ia @rhb`lh Oyhif`htmrl` `t tbm Momrcmghm ia ]rf`g Jlam lg Mcypt (84>> FH)“, Lgamhtlig, Cmgmtlhs, `gd Mvijutlig 1; Mvijutlig 1; 08-60. Hrm`so`g, ^.^. 6>0>`. ‒@ Aurtbmr Lgvmstlc`tlig ia tbm H`lri D`bsbur Fi`ts“, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Mcyptl`g @rhbmijicy <1; <1; 0>0-064, pj. LL. Hrm`so`g, ^.^. 6>0>f. Mxtr`htlgc Hujtur`j Lgairo`tlig ario Xblp Tlofmr , Tlofmr , ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy, G`utlh`j @rhb`mijicy ^ricr`o, Tmx`s @&O ]glvmrslty, ]glvmr slty, Hijjmcm Hij jmcm Xt`tlig, Xt`t lig, Tmx. Hrm`so`g, ^.^. 6>08. ‒Xblp Tlofmr `gd tbm Vmusm ia Siid lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl`g Blstiry 1.6; 1.6; 0=6-031. Hrm`so`g, ^.^ ^.^.,., F. Qlglgc, X. Eimpglhe `gd ` gd G. Diyjm. Diyj m. 6>><. ‒@g Mxpjir`tir y Cmipbyslh`j Cmipbyslh `j Xurvmy `t tbm ^yr`old Hiopjmx ia Xmgwisrmt LLL `t D`bsbur, Mcypt, lg Xm`rhb ia Fi`ts“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia G`utlh`j @rhb`mijicy 82.6; 82.6; 821-8<<. Hrm`so`g, ^.^., D. X`ssmg, X. Eimpglhe `gd G. Diyjm. 6>0>. ‒Criugd-^mgmtr`tlgc V`d`r Xurvmy `t tbm ^yr`old Hiopjmx ia Xmgwisrmt LLL `t D`bsbur, Mcypt, 6>>2; Xm`rhb air tbm Jist Fi`t ia ` ^b`r`ib“, Kiurg`j ^b`r`ib“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 83.8; 83.8; =01-=64. Hrm`so`g, ^.^., .^., F. F`gglstmr, V.B. Tiwgmr, Tiwgmr, K.X. Dm`g Dm `g `gd X.S. X.S. Jm`vltt. Jm`vlt t. 6>06. 6>06 . ‒Vmajmhtligs ‒Vmajmh tligs ig tbm Aiugd`tlig, ^mrslstmghm, `gd Criwtb ia tbm J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb, hlrh` 0<8>-0<1>“, Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb 12.6; Vmsm`rhb 12.6; 20-2<. Hrufìzy, Ì., J. Jmc`j, C. A`f`s, B. D`fmrg`t `gd F. Judms. 6>>1. ‒^`tbicmgy ia `rhb`lh oyhif`htmrl` `t tbm momrcmghm ia urf`g jlam lg Mcypt (84>> FH)“, Lgamhtlig, Cmgmtlhs `gd Mvijutlig, Mvijutlig , 1; 08-60. Hrufìzy, Ì., F. Judms, K.D. ^ivmd`, K. Hj`ytig, F. Hriu`u-Viy `gd D. Oigt`cgig. 0<<2. ‒Ldmgtlalh`tlig ia Oyhif`htmrluo DG@ lg `g Mcyptl`g ^itt“s Dlsm`sm ia =,4>> \m`rs Ijd“, Hioptms-rmgdus dm j“@h`dìolm dms shlmghms-Xmrlms LLL-Xhlm ghm dm j` vlm 860; <40-<=0.
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603
Hyfujsel, K. X. 6>>0. ‒Buo`g Flijiclh`j Vmj`tligsblps air tbm Girtbmrg Girtbwmst Hi`st“, 0>3-044, lg ^mrspmhtlvms ig Girtbmrg Girtbwmst Hi`st ^rmblstiry , ^rmblstiry , Hyfujsel, K.X. (md.). C`tlgm`u, H`g`d`. D`ffs, C.V. `gd S.H. Xhb`aamr. ‒6>>2 @ebmg`tmg“s S`rrlir9 @g @ssmssomgt ia Tr`uo`tlh Lgkury `t tbm Xiutb Tiofs Hmomtmry“, ^`jmip`tbijicy Gmwsjmttmr 046; 046; 6>-6<. D`ffs, C.V. `gd X.V. [`erzmwsel. 6>00. ‒Hr`gliomtrlh Q`rl`tlig `t Tmjj mj-@o`rg`; @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl`gs ir Lgtmrjipmrs `t tbm ‒Bmrmtlh Elgc“s“ Hlty9 (@fstr`ht)“, @omrlh`g ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy 044; 044; 00<. D`fmrg`t, B. `gd Ì. Hrufìzy. 6>00. ‒Oujtlpjm Figm Tufmrhujisls lg ` Hbljd ario ^rmdyg`stlh ]ppmr Mcypt (86>> FH)“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 6>.1; 6>.1; 30<-38>. D`gciur, @.D., @. A`romr, B.J. Bljj `gd X.K. Lso`lj. 6>>8. ‒@gtbripiomtrlh Xt`tus ia E`z`eb Hbljdrmg lg tbm 0<<>s“, Mhigiolhs `gd Buo`g Flijicy 0; 0; 48-=8. D`rmssy, C.0<><. Hmrhumljs dms h`hbmttms riy`jms . H`lri D`smg, Q. 0<<8. Dw`ras lg @ghlmgt Mcypt `gd Crmmhm . Ixaird. D`vlms, G. dm C. 0<>=. Tbm Vihe Tiofs Tiofs ia Mj @o`rg` , Q. Jigdig. D`vlms, G. dm C. 0<48. Tbm Tiof Tiof ia Vmeb-ol-Vm Vmeb-o l-Vm““ `t Tbmfms . Gmw \ire. D`vld, @.V. (md.). 0<3<. Tbm O`ghbmstmr Ousmuo Ouooy ^rikmht . O`ghbmstmr. D`vld, @.V. 6>>>. ‒Ouoolalh`tlig“, 836-82<, lg @ghlmgt @ghlmg t Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g O`tmrl`js O`tmr l`js `gd Tmhbgijiclms , Glhbijsig, Glhbijsig , ^.T ^.T.. `gd L. Xb`w (mds.). (mds .). H`ofrldcm. H`ofr ldcm. D`vld, @.V. 6>0>. ‒H`rdliv`shuj`r Dlsm`sm `gd Dlmt lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, lg Mcyptl`g Hujturm `gd Xihlmty; Xtudlms lg Bigiur ia G`culf E`g`w`tl , E`g`w`tl , Siids, @., @. OhA`rj`gm `gd X. Flgdmr (mds.). H`lri. D`vld, @.V. 6>>2. ‒Omdlh`j Xhlmghm `gd Mcyptijicy“, 81-=1, lg Mcyptijicy Tid`y , Sljelgsig Sljel gsig,, V.B. V.B . (md.). (md .). H`ofr H `ofrldcm. ldcm. D`vld, @.V. `gd O.V. [loomro`g. 6>0>. ‒H`ghmr; @g Ijd Dlsm`sm, ` Gmw Dlsm`sm ir Xiomtblgc lg Fmtwmmg9“ G`turm H`ghmr Vmvlmw 0>; 0>; 362-388. D`vls, X.K.O. 0<2<. Xiom @glo`j Vmo`lgs, 0<8-608, lg Aiuljjms rìhmgtms î Eblrieltl` (Hbyprm) 0<28-0<21 , D`ugm-Jm Frug, I. `gd @. Jm Frug (mds.). ^`rls. D`wsig S.V. `gd ^.B.E. Cr`y. 0<12. H`t`jicum ia Mcyptl`g @gtlqultlms lg tbm Frltlsb Ousmuo, L. Ouoolms Ouo olms `gd Buo`g Bu o`g Vmo`lgs Vmo `lgs . Jigdig. Dm`g, K. 0<32. Trmm-Vlgc D`tlgc lg @rhb`mijicy , 06<-018, lg ]glvmrslty ia ]t`b @gtbripijic @gtbri pijiclh`j lh`j ^`pmrs; Olsh. O lsh. ^`pmr 64, 64, K. Kmgglgcs (md.). X`jt J`em Hlty. Dm`g, K.X. 0<<1. ‒Dmgdrihbrigijicy `gd tbm Xtudy ia Buo`g Fmb`vlir“, 410-41<, lg Trmm Vlgcs, Mgvlrigomgt `gd Buo`glty; ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm, Tuhsig, @rlzig` @rlzig ` 03‘60 03‘ 60 O`y O `y 0<<4 0< <4 , Dm`g, K.X., K .X., D. Omei `gd `g d T.S T.S.. Xwmtg`o (mds.). (mds.) . @gg @rfir. @ rfir. Dmm, O.S., K.O. Viwj`gd, T.A.C. Blcb`o, @. Xbirtj`gd, A. Frihe, X.@. B`rrls `gd H. Frige V`osmy. 6>06. ‒Xyghbriglslgc V`dlih`rfig D`tlgc `gd tbm Mcyptl`g Blstirlh`j Hbrigijicy fy Loprivmd X`opjm Xmjmhtlig“, @gtlqul Xmjmhtlig“, @gtlqulty ty 21.888; 21.888; 212-228.
602
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Dmmjdmr, @.O., V.J. Oljjmr, Olj jmr, G. Dm Kigcm `gd A.S A.S.. Erlkcmr. 0<<>. ‒Dmtmhtlig ‒ Dmtmhtlig ia i a @gtlcmg lg Ouoolms“, J`ghmt 88=; 88=; 364-36=. Dmrry, D.M. 0<63 (Vmprlgt 6>>0). ‒@ppmgdlx L; Vmpirt upig tbm Mx`olg`tlig ia Tut @geb-@om @geb -@omg“ g“ss Ouooy“, 048-01 048 -010, 0, lg Tbm Tiof Tiof ia Tut.`geb.@omg. Tbm Furl`j Hb`ofmr , H`rtmr, B. (md.). Jigdig. Dmrry, D.M. 0<80. ‒Gitm ig tbm Xemjmtig Bltbmrti Bltbmr ti Fmjlmvmd ti fm Tb`t ia Elgc @ebmg`tmg“, @gg`jms @gg`jm s du Xmrvlhm Xmrv lhm dms d ms @gtlqultìs @gtl qultìs dm j“Ìcy j“ Ìcyptm ptm (H`lri ( H`lri). ). 80; 00=-00<. Dmrry, D.M. 0<><. ‒@g`tiolh`j Vmpirt“, 6<-=6, lg Tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Xurvmy ia Gufl`, Tbm @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijiclh`j lh`j Xurvmy Xurv my ia Gufl`. Fujjmtlg Fujjm tlg Gi. 8, 8 , Dm`jlgc Dm`j lgc wltb w ltb tbm t bm Sire Sire ario a rio Ihtifmr Ih tifmr 0 ti Dmhmofmr 80, 0<>2 . H`lri. Dï`z-@gdrmu, O. 6>>=. Cmgdmr Ldmgtlty , 08-46, lg Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Ldmgtlty , Dï`z @gdrmu, @gdr mu, O., O ., X. X . Juhy, Juh y, X. F`flă F`fl ă `gd `g d D.G. D. G. Mdw`rd Md w`rdss (mds.). (md s.). Jigdig. Jigd ig. Q`g Dlke, K. 6>>>. 6 >>>. Tbm @o`rg` ^mrlid `gd tbm J`tmr Gmw Elgcdio , 61=-8>3, lg Tbm Ixaird Blstiry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Xb`w, L. (md.). Jigdig. Dlshivmry Hb`ggmj Elgc Tut ]gwr`ppmd 60. Amf. 6>0>. bttp;//dsh.dlshivmry.hio/tvsbiws/itbmr-sbiws/vldmis/itbmr-sbiws-ugwr`ppmd-vldmis.bto. H`giplh K`r ia Ely` igjy lg tbm jigc vmrslig; Tut`ghb`oug ‘ D`s jmtztm Cmbmlogls dmr Cr`fe`oomr Tmlj 0 (0;>=;4>-0;>2;8>); bttp;//www.yiutufm.hio/w`thb9v?LDh3>Aj\6A@. @hhmssmd 3. Giv. 6>08. Dñdmrjmlg, C. 0<38. ‒Lgstruomgtm zur Cmfurtsbljam“, Oughbm Cmfurtsbljam“, Oughbmgmr gmr Omdlzlgsh Omdl zlgshbm bm Sihbmg Sihbmgshbr shbrlat lat 00=; 0=10-0=18. Didsig, @.O. 6>04. @o`r 6>04. @o`rg` g` Xugrlsm. Xugr lsm. Mcypt; Mcyp t; Ario Cijdmg @cm ti @cm ia Bmrmsy . Bmrmsy . H`lri. Didsig, @. Sltb higtrlfutligs fy I.K. Xhb`dmg, M.H. Frihe `gd O. Hijjlmr. 0<<1. Tbm H`giplh Mqulpomgt ia tbm Elgcs ia Mcypt . Mcypt . Jigdig/Gmw Jigdig /Gmw \ire. \ire. Didsig, @. 0<<0. 0 <<0. ‒@ Twmgty-Alrst Dyg`sty D yg`sty ^rlv`tm Vmfurl`j `t ` t Tbmfms“, Kiurg`j Tbmfms“, Kiurg`j ia i a Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijic y 33;02>-026. 33;02>-026. Didsig, @.O. 6>08. ‒Tmtl“, 1161-1163, lg Tbm Mghyhjipmdl` ia @ghlmgt Blstiry , F`cg`jj, V.X., E. Fridmrsmg, H.F. Hb`oplig, @. Mrselgm `gd X.V. Bumfgmr (mds.). Ixaird. Didsig, @. `gd D. Bljtig. 6>>4. Tbm Hiopjmtm Viy`j A`oljlms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt . Mcypt . Jigdig. Digicbum, B.D., B.D ., I. \-H. Jmm, D.M. Olgglelg, C.X. Fmsr`, Fmsr` , K.B. T`yjir T`yjir `gd O. O . Xplcmjo`g. 6>0>. ‒Tufmrhujisls lg Dr. Cr`gvljjm“s Ouooy; @ Oijmhuj`r Vm-Mx`olg`tlig ia tbm M`rjlmst Egiwg Mcyptl`g Ouooy ti fm Xhlmgtlalh`jjy Mx`olgmd `gd Clvmg ` Omdlh`j Dl`cgisls“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Viy`j Xihlmty, Flijicy 633; =0-=1. Dirao`g, B.D. `gd F. Hzmrgl`e. 0<<2. ‒Omt`st`tlh Tuoirs Lg Figm“, 0>><-0>4>, lg Figm Tuoirs , Dirao`g, B.D. `gd F. Hzmrgl`e (mds.). X`lgt Jiuls. Diucj`ss, @.M. 0<6<. ‒Tbm Xmhrmt ia tbm Xiutbwmst Xijvmd fy T`je`tlvm Trmm Vlgcs“, G`tlig`j Cmicr`pblh O`c`zlgm =1.1; =1.1; 381-33>. Diucj`ss, @.M. 0<86. Jmttmr ti ^rmgtlhm Dumjj, @omrlh`g Mxprmss Hiop`gy, H`lri, Mcypt, d`tmd 6 Kujy 0<86, J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb `rhblvms. Diucj`ss, @.M. 0<40. ‒Hrissd`tlgc lg Dmgdrihbrigijicy“, Kiurg`j ia Airmstry Airmstr y 8<.0>; 26=-280.
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60<
Diwsig, T. (md.), 6>>>. ‒Pummr @rhb`mijiclms9“, Sirjd @rhb`mijicy 86.6. 86.6. Diwsig, T. 6>>2. ‒Pummrlgc Xmx `gd Cmgdmr lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, 63-41, lg Xmx `gd Cmgdmr lg @ghlmgt Mcypt. Mc ypt. ‒Dig \iur Slc air ` Kiyauj Biur“ , Cr`vms-Friwg, H. (md.). Xw`gsm`. Drlmshb, vig dmg, @. `gd K. Fimssgmhe. 0<34. ‒Erltlshbm @gomreugcmg zur Sldmrrlst Sldmr rlstbñbm bñbmgfmr gfmrmhbg mhbgugc ugc `us Jägcmgo` Jägc mgo`Ùmg Ùmg vir- ugd arúbcmsh arú bcmshblhb blhbtjlh tjlhbmr bmr Olttmljugcmg 66.4; 86=-842. Tlmregihbmg“, Xäucmtlmreugdjlhbm Olttmljugcmg 66.4; Drlmshb, vig dmg, @. 0<31. @ 0<31. @ Culdm ti tbm Om`surmomgt Om`su rmomgt ia @glo`j @glo `j Figms ario ari o @rhb`mijicl @rhb`mi jiclh`j h`j Xltms; @s Dmvmjipmd fy tbm Lgstltut aúr ^`j`mi`g`tiolm, Diomstle`tligsairshbugc ugd Cmshblhbtm dmr Tlmromdlzlg ia tbm ]glvmrslty ia Ouglhb . H`ofrldcm, O`ss. Drlmshb, vig dmg, @. `gd K. Fimssgmhe. 0<28. ‒@ Vio`g H`t Xemjmtig ario Pusmlr ig tbm Vmd Xm` Hi`st“, Kiurg` Hi`st“, Kiurg`jj ia @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijiclh`j lh`j Xhlmghm Xhlmg hm 0>; 0>; 6>=-600. Drlshijj, H.@., O. Omgittl-V`yoigd, @.J. Vih`, E. Bupm, S.M. Kibgsig, M. Cmaamg, M.B. B`rjmy, O. Dmjlfms, D. ^igtlmr, @.H. Elthbmgmr, G. \`o`cuhbl, X.K. I“Frlmg `gd D.S. D.S. O`hdig`jd. 6>>3. ‒Tbm ‒ Tbm Gm`r M`stmrg Irlclg ia H`t Diomstlh`tlig“, Diomstlh `tlig“, Xhlmghm 803; 803; =0<-=68. Dud`y, B. 6>>=. Jmzligl dl `rhbmit`g`tijicl`. @rhbmijicl` augmr`rl` m `gtripijicl` dl h`opi. h`opi. Viom. Dud`y, B. 6>><. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia tbm Dm`d; Jmhturms lg @rhb`mitb`g`tijicy , @rhb`mitb`g`tijicy , tr`gsj. @.O. Hlprl`gl `gd K. ^m`rhm. Ixaird. Dupr`s, T., J. Sljjl`os, ^. Xbmjdrlhe, F. S`jtmr, F. Q`gTbuygm `gd X. Sbmmjmr. 6>08. ‒H`ghmr, ` Dlsm`sm ia Oidmrg Lgdustrl`j Xihlmty9 Xihlmt y9 Git Jlemjy! @ Vmvlmw ia Ijd `gd Gmw Mvldmghm ario @ghlmgt Mcypt“, @fstr`hts ia tbm Higamrmghm ig tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Mcypt (H`lri, (H` lri, Mcypt, Mcyp t, 80st 8 0st K`gu`ry K`gu` ry ‘ 6gd 6 gd Amfru Am fru`ry `ry 6>08), 6>08 ), ^`j@rhb“s Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mijic @rhb`m ijic y ia Mcypt/Mc Mcy pt/Mcyptij yptijic icy y 0>.0; 0>.0; 03 (igjlgm `t; www.p`j`rhb.gj). Dug`gd A., K.J. Bmlo, G. Bmgmlg `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc. 0<<6, 6>>=. J` gìhripijm dm Diuhb (i`sls dm Eb`rc`), Eb`rc`) , 0-6, H`lri. Dug`gd A., K.J. Bmlo `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc, wltb tbm hijj`fir`tlig ia X. Frigms `gd A. Jmtmjjlmr-Sljjmolg. 6>0>. Mj-Dmlr Gìhripijm 0-6, 0-6, ^`rls. Dug`gd A. `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc. 6>>=. ‒Dms hblmgs oiolalìs î Mj-Dmlr, i`sls dm Eb`rc`“, Fujjmtlg dm j“Lgstltut Ar`gã`ls d“@rhbìijiclm Irlmgt`jm 0>= Irlmgt`jm 0>= ; 3=-23. Dug`gd A., A., K.-J. Bmlo `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc, Jlhbtmgf mrc, `vmh j` hijj`fir`tlig hijj`f ir`tlig dm X. Frigms mt A. A. Jmtmjjlmr Sljjmolg Sljj molg,, 6>0>. 6> 0>. Mj-Dmlr Gìhripijms, L, J` gìhripijm Xud . Xud . ^`rls. Dug`gd A., K.-J. Bmlo `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc, `vmh j` hijj`fir`tlig dm X. Frigms, A. Jmtmjjlmr Sljjmolg Sljj molg mt C. T`jjmt, `jjm t, 6>06. 6>0 6. Mj-Dmlr Gìhripijms, LL, Jms gìhripijms Gird mt Gird-Mst . Gird-Mst . ^`rls. DuPumsgm T. 6>>3. @gufls 6>>3. @gufls,, ]pw`wmt, `gd Itbmr Itb mr Dmltlms. Dmlt lms. H`t`ji H `t`jicum cum ia tbm tb m Mxblfltli Mxbl fltligg `t tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo H`lri. H`lri . H`lri. Mfmrs, C. 0234. ‒Gihbo`js dmr H`jmgdmr `ua dmr Vúhesmltm dms Jmlpzlcmr ^`pyris Mfmrs“, [mltshbrla [mltsh brlatt aúr Äcyptlsh Äcy ptlshbm bm Xpr`hbm Xpr` hbm ugd u gd @jtmrtu @jt mrtuoseu oseugdm gdm 06; 06; 4-1.
66>
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Mjjmasmg, F.E., O.@. Arlmrsig, M.O. V`gmy `gd K.@. Icdmg. 0<<4. ‒Buomrus Q`rus; @ Hiopjlh`tlig ia Gmig`t`j, Lga`gtljm, `gd Hbljdbiid Lgkury `gd Lgamhtlig“, Lgamhtlig“, Kiurg` Kiurg`jj ia ia ^mdl`trlh Irtbip`mdlhs 04; 04; 43<-421. Mpstmlg, F.X. 0<=8. ‒Tbm Ihhurrmghm ia ^`rlmt`j Tblggmss Sltb ^istomgip`us`j, Xmgljm, Ir Ldlip`tblh Istmipirisls“, V`dlijicy 1>.0; 1>.0; 6<-8=. Msbmtm, C. `gd C. Xtíbj. 0<<<. ‒Trmm Vlgcs `s Lgdlh`tirs ia Criwtb ^mrlidlhlty ia @h`hl`s lg tbm Vlat Q`jjmy ia Mtblipl`“, Airmst Mhijicy `gd O`g`cmomgt 001; 0>3-003. Mvmjmtb, ^.F. `gd K.O. T`ggmr. 0<<>. Sirjdwldm Q`rl`tlig lg Buo`g Criwtb, Criwtb , 6gd md. H`ofrldcm. A`fl, @., H. Guzzi, @. Qldlrl, O. Hlhh`rmsm, @. Amjlhl, A. H`tt`gl `gd A. Hicgmttl. 6>>1. ‒Figm `gd Jugc Omt`st`sms Ario Lgtr`hr`gl`j Omglgclio`“, @gtlh`ghmr @gtlh` ghmr Vmsm`rhb Vmsm`rh b 61; 828=-8282. A`whmtt, H. `gd @. Jmm. 0<>6. ‒@ Xmhigd Xtudy ia tbm Q`rl`tlig `gd Hirrmj`tlig ia tbm Buo`g Xeujj, wltb Xpmhl`j Vmamrmghm ti tbm G`q`d` Hr`gl`“, Fliomtrle` 0; 0; 4>2-413. Amgwlhe B. 6>>=. ‒Tmjj mj-@o`rg`, 6>>=; Dmsmrt Xurvmy“, Kiurg`j ia Mc yptl`g yptl` g @rhb`mi @r hb`mijic jicy y <0; 6>-60. Amrmof`hb, D., L. Xhbwldmtzey `gd O. Xtjiue`j. 0<2>. ‒Vmhioomgd`tligs air @cm `gd Xmx Dl`cgisms ia Xemjmtig“, Kiurg`j Xemjmtig“, Kiurg`j ia Buo`g Buo `g Mvijutlig Mvij utlig <; <; =03-=4<. Aljmr, K. 0<<=. Dlsm`sm . Jigdig. Alrtb, H. ‒Mxh`v`tlig ia tbm Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtlqultlms `t X`ee`r` (0<62-0<6<)“, @gg`jms @gg`jm s du Xmrvlhm dms @gtlqultìs dm j“Ìcyptm (H`lri). 6<; 14-3>. Tmtl ^yr`old Hmomtmrlms 0-6. Alrtb, H. `gd F. Cugg. 0<61. Tbm Tmtl 0-6. H`lri. Alshbmr, B.C. 0<10. ‒Tbm Gufl`g Omrhmg`rlms ia Cmfmjmlg durlgc tbm Alrst Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid“, Eusb <; Eusb <; 44-2>. Ajmthbmr, @., D. @gtilgm `gd K.D. Bljj. 6>04. Vmc`rdlgc tbm Dm`d; Buo`g Vmo`lgs lg tbm Frltlsb Ousmuo. Ousmuo. Jigdig. Airg`hl`rl, C. `gd Q. Cluaar`. 6>><. Jmzligl dl ^`jmip`tijicl`, MHLC - Mdlzligl Hujtur`jl Lgtmrg`zlig`jl Cmgiv` / Cmgiv`. Airsb`w, V.K. 6>><. ‒Dmgt`j Bm`jtb `gd Dlsm`sm lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Frltlsb Dmgt`j Kiurg`j 6>1; 460-464. Aiwjmr, H. 6>>4. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia ^mrsigbiid; @g @gtbripijiclh`j @ppri`hb . Jigdig. Arlmdo`g, V.A., S. Q`g Gmmr `gd Q. Jlgsmmjm. 6>00. ‒Tbm Mjltm ^rmdyg`stlh Hmomtmry `t Blmr`eigpijls; Blmr`eigpij ls; 6>><-6>0> ]pd`tm“, 0=3-0<6, lg Mcypt `t lts Irlclgs. Tblrd Lgtmrg`tlig`j Hijjiquluo ig ^rmdyg`stlh `gd M`rjy Dyg`stlh Mcypt. Tbm Frltlsb Ousmuo, Jigdig. 63tb Kujy ‘0st ‘ 0st @ucust @u cust 6>>2, 6 >>2, Arlmdo`g, V.A V .A.. `gd ^.G. Alsem (mds.). Jmuvmg. Arlmdrlhb, O., X. Vmoomjm, F. Eriomr, K. Biao`gg, O. Xpure, E.A. E`lsmr, H. Irhmj `gd O. Eúppmrs. 6>>4. ‒Tbm ‒ Tbm 06,41>-\ 06,41> -\m`r m`r Bibmgbmlo I`e I `e `gd ^lgm Trmm-Vlgc Trmm-Vlgc Hbrigijicy Hbr igijicy ario Hmgtr`j Muripm ‘ @ ]glqum @ggu`j Vmhird air V`dlih`rfig H`jlfr`tlig `gd ^`jmimgvlrigomgt Vmhigstruhtligs.“ V`dlih`rfig 41.8; V`dlih`rfig 41.8; 0000-0066.
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660
C`fijdm, O. 6>><. ‒]gdmr ` Dmmp Fjum Xt`rry Xey“, 0><-022 , lg H`uslgc Bls G`om ti Jlvm; Xtudlms lg Mcyptl`g Mplcr`pby `gd Blstiry lg Omoiry ia Sljjl`o K. Ourg`gm , Ourg`gm , Fr`gd, ^. `gd J. Hiipmr (mds). Jmldmg. C`jm, V., ^. ^. C`ssig, G. Bmppmr, `gd C. Eljjmg. 6>>>. 6 >>>. ‒Siid“, 884-830, lg l g @ghlmgt @ghlmg t Mcyptl`g Mcyptl `g O`tmrl`js O`tmr l`js `gd Tmhbgi Tmhbgijic jicy, y, Glhbijsig, ^.T. .T. `gd L. Xb`w (mds.). (mds.) . H`ofrldcm. H`ofrl dcm. mijic y; Tbm F`slhs F`slh s , 6gd md. @flgcdig. C`ofjm, H. 6>>3. @rhb` 6>>3. @rhb`mijic C`rhl`, O., X. Ler`o, X. O`me`w` `gd C. Jiof`rdl. 6>>2. ‒Ario Vmshulgc ti Mxblfltlig; Higsmrv`tlig ia Ouoolalmd Vmo`lgs“, 1<8-<<, lg Ouoolms Ouoolm s `gd Xhlmghm; Xhlm ghm; Sirjd Ouoolms Ouoolm s Vmsm`rhb Vmsm`rh b , ^mg`, ^. H. Vidrlcumz O`rtlg `gd O. Vidrlcumz (mds.). X`gt` Hruz dm Tmgmrlam. C`ujlg, X. `gd K. Fistmr. 0<2=. ‒Hriss-Hujtur`j Dlaamrmghms lg Xmxu`j Dloirpblso; Ls Tbmrm @gy Q`rl`ghm ti fm Mxpj`lgmd9“, Mtbijicy Mtbijicy `gd Xihliflijicy 1; 1; 60<-66=. C`ujlg, X.K.H. `gd K.X. Fistmr. 0<<6. ‒Buo`g O`rrl`cm Xystmos `gd Xmxu`j Dloirpblso h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 2<; lg Xt`turm“, @omrl Xt`turm“, @omrlh`g 2<; 413-43=. Cmrlshb, V., @. O`gzi O`g zi `gd H. [`zz`ri. [`zz` ri. 6>>3. ‒Algds; Itbmr Itb mr Siid Siid `gd Siid Ldmgtlalh`tlig“, 01=-022, lg B`rfir ia tbm ^b`r`ibs ti tbm J`gd ia ^ugt; @rhb`mijiclh`j Lgvmstlc`tligs `t Omrs`/S Omrs`/ S`dl C`w`sls C` w`sls,, Mcypt, Mc ypt, 6>>0-6>> 6>>0 -6>>= = , F`rd, E.@. `gd V. A`ttivlhb (mds.). G`pjms. Cmrg`my, @.O., D.M. Olgglelg, O.X. Hipjmy, V.@. Dlxig, K.H. Olddjmtig `gd H.@. Vifmrts. 6>>0. ‒Oyhijlh @hlds `gd @ghlmgt DG@ Higalro `g Istmijiclh`j Dl`cgisls ia Tufmrhujisls“, Tufmrhujisls 20.4; 20.4; 6=<-61=. Cmshblhetmr, H.A. `gd O.O. Hipmj`gd. 0<4<. Tuoirs ia Figm . ^blj`dmjpbl`. Cb`jliugcul, Cb`jliugcu l, ^. ^. 0<21. O`jlcg`ghy lg @g hlmgt Mcypt, 63-88, 63-8 8, lg ^`j`mighijicy. Tbm @gtlqulty ia H`ghmr , X. Vmtz`s (md.). Jigdig. Cljfmrt, O.T.^. 6>00. Tbm Ouooy Vmturgs `gd Xbmds Gmw Jlcbt ig Ijd Pumstligs, Oijmhuj`r Oijmhu j`r Mhijic M hijic y 6>; 6>; 40<=-40<2. Cljfmrt, O.T., L. F`rgms, O.K. Hijjlgs, Hijjlg s, H. Xoltb, K. Mejugd, K. Ciudsolt, B. ^ilg`r `gd @. Hiipmr. 6>>=. ‒Jigc-Tmro Xurvlv`j ia @ghlmgt DG@ lg Mcypt; Vmspigsm ti [lge `gd h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 062;00>-004. Gmrjlhb (6>>8)“, @omrl (6>>8)“, @omrlh`g Cluaarld`-Vuccmrl, Q. 0<0=. Smrm tbm ^rmdyg`stlh Mcyptl`gs Jlfy`gs ir Mtblipl`gs9 O`g O` g 0=; =0-==. Clttjmo`g, K.J. `gd F.Q. Q`jemgfurcb. 0<<3. ‒Xmxu`j Dloirpblso lg tbm H`glgms `gd Xeujjs ia H`rglvirms; Maamhts ia Xlzm, ^byjicmghy, `gd Fmb`vliur`j Mhijicy“, Kiurg`j ia [iijic y 646; 646; <3-003. Cluaar`, Q., C. Airg`hl`rl `gd V. Hlr`ggl. 6>>0. ‒Lj prihmssi dl lof`js`o`zligm gmjj“`gtlhi vli pmr p mr j“@gtripi j“ @gtripijicl jicl`` m j` j ` Mtgijicl` Mtgij icl` 080; Mcltti, @rhbl Mcltti, @rhblvli 080; 48-14. Cluaar`, Q., C. Airg`hl`rl `gd V. Hlr`ggl. 6>>1. ‒@ Gmw H`sm ia @ghlmgt Vmstir`tlig ig `g Mcyptl`g Ouooy“, Kiurg`j Ouooy“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <6; <6; 634-632. Cimdlhem, B. 0<21. ‒]smre`rm“, Jmxleig dmr Äcyptijiclm QL ; <>0 Ciido`g, @.B. `gd K.H. Vism. 0<<>. ‒@ssmssomgt ia ^byslijiclh`j ^mrturf`tligs ario Dmgt`j Mg`omj Bypipj`sl` `gd @ssihl`tmd Blstijiclh`j Xtruhturms“, \m`rfiie ia ^byslh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 88; 88; =<-00>.
666
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Cird`g-V`stmjjl, J. 6>0>. ‒Mcypt lg Fijtig, ]E“, EOT; @ Oidmrg Kiurg`j ia Mcyptijicy 60.0; 30-31. Cistgmr, ^., O. Figmjjl, ^. ^mrgtmr, @. Cr`mamg `gd @. [lge. 6>08. ‒Gmw V`dlijiclh`j @ppri`hb @ppri `hb air @g`jysls @g`j ysls `gd Ldmgtlalh Ldmgt lalh`tli `tligg ia Airmlcg Airmlc g Fidlms Fidl ms lg @ghlmgt @ghl mgt `gd Blstirlh Blst irlh Ouoolms“, Kiurg`j Ouoolms“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 4>; 4>; 0>>8-0>00. Ciurj`y, L.D. 0<<=`. ‒Tbm Dmalgltlig ia Xm`sig`j Criwtb [igms lg Xiom @arlh`g @h`hl` @ssih l`tlig ia Siid Siid @g`tiolsts Kiurg`j 01; Kiurg`j 01; 8=8-8=<. Xpmhlms ‘ @ Vmvlmw“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j @ssihl`tlig Ciurj`y, L.D. 0<<=f. ‒Criwtb Vlgc Hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia Xiom @arlh`g @h`hl` Xpmhlms“, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Triplh`j Mhijic M hijic y 00.0; 00.0; 060-04> Ciwj`gd, V. 6>>1. ‒@cm `s `g @spmht ia Xihl`j Ldmgtlty; Tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Augmr`ry Mvldmghm“, 048-0=4, lg Xihl`j @rhb`mijicy ia Augmr`ry Vmo`lgs , Ciwj`gd, V. `gd H. Egúsmj (mds.). Ixaird. Ciwj`gd, V. `gd H. Egúsmj (mds.), 6>>1. Xihl`j @rhb`mijicy ia Augmr`ry Vmo`lgs . Ixaird. Cr`bg, V.@., K.D. Eurusblo`, G.H. Fljjlgcs, K.H. Cr`bg, K.J. B`jvmrsig, M. B`oomr, H.E. Bi, \.K. Eug, Eug, K.E. Jmvy, O.K. Jlplgsel, K.O. Owmgd`, Owmg d`, B. Izplg`r, Izplg` r, V.E. Xhbustmr, X.K. Xbiirlkmb, H.V. T`rdltl, G.M. S`jy, M.K. Slhtuo `gd J.@. Jyigs. 6>00. ‒Amjlgm Gig-Vmpmtltlvm Oltihbigdrl`j DG@ Higtrij Vmclig D`t`f`sm air Airmgslh Mvldmghm“, Airmgslh Xhlmghm Lgtmrg`tlig`j; Cmgmtlhs =;88‘46. Cr`gvljjm, @.F. 026=. ‒@g Mss`y ig Mcyptl`g Ouoolms5 Sltb Ifsmrv`tligs ig tbm @rt ia Mof`jolgc `oigc tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs“, ^bljisipblh`j Tr`gs`htligs ia tbm Viy`j Xihlmty ia Jigdig 00=; Jigdig 00=; 61<-801. Cr`umr, @.J. `gd ^. Xtu`rt-O`h`d`o (mds.), 0<<2. Xmx `gd Cmgdmr lg ^`jmip`tbijiclh`j ^mrspmhtlvm . H`ofrldcm. Cr`y ^.B.E. 0<11. V`dlijiclh`j @spmhts ia tbm Ouoolms ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs lg tbm Vlkesousmuo v`g Iudbmdmg. Iudbmdmg . Jmldmg. Cr`y ^.B.E. 0<1<. ‒V`dlicr`pblms dm oiolms dm j“Ìcyptm `gtlqum“, V`dlicr`pblm mt pbiticr`pbl pbit icr`pblmm oìdlh`j oìd lh`jms, ms, Eid`e Ei d`e 2; 2; 04-68. Cr`y, K.^. `gd J.D. Sijam. 0<2>. ‒Bmlcbt `gd Xmxu`j Dloirpblso ia Xt`turm @oigc Buo`g Xihlmtlms“, @omrlh Xihlmtlms“, @omrlh`g `g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y =8; =8; 440-4=1. Cr`vms-Friwg, H. 6>0>. D`ghlgc air B`tbir; Siomg Siomg lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Mc ypt .. Jigdig. Crmmgd`jm, C.@., X. Mdmjstmlg `gd M. F`rrmtt-Higgir. 0<<3. ‒Mgdicmgius Xmx Xtmrilds `gd Figm Olgmr`j Dmgslty lg Ijdmr Siomg `gd Omg; Tbm V`ghbi Fmrg`rdi study“, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Figm `gd ` gd Olgmr`j Olg mr`j Vmsm`rhb Vms m`rhb 06; 0288-0248. Crmmgsp`g, @. `gd S. Vmo`cmg. 0<<2. Omt`st`sls, 813-823, lg Dlaamrmgtl`j Dl`cgisls lg Tuoirs `gd Tuoir-jlem Jmsligs ia Figms `gd Kilgts , Kilgts , Crmmgsp`g, @. `gd S. Vmo`cmg (mds.). ^blj`dmjpbl`. Crlo`j, G. 0<<6. @ 0<<6. @ Blstiry Bls tiry ia @ghlmgt @gh lmgt Mc ypt . ypt . Tr`gsj. Tr`gsj. L. Xb`w. Xb` w. Ixaird. Crupm, C. 0<22. ‒Omt`st`slzlgc H`rhlgio` lg ` Omdlmv`j Xemjmtig; Dlaamrmgtl`j Dl`cgisls `gd Mtlijicy“, @omrl Mtlijicy“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 3=; 3=; 81<-834.
������������
668
Cuìc`g, K-A., @.T. Tmrlieblg `gd A. Tbio`s. 6>>>. ‒Buo`g Amrtljlty Q`rl`tlig, XlzmVmj`tmd Ifstmtrlh`j ^mrairo`ghm `gd tbm Mvijutlig ia Xmxu`j Xt`turm Dloirpblso“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Viy`j Xihlmty, Flijicy 613; Flijicy 613; 6=6<-6=8=. B`flhbt, O.M., A.K. Vúbjl, `gd @.X. Fiuwo`g. 6>08. ‒Dlm Fmdmutugc vig E`gipmg `js Pumjjm omdlzlglshbmr ugd äcyptijiclshbmr Lgairo`tligmg“, Cñttlgcmr Olszmjjmg Olszmjjmg 683; 6=-8<. B`loiv-Eihbo`g, V., \. Xhl`ey-T`olr `gd @. Burwltz. 6>>=. ‒Vmpriduhtlig Highmpts `gd ^r`htlhms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Olrrirmd fy Oidmrg Omdlhlgm“, Muripm`g Kiurg`j ia Ifstmtrlhs `gd Cygmhijicy `gd Vmpriduhtlvm Flijicy 068; Flijicy 068; 8-2. B`jliu`, F. `gd F. [lselgd. 6>>=. Omdlhlgm Omdlhl gm lg tbm D`ys ia tbm ^b`r`ibs ^b`r`ib s , tr`gsj. O.F. DmFmvilsm. H`ofrldcm. B`rrls, K.B., ^.Q. ^igltz `gd F.E. Lgc`jjs. 0<<2. ‒Dmgt`j Bm`jtb lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, =<12, lg Ouoolm lg Ouoolms,s, Dlsm`s D lsm`smm `gd @ghlmgt Hujturms Hujtu rms , Hihefurg, @. `gd M. Hihefurg (mds.). H`ofrldcm. B`rrls B.@. 0<88. Figm Criwtb Lg Bm`jtb @gd Dlsm`sm . Jigdig. B`rrls K.M. K .M. `gd M.A. M.A. Smgtm. Smgtm. 0<2>. 0<2 >. @g @g R-r`y @tj`s ia tbm tb m Viy`j Viy` j Ouoolms Ouoo lms . Hblh`ci. B`rrls, K.M. `gd E.V. Smmes. 0<38. R-V`ylgc R-V`y lgc tbm t bm ^b`r`ibs ^b `r`ibs .. Gmw \ire. B`ss`g, A. 6>>3. Driucbts, A`olgm `gd tbm Hijj`psm ia tbm Ijd Elgcdio; Vm-Vm`dlgc Lpuwmr , Lpuwmr , 8=3-833, lg Tbm @rhb`mijicy `gd @rt ia @ghlmgt Mcypt; Mss`ys lg Bigir ia D`vld F. I“Higgir , B`w`ss, [. `gd K. Vlhb`rds (mds.). H`lri. B`ury, M.S. 0<8=. Trmm Vlgcs; Tbm @rhb`mijiclst“s Tlom-^lmhm, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g @gtlqulty @gtlqu lty 0.6; 0.6; <2-0>2. B`ury, M.S. 0<16. BB-8<; Vmhijjmhtligs ia ` Dr`o`tlh Oiomgt lg Xiutbwmstmrg @rhb`mij @rhb `mijicy, icy, Trmm-Vlgc Fujjmtlg 64; Fujjmtlg 64; 8-4. ^r-g (k)-`gx -`gx(w) (w) Vmhmgtjy Dlshivmrmd `t Clz`, B`w`ss, [. 0<<0. Tbm Xt`tum ia tbm Dw`ra ^r-g(k) Olttmljugcm Olttml jugcmgg dms Dmutshbmg Dmuts hbmg @rhbäijicl @rhbä ijiclshbmg shbmg Lgstltuts, Lgstlt uts, E`lri E `lri 43; 0=3-016.
B`w`ss, [., \.[. C`d, X. Lso`lj, V. Eb`lr`t, D. A`tb`jj`, G. B` s`g, @. @bomd, B. Mjjmltby, Mjjml tby, O. F`jj, A. C`f`jj`b, C`f`jj `b, X. S`sma, O. A`tmmg, B. @omr, @ omr, ^. ^. Cistgmr, @. Xmjlo, @. [lge `gd H.O. ^ushb. 6>0>. 6 >0>. ‒@ghmstry `gd ^`tbijicy lg Elgc Tut`geb`ou Tut`geb`oug“ g“ss A`oljy“, Kiurg`j A`oljy“, Kiurg`j ia ia tbm @omrlh`g Omdlh`j @ssihl`tlig 8>8; @ssihl`tlig 8>8; 182-143. B`w`ss, [., O. Xb`ale, A.K. A.K. Vúbjl, @. @ . Xmjlo, M. mj-Xbmle, mj- Xbmle, X. @fdmj A`t`b, B. @omr, A. A. C`f`jj`, @. C`o`j Mjdlg, Mjdl g, M. Mc`rtmrMc`r tmr-Qlcj Qlcj `gd ^. Cistgmr. Cistg mr. 6>>3. 6>> 3. ‒Hioput ‒Hi oputmd md Tioicr`pb ioic r`pblh lh Mv`ju`tlig ia ^b`r`ib Tut`geb`oug, h`. 08>> FH“, @gg`jm FH“, @gg`jmss du d u Xmrvl X mrvlhm hm dms @gtlqultìs @gtlqul tìs dm j“Ìcyptm (H`lri). 20; (H`lri). 20; 0=<-038. B`w`ss, [. 6>>>. ‒Vmhmgt Dlshivmrlms lg tbm ^yr`old Hiopjmx ia Tmtl `t X`qq`r`“, 408444, lg @fuslr lg @fuslr `gd X`qq`r` X `qq`r` lg l g tbm ym`r 6>>> , 6>>> , Fàrt`, O. `gd K. Ermkďï (mds.). ^r`cum. B`w`ss, [. 6>00. ‒Tbm Dlshivmry ia tbm ^yr`old ia Pummg Xmsbmsbmt `t X`qq`r`“, 03802<, lg Tloms, Xlcgs, `gd ^yr`olds; Xtudlms lg Bigir ia Olrisj `v Qmrgmr Qmrgmr ig tbm Ihh`slig Ihh `slig ia bls Xmvmgtlmtb Flrtbd`y , H`jjmgdmr, Q.C., J. F`rmŠ, O. Fàrt`, K. K`gàe `gd K. Ermkďï (mds.). ^r`cum.
664
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B`wems, H. 0<=4. ‒@rhb`mijiclh`j Tbmiry @gd Omtbid; Xiom Xuccmstligs Ario Tbm Ijd Sirjd“, @omrl Sirjd“, @omrlh`g h`g @gtbripi @gt bripijicl jiclst st =1; =1; 0==-012. Bmlo K-J. `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc. 6>>>. ‒Ìtudm dms strlms d“`rrët dm hrilss`ghm dms rmstms buo`lgs oiolalìs dm j“I`sls dm Eb`rc` (Ìcyptm-Ìpiqum rio`lgm)“, 6=2-614, lg J“ldmgtltì buo`lgm buo `lgm mg qumstlig , @gdrlmux, ^., D. B`dkiuls `gd @. D`ofrlhiurt-O`j`ssì (mds.). ^`rls. Bmee`j`, M., O.B. Xblrjmy, C. @o`ti, K.D. @ustlg, X. Hb`rtmr, K. Tbirfk`rg`sig, E.@. Qjlmt, O.J. Biuhe, V. Dms`jjm `gd O.K. Fjuo. 6>00. ‒@g @ghlmgt Lhig Vmvm`js Gmw Oystmrlms; Ouooy DG@ Vmsurrmhts ` Hryptlh Xpmhlms wltblg tbm Gljm Hrihidljm“, Oijmhuj`r Oijmh uj`r Mhijic y 6>; 6>; 40<<-460=. Bmriditus. 0<=4. Tbm Blstirlms , tr`gsj. @. Dm Xìjlghiurt. Jigdig. Blmrg`ux, K. `gd D. Fimdbl B`rtigi. 0<2>. ‒^byslh`j Om`surmomgts ia tbm @dujt B`dz` ia T`gz`gl`“, @gg`js `gz`gl`“, @gg`js ia Buo`g Buo` g Flijic Flij icy y 3; 3; 88<-841. Bljjsig, X.S. 0<32. Buo`g Flijiclh`j Q`rl`tlig lg tbm (M`rjy) Gljm Q`jjmy, lg Vmj`tlig ti Mgvlrigomgt`j A`htirs , ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, ]glvmrslty ia Jigdig. Bi`tb, V. 6>>8. @ 6>>8. @ Almjd Alm jd Culdm Cu ldm ti t i tbm O`oo`js O`oo` js ia i a Mcypt. Mc ypt. H`lri. H`lri. Bijdmg, H. `gd V. O`hm. 0<<<. ‒Xmxu`j Dloirpblso lg Xt`turm @gd Siomg“s Sire; @ ^byjicmgmtlh Hriss-Hujtur`j Hiop`rlsig“, @omrl Hiop`rlsig“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 00>; 63-4=. Bipm, H.@. 6>>8. ‒Tbm Mxh`v`tligs `t Lso`gt Mj-Eb`r`f ario 6>>>-6>>6“, 6>3-62<, lg Tbm I`sls ^`pmrs LLL; Tbm ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Tblrd Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht , Fiwmg, C.M. `gd H.@. Bipm (mds.). Ixaird. Bir`rd-Bmrflg O.-^ O .-^.. 6>>>. ‒Dic O`g`cmomgt O`g`cmom gt `gd ]sm lg tbm J`tm Lrig @cm; Tbm Mvldmghm Ario tbm C`jjlh Xltm ia Jmvriux“, 00=-060, lg Dics Tbriucb Tlom; @g @rhb`mijiclh`j ^mrspmhtlvm , Hriheaird, X.K. (md.). Ixaird. Birgugc, M., V. Er`uss `gd D.@. S`rfurtig (mds.). 6>>1. @ghlmgt @ghlmg t Mcyptl`g Mcyp tl`g Hbrigijic Hbrig ijic y . Jmldmg. ss, Dls`fl D ls`fljlty jlty `gd Xihl`j X ihl`j Mxhjuslig Mxhju slig . Jigdig. Bufmrt, K. (md.). 6>>>`. O`dgm 6>>>`. O`dgmss, Buhbmt K.-F., H. H`jjiu, V. Jlhbtmgfmrc `gd A. Dug`gd. 6>08. ‒Tbm Dic Ouooy, tbm Tlhes `gd tbm Jiusm Ajy; @rhb`mijiclh`j Vmpirt ia ` Xmvmrm Mhtip`r`sltisls lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia ^`jmip`tbijicy 8; ^`jmip`tbijicy 8; 01=-03=. Buoomrt, K.V., `gd D.^. Q`g Cmrvmg. 0<28. ‒Xemjmt`j Criwtb lg ` Omdlmv`j ^ipuj`tlig ario Xud`gmsm Gufl`“, @omrl Gufl`“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 1>; 1>; 430-432. Bufmrt, K. 6>>>f. ‒Lgtriduhtlig; Tbm Hiopjmxlty ia Fiugdmdgmss `gd Mxhjuslig“, 0-2, lg O`dgmss, O`dgm ss, Dls`fl D ls`fljlty jlty `gd Xihl`j X ihl`j Mxhjuslig, Mxhju slig, Bufmrt, K. (md.). Jigdig. Bljsig, X. 0<<1. Dmgt`j @gtbripijicy . H`ofrldcm. Lfr`blo, F.@., A. Dug`gd, K.K. Bmlo, V. Jlhbtmgfmrc `gd O. Bussmlg. 6>>2. Jm o`tìrlmj `rhbìijiclqum mt jms rmstms buo`lgs dm j` gìhripijm d“@ég mj-J`f`eb` (i`sls dm Eb`rc`) . ^`rls. Ler`o X. 6>>=. Dlvlgm Hrm`turms. @glo`j Ouoolms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt . H`lri.
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66=
Ler`o, X. 6>><. ‒O`y Tbmy Jlvm Airmvmr; Tbm Mx`olg`tlig, H`rm, `gd Hur`tlig ia Mcyptl`g Ouoolms“, 6=2-61=, lg O`g`cl lg O`g`clgc gc Mcypt Mcyp t“s Hujtur`j Bmrlt`cm; Bmrl t`cm; ^rihmmdlgc ^rihm mdlgcss ia tbm Alrst Mcyptl`g Hujtur`j Bmrlt`cm Irc`gls`tlig Higamrmghm ig; Mcyptl`g Hujtur`j Bmrlt`cm O`g`cmomgt O`g`cm omgt , Iwmgs, J.X. `gd @. Dm Tr`aaird (mds.). Jigdig. Ler`o, X. 6>06. Ouoolms `gd Ouoolalh`tlig“, 410=-410<, Tbm Mghyhjipmdl` ia @ghlmgt Blstiry , F`cg`jj, V.X., E. Fridmrsmg, H.F. Hb`oplig, @. Mrselgm `gd X.V. Bumfgmr (mds.). Ixaird/Gmw Ixa ird/Gmw \ire. \ire. Ler`o, X. 6>08. ‒@ Vm-@g`jysls ia ^`rt ia ^rlghm @omgmob`t P“s Mtmrg`j Omgu“ Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia tbm @omrlh`g Vmsm`rhb Hmgtmr lg Mcypt 42; 42; 00<-08=. Ler`o, X. `gd @. Didsig. 0<<2. Tbm Ouooy lg @ghlmgt Mcypt; Mqulpplgc tbm Dm`d air Mtmrglty. Jigdig/H`lri. Mtmrglty. Jigdig/H`lri. Ler`o, X. `gd G. Lse`gdmr. 6>>6. H`t`jicum Cìgìr`j ia Gig-Buo`g Ouoolms lg tbm Mcyptl`g Ousmuo, H`lri. H`lri. Ler`o X., ^. Glhbijsig, J. Fmrtlgl `gd D. Burjmy. 6>08. ‒Eljjlgc O`g“s Fmst Arlmgd9 @rhb`mijicl @rhb`m ijiclh`j h`j Vmvlmw Vm vlmw ario H`ofrldcm H`ofr ldcm 62.6; 62.6; 42-11. Lrlsb, K. 0<<2. Dmgt`j Oirpbijiclh`j Lgdlh`tligs ia ^ipuj`tlig Alshigtlgulty `gd Mcyptl`g Bmgm Ajiw lg ^ist-^`jmijltblh Gufl` , Gufl` , 0==-036, lg Buo`g Dmgt`j Dmvmjipomgt, Oirpbijic Oirpb ijicy, y, @gd ^`tbijic y; @ Trlfutm Ti @jfmrt @jfmr t @ D`bjfmrc D`bjf mrc , Jue`hs, K. (md.). Mucmgm, IV. Lrlsb, K. 6>>>. ‒Tbm Lfmrio`urusl`g Mglco`; Girtb @arlh`g ^ricmgltir Ir Dm`d Mgd9“, Kiurg`j ia Buo`g Buo `g Mvijutlig Mviju tlig 8<; 8<; 8<8-40>. Lrlsb, K. 6>>=. ‒^ipuj`tlig Higtlgulty Qmrsus Dlshigtlgulty Vmvlsltmd; Dmgt`j @aalgltlms @oigc @oig c J`tm J` tm ^`jmijl ^`j mijltblh tblh Tbriu T briucb cb Hbrl H brlstl` stl`gg Mr` Mr ` Gufl`g Guf l`gs“, s“, @omrl @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 062; 062; =6>-=8=. Lrlsb, K. 6>>1. ‒Sbi Smrm tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs9 Dmgt`j @aalgltlms @oigc Gmijltblh @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripijic @gtbrip ijic y 06<; Tbriucb ^ist-Dyg`stlh X`opjms“, @omrlh`g =6<-=48. Lrlsb, K. `gd V. Arlmdo`g. 6>0>. ‒Dmgt`j @aalgltlms ia tbm H-Criup Lgb`flt`gts ia Blmr`eigpijls, Blmr`eigpijls, Mcypt; Gufl`g, Mcyptl`g, ir Fitb9“, Bioi 10; Bioi 10; 20-0>0. Lsh`g, O.\. `gd X.V. Jitb. 0<2=. ‒@cm Mstlo`tlig ario tbm Vlf fy ^b`sm @g`jysls; Sbltm Amo`jms“, Kiurg` Amo`jms“, Kiurg`jj ia Airmgslh Xhlmghm Xhlmg hm 8>.8; 8>.8; 2=8-218. Lsh`g, O.\., X.V. Jitb `gd V.E. Srlcbt. 0<24. ‒@cm Mstlo`tlig ario tbm Vlf fy ^b`sm Kiurg`jj ia Airmgslh Xhlmghm Xhlmg hm 6<.4; @g`jysls @g`j ysls;; Sbltm Sbl tm O`jms“, O` jms“, Kiurg` 6<.4; 0><4-00>4. Lsbmrwiid, L., B. K`rvls `gd V.@. A`whltt. 0<3<. ‒V`dlijicy ia tbm O`ghbmstmr Ouoolms“, 6=-14, Tbm O`ghbmstmr Ouooy ^rikmht , lg D`vld, @.V. (md.). O`ghbmstmr. Lvmrsmg, M. 0<3=. H`gig `gd ^ripirtligs lg Mcyptl`g @rt . @rt . S`rolgstmr. K`gtz, K`gtz , J.O. `gd V.J. V.J . K`gtz. 0<<<. 0< <<. ‒Xmhuj`r ‒Xmh uj`r Hb`g H b`gcm cm lg Jigc Figm Fig m Jmgctb `gd ` gd ^ripirtlig ^ripir tlig lg lg tbm ]gltmd Xt`tms, 02>>-0<3>“, @omrlh 02>>-0<3>“, @omrlh`g `g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 00>; 00>; =3-13. K`oms, T.C.B. 0<=8. 0< =8. Tbm O`st`f` ia Ebmgtle` H`jjmd Lebmebl . Jigdig. Kàgisl, Kàgis l, ^. ^. 0<<1. 0< <1. Dlm ^yr`oldmg`gj`cmg dmr Eñglclggmg. Eñglclggmg . Qlmgg`.
661
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K`ugl`ux, K`ugl `ux, M. 6>>0. 6>>0 . ‒@g Lgtriduht Lgtri duhtlig lig ti Vmpriduht Vmpri duhtlig lig lg ^b`r`igl ^b`r `iglhh Mcypt“, Mcyp t“, Vmpriduhtlvm Fliomdlhlgm 6; 6; 0>1-006. Kmaarmys, Kmaarm ys, D. `gd K. T`lt. 6>>>. 6>>> . Dls`fljlty, O`dgmss, `gd Xihl`j Mxhjuslig lg Dyg`stlh Mcypt , Mcypt , 23-<=, lg O`dgm lg O`dgmss, ss, Dls`fl D ls`fljlty jlty `gd Xihl`j X ihl`j Mxhjuslig Mxhju slig , Bufmrt, K. (md.). Jigdig. Kib`gssig Kib`g ssig,, H. 6>06. 6>0 6. Irlclg ia tbm Mcyptl`g Diomstlh H`t , OXh tbmsls ]^TMH R 06 >06. ]pps`j`, ]pps`j` ]glvmrslty Flijicy Mduh`tlig Hmgtrm. @v`lj`fjm `t bttp;//urg.ef.sm/ rmsijvm9urg?urg;gfg;sm;uu rmsijvm9urg?urg;gfg;sm;uu;dlv`-026046. ;dlv`-026046. Kigms, Kigms , X. 0<<3. 0<< 3. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Mtbglhlty . Jigdig. Kudd, O. 6>>4 ‒Tr`uo` lg tbm Hlty Hlt y ia Emro`; Emro` ; @ghlmgt @ghl mgt vmrsus vmrsu s Oidmrg Oidmr g Lgkur y ^`ttmrgs“, ^`ttmr gs“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 04; 04; 84-=0. E`hel, X., ^. Dugmuak`rdlg, ^. Fj`ghb`rd `gd D. H`stmx. 6>08. ‒Buomrus Q`rus lg ` Xuf`dujt Xemjmtig ario tbm Omdlmv`j Cr`vmy`rd ia J` O`dmjmlgm (Irjì`gs, Ar`ghm)“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 68; 68; 00<-061. E`g`w`tl, G. 6>>8. Higsplr`hlms lg tbm Mcyptl`g ^`j`hm; ]gls ti ^mpy L . L . Jigdig. E`g`z`w`, E`g`z`w` , X. `gd D.J. Giv`e. 6>>=. ‒Buo`g Xmxu`j Dloirpblso Dloirpb lso lg Xlzm o`y fm Trlccmrmd Trlccmrmd fy Mgvlrigomgt`j Hums“, Kiurg`j Hums“, Kiurg`j ia Flisihl` Fli sihl`j j Xhlmghm Xhlmghm 83; 83; 1=3-11=. E`gle, @., X. Xuthuicju, B. @ydlgjlicju, @. Mrdmolr, @. Izmr `gd M.@. Izmr. 6>00. ‒Flj`tmr`j Hj`vlhjm Ar`hturm lg Twi Gmwfirg Lga`gts“, Lr`gl`g Kiurg`j ia ^mdl`trlhs 60; 60; ==8-===. E`pmr, I. 6>>0. ‒Jih`j ^mrhmptligs ia tbm Amrtljlty ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls lg tbm Vio`g ^mrlid“, 3>-3<, lg Tbm I`sls ^`pmrs 0; Tbm ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Alrst Lgtmrg`tlig`j Xyopisluo ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht , O`rjiw, H.@. `gd @.K. Oljjs (mds.). Ixaird. E`pj`g, F., D. D . V`flgmrsig, V`flgmrsi g, I. O. @vrmhb, G. H`ro l, D. O. Xtmlgfmrc Xtmlgfmr c `gd ^. ^. Omrjif. 0<<2. ‒Ar`hturm ia tbm Hj`vlhjm lg Tbm Gmwfirg Aijjiwlgc Giro`j J`fir `gd Dmjlvmry“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Cyg`mhijicy `gd Ifstmtrlhs 18; Ifstmtrlhs 18; 0=-6>. E`uao`gg, L. O. `gd A. A. K. Vúbjl. 6>0>. ‒Sltbiut ‒Slt biut ‒Lgairomd ‒Lgairom d Higsmgt“9 Mtblhs @gd @ghlmgt @gh lmgt Omd lh`j Mtblhs 81.0>; Mtblhs 81.0>; 1>2-108. Ouooy Vmsm`rhb“, Kiurg`j Vmsm`rhb“, Kiurg`j ia Omdlh`j Emlt`, X. 0<<>. ‒Xtudlms ia @ghlmgt Hr`gl` ario Girtbmrg @arlh`“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy 28; 28; 8=-42. Emlt`, X. 0<<6. ‒Aurtbmr Xtudlms ia Hr`gl` ario Girtb-Xiutbmrg @arlh`; @g @g`jysls ia Hr`gl` ario Alrst Dyg`sty Mcyptl`g Tiofs“, @omrl Tiofs“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia ^byslh ^b yslh`j `j @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 23; 64=-6=4. Emlt`, X. 6>>4. ‒Mxpjirlgc Girtbm`st @arlh`g @arl h`g Omtrlh Hr`glia`hl` j Q`rl`tli Q`rl`tligg `t tbm Lgdlvldu`j `g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j Jmvmj; @ Hiop`r`tlvm Xtudy ]slgc ^rlghlp`j Hiopigmgts @g`jysls“, @omrlh @g`jysls“, @omrlh`g ia Buo`g Flijicy 01; 01; 13<-12<. Emlt`, X. 6>>1. ‒M`rjy A`romrs ario Mj-F`d`rl; @firlclg`js ir ‒Mcyptl`g“ @cri-Gistr`tlh Loolcr`gts ti tbm Gljm Q`jjmy9“, 3=0-31=, lg @rhb` lg @rhb`mijic mijic y ia M`rjy GirtbM`stmr GirtbM` stmrgg @arlh` @a rlh` ,, Erimpmr, E., O. Hbņidglhel `gd O. Eifuslmwlhz (mds.). ^izg`ń. Emlt`, X. `gd @. Fiyhm. 6>>2. ‒Tmopir`j Q`rl`tlig lg ^bmgmtlh @aalglty ia M`rjy ]ppmr Mcyptl`g O`jm Hr`gl`j Xmrlms“, Buo`g Flijicy 2>; 2>; 040-0=<.
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663
Emop, F. 0<33 Tbm Hlty ia Mj-@o`rg` `s ` Xiurhm air tbm Xtudy ia ]rf`g Xihlmty lg @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Mcypt, Mcypt , Sirjd @rhb`mijicy <.6; <.6; 068-08<. Emop, F.K. 0<3<. S`jj ^`lgtlgcs ario tbm Sireomg“s Qljj`cm `t Mj-“@o`rg`, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijicy 1=; 1=; 43-=8. Emop, F. 0<2<. @ghlmg 0<2<. @ghlmgtt Mcypt; Mc ypt; @g`tioy @g`tio y ia ` Hlvljlz Hlv ljlz`tlig `tlig . Jigdig. Emop, F.K. 6>0>. ‒Fmjlma ig tbm Mdcm ia Jltmr`hy“, Birlzig 3; Birlzig 3; =-1. Emop, F.K. 6>06. Tbm Hlty ia @ebmg`tmg `gd Gmamrtltl; @o`rg` `gd Lts ^mipjm , ^mipjm , H`lri. Emop, F.K. `gd @. Xtmvmgs. 6>>2. ‒@ppmgdlx; @rtma`hts“, lg ‒Tmjj mj-@o`rg`, 6>>3-2“, Emop, F. (md.), Kiurg`j (md.), Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl Mc yptl`g `g @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <4; <4; 80-40. Emop, F.K. `gd @. Xtmvmgs. 6>0>`. Fusy Jlvms `t @o`rg`. Mxh`v`tligs lg tbm O`lg Hlty (Crld 06 `gd tbm Biusm ia V`gmamr, G4<.02). Qijuom 0; Tbm Mxh`v`tligs, @rhbltmhturm `gd Mgvlrigomgt`j Vmo`lgs . Jigdig. Emop, F.K. `gd @. Xtmvmgs. 6>0>f. Fusy Jlvms `t @o`rg`. Mxh`v`tligs lg tbm O`lg Hlty (Crld 06 `gd tbm Biusm ia V`gmamr, G4<.02). Qijuom 6; Tbm Ifkmhts , Ifkmhts , Jigdig. Emop, F.K., @. Xtmvmgs, C.V. D`ffs, O. [`fmhel, K.H. Vism. 6>08. ‒Jlam, Dm`tb `gd Fmyigd lg @ebmg`tmg“s Mcypt; Mxh`v`tlgc tbm Xiutb Tiofs Hmomtmry `t @o`rg`“, @gtlqulty @gtlqul ty 23; 23; 14-32. Emgd`jj, T. T. 0<<3. 0<< 3. Emro` `gd tbm Elgcdio ia Eusb 6=>>-0=>> F.H . F.H . S`sblgctig DH. Eljjmg, C. 0<<4. Mcyptl`g Siidwirelgc Siidwirelgc `gd Aurglturm . Fuhelgcb`osblrm. Fuhelgcb`osblrm. Elgc-Smtzmj O. 6>0>. ‒Tbm S`dl Oiutb Xltm“, lg ‒Tmjj mj-@o`rg`, 6>0>“, Emop, F.K. (md.), Kiurg`j (md.), Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <1; <1; 0-3. Elthbmg, E.@. 6>>1. ‒Tbm Xtrmgctbs `gd Sm`egmssms ia Mcyptl`g Hbrigijicy ‘ @ Vmhigsldmr`tlig“, Mcypt `gd tbm Jmv`gt 01; 01; 6<8-8>2. Elthbmg, E.@., 6>08. Mst`fjlsblgc Hbrigijicy lg ^b`r`ibglh Mcypt `gd tbm @ghlmgt Gm`r M`st; Lgtmrjihelgc Tmxtu`j Tmxtu`j Xiurhms Vmj`tlgc ti h. 01>>-114 01>> -114 FH, 0-02, lg V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Xbirtj`gd, @.K. `gd H. Frige V`osmy (mds.). Ixaird. Eñglc, S. 02<1. 04 ^biticr`pblmg vig Vñgtcmg-Xtr`bjmg `uacmgioomg lo ^bysle`jlshbmg Qmrmlg zu Ar`geaurt `. O . Jmlpzlc. Egudsig, E.K. `gd H.O. Xtik`giwsel. 6>>2. ‒Gmw Dlrmhtligs lg Fli`rhb`mijicy; Vmhmgt Kiurg` j ia @rhb`mijicl @rhb`m ijiclh`j h`j Higtrlfutligs ti tbm Xtudy ia Buo`g Xihl`j Ldmgtltlms“, Kiurg`j Vmsm`rhb 01; Vmsm`rhb 01; 8<3-486. Egudsig, E.K. `gd H.O. Xtik`giwsel (mds.). 6>><. Fli`rhb`mijicy `gd Ldmgtlty lg tbm @omrlh`s @omrl h`s . C`lgmsvljjm. C`lgmsvljjm. Egusso`gg, V. 0<22. @gtripijicl @gtrip ijiclm. m. B`gdfruhb dmr vmrcjmlhbmgdmr Flijiclm dms Omgshbmg . Xtuttc`rt. Eiujiurls, C. `gd S.F. Sljjl`o. 6>>=. ‒Aiit `gd @gejm Dlsirdmrs; V`dlicr`pblh Xlcgs“, Xmolg`rs lg Vimgtcmgijicy 4>.4; 4>.4; 8=2-83<. Er`o`r, H. 0<28. ‒^rmsuomd H`jhlalmd Jmlioyio` ia tbm ]tmrus“, @rhbl ]tmrus“, @rhblvm vm ia ^`tbijicy ^`tbiji cy `gd J`fir`tiry Omdlhlgm 0>3; 0>3; <0-<8.
662
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Er`tihbvlj, K. `gd [. Er`tihbvlj. 0<31. ‒Tbm Irlclg ia tbm Diomstlh`tmd Airos ia tbm Cmgus Amjls (O`oo`jl`)“, [iijic (O`oo`jl`)“, [iijiclheì lheì Jlsty 6=; 6=; 0<8-6>2. Er`uss, V. 0<21. ‒Elk`, dlm ursprúgcjlhbm Fmsltzmrlg dmr E`gipmg `us EQ ==“, Olttmljugcm Olttml jugcmgg dms Dmutshbmg @rhbäijiclshbmg Lgstltuts, E`lri 46; 13-2>. Erico`g, S.O. S.O. `gd O.\ O .\.. Ïřh`g. 0<21. 0<2 1. Tbm Buo`g Xemjmtig lg Airmgslh Omdlhlgm, 6gd md., 6gd md., Xprlgcalmjd, LJ. Eriomr, F. 6>><. ‒V`dlih`rfig `gd Dmgdrihbrigijicy“, Dmgdrihbrigijicl` 63; 63; 0=-0<. @mcm`g Dmgdrihbri Dmgdr ihbrigijic gijic y ^rikmht, ^rik mht, @ggu`j Vmpirt Vmpir t 0<<0 0<< 0 . Euglbijo, ^.L. 0<<6. 0<< 6. @mcm`g Euglbijo, ^.L. ^.L. 6>>0. ‒@mcm`g ‒@mcm`g Dmgdrihbrigijicy Dmgdrihb rigijicy ^rikmht 0<<<-6>>>“ 0< <<-6>>>“,, @remiomtrİ @remi omtrİ Xiguãj`r Xigu ãj`rll Tpij`gtlsl 01; 01; 3<-24. Euglbijo, ^.L. 6>>6. ‒@rhb`mijiclh`j Dmgdrihbrigijicy“, Dmgdrihbrigijicl` 6>.0/6; 18-12. Eur`szelmwlhz, E. 6>08. X`qq`r` Q, Ijd Elgcdio Xtruhturms fmtwmmg tbm Xtmp ^yr`old Hiopjmx `gd tbm Dry Oi`t, ^`rt L; @rhbltmhturm `gd Dmvmjipomgt ia tbm Gmhripijls . Gmhripijls . S`rs`w. Eurusblo`, K.D., X. Ler`o, K. Egudsmg, M. Fjmlfmrc, V.@. Cr`bg `gd J.@. Jyigs. 6>06. ‒H`ts ia tbm ^b`r`ibs; Cmgmtlh Hiop`rlsig ia Mcyptl`g H`t Ouoolms ti Tbmlr Amjlgm Higtmopir`rlms“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 8<; 8<; 8603-8668. J`hiv`r`, ^. 6>>6. ‒Hiaalgs Blcbjlcbt tbm Gmw C`jjmrlms ia tbm Mcyptl`g `gd Gufl`g @rt `t tbm Olhb`mj H. H`rjis Ousmuo, @tj`gt`“, EOT; @ Oidmrg Kiurg`j ia Mcyptijicy 08.8; 4=-=6. J`friussm, @. 0<<4. 0< <4. ‒Jms Vmlgms dm Tmtl, Tmtl, Ebiult mt Lpiut Lrm“, 680-648, lg Bioo`cms î Km`g Jmhj`gt , Fmrcmr, H., C. Hjmrh `gd G. Crlo`j (mds.). H`lri. J`jrmoru`t`, @., V. Fl`guhhl, F. Smjtm, @.C. Gmrjlhb, K.A.K. Eug `gd H.O. ^ushb. 6>08. ‒Oijmhuj`r Ldmgtlalh`tlig ia A`jhlp`ruo O`j`rl` `gd Buo`g Tufmrhujisls HiLgamhtligs lg Ouoolms ario tbm A`yuo Dmprmsslig (Jiwmr Mcypt)“, ^JiX Igm 2.4; 2.4; m1>8>3. dil; 0>.0830/kiurg`j.pigm.>>1>8>3. 0>.0830/kiurg`j.pigm.>>1>8>3. J`gslgc, @. 0<82. Jmttmr ti @.M. Diucj`ss, ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig`, Tuhsig, @rlzig`, ]X@, d`tmd 0= Kugm 0<82, J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb `rhblvms. J`ufmgfmrcmr, T. `gd K. J`ufmgfmrcmr. 0<<<. Tmhbgle dmr omdlzlglshbmg V`dlijiclm. Dl`cgistle, Xtr`bjmgtbmr`plm, Xtr`bjmgshbutz , 1tb md. Hijicgm. J`rsmg, H.X. 0<<3. Fli`rhb`mijicy; Lgtmrprmtlgc Fmb`vlir ario tbm Buo`g Xemjmtig . H`ofrldcm. Jàszjø, K. `gd O. C`àj. 0<1<. Cygmhijiclh ^`tbijicy . Fud`pmst. J`uh, T. 6>>8. ‒Lgajumghm ia Lgfrmmdlgc ig tbm H`r`fmjjl Tr`lt lg ` Buo`g Lsij`tm“, Dmgt`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 01.8; 01.8; 1=-36. Jmhj`gt, K. 0<30. ‒Aiuljjms mt tr`v`ux mg Ìcyptm mt `u Xiud`g“, Irlmgt`jl` 4>; 4>; 68>-684. Jmbgmr, O. 0<<3. Tbm Hiopjmtm ^yr`olds . Jigdig/H`lri. Jmbgmr, O. 0<2=. Tbm ^yr`old Tiof ia Bmtmp-bmrms `gd tbm X`tmjjltm ^yr`old ia Ebuau . O`lgz `o Vbmlg.
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66<
Jmig`rd, S.V., C.K. Xpmghmr, Q.@. C`jjiw`y `gd J. Islpiv`. 6>>6. ‒Dmhjlglgc Criwtb Xt`tus ia Lgdlcmgius Xlfmrl`g Hbljdrmg lg ^ist-Xivlmt Vussl`“, Buo`g Flijicy 34; 0<3-6><. Jm`vltt, X.S. `gd F. F`gglstmr. 6>><. ‒Dmgdrihbrigijicy `gd V`dlih`rfig D`tlgc; Tbm J`fir`tiry ia Trmm-Vlgc Vmsm`rhb Higgmhtlig“, V`dlih`rfig =0.0; V`dlih`rfig =0.0; 838-824. Jlgsmmjm, Q., S. Q`g Gmmr `gd X. Bmgdrlhex. 6>>3. ‒Mvldmghm air M`rjy H`t T`olgc lg @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 84; Mcypt“, Kiurg`j Mcypt“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij 84; 6>20-6><>. Jlgsmmjm, Q., S. Q`g Gmmr `gd X. Bmgdrlhex. 6>>2. ‒M`rjy H`t T`olgc lg Mcypt; @ Hirrmhtlig,“ Kiurg`j Hirrmhtlig,“ Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 8=; 8=; 6136-6138. Jidcm, T. 0<13. ‒Tblgglgc ia tbm ^`rlmt`j Figms lg M`rjy Mcyptl`g ^ipuj`tligs `gd Lts @mtlijic @mtl ijicyy lg tbm Jlcbt Jlcb t ia i a Oidmrg Oi dmrg Ifsmrv`tl Ifsmr v`tligs“, igs“, 4>=-406, 4>=- 406, lg Dlsm`sms lg @gtlqulty; @ Xurvmy ia tbm Dlsm`sms, Lgkurlms `gd Xurcmry ia M`rjy ^ipuj`tligs , ^ipuj`tligs , Fritbwmjj, D. `gd @. X`gdlsig (mds.). Xprlgcalmjd, LJ. Jios`rcytē-^uelmgē, X. 6>>4. Dlt`. ^`r`jmjēs . E`ug`s. Jigdm, @. 02<3. ‒Jms r`yigs Vimgtcmg mt jms oiolms“, J` G`turm 6=.6; 6=.6; 0>8-0>=. Jipmz, Q.K., X. Hmv`rli `gd X.K. I“Frlmg. 0<<1. ‒Hiopjmtm Guhjmitldm Xmqumghms ia tbm Diomstlh H`t (Amjls ( Amjls h`tus ) Oltihbigdrl`j Oltihbig drl`j Cmgiom Cmgi om `gd ` Tr`gspismd Tr`gspismd otDG@ ot DG@ T`gdmo T`gdmo Vmpm`t (Guot) lg tbm Guhjm`r Cmgiom“, Cmgiolhs 88; 88; 66<-641. Jirmgzmg, M.D. M.D . `gd M. Sljjmrsjmv. Slj jmrsjmv. 6>0>. ‒Elgc ‒Elg c Tut`geb` Tut`geb`oug“ oug“ss A`oljy `gd Dmolsm“, Kiurg`j Dmolsm“, Kiurg`j ia tbm @omrlh`g Omdlh`j @ssihl`tlig 8>8; 6430-643=. Jirmt, Q. 02<<. ‒Aiuljjms d`gs j` Gmhripjm Omopbltm (02<3-02<<)“, Fujjmtlg dm j“Lgstltut d“Mcyptm 8; 8; 2=-21. Jirtmt, J. `gd H. C`ljj`rd. 0<>8. ‒J` a`ugm oiolalâm dm j“`ghlmggm Mcyptm (prmolârm smrlm), Hb`ts“, @rhbl Hb`ts“, @rhblvms vms du d u Ousmuo Ousmu o d“blstil d“b lstilrm rm G`turmjjm G`turmj jm dm d m Jyig 2.0<; Jyig 2.0<; 0<-80. Jirtmt, J. `gd H. C`ljj`rd. 0<>3. ‒J` a`ugm oiolalìm dm j“`ghlmggm Mcyptm (dmuxlìom smrlm)“, @rhbl smrlm)“, @rhblvms vms du d u Ousmuo Ousm uo d“blsti d“ blstilrm lrm G`turmjjm G`tu rmjjm dm Jyig <.=0; Jyig <.=0; =0-=8. Jivmkiy, H.I. 0<2=. ‒Dmgt`j Sm`r lg Jlffmg ^ipuj`tlig; Lts Aughtlig`j ^`ttmrg `gd Vijm lg tbm Dmtmrolg`tlig ia @dujt Xemjmt`j @cm `t tbm Dm`tb“, @omrl Dm`tb“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 12; 12; 43-=1. Jivmkiy, H., V.X. Omlgdj, T.V. ^ryzfmhe `gd V.^. Omgsairtb. 0<2=. ‒Hbrigijiclh`j Omt`oirpbisls ia tbm @urlhuj`r Xura`hm ia tbm Ljluo; @ Gmw Omtbid air tbm Dmtmrolg`tlig ia @dujt Xemjmt`j @cm `t Dm`tb“, @omrlh`g @omrlh `g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 12; 12; 0=-62. Xm rvlhm hm dms Juh`s, @. 0<80. ‒Tbm H`giplh Q`sms ario tbm Tiof ia Pummg Tçyl“, @gg`jm Tçyl“, @gg`jmss du Xmrvl @gtlqultìs @gtlqul tìs dm d m j“Ìc yptm (H`lri) (H`lr i) 80; 80; 06>-066. Juh`s, @. 0<86. ‒Tbm ]sm ia G`trig lg Ouoolalh`tlig“, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g @rhb`mijic @rhb`m ijicy y 0<86; 06=-04>. Juh`s ^iwmjj, O., ^.X. Frldcms `gd @.O. S`cgmr Olrms (mds.). 0<<0. Sb`t Om`g Tbmsm Figms9 Xtudlms lg XiutbM`stmrg Fli`rhb`mijicy . Fli`rhb`mijicy . Tush`jiis` Tush`jiis`.. Juh`s-Bmr`jd, @., @ ., X. Futjmr, B. O`htlmr, B. OhDmvltt `gd D. \iugc. \iugc. 6>06. ^rmv`jmghm ^rmv`jmg hm `gd Hb`r`htmrlstlhs ia Vlf Ar`hturms Ar`hturms lg Mx-prmtmro Lga`gts, ^mdl`trlhs , 08>; 0001-000<.
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Juhy, X. 6>>=`. ‒Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia @cm“, 48-11, lg Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Ldmgtlty , Dï`z @gdrmu, @gdr mu, O., O ., X. X . Juhy, Juh y, X. F`flă F`fl ă `gd `g d D.G. D. G. Mdw`rd Md w`rdss (mds.). (md s.). Jigdig. Jigd ig. Juhy, X. 6>>=f. ‒Mtbglh `gd Hujt ur`j Ldmgtltlms“, 21-0><, 21-0> <, lg Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Ldmgtlty , O. Dï`z-@gdrmu, X. Juhy, X. F`flă `gd D.G. Mdw`rds (mds.). Jigdig. Jurlm, X., X. S`gd, @. Cij`g `gd I. X`d`g. 6>00. ‒Vlse A`htirs air Ar`hturmd Hj`vlhjm lg Ifstmt rlh `gd Cyg`mij Cy g`mijiclh` iclh`jj Vmsm`rhb Vmsm `rhb 83; 0=36-0=34. tbm Gmwfirg“, Kiurg` Gmwfirg“, Kiurg`jj ia Ifstmtrlh Jyggmrup, G. 6>><. ‒Omtbids lg Ouooy Vmsm`rhb“, @gtbripiji @gtbri pijiclshb clshbmr mr @gzmlcmr @gzmlc mr 13.4; 8=3-824. O`hem, @., H. O`hem-Vlfmt `gd K. Higg`g. 6>>6. T` smt gmamriu. ]gm gìhripijm dm Tbâfmsivmst mt sig blstilrm , =. H`lri. O`dsmg, M.T. 0<==. Ar`hturms ia tbm Mxtrmoltlms lg tbm Gmwfirg, @ht` Irtbipmdl Irtb ipmdl`` Xh`gd`g`vl` , 84; 40-34. O`jme, K. 6>>>. ‒Tbm ‒Tb m Ijd Elgcdio“, 28-0>3, lg Tbm Ixaird Blstiry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Xb`w, L. (md.). Ixaird. O`jme, K. 6>>1. Tbm H`t lg @ghlmgt Mcypt . 6gd md. Jigdig. O`jcir`, X. 6>06. J` prlo` dmj Ouooy ^rikmht, 0>=-001, lg Xitti j“`j` dl Tbit. Higtrlfutl `jj` dlaausligm dmjj` hujtur` dmjj“`gtlhi Mcltti, Mcltti , Oidigmsl, C. (md.). Olj`g. O`gmtbi. 0<4>. Blstirl` @mcyptl`h` , tr`gsj. tr`gsj . S.C. S.C. S`ddmjj. S`ddmjj. H`ofrldcm, O`ss. O`gglgc, X.S., F. Eriomr, O.S. Dmm, O. Arlmdrlhb, T.A.C. Blcb`o `gd H. Frige V`osmy. 6>08. ‒V`dlih`rfig H`jlfr`tlig lg tbm Old ti J`tmr 04tb Hmgtury FH `gd V`dlih`rfig D`tlgc Tmjj Mj-@o`rg`, Mcypt“, 060-04=, lg V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Xbirtj`gd, @.K. `gd H. Frige V`osmy (mds.). Ixaird. O`rhb`gt, K. 6>0>. ‒Di Mcyptl`g Ouoolms B`vm ` Vlcbt ti ^rlv`hy9“. ^rlv`hy9“. Igjlgm `t; bttp;// www.gmwshlmgtlst.hi www.gmwshlmgtlst.hio/`rtlhjm/oc6>363334.1 o/`rtlhjm/oc6>363334.1>>-di-mcyptl`g-ouool >>-di-mcyptl`g-ouoolms-b`vm-`-rlcbtms-b`vm-`-rlcbtti-prlv`hy.btoj, `hhmssmd = O`y 6>04. O`rlmttm, @. 022<. Jms O`st`f`s dm d m J“@ghlmg J“@ghlmg Moplrm . ^`rls. O`re, X. 6>06. ‒Tbm @fydis FC 0> Fi`t `gd Lopjlh`tligs air Xt`gd`rdlz`tlig, Lggiv`tlig, `gd Tlofmr Higsmrv`tlig lg M`rjy Dyg`sty Fi`t-Fuljdlgc“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijic y <2; <2; 0>3-061. O`res, O.E. `gd O.D. B`oljtig. 6>>3. ‒Omt`st`tlh H`rhlgio`; ^`j`mip`tbijicy `gd Dlaamrmgtl`j Dl`cgisls“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03; Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03; 603-684. O`rit`, L., H. F`sljm, O. ]f`jdl `gd A. Vijji. 6>>6. ‒DG@ Dmh`y V`tm lg ^`pyrl `gd Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijiclh`j Xltms“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 003; 003; 80>-802. O`rtlg, V. `gd E. X`jjmr. 0<=3. Jmbrfuhb dmr @gtbripijiclm lg systmo`tlshbmr D`rstmjjugc . D`rstmjjugc . Xtuttc`rt. O`rtlg, V `gd E. X`jjmr. 0<=<. Jmbrfuhb dmr @gtbripijiclm lg systmo`tlshbmr D`rstmjjugc . D`rstmjjugc . Xtuttc`rt. O`rmsb, O.O. 0<3>. ‒Om`surmomgts ario Vimgtcmgicr`os“, 0=3-6>>, lg Buo`g Criwtb `gd Dmvmjipomgt , OhH`ooig, V.S. (md.). Xprlgcalmjd, LJ.
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680
O`tbmws, X. 6>>2. Dl`cgislgc @gmghmpb`jy lg @rhb`mijicy; @ Hiop`r`tlvm @g`jysls ia Glgm Hjlglh`j Xpmhlomgs Xpmhlo mgs ario tbm Xoltbsigl`g Lgstltutlig G`tlig`j Ousmuo ia G`tur`j Blstiry, `gd Igm ario tbm @rhb`mijiclh`j Xltm ia Emjjls 6 Hmomtmry lg D`ebjmb I`sls, Mcypt , Mcypt , O@ Tbmsls, ]glvmrslty ]glvmrslty ia Hmgtr`j Ajirld`. O`ys, X. `gd O. Hix. 6>>>. ‒Xmx Dmtmrolg`tlig lg Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs“, 003-08>, lg Buo`g Istmijicy lg @rhb`mijicy `gd Airmgslh Xhlmghm , Hix, O. `gd X. O`ys (mds.). Jigdig. OhFrldm, O.T., S.J. Bmggrleus `gd T.X. Oijicgm. 0<<2. ‒Gmwfirg Hj`vlhjm Ar`hturms“, Irtbipmdlhs 60; 60; 803-86>. Omlgdj, V.X. `gd H.I. Jivmkiy. 0<2=. ‒Mhtihr`gl`j Xuturm Hjisurm; @ Vmvlsmd Omtbid air tbm Dmtmrolg`tlig ia Xemjmt`j @cm `t Dm`tb F`smd ig tbm J`tmr`j-@gtmrlir Xuturms“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 12; 12; =3-11. Omrjm`u-^igty, O. 0<16. Tbm ^bmgiomgijicy ia ^mrhmptlig. ^mrhmptli g. Jigdig. @rhb` mijiclh`j lh`j Tbmiry Tbmir y Tid`y , Omsemjj, J. 6>>0. ‒@rhb`mijiclms ia Ldmgtlty“, 023-608, lg @rhb`mijic Biddmr, L. (md.). H`ofrldcm. Oljjmt, G.F., C.D. B`rt, T.@. Vmyo`g, O.V. [loomro`g `gd ^.E. Jmwlg. 0<2>. ‒VIO L; Ouoolalh`tlig air tbm Hiooig ^mipjm“, 30-24, Ouoolms, Ouoolm s, Dlsm`sm Dlsm` sm `gd @ghlmgt Hujturms , Hihefurg, @. `gd M. Hihefurg (mds). H`ofrldcm. Oljjmr, V., C.K. @romj`cis, X. Ler`o, G. DmKigcm, A.S. Erlkcmr `gd @.O. Dmmjdmr. 0<<6. ‒^`j`mi-mpldmolijicy ia Xhblstisio` Lgamhtlig lg Ouoolms“, Frltlsb Omdlh`j Kiurg`j 8>4; ===-=1. Oljjmr, V., X. Ler`o, C.K. @romj`cis, V. S`jemr, S.F. B`rmr, H.K. Xblaa, D. F`ccmtt, O. H`rrlc`g `gd X.O. O`rmt. 0<<4. ‒Dl`cgisls ia ^j`soidluo a`jhlp`ruo Lgamhtligs lg Ouoolms ]slgc tbm V`pld O`gu`j ^`r`XlcbtΩ A tmst“, Tr`gs`htlig ia Tbm Viy`j Xihlmty ia Triplh`j Triplh`j Omdlhlgm Omdlhl gm `gd Byclmgm 22; 22; 80-86. Oihzycmof`, H.E., ^. ^. ^`rositby ^`rositb y, X. Omlejm, @.^. @.^. Eiurtls, Eiurt ls, S.D. S.D. F`ralmjd, F`r almjd, M. Euejlg`, Euejlg `, X.A. X.A. ^isgmr, O.E. Sbltmo`g `gd D.K. K`olmsig. 6>0>. ‒Viutm ia Dmjlvmry `gd Gmig`t`j h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia Ifstmtrl Ifs tmtrlhs hs , 810; 0-1. Flrtb Tr`uo`“, @omrl Tr`uo`“, @omrlh`g Oimjjmr, G. 6>>=. ‒Tbm Alrst Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid; @ Tlom Tlom ia A`olgm `gd Hjlo`tm Hb`gcm9“, Hb`gcm9 “, Mcypt `gd tbm Jmv`gt 0=; 0=; 0=8-013. Oijti, K.M. 6>>>. ‒Buomrus Q`rus Dmairolty lg Vio`g ^mrlid Furl`js ario Emjjls 6, D`ebjmb, Mcypt“, @omrl Mcypt“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 008; 008; 0>8-0><. Oigkie, M. 6>>2. ‒Hj`vlhjm Ar`hturms Durlgc Flrtb“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g A`oljy A`o ljy ^byslhl`g ^bysl hl`g,, 32; 1<3. Oiidlm, V. 0<80. Vimgtcmgijiclh Xtudlms ia Mcyptl`g `g d ^mruvl`g Ouoolms . Ouoolms . @gtbripijicy, @gtbripi jicy, Omoilrms LLL. Hblh`ci. Oiirm, K. `gd M. Xhitt (mds.). 0<<3. Lgvlslfjm ^mipjm `gd ^rihmssms . Jigdig. Oir`gt, C. 0<6=. ‒@ Xtudy ia Mcyptl`g Hr`glijicy ario ^rmblstirlh ti Vio`g Tloms“, Fliomtrle` 03; 03; 0-=6. Oir`gt, C. 0<8=. ‒@ Xtudy ia ^rmdyg`stlh Mcyptl`g Xeujjs ario F`d`rl F`smd ig Om`surmomgts T`emg fy Olss F.G. Xtimsslcmr `gd ^riamssir D.M. Dmrry“, Fliomtrle` 63; 6<8-8><.
686
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Oir`gt, C.O. 0<83. ‒Tbm ^rmdyg`stlh Mcyptl`g Xeujjs ario F`d`rl `gd Tbmlr V`hl`j @aalgltl @aal gltlms“, ms“, 18-11, 18 -11, lg Oist`c lg Oist`cmdd` mdd` `gd tbm t bm T`sl`g T`sl`g Hujturm Hujtu rm . Frugtig, C. (md.). Jigdig. Oirrlsig-Xhitt, T.H. 0<=6. ‒Tbm Ouoolalmd H`ts ia @ghlmgt Mcypt“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm [iijiclh`j [iiji clh`j Xihlmty Xihlm ty ia Jigdig Jigdi g 060; 210-213. Oiss, C.M. 0<38. Ljjgmss, Loouglty, `gd Xihl`j Lgtmr`htlig; Tbm Dyg`olhs ia Flisihl`j Vmsig`tlig. Vmsig`tlig . Gmw \ire. Oúghb, B-B. 6>>>. ‒H`tmcirlzlgc @rhb`mijiclh`j Algds; Tbm Augmr`ry O`tmrl`j ia Pummg Bmtmpbmrms L `t Clz`“, @gtlqu Clz`“, @gtlqulty lty 34.621; 34.621; 2<2-<>2. Ourpby, V.A. 0<<>. Tbm Fidy Xljmgt . Jigdig. Ourpby, S.@., D. zur Gmddmg, ^. Cistgmr, V. Eg`pp, S. Vmhbmls `gd B. Xmldjmr. 6>>8. ‒Tbm Lhmo`g; Dlshivmry `gd Lo`clgc“, V`dlijicy 661; 661; 104-16<. Oyŕjlwlmh E., E. Eur`szelmwlhz, D. Hzmrwle, T. Vzmuse`, O. E`hzo`rme, @. Eiw`jse`, O. V`diose` `gd [. Cidzlmkmwsel. 6>>4. X`qq`r` L, Tbm Tiof ia Omrmagmfma . S`rs`w. Oyŕjlwlmh, E. (md.) 6>>2. X`qq`r` LLL, Tbm ]ppmr Gmhripijls , L-LL. S`rs`w. Oyŕjlwlmh, E. `gd E. Eur`szelmwlhz (mds.). 6>0>. X`qq`r` LQ. Tbm Augmr`ry Hiopjmx ia Gy`gebgmamrtmo. Gy`gebgmamrtmo . S`rs`w. Gmrjlhb, @. `gd X. Jñshb. 6>><. ‒^`tbijicy ia Buo`g Tufmrhujisls `gd tbm ^itmgtl`j Vijm ia Hjlo`tm“, Lgtmrdlshlpjlg`ry ^mrspmhtlvms ig Lgamhtlius Dlsm`sm . Dlsm`sm . @rtlhjm LD 483023, < p`cms, dil; 0>.00==/6>>.00==/6>>>8. ‒@gtbripijiclh`j `gd ^`j`mip`tbijiclh`j @g`jysls ia tbm Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Tbrmm ‚Tiofs ia tbm Gifjms‟ ia tbm Gmhripijls Gmhripijl s ia Tbmfms-Smst, Tbmfms-Smst, ]ppmr Mcypt“, 602-662, lg Tbm Tbmf`g gmhripijls; p`st, prmsmgt `gd auturm, Xtrudwlhe, G. `gd K. T`yjir (mds.), Jigdig. Gmrjlhb, @.C., F. Xhbr`ut, X. Dlttrlhb, T. Kmjlgme, `gd @.V. [lge. 6>>2. ‒^j`soidluo a`jhlp`ruo lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Momrclgc Lgamhtlius Dlsm`sms 04.2; 0803-080< (dil; 0>.86>0/mld04>2.>2>68=). Gmrjlhb, @.C., B. Vibrf`hb, F. F`hbomlmr `gd @. [lge. 6>>1. ‒O`jlcg`gt Tuoirs lg Twi @ghlmgt ^ipuj`tligs; @g @ppri`hb ti Blstirlh`j Tuoir Mpldmolijicy“, Ighijicy Vmpirts 01.0; 01.0; 0<3-6>6. Gmrjlhb, @., @. [lge, B.C. B`cmdirg, ]. Xzmlolms `gd H. Smyss. 6>>> ‒@gtbripijiclh`j `gd ^`j`mip`tbijiclh`j @g`jysls ia tbm Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario Tbrmm ‒Tiofs ia tbm Gifjms“ ia tbm Gmhripijls ia Tbmfms-Smst, ]ppmr Mcypt“, @gtbripijic @gtbri pijiclshb lshbmr mr @gzmlcmr @gzmlc mr =2; 860-848. Gmrjlhb, @.C., H. B``s, @. [lge, ]. Xzmlolms `gd B. B`cmdirg. 0<<3. ‒Oijmhuj `r Mvldmghm air Tufmrhujisls lg `g @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouooy“, Tbm J`ghmt 8=>; 8=>; 04>4. Glhijlgl, C., Q. T`rhbl`gl, O. X`urmr `gd ^. Hbmruflgl. 6>0>. ‒Siid-Criwtb [igms lg @h`hl` @h`h l` smy`j Dmjljm Dmjl jm lg tbm Emlt` Q`jjmy `jjm y, Glcmr; Gl cmr; Ls Tbmrm Tbm rm @gy Hjlo`tl Hjl o`tlhh Xlcg` X lcg`j9“ j9“,, Kiurg`j ia @rld Mgvlrigomgts 34; 34; 8==-8=<. Glwlgsel, @. 0<22. 60st 0<22. 60st Dyg`st D yg`styy Hiaalgs Hiaa lgs ario ari o Tbmfms; Hbrigi H brigijiclh jiclh`j `j `gd Typij Typijiclh` iclh`j j Xtudlms Xtudlms . O`lgz `o Vbmlg. Mc yptl`g `g Omdlhlgm Omdl hlgm .. Jigdig. Gugg, K.A. K.A. 0<<1. @ghlmg 0<<1. @ghlmgtt Mcyptl
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688
I“Higgir, T.^. 6>>3. ‒Sljd ir Diomstlh9 Fliomtrlh Q`rl`tlig lg tbm H`t Amjls sljvmstrls Xhbrmfmr“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03; Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03; =20-=<=. Iboirl, E., B. O`tsul, O`tsul , T. T. \`sud`, O. E`g`oirl, E`g`oi rl, E. \udib, B. Xmti `gd B. Tsukl. Tsukl. 0<<3. 0<< 3. ‒Mv`ju`tlig ia tbm tb m ^ricgisls ia H`ghmr ^`tlmgts wltb wlt b Omt`st`tlh Figm Tuoirs Tuoirs F`smd ig Xmrl`j Figm Xhlgtlcr`os“, K`p`gmsm Xhlgtlcr`os“, K`p`gmsm Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Hjlglh`j Hjlg lh`j Ighijic Ighij icy y 63.4; 63.4; 618-613. `gtbripijiclqum. ^`rls. Ijlvlmr, C. 0<1>. ^r`tlqum `gtbripijiclqum. ^`rls. Ijlvlmr, C. 0<1<. ^r`htlh`j @gtbripijicy . Xprlgcalmjd, LJ. Sire wltb Dls`fjmd ^mipjm . F`slgcstiem. Ijlvmr, O. 0<28. Xihl`j Sire Irsmr, H.M. Kr. Kr. 0<<2. ‒Tbm Hb`jjmgcm Hb`jjmg cm ia V`hm ti @omrlh`g Blstirlh`j @rhb`mijicy“, @rhb`mij icy“, @omrl @omrlh`g h`g @gtbripijic @gtbri pijiclst lst 0>>; 0>>; 110-112. Irtgmr, D.K. 0<<2. ‒O`jm/Amo`jm Loougm Vm`htlvlty `gd Lts Lopjlh`tligs lg Lgtmrprmtlgc Mvldmghm lg Buo`g Xemjmt`j ^`j`mip`tbijicy“, 3<-<6, lg Xmx `gd Cmgdmr lg ^`jmip`tbijiclh`j ^mrspmhtlvm , Cr`umr, @.J. `gd ^. Xtu`rt-O`h`d`o (mds.). H`ofrldcm. Irtgmr, D.K. 6>>8 Ldmgtlalh`tlig ia ^`tbijiclh`j Higdltligs lg Buo`g Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs , Vmo`lgs , 6gd md. Gmw \ire. Irtgmr D.K. `gd `g d O.A. O.A. Mrlesmg. 0<<3. ‒Figm Hb`gcms Hb `gcms lg Tbm Buo`g Xeujj ^rif`fjy Vmsujtlgc Vmsujtl gc Ario Xhurvy lg Lga`ghy `gd Hbljdbiid“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 3; 606-66>. Isfirg, D.K. `gd L. Bmjoy. 0<2>. Tbm Higtmopir`ry J`gd O`oo`js ia Mcypt (Lghjudlgc Xlg`l), Xlg`l), Hblh`ci. Iwmg, Iwmg , ^. ^. 6>>0`. 6>>0 `. ‒Amjls ‒ Amjls sljvmstrls h`tus sljvmstrls h`tus““ (Ig-jlgm). (Ig-jlgm) . Igjlgm `t; bttp;//dlcloirpb.irc/spmhl bttp;//dlcloirpb.irc/spmhlomgs/ omgs/ AmjlsYsyjvmstrlsYh`tus/ U@hhmssmd 6>08_. Iwmg, ^. 6>>0f. ‒Amjls sljvmstrls jyflh`“ (Ig-jlgm) (Ig-jlgm).. Igjlgm `t; bttp;//dlcloirpb.irc/ spmhlomgs/AmjlsYsyjvmstrlsYjyflh`/o`jm/ U@hhmssmd 6>08_. Iwmg, Iwmg , ^. ^. 6>>6. 6>>6 . ‒Amjls ‒Amjls sljvmstrls jyflh` sljvmstrls jyflh`““ (Ig-jlgm) (Ig-j lgm).. Igjlgm `t; bttp;//dlcloirpb.irc/spmhl bttp;//dlcloirpb.irc/spmhlomgs/ omgs/ AmjlsYsyjvmstrlsYjyflh`/amo`jm/ U@hhmssmd 6>08_. ^`c`vlgi, C. `gd V. ^`hm. 6>>0. ^ricrmssl dl Mgdidigzl` vij. 0. J` jmsligm mgdidigtlh`. Jlgmm-culd` pmr j` dl`cgisl m j` tmr`pl`. Alrmgzm. ^`ygm, ^. 6>>1 ‒Vmhivmrlgc @glo`j Figms `t tbm Biusm ia Blcb ^rlmst ^`gbmsy“. Igjlgm `t bttp;//www.`o`rg`prikmht.hio. ^ääfi, X. 0<2=. ‒Oijmhuj`r Hjiglgc Hjig lgc ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Mcyptl` g Ouooy DG@“, DG@“, G`turm 804.1>06; 804.1>06; 144-4=. ^ääfi, X. 0<21. ‒DG@ ls ^rmsmrvmd lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouoolms“, 828-822, lg Xhlmghm lg Mcyptijicy , D`vld, @.V. (md.). O`ghbmstmr. ^`p`cmircipiujiu H., X.E. Xutmr, A.K. Vúbjl `gd A. Xlmcougd. 6>00. ‒B`rrls Jlgms Vmvlsltmd; ^rmv`jmghm, Hioirfldltlms, `gd ^isslfjm Mtlijiclms“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiurg` j Ia Buo`g Flijicy 68.8; 68.8; 820-8<0. Ouoolm s, Dlsm`sm Dlsm` sm & @ghlmgt @ghlmg t ^mhe, S.B. 0<<2. ‒Ouoolms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt“, 0=-83, lg Ouoolms, Hujturms , @. Hihefurg `gd M. Hihefurg (mds.). H`ofrldcm.
684
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^mrry, O.@. 6>>3. ‒Ls Fli`rhb`mijicy ` B`gdo`ldmg ti Blstiry9 Dmvmjiplgc ` Blstirlh`j Fli`rhb`mijicy“, Kiurg`j ia @gtbripij @gtb ripijiclh` iclh`jj @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy 61; 61; 421-=0=. ^mtrlm, S.O.A. 02<3. Xlx Tmopjms Tmopjms `t Tbmfms Tb mfms 02<1. 02< 1. Jigdig. Jigdig. ^`thb, D.H. `gd H.S. B`jd`gm. 0<<>. Tbm ^b`r`ib“s ^b`r`ib“s Fi`t `t tbm tb m H`rgmclm . H`rgmclm . ^lttsfurcb. ^mttlcrmw, T. K. 0284. @ Blstiry Blstir y ia Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g Ouoolms, Ouoolm s, `gd `g @hhiugt @hhiug t ia tbm Sirsblp Sirsbl p `gd Mof`jolgc ia tbm X`hrmd @glo`js fy Mcyptl`gs . Mcyptl`gs . Jigdig. ^bljjlps, X.V. 6>>3. Hr`gl`j @gio`jy, ^`tbijicy, ir Giro`j Q`rl`gt9 Tblg ^`rlmt`j Figms lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Buo`g Vmo`lgs . ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, ]glvmrslty ia ^mggsyjv`gl`. ^ihihe, V.L. 0<=0. H`t`jicum ia tbm Cmgus Amjls. Jigdig. ^iwmr, V. 6>06. Ario tbm Hr`djm ti tbm Cr`vm; Hbljd, Lga`gt `gd Aimt`j Furl`js lg tbm Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijiclh`j Vmhird ario tbm M`rjy Dyg`stlh ^mrlid ti tbm Olddjm Elgcdio (h`. 88>>-01=> FH), FH), ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, O`hqu`rlm ]glvmrslty. ^r`tms, H., X. Xius`, H. Ijlvmlr` `gd X. Ler`o. 6>00. ‒^rist`tm Omt`st`tlh Figm H`ghmr lg `g Mcyptl`g ^tijmo`lh Ouooy, ` ^ripismd V`dlijiclh`j Dl`cgisls“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia ^`jmip`tbijic ^`jmip`tb ijic y 0.6; 0.6; <2-0>8. ^riolgse`, M. 0<21. ‒@ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Tr`dltligs ia @rtlalhl`j Ouoolalh`tlig lg tbm Hbrlstl`g ^mrlid lg Mcypt“, 008-060, lg Xhlmghm lg Mcyptijicy , D`vld, V.@. (md.). O`ghbmstmr. ^uj`e, H. 6>>0. ‒Hmd`r air Xblps“, @rhb` Xblps“, @rhb`mijic mijic y `gd Blstiry Blstir y lg Jmf`gig Jmf`gi g 04; 64-81. Pu`rofy, E. 6>00. Xh`pmci`t; Sby Sm Sm @rm A`ljlgc Dls`fjmd ^mipjm . ^mipjm . Jigdig. Pulfmjj, K.M. 0<><. Mxh`v`tligs `t X`qq`r`b 0<>3-0<>2 . H`lri. Xtudy . V`gd`jj-O`hLvmr, D. 0<>0. Tbm M`rjlmst Lgb`flt`gts ia @fydis, ` Hr`glijiclh`j Xtudy . Ixaird. V`gd, B. 0<3>. ‒Alcurm-Q`sms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt `gd Bmfrmw Oldwlvms“, Lsr`mj Mxpjir`tlig Kiurg`j Kiurg` j , 6>; 6><-606. V`vmg, O.K. `gd S.E. T`higls. 6>>=. Mcyptl`g Ouoolms; V`dlijiclh`j @tj`s ia tbm Hijjmhtligs lg tbm G`tlig`j Ousmuo ia @gtlqultlms lg Jmldmg . Turgbiut. V`xtmr O.B., F.O. @umrf`hb `gd H.F. Vuaa. 6>>1. ‒Vmvlslig ia tbm Aujjy Tmhbglqum air h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 08>; Mstlo`tlgc Xt`turm“, @omrl Xt`turm“, @omrlh`g 08>; 834-824. V`xtmr, O.B., H.F. Vuaa, @. @z`f, O. Mra`g, O. Xijlo`g `gd @. Mj-X`w`a. 6>>2. ‒Xt`turm Mstlo`tlig lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs; @ Gmw Tmhbglqum F`smd ig @g`tiolh`j Vmhigstruhtlig ia Xt`turm“, @omrl Xt`turm“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 081.6; 081.6; 043-0==. Vmddlm, J. 6>>8. @g 6>>8. @g Istmijicl Istm ijiclh`j h`j `gd ` gd ^`j`mip`tb ^`j`mi p`tbijicl ijiclh`j h`j @g`jys @g `jyslsls ia tbm Mjjlit Mj jlit Xoltb Buo`g Xemjmt`j Hijjmhtlig Biusmd `t tbm O`ghbmstmr Ousmuo , ]gpufjlsbmd O@ Tbmsls, ]glvmrlsty ia O`ghbmstmr. tb m Elgcs; Tbm Dmhjlgm ia ` Viy`j Gmhripijls . Gmhripijls . Jigdig. Vmmvms, G. 0<<>. Q`jjmy ia tbm Vmmvms, H. 0<<6. Mcyptl`g Omdlhlgm . ^rlghms Vlsfiriucb. Vmlsgmr C.@. 0<13. H`giplhs . H`lri.
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68=
Vmlsgmr C.@. `gd S.X. Xoltb. 0<==. @ Blstiry Blstir y ia tbm t bm Clz` Gmhripijls, Gmhripi jls, Qij. 6; Tbm Tb m Tiof Tiof ia Bmtmp-Bmrms, tbm Oitbmr ia Hbmips . H`ofrldcm, O`ss. Vmgarmw, H. 0<<1. ‒Elgcs, ‒El gcs, Trmm Trmm Vlgcs `gd tbm Ijd Sirjd“, G`turm 820; 820; 388-384. Vmsglhe, D. `gd C. Glw`y`o`. 0<22. Dl`cgisls ia Figm `gd Kilgt Dlsirdmrs , Dlsirdmrs , 6gd md. ^blj`dmjpbl`. Vlhb`rds, K. 6>>=. Oirtu` 6>>=. Oirtu`ry ry `gd Dm`tb Dm`t b lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Mcyp t ; Oirtu`ry Oirtu `ry J`gdsh`p J`g dsh`pms ms ia tbm Olddjm Elgcdio. Elgcdio . H`ofrldcm. Vlccs, H. 6>0>. ‒Fidy“, lg ]HJ@ Mghyhjipmdl` ia Mcyptijicy , Ariid, M. `gd S. Smgdrlhb (mds.). Jis @gcmjms. @ gcmjms. Igjlgm Igj lgm `t; bttp;//dlclt`j6.jlfr`ry b ttp;//dlclt`j6.jlfr`ry.uhj`.mdu/vlmwL .uhj`.mdu/vlmwLtmo.di9`re?600<2/ tmo.di9`re?600<2/ zz>>6=gqc6. Vlccs, H. `gd K. F`lgms. 6>06. ‒Mtbglhlty“, ]HJ@ Mghyhjipmdl` ia Mcyptijicy , Ariid, M. `gd S. S. Smgdrlhb Smgdrlh b (mds.). (md s.). Jis @gcmj @ gcmjms. ms. Igjlgm Ig jlgm `t; bttp; b ttp;//dl //dlclt` clt`j6.j j6.jlfr lfr`ry.uhj `ry.uhj`.mdu `.mdu/vlm /vlmwLtmo wLtmo.. di9`re?600<2/zz>>6fpoao. Vlkg, v`g, V.V., [email protected]. Flji `gd X.C.A. Viffmg. 6>><. ‒Flrtb-Vmj`tmd Old-^istmrlir Vlf Ar`hturms lg Gmig`tms; @ Vmpirt ia Tbrmm H`sms (`gd ` ^isslfjm Aiurtb H`sm) `gd ` Vmvlmw ia tbm Jltmr`turm“, ^mdl`trlh V`dlijicy 8<; 8<; 8>-84. Vlsdig, D.J. 0<8<. ‒@ Xtudy ia tbm Hr`gl`j `gd Itbmr Buo`g Vmo`lgs Ario ^`jmstlgm Mxh`v`tmd `t Tmjj Duwmlr (J`hblsb) fy tbm Smjjhiom-O`rstig @rhb`mijiclh`j Vmsm`rhb Mxpmdltlig“, Fliomtrle` 80; 80; <<-011. Viff, K. 6>>6. ‒Tlom `gd Flicr`pby; Istmiflicr`pby ia tbm Lt`jl`g Gmijltblh Jlamsp`g“, Hirpirm`jlty , B`olj`els, 0=8-030, lg Tblgelgc tbriucb tbm Fidy; @rhb`mijiclms ia Hirpirm`jlty , B`olj`el s, \., \., O. ^juhlmggle `gd X. T`rjiw T`rjiw (mds.). (md s.). Gmw \ire. Vifmrts, H.@. `gd E. O`ghbmstmr. 6>>3. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Dlsm`sm , 8rd md. Ltb`h`. Viflgs, C. 0<<8. Siomg lg @ghlmgt Mcypt Mc ypt . H`ofrldcm, O@. Viflgs, C. 0<<4. ^ripirtlig `gd Xtyjm lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g @rt , @rt , @ustlg. Viflgsig, V. `gd H. Qmjj`. 0<<<. Viflgsigs Cmgmtlhs air H`t Frmmdmrs `gd Qmtmrlg`rl`gs . Qmtmrlg`rl`gs . Ixaird. Viflgsig, S.K. 0<13. Trmm-Vlgc O`tmrl`js `s ` F`sls air Hujtur`j Lgtmrprmt`tligs , Lgtmrprmt`tligs , ^b.D Tbmsls, Dmp`rtomgt ia @gtbripijicy, ]glvmrslty ia @rlzig`, Tuhsig. Vism, K. 6>>1 ^`jmip`tbijicy ia tbm Hiooigmrs `t Tmjj @o`rg`, Mcypt, @ebmg`tmg“s H`plt`j Hlty. Omoørl Hlty. Omoørl`s `s di Lgstltuti Lgstltu ti Isw`jd Is w`jdii Hruz Hru z 0>0(LL); 0>0(LL); 38-31. Vism, K., C.K. ‒@romj`cis `gd J.X. ^mrry. 0<<8. Dmgt`j @gtbripijicy ia tbm Gljm Q`jjmy“, 1-34, lg Flijiclh`j @gtbripijicy `gd tbm Xtudy ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Mcypt , D`vlms, S.Q. `gd V. S`jem S`jemrr (mds.). (m ds.). Jigdig. Jigd ig. Vñslgc, A.S. 0<<>. Puffmt mj B`w` ugd Mjmpb`gtlgm . Xtuttc`rt. Vissmj, X. 6>>4. ‒Aiid air tbm Dm`d, tbm ^rlmst `gd tbm O`yir; Jiielgc air Xt`tus `gd Ldmgtlty lg tbm Olddjm Elgcdio Xmttjmomgt `t Xiutb @fydis, Mcypt“, 0<2-6>6, lg Fmb`vlir Fmblgd Figms , I“D`y, X.K., S. S. Q`g Q`g Gmmr `gd `g d @. Mrvyghe Mr vyghe (mds.). (mds. ). Ixaird. Vissmj, X. 6>>1. ‒@ T`jm ia tbm Figms; @glo`j ]sm lg tbm Tmopjm `gd Tiwg ia S`b-Xut“, Mxpmdltlig 42.6; Mxpmdltlig 42.6; 40-48.
681
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Viucì-O`ljj`rt, H., G. Tmjoig, H. Vlssmhb, @. O`jcis` `gd D. Viucì. 6>>4. ‒Tbm Dmtmrolg`tlig ia O`jm @dujt @cm `t Dm`tb fy Hmgtr`j `gd ^istmrlir ^istmrlir Hix`j @g`jysls - ` ^rmjlolg`ry Xtudy“, Kiurg`j Xtudy“, Kiurg`j ia Airmgslh Airmg slh Xhlmgh X hlmghm m 4<(6); 4<(6); 6>2-604. Viucì-O`ljj`rt, H., F. Qlmjjm, G. Kiussmt, D. Hb`pp`rd, G. Tmjoig `gd M. Hugb`. 6>><. Dmvmjipomgt ia ` Omtbid ti Mstlo`tm Xemjmt`j @cm `t Dm`tb lg @dujts ]slgc tbm @hmt`fuj @hmt `fujuo uo `gd tbm @urlhuj` @url huj`rr Xura`hm Xura` hm ig ` ^irtucumsm ^irtuc umsm ^ipuj`tlig“, ^ipuj` tlig“, Airmgslh Xhlmghm Lgtmrg`tlig`j 022; 022; <0-<=. Viwj`gd, K. 6>>2. ‒Tbm ^tijmo`lh-Vio`g Hmomtmry `t tbm Pumsg` @rhb`mijiclh`j @rm`“, Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia Mcyptl`g Mcy ptl`g @rhb`mijic @rhb`m ijicy y <4; <4; 1<-<8. Viwj`gd, K., X. Lgselp `gd X.V. [`erzmwsel. 6>0> ‒Hmomtmry `t tbm Pumsg` @rhb`mijiclh`j @rm`“, Kiurg`j @rm`“, Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <1; <1; 80-42. Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, O. 0<64. Meseurslk` ĩ Vytus. Jlmtuv` 0=8; 0=8; =-1. TmfŸ p`olgej`l p`o lgej`l . E`ug`s. Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, O. 0<88. Tut-@ghb-@oigi e`p`s lr TmfŸ Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, O. 0<8=. ‒^lr`oldŷlŸ e`slgēklo`l prlm Clz`“, G`ukikl Viouv` 3; 0=6-0=8. Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgē, O. 0<81. Xmgivēs VytŸ lstirlk` , L, @lcl L, @lclpt`s pt`s . E`ug`s. Vuaa, H. F., F. Bijt `gd M. Trlge`us. 6>>1. ‒Sbi“s @ar`ld ia tbm Flc F`d Sija; ‒Sijaa“s J`w“ `gd Figm Aughtlig`j @d`pt`tlig“, @omrl @d`pt`tlig“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia ^byslh ^b yslh`j `j @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 06<; 06<; 424-4<2. Vuaamr O. @. 0<0>. ‒Gitm ig tbm ^rmsmghm ia ‒Fljb`rzl` B`mo`tifl`“, 01, lg Mcyptl`g Ouoolms ia tbm tb m Twmgtlmtb Twmgtlmtb Dyg`sty“. Frltlsb Omdlh`j Kiurg`j K`gu` Kiurg`j K`gu`ry ry 0, 0<0>. 0 <0>. Vúbjl, A. K. `gd X. Ler`o. 6>04. ‒^urpirtmd Omdlh`j Dl`cgisms ia ^b`r`ib Tut`geb`oug, h. 08>> FH“, BIOI Kiurg`j ia Hiop`r`tlvm Buo`g Hiop`r`tlvm Buo`g Flijicy 1=.0; 1=.0; =0-18. X`ff`by, J. 6>0=. ‒@ Dmh`dm ia @dv`ghms lg tbm ^`jmip`tbijicy ia tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs“, Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy; Buo`gs, @glo`js, @gd Tbm Mgvlrigomgt , Mgvlrigomgt , Ler`o, X., K. E`lsmr, `gd V. S`jemr (mds.). Jmldmg Utbls vijuom_. X`gdlsig, @.T @ .T.. `gd M. T`pp. T`pp. 0<<2. ‒Dlsm`sm ‒Dlsm` sm lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, 82-=2, 82-=2 , lg Ouoolm lg Ouoolms,s, Dlsm`sm Dlsm` sm `gd @ghlmgt Hujturms , Hihefurg, @. `gd M. Hihefurg (mds.). H`ofrldcm. X`ugdmrs, X.V. 0<32. Tbm Dmvmjipomgt `gd Dlstrlfutlig ia Dlshigtlguius Oirpbijiclh`j Q`rl`tlig ia tbm Buo`g Lgar`hr`gl`j Xemjmtig . C`tlgm`u. Xhb`mamr O., X. Fj`he `gd J. Xhbmumr. 6>><. Kuvmgljm Kuvmglj m Istmijic Istmij icy; y; @ J`fir`tiry J`fir`t iry `gd Almjd O`gu`j O`gu` j . Gmw \ire. Xhbmumr, J. `gd X. Fj`he. 6>>>. Dmvmjipomgt`j Kuvmgljm Istmijicy . X`g Dlmci. Xhboldt, V.@. `gd F.J. Qiss (mds.). 6>>>. @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijiclms lms ia i a Xmxu`jlt Xmxu `jlty y . Jigdig. Xhbgmldmr, T. T. 6>0>. ‒Higtrlfutligs ‒Higtr lfutligs ti tbm tb m Hbrigijicy ia tbm t bm Gmw Elgcdio `gd tbm Tblrd Lgtmromdl`tm ^mrlid“, Mcypt `gd tbm Jmv`gt 6>; 6>; 838-4>8. j` Xhlmghm 408; Xhbgmldmr, T. T. 6>06. ‒Jm h`ssm-tëtm h`ssm-tët m dm j` hbrigijiclm hbrigijicl m ìcyptlmggm“, ^iur j` Xhlmghm 408; 62-88. Xhbw`rtz, K.B. 0<<=. Xemjmtig Emys; @g Lgtriduhtlig ti Buo`g Xemjmt`j Oirpbijicy, Dmvmjipomgt `gd @g`jysls . Ixaird.
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683
Xhitt, K.V., E.J. Erumcmr, F. Emop, `gd K.H. Vism. 6>><. ‒Dmgt`j Olhriwm`r Tmxturm @g`jysls @g`j ysls ia tbm t bm @o`rg @ o`rg`` Siremrs“ U@fst U @fstr`ht r`ht_, _, @omrl @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbrip ijic y 082; 888. Xmjlg, J., C. S`jjlg `gd O. Fmrc. 6>>2. Dystihl` lg J`fiur ‘ Vlse A`htirs, O`g`cmomgt `gd Iuthiom; @ Vmtrispmhtlvm Ifsmrv`tlig`j Xtudy lg ` Xwmdlsb Xmttlgc“, @ht` Ifstmtrlhl` mt Cygmhijiclh` , 23; 601-660. Xmlpmj, S. 0<2>. ]gtmrsuhbugcmg zu dmg Äcyptlshbmg Eñglclggmg dmr Arúbzmlt ugd dms @jtmg Vmlhbm . B`ofurc. Xms`g`, @. 6>0>. Jm tmopjm d“@omgbitmp LL î Tbâfms-Iumst; du p`ssì `u prìsmgt, 383<, lg Tbm Tmopjms ia Oljjligs ia \m`rs `gd Tbm Viy`j ^iwmr `t Tbmfms, lg tbm Gmw Elgcdio. Xhlmghm `gd Gmw Tmhbgijiclms `ppjlmd ti @rhb`mijicy . @rhb`mijicy . Jm H`lrm (Omogigl`, H`blmr Xuppjìomgt`lrm 6). Xms`g`, @. `gd T. Pulrlgi. 6>0>. ‒J` Olssligm Lt`jl`g` dl sh`vi prmssi j“`rm` dmj Tmopli dl Oljligl dl @ggl dl @omgbitmp LL - Juxir, Smst F`ge, H`op`cgm dl sh`vi 0<<26>><, H`op`cg` dl sh`vi 6>><-6>0>, 860-846“, lg Vlhmrhbm Lt`jl`gm m Xh`vl lg Mcltti LQ , ^lrmjjl, V. (md.). H`lri. Xb`gejlg, M. 0<<2. ‒Tbm ^riamsslig ia tbm Hijir Fjlgd; Xihlihujtur`j @gtbripijicy `gd V`hlso lg tbm 60st Hmgtury“, @omrl Hmgtury“, @omrlh`g h`g @gtbrip @g tbripijicl ijiclst st 0>>; 0>>; 11<-13<. Xb`ttuhe, X.C. 0<><. ‒@ Vmpirt ]pig tbm ^`tbijiclh`j Higdltlig ia tbm @irt` ia Elgc Omdlhlgm . 6; 066-063. Omrgmpt`b“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Viy`j Xihlmty ia Omdlhlgm . Xb`w, L. (md.). 6>>>. Tbm Ixaird Blstiry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt . Mcypt . Ixaird. Xb`w, L. `gd ^. ^. Glhbijsig. Glhbijsig . 6>>6. Tbm Frltlsb Ousmuo Dlhtlig`ry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt . Jigdig. Xb`w, L. 6>>>. ‒Lgtriduhtlig; Hbrigijiclms `gd Hujtur`j Hb`gcm lg Mcypt“, 0-03, lg Tbm Ixaird Blstiry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , L. Xb`w (md.). Ixaird. Xbmppmrsig, O. 6>0>. ‒Tbm ]ppmr Xltm“, lg ‒Tmjj mj-@o`rg`, 6>0>“, Emop, F.K. (md.), Kiurg`j ia Mcyptl` Mc yptl`gg @rhb`miji @rhb `mijicy cy <1; <1; 3-0>. Xbmrr-Jurlm, G., C.O. Fl`jle, @. C`gmj, @. Xhblgdjmr `gd ]. Clvig. 6>00. ‒Ar`hturms ia tbm Buomrus lg tbm Gmig`t`j ^mrlid“, Lsr`mj Omdlh`j @ssihl`tlig Kiurg`j , 08; 818-81=. Xbirtj`gd, @.K. `gd H.F. V`osmy. 6>08. V`dlih`rfig `gd tbm Hbrigijiclms ia @ghlmgt Mcypt . Mcypt . Ixaird. Xljvmgtilgmg, E., K. E`prli, M. J`bmjo`, V.K. Qlemg `gd V.K. Vism. 6>>0. ‒Xmx Dlaamrmghms lg Cmgmtlh `gd Mgvlrigomgt`j A`htirs Higtrlfutlgc ti Fidy-Bmlcbt“, Twlg Vmsm`rhb 4; 8=-8<. Xljvmr, @. 0<1<. ‒Tbm @cmlgc ia Diomstlh @glo`js“, 628-8>6, lg Xhlmghm lg @rhb`mijicy , Fritbwmjj, D. `gd M. X. Blccs (mds.). Jigdig. Xlgcmr, L. 6>>6. Blttltm ^r`ymrs . @tj`gt`. Xkòvijd, T. 0<<>. ‒Mstlo`tlig ia Xt`turm ario Jigc Figms ]tljlzlgc tbm Jlgm ia Irc`glh Hirrmj`tlig“, Buo`g Mvijutlig =(=); Mvijutlig =(=); 480-443. Xj`tmr, C.K. `gd F. v`g Q`jemgfurc. 6>><. ‒@jjiomtry `gd ^mrairo`ghm; Tbm Mvijutlig ia Xeujj Airo `gd Aughtlig lg Amjlds“, Kiurg`j Amjlds“, Kiurg`j ia Mvijutlig Mvij utlig`ry `ry Flijicy Fliji cy 66; 66; 6632-6623.
682
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Xoltb, F.B. 0<24. ‒^`ttmrgs ia Oij`r Sm`r lg Bugtmr-C`tbmrmrs `gd @crlhujtur`jlsts“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 18.0; 18.0; 8<-=1. Xoltb, C.M. 0<06. Tbm Viy`j Ouoolms . H`lri. Xoltb, J.K. 6>0>. Lop`ht ia Flrtblgc ^r`htlhms ig Frm`stammdlgc , Frm`stammdlgc , 6gd md. Xudfury, O`ss. Xglteuvlmgē, @. 0<<>. Xmgivēs Mclpti d`ljē . E`ug`s. Xglteuvlmgē, @. 6>><. ‒O`rlk` Vudzlgse`ltē-@rhlo`vlďlmgm“s Higtrlfutlig ti Mcyptijicy (lg Hioomoir`tlig ia tbm Xhbij`r“s Xhbij`r“s 06=tb flrtbd`y)“, @ht` flrtbd`y)“, @ht` Irlmgt I rlmgt`jl` `jl` Qljgmgsl Qlj gmgsl` ` 0>.0 0>.06; 020-6>3. Xglteuvlmgē, @. 6>00. Jlmtuv` lr smgivēs Mclpt`s . E`ug`s. Xijlo`gdi, D.@. 6>>0. ‒Ivmrvlmw ia Bypmrh`jhmol` Bypmrh`jhmol` lg O`jlcg`ghy“, @omrl O`jlcg`ghy“, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia ia Bm`jtb-Xystmo ^b`ro`hy =2 =2 (Xuppjmomgt 8); 4-3. Xia`mr Dmrmvmgsel, K. 0<<3. ‒Mgcmgdmrlgc Hbljdrmg, Mgcmgdmrlgc @rhb`mijicy“, 0<6-6>6, lg Lgvlslfjm ^mipjm `gd ^rihmssms , Oiirm, K. `gd M. Xhitt (mds.). Jigdig. Xia`mr, K. 6>>1. Tbm Fidy `s O`tmrl`j Hujturm . H`ofrldcm. Xiw`d`, E., C.M. K`hifsmg, A. Fmrtuhb, T. ^`jomr `gd @. Kmgelgsig. 6>00. ‒Sbi“s tb`t V`dlih`rfig =8.6; 660-662. Jylgc lg oy Hiaalg9 @g Lopistmr Mxpismd fy 04H d`tlgc“, V`dlih`rfig =8.6; Xpmghm, E. 6>>>. ‒@ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Hbrigijicy `gd tbm @strigiolh`j Irlmgt`tlig ia ^yr`olds“, G`turm 4>2; 4>2; 86>-864. Xplcmjo`g, O. `gd ^. Fmgtjmy. 0<<3. ‒H`ghmr lg @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Kiurg`j ia ^`jmip`tbi ^`jmi p`tbijic jicy y < 6; 0>3-004. Xt`dmjo`gg, V. 0<<4. ‒Eñglc Tmtl ugd dmr Fmclgg dmr 1. Dyg`stlm“, lg Bioo`cms î Km`g Jmhj`gt , Fmrcmr, H., C. Hjmrh `gd G. Crlo`j (mds.). H`lri. Xt`gjmy, ^., @.S. Dugh`g, K. Ls``hsig `gd @.X. Ls``hsig. 0<2=. ‒V`dlijicy ia Ar`hturmDlsjih`tlig ia tbm Hmrvlh`j Xplgm Durlgc Dmjlvmry“, @omrlh Dmjlvmry“, @omrlh`g `g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a Vimgtcmgij Vimgt cmgijic icy y 04=; 160-16=. Xtmhemj, V.B. 0<<=. ‒Xt`turm `gd tbm Xt`gd`rd ia Jlvlgc“, Kiurg`j ia Mhigiolh Mhigio lh Jltmr`turm Jltmr`tu rm 88; 0<>8-0<4>. Xtmhemj, V.B. 6>><. ‒Bmlcbts `gd Buo`g Smja`rm; Vmhmgt Dmvmjipomgts `gd Gmw Dlrmhtligs,“ Mxpjir`tligs lg Mhigiolh Blstiry 41; 41; 0-68. Xtmhemj, V.B. `gd K.H. Vism (mds.). 6>>6. Tbm F`hefigm ia Blstiry . H`ofrldcm. Xtmhemj, V.B., V.B. , H.X. J`rsmg, J`r smg, ^.S ^.S.. Xhlujjl Xhluj jl `gd ^.J. S`jemr. S`jemr. 6>00. ‒D`t` ‒D `t` Hijjmhtlig Hij jmhtlig Hidmfiie“. Igjlgm `t; bttp;//cjif`j.sfs.ibli-st`tm.mdu/gmwYdihs/Hidmfiie->0-64-00-mo.pda Xtmmjm, D.C. `gd H.@. Fr`ofjmtt. 0<22. Tbm @g`tioy `gd Flijicy ia tbm Buo`g Xemjmtig . Hijjmcm Xt`tlig. Xtmw`rt, K.D., K.M. Oijti `gd ^.K. Vmlomr. 6>>8. ‒Tbm Hbrigijicy ia Emjjls 6; Tbm Lgtmrprmtlvm Xlcglalh`ghm ia V`dlih`rfig D`tlgc ia Buo`g Vmo`lgs“, 838-832, lg Tbm I`sls ^`pmrs LLL; ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Alrst Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm ia tbm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht , Fiwmg, C.M. `gd H.@. Bipm (mds.). Ixaird.
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68<
Xtljjmr, O., V. Crmmg, O. Vig`g, K. Xloigs, J. Du, S. Bm, O. Mcbijo, K. Vitbfmrc, X. Em`tms, G. Ividiv, M. @gtlplg`, C. F`rysbgleiv, \. Euzolg, @. Q`sljmvsel, C. Sumgs Sumgshbmj hbmjj,j, K. Tmrolgl, mrol gl, O. Biarmltmr, Biarmlt mr, Q. K`mglhem-Dmp K`mglhem -Dmprìs, rìs, `gd X. ^ääfi. 6>>1. ‒^`ttmrgs ‒^`tt mrgs ia Guhjmitldm Olslghirpir`tligs Durlgc Mgzyo`tlh @opjlalh`tlig `gd Dlrmht J`rcmXhlmghms 0>8; Xh`jm Xmqumghlgc ia @ghlmg t DG@“, DG@“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm G`tlig`j @h`dmoy ia Xhlmghms 0>8; 08=32-08=24. Xtjiue`j, O. `gd B. B`gàeivà. 0<32. ‒Dlm j`gcm dmr J`gcsegihbmg `jtsj`wlshbmr Fivijemrugcmg ]gtmr fmsigdmr Fmruheslhblstlcugc vig S`hbstuosar`cmg“, Bioi 6; =8-1<. Xtiddmr, @.J.S. `gd @.O. ^`jeivlhb (mds.). 6>06. Tbm Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Lgdlvldu`js . C`lgsvljjm. Xtimsslcmr, F.G. 0<63. ‒@ Xtudy ia tbm F`d`rl`g Hr`gl` Vmhmgtjy Mxh`v`tmd fy tbm Frltlsb Xhbiij ia @rhb`mijicy lg Mcypt“, Fliomtrle` 0<; 0<; 00>-0=>. Xtiems, O.@. `gd T.J. T.J. Xoljmy. 0<12. @g Lgtriduhtl Lgtri duhtlig ig ti Trmm-Vlgc D`tlgc D` tlgc .. Tuhsi Tuhsig. g. Xtriub`j, M. 0<31. ‒Tuoiurs lg tbm Vmo`lgs ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy 4=; 4=; 108-16>. Xtriub`j, M. `gd K. Kugcwlrb. 0<33. ‒Mlg vmre`jetms Oyio` utmrl `us dmr spätmg Vñomrzmlt lg Äcyptlshb ‘ Guflmg“, Olttml Guflmg“, Olttmljugcm jugcmgg dmr @gtbripiji @gtbri pijiclshb clshbmg mg Cmsmjjsh Cmsm jjshb`at b`at 0>3; 0>3; 60=-660. Xtriub`j, M. 0<24. S`dl Pltg` `gd E`j`fsb` Xiutb. J`tm Vio`g ‘ M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm Tuoujl Tuoujl Hmomtmrlms lg Mcyptl`g Gufl` , L. ^r`cum. Xtriub`j, M. `gd K. Kugcwlrtb, 0<24. Dlm @gtbripijiclshbm ]gtmrsuhbugc dmr H-Cruppmg ugd ^`g-Cräfmr ‘ Xemjmttm `us X`y`j`, Äcyptlshb ‘ Guflmg .Qlmgg`. Xtriub`j, M. `gd M. Gmuwlrtb. Lg prmss. @gtbripijicl @gtbrip ijiclh`j h`j Mx`olg`tlig Mx`ol g`tlig ia tbm J`tm Vio`g ‘ M`rjy Fyz`gtlgm Hmomtmrlms `t X`y`j`, Mcyptl`g Gufl` . Gufl` . Qlmgg`. Xtriub`j, M. 0<<0. ‒Oymjio` Oujtlpjmx vmrsus Istmijytlh Omt`st`tlh H`rhlgio`; Dlaamrmgtl`j Dl`cgisls lg Dry Figm“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 0; 60<-664. Xtriub`j, M. 0<<8. ‒@ H`sm ia Omt`st`tlh H`rhlgio` ario Hbrlstl`g X`y`j` (Mcyptl`g Gufl`)“, @gtbrip Gufl`)“, @gtbripijicl ijiclshbm shbmrr @gzmlcmr @gzm lcmr =0.6; =0.6; <3-00=. Xtriub`j, M. `gd J. Qybgàgme. 0<20. ‒Gmw H`sms ia O`jlcg Tuoiurs ario J`tm ^mrlid Hmomtmrlms `t @fuslr `gd X`qq`r` (Mcypt)“, Iss` 2; 2; 01=-02<. Xuhbmy, K.O. `gd D. E`tz. 0<<2. ‒@ppjlh`tligs ia ^uflh @cm Dmtmrolg`tlig lg ` Airmgslh Xmttlgc“, 6>4-681, lg Airmgslh Istmijicy; @dv`ghms lg tbm Ldmgtlalh`tlig ia Buo`g Vmo`lgs , Vmlhbs, E.K. (md). Xprlgcalmjd, LJ. Sirjd . Hblh`ci. Xugqulst, O.M. `gd A. Xugqulst. 6>>6. Sljd H`ts ia tbm Sirjd Xujjlv`g, V. 6>>0. ‒Dmairolty; @ Oidmrg Smstmrg ^rmkudlhm wltb @ghlmgt Irlclgs“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm Viy`j Hijjmcm ia ^byslhl`gs ia Mdlgfurcb 80; 616-611. Xujjlv`g, V. 0<<3. ‒Dlvlgm `gd V`tlig`j; Tbm Vmpriduhtlvm Bm`jtb ia Siomg lg @ghlmgt Mcypt,“ Ifstmtrlhs & Cygmhijiclh`j Xurvmy =6; =6; 18=-146.
64>
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Xwmmgmy, D. 6>00. ‒Xmx `gd Cmgdmr“, lg ]HJ@ Mghyhjipmdl` ia Mcyptijicy , Ariid, M. `gd S. S. Smgdrlhb (mds.). (mds .). Jis J is @gcmjms @g cmjms.. Igjlgm Igj lgm `t; ` t; bttp; b ttp;//dl //dlclt` clt`j6.j j6.jlfr` lfr`ry.uhj` ry.uhj`.mdu .mdu/vlm /vlmwLtmo wLtmo.. di9`re?600<2/zz>>63ah>4. Xwlss Ouooy ^rikmht. Igjlgm `t; bttp;//www.swlssouooyprikmht.uzb.hb/rmsM`rhb-0/ mtblhs/hidm.btoj. T`jjmt, C, K.-^. Fr`v`rd `gd V. C`rhlmr. 6>00. ‒J“M`u pmrdum d“ugm olhri-i`sls. ^rmolmrs rìsujt`ts d“ugm prispmhtlig `rhbìijiclqum mt cìi`rhbìijiclqum cìi`rhbìijiclqum du systâom d“lrrlc`tlig d“Mj-Dmlr, i`sls dm Eb`rc` (Ìcyptm)“, lg Blstilrm dms rìsM`ux d“M`u hiur`gtm d`gs j“@gtlqultì - rìp`r`tligs, oidlalh`tligs, rìutljls`tligs, `f`gdig, rìhupìr`tlig , @f`dlmVmyg`j, H., H ., X. ^rivist mt ^. Qlp`rd (mds.). (mds.) . Vmggms. T`rdltl, H.V., V.@. Cr`bg, K.K . Mv`gs, K.D. Eurusblo` `gd J.@. Jyigs. 6>00. ‒Oltihbig drl`j DG@ Xmqumghlgc ia H`t B`lr; @g Lgairo`tlvm Airmgslh Tiij“, Kiurg`j ia Airmgslh Xhlmghms =1; =1; 81-41. T`yjir, K. 0<<=. 0 <<=. ]gwr`pplgc ` Ouooy . Jigdig. T`yjir, K.B. 6>>0. Dm`tb `gd tbm @atmrjlam lg @ghlmgt Mcypt . Mcypt . Jigdig. T`yjir, K.B. 6>>8. ‒ Tbmf`g Hiaalgs Hia algs ario tbm Twmgty-smhig Twmgty-smhigdd ti tbm Twmgty-slxtb Twmgty-slxtb Dyg`sty“, <=-060, lg Tbm Tbmf`g Gmhripijls; ^`st, ^rmsmgt `gd Auturm , Auturm , Xtrudwlhe, G. `gd K.B. T`yjir (mds.). Jigdig. T`yjir K.B. 6>>4. Ouooy; 6>>4. Ouooy; Tbm T bm Lgsldm Lgsl dm Xtiry Xtir y . Jigdig. Jlvms ; Gmw Dlshivmrlms, Mlcbt Ouoolms, Mlcbt T`yjir, K. `gd D. @gtilgm. 6>04. @ghlmgt Jlvms; Xtirlms . Jigdig. T`yjir, C.O., M. Ourpby, Ourpby, V. Bipelgs, Bipel gs, ^. ^. Vutj`gd Vutj`g d `gd \. Hbrlstiv Hbrls tiv.. 6>>3. ‒Alrst Vmpirt Vmpir t ia Oyhif`htmrl Oyhif` htmrluo uo fivl DG@ DG@ lg Buo`g Vmo`lgs ario tbm Lrig @cm“, Olhrifliji Olhri flijicy cy 0=8; 0=8; 0648-064<. Tmmtmr, M. `gd K. Kibgsig (mds). 6>><. Tbm Jlam ia Omrms`oug, Tmopjm Xlgcmr lg @ghlmgt Mcypt . Hblh`ci. Tbio`s, H. 6>>3. Xihlijiclms ia Dls`fljlty `gd Ljjgmss . F`slgcstiem. Tbiopsig, @.B., J. Hb`lx `gd O.^. Vlhb`rds. 6>>2. ‒Xt`fjm Lsitipms `gd Almt `t @ghlmgt Emro`, ]ppmr Gufl` (Xud`g)“, Kiurg`j (Xud`g)“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Xhlmghm Xh lmghm 8=; 8=; 831-823. Tbiopsig, @.B., O. Vlhb`rds, @. Xbirtj`gd, X.V. [`ermzmwsel. 6>>=. ‒Lsitiplh ^`j`midlmt Xtudlms ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g A`ug` `gd Buo`gs“, Kiurg`j Buo`gs“, Kiurg`j ia @rhb`mi @r hb`mijicl jiclh`j h`j Xhlmghm Xhlm ghm 86; 86; 4=0-418. Tbiopsig, V.H., @.B. @jj`o, C.^. Jiof`rdl, J.X. S`gg, O.J. Xutbmrj`gd, K.D. Xutbmrj`gd, Xutbmrj`gd , O.@. Xijlo`g, F. Aribjlhb, Aribjl hb, D.T. D.T. Olglgfmrc, K.O. K. O. Oigcm, H.O. Q`jj`dijl Q`jj`dijld, d, X.J. Hix, C.@. mj-O`esiud, L. F`dr, O.L. Oly`oiti, @. M. Gur mj-Dlg, K. G`ruj`, H.M. Alghb `gd C.X. Tbio`s. 6>08. ‒@tbmrishjmrisls @hriss 4>>> \m`rs ia Buo`g Blstiry; Tbm Birus Xtudy ia Aiur @ghlmgt ^ipuj`tligs“, Tbm J`ghmt 820; 820; 0600-0666. Tbiosig, @. `gd D. V`gd`jj-O`hLvmr. 0<>=. Tbm @ghlmgt V`hms ia tbm Tbmf`ld. Jigdig. Tihbmrl, O.S., T.J. Dupr`s, ^. Xbmjdrlhe `gd K.M. Oijti. 6>>=. ‒Vio`g ^mrlid Amt`j Xemjmtigs ario tbm M`st Hmomtmry (Emjjls 6) ia Emjjls, Mcypt“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 0=; Istmi`rhb`mijicy 0=; 861-840.
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640
Tidd, T.S T.S.. 0<6>. 0<6> . ‒@cm ‒@cm Hb`gcm Hb `gcm lg l g tbm ^uflh ^uf lh Figm“, Fig m“, @omrl @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripijic @gtbripi jicy y 8; 62=-884 Tido`g, D. 6>>3. ‒Hbljdflrt ‒Hb ljdflrtbb lg @ghlmgt Viom; Ario Tr`dltlig Tr`dltlig`j `j Aijejirm ti Ifstmtrl hs“, @ustr`jl`g @ustr`j l`g `gd `g d Gmw [m`j`gd [m`j` gd Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a Ifstmtrl Ifs tmtrlhs hs `gd `g d Cyg`mhij Cyg `mhijic icy y 43; 43; 26-2=. Tirrm, H., C. Cl`hiflgl `gd @. Xlhuri. 0<2>. ‒Tbm Xeujj `gd Qmrtmfr`j Hijuog ^`tbijicy Kiurg` j ia Buo`g Mvijutlig Mvijutl ig ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs. @ Xtudy ia tbm O`rri Hijjmhtlig“, Kiurg`j <; 40-44. Tiuhb`g, V. `gd O. Bucbms. 6>><. ‒Dmgdrihjlo`tijicy lg tbm Gm`r M`st `gd M`stmrg Omdltmrr`gM`g Vmclig“, 1=-3>, lg Trmm-rlgcs, Elgcs, Ijd Sirjd @rhb`mijicy `gd tbm Mgvlrigomgt , O`gglgc, X. `gd O. Fruhm (mds.). Ixaird. Trmo`lg, X. 6>>6. ‒Ig tbm Xufkmht ia Lop`lromgt“, 86-43, lg Dls`fljlty/^istoidmrglty; Mofidylgc Dls`fljlty Tbmiry , Hiremr, O. `gd T. Xb`emspm`rm (mds.). Jigdig. Bls tiry ia @rhb`mij @rh b`mijiclh` iclh`jj Tbiucbt Tbiuc bt . H`ofrldcm. Trlccmr, F.C. 0<2<. @ 0<2<. @ Blstiry Trittmr, O. `gd C.H. Cjmsmr. 0<33. ‒Hirrlcmgd` ti Mstlo`tlig ia Xt`turm ario Jigc Figms ia @omrlh`g Sbltms `gd Gmcrims“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 43; 8==-8=1. Tyrmjj, @. 6>>>. ‒Xemjmt`j Gig-Omtrlh Tr`lts `gd tbm @ssmssomgt ia Lgtmr- `gd Lgtr`^ipuj`tlig Dlvmrslty; ^`st ^rifjmos `gd Auturm ^itmgtl`j“, lg Buo`g Istmijicy lg @rhb`mijic @rhb`m ijic y `gd Airmgslh Xhlmghm , Hix, O. `gd X. O`ys (mds.). Jigdig. ]fmj`emr, D.B. 0<2<. Buo`g Xemjmt`j Vmo`lgs; Mxh`v`tlig, @g`jysls, Lgtmrprmt`tlig, T`r`x`huo, S@. ]drmshu, O. 0<<>. ‒Jms hblmgs dm j“b`flt`t hlvlj rio`lg dm Xtijglhmgl-QljhM`5 diggìms zii`rhbìijiclqums“, @ggu`lrm @ggu`l rm Viuo`lg Viuo `lg d“@gtbri d“ @gtbripijic pijiclm lm 63; 63; 8-2. Q`cg Glmjsmg, I. 0<3> Buo`g Vmo`lgs. Omtrlh`j `gd Gig-omtrlh`j @g`tiolh`j v`rl`tligs , v`rl`tligs , Xh`gdlg`vl`g Kilgt Mxpmdltlig ti Xud`gmsm Gufl` ^ufjlh`tligs <. Xtihebijo. Qlgsig, X. 6>><. ‒Xm`a`rlgc“, lg ]HJ@ Mghyhjipmdl` ia Mcyptijicy , Ariid, M. `gd S. S. Smgdrlhb (mds.). (mds. ). Jis @gcmjms. @gcm jms. Igjlgm Igjl gm `t; bttp;//w btt p;//www.mshbi ww.mshbij`r j`rsblp. sblp.irc/ irc/uh/ uh/ ltmo/08. ‒Fi`ts (]sm ia)“, lg ]HJ@ Mghyhjipmdl` ia Mcyptijicy , Ariid, M. `gd S. S. Smgdrlhb (mds.). (mds. ). Jis @gcmjms. @gcm jms. Igjlgm Igjl gm `t; bttp;//w btt p;//www.mshbi ww.mshbij`r j`rsblp. sblp.irc/ irc/uh/ uh/ ltmo/80v81>g=. Qmlc`, ^. 6>><. Ighijicy `gd Lgamhtlius Dlsm`sms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt; Tbm Mfmrs ^`pyrus9 Trm`tlsm ig Tuoiurs Tuoiurs 2=3-233 2= 3-233 `gd tbm H`sms Aiugd lg l g @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Mcyp tl`g Buo`g O`tmrl`j . O`tmrl`j . X``rfrúhemg. J` Qmrcbmtt`, O. `gd J. H`p`ssi. 6>>0. ‒^`jmip`tbijicy ia ]tmrlgm Alfrio`; Dlrmht `gd Lgdlrmht Xiurhms“, 04=-042, ^rihmmdlgcs ia RLLLtb Muripm`g Ommtlgc ia tbm ^`jmip`tbijicy @ssihl`tli @ssih l`tligg , J` Qmrcbmtt`, Qmrcbmtt`, O. `gd J. H`p`ssi (mds.). Tmr`oi. Tmr`oi. Qmrgmr, O. 6>>0. Tbm ^yr`olds; Tbm Oystmry, Hujturm, `gd Xhlmghm ia Mcypt“s Crm`t Oiguomgts Oiguom gts . Tr`gsj. Tr`gsj. X. X . Vmgd`jj. Vmgd`jj . Jigdig. Qlcgm, K., K. Culj`lgm, E. Dmfum, J. B`ym `gd ^. Cmr`rd. 6>>4. ‒M`rjy T`olgc ia tbm H`t lg Hyprus“, Xhlmghm 8>4; 8>4; 6=<.
646
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Qlcgm, K., A. Frlils, @. [`zzi, C. Sljjhix, T. Huhhbl, X. Tblìf`ujt, L. H`rrârm, \. Ar`gmj, V. Tiuqumt, H. O`rtlg, H. Oirm`u, H. Hiofy `gd K. Culj`lgm. 6>06. Alrst S`vm ia Hujtlv`tirs Xprm`d ti Hyprus `t Jm`st 0>,1>> y @ci“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm G`tlig`j @h`dmoy @h`dm oy ia Xhlmghms Xhlm ghms 0>< 0>< (66); 244=-244<. S`dm, @.D. `gd @.K. Gmjsi g. 6>08. ‒V`dli ‒V `dlijicl jiclh`j h`j Mv`ju`tli Mv`ju `tligg ia tbm Mgvlshmr`t Mgvlsh mr`tlig lig Tr`dl Tr`dltlig tlig lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Ouoolms“, BIOI Kiurg`j ia Hiop`r`tlvm Buo`g Flijicy 14; 14; 0-62. S`jdm, L.D. L. D. `gd ` gd G.D. G .D. Sljjiw Sl jjiwss (mds.) (m ds.).. 0<<0. 0< <0. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia Cmgdmr . H`jc`ry. S`jdrig, T. 6>>>. 6 >>>. ‒Blddmg ‒Bldd mg ir Ivmrjiiem Ivmrj iiemd9 d9 Sbmrm `rm tbm Dls`dv`gt Dls`d v`gt`cmd `cmd lg tbm Xemjmt`j Xemjm t`j Vmhird9“, 6<-4=, lg Bufmrt, K. (md.), O`dgms (md.), O`dgmss,s, Dls`flj Dl s`fljlty lty `gd ` gd Xihl`j Xih l`j Mxhjus Mx hjuslig lig.. Jigdig. S`jdrig, T. 6>><. ^`j`mip`tbijicy . H`ofrldcm. S`jemr, ^.J., ^.J., V.V. F`tburst F`tb urst,, V. Vlhbo`g, Vlhb o`g, T. Ckmrdruo Ckmrd ruo `gd Q.@. @gdrusbe @gdr usbei. i. 6>><. 6>>< . ‒Tbm ‒Tb m H`usms ia ^iritlh Bypmristisls `gd Hrlfr` Irflt`jl`; @ Vm`ppr`ls`j ia tbm Lrig @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bys lh`j @gtbripijic @gtbrip ijic y 08<; Dmalhlmghy-@gmol` Bypitbmsls“, @omrlh`g 0><-06=. S`jsmo, v`g, V.0<<3. V.0< <3. Tbm Hiaalg ia Dkmdoigtbulua`geb lg tbm G`tlig`j Ousmuo ia @gtlqultlms @gtlqu ltlms `t Jmldmg; Jm ldmg; Tmhbglh`j `gd Lhigicr`pb Lh igicr`pblh/Lhi lh/Lhigijic gijiclh`j lh`j @spmhts @spm hts 0-6. 0-6. Jmldmg. S`gme, K. C. Xzìemjy, A.K. A.K. Vúbjl. Vúbjl . 6>00. ‒R-r`y ‒R-r `y @fsirptlig @fsirp tlig-F`sm -F`smdd Lo`clgc `gd Lts Jlolt`tlig Jlolt` tlig lg Dlaamrmgtl`tlig ia @ghlmgt Ouoolalmd Tlssum“, Xemjmt`j Xemjmt`j V`dlijicy 4>.=; 4>.=; =<=-1>0. Fi`ts . ^blj`dmjpbl`. S`rd, H. 6>>>. 6 >>>. X`hrmd `gd Xmhuj`r; @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Xblps `gd Fi`ts . S`rd, H.@. 6>>4. 6>>4 . Fi`t Fuljdlgc lg @ghlmgt Mcypt , 06‘64, lg Tbm ^bljisipby ia Xblpfuljdlgc , Bihemr, A. A. `gd H. H . S`rd S`rd (mds.). Hijjmcm Xt`tlig, Xt`t lig, TR. S`sig, ^.E. ^.E. 0<<4. 0 <<4. Tbm @rhb`mijicy ia V`ge . H`ofrldcm. Smmes, E.V. 0<3>. 0<3 >. Tbm @g`tiolh`j Egiwjmdcm ia tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs Mc yptl`gs `gd tbm Vmprmsmgt`tlig ia tbm Buo`g Alcurm lg Mcyptl`g @rt , ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, \`jm ]glvmrslty. Smjjs, H., 0<3=. 0<3= . ‒@ghlmgt @ghl mgt Ifstmtrl Ifst mtrlhh B`z`rds B`z` rds `gd Amo`jm Oirt`jlt Oirt` jlty“, y“, Fujjmtlg ia tbm Gmw \ire @h`dmoy ia Omdlhlgm =0.00; =0.00; 068=-064< Smcgmr, K. 6>0>. 6> 0>. ‒ Tr`dltlig r`dl tlig `gd Lggiv`t Lg giv`tlig; lig; Tbm Tb m Olddjm Oldd jm Elgcdi El gcdio“, o“, 00<-046, 00<- 046, lg Mcyptl`g @rhb`mijic @rhb` mijic y , Smgdrlhb, S. S. (md.). Ixaird. Sbmmjmr, Sbmm jmr, X.O. 6>><. 6>>< . Fli`rhb`mijicy ia Lga`ghy `gd Hbljdbiid `t tbm Emjjls 6 Hmomtmry, D`ebjmb I`sls, Mcypt , ^b.D Tbmsls, Tbm ]glvmrslty ia Smstmrg Igt`rli, Jigdig. Sbmmjmr, Sbmm jmr, X.O. 6>06. 6>06 . ‒Gutrltli ‒Gutr ltlig`j g`j `gd dlsm`sm dlsm `sm strmss strms s la kuvmgljms kuvmg ljms ario tbm D`ebjmb D`eb jmb I`sls, I`sl s, Mcypt“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 66; 66; 60<-684. Sbmmjmr, Sbmm jmr, X.O., X.O. , J. Sljjl`os Sljj l`os,, ^. Fm`uhbmsg Fm`uh bmsgmm `gd T.J. Dupr`s. Dupr` s. 6>08. 6>08 . ‒Xb`ttmr ‒Xb` ttmrmd md Jlvms `gd Friemg Hbljdbiids; Mvldmghm ia ^byslh`j Hbljd @fusm lg @ghlmgt Mcypt,“ Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j Kiurg` j ia ^`jmip`tbijic ^`jmip`tb ijic y 8.6; 8.6; 30-26. Sbltm, Sbl tm, T. T. D. `gd Aijemgs Aijemg s ^.@. ^.@. 6>>=. 6>>= . Tbm Tbm Buo`g Figm O`gu`j . X`g Dlmci. Sbltm, Sbl tm, T. D., O.T. O.T. Fj`he Fj`h e `gd ^.@. Aijemgs. Aijemg s. 6>06. 6>06 . Buo`g Istmijicy , 8rd md. Furjlgcig, O`ss. Slmgmr, Slmg mr, O.B. 6>>1. 6>>1 . ‒Mcypt ‒M cypt `gd Tlom“, Mcypt `gd tbm Jmv`gt 01; 01; 86=-88<.
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648
Sljelgsi Slje lgsig, g, T. T. 6>>3. 6> >3. Jlvms ia tbm @ghlmgt Mcyptl`gs . Mcyptl`gs . Jigdig. Sljjmos, Sljj mos, B. 0<22. 0<22 . Hbmsts Ia Jlam; @ Xtudy ia tbm Typijicy `gd Highmptu`j Dmvmjipomgt ia Olddjm Olddj m Elgcdio Elgc dio Xt`gd`rd Hj`ss Hj`s s Hiaalgs Hia algs . Jmldmg. Sljjl`os Sljj l`os,, J.K. 6>>2. 6>>2 . Lgvmstlc`tlgc Xm`sig`jlty ia Dm`tb `t Emjjls 6 Hmomtmry uslgc Xij`r @jlcgomgt @jlcgo mgt `gd Lsitiplh Lsitipl h @g`jysls @g`jy sls ia Ouoolalmd Ouoola lmd Tlssums Tls sums ,, ^b.D Tbmsls, Tbm ]glvmrslty ia Smstmrg Igt`r I gt`rli, li, Jigdig. Jigd ig. Sljjl`os Sljj l`os,, A.J., V.J. Fmjhbmr Fmjhb mr `gd C.K. @romj`ci @rom j`cis. s. 6>>=. 6>> =. ‒Airmgslh ‒Airmg slh Olshj`ssl Olshj `sslalh` alh`tlig tlig ia @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Gufl`g Gufl` g Hr`gl`; Hr`g l`; Lopjlh`tl Lopjl h`tligs igs air @ssuoptl @ssu optligs igs `fiut `fiu t Buo`g Q`rl`tli `rl `tlig“, g“, Hurrmgt @gtbripijicy 41.6; 41.6; 84>-841. Sljjl`os Sljj l`os,, J.K., X. Sbmmjmr, Sbmm jmr, T. Dupr`s Dupr `s `gd ^. Xbmjdrlh Xbmj drlhe. e. 6>06. 6>06 . ‒]gusu`j ‒]gus u`j Oidms ia (Vm) ^riduhtlig9 Xm`sig`j Flrtb Hyhjm ia Siomg ario Emjjls 6, D`ebjmb I`sls“, ^istmr prmsmgtmd `t 3tb Lgtmrg`tlig`j Higamrmghm D`ebjmb I`sls ^rikmht, Jmldmg, Gmtbmrj`gds, Kugm 6>-6 6 >-64. 4. Sljjl`os Sljj l`os,, J.K., H.H. Sbltm Sblt m `gd A.K. Jigcst`a Jigc st`aam. am. 6>00. 6>00 . ‒Loprivlgc ‒Lopr ivlgc Xt`fjm Xt`fj m Lsitiplh Lsiti plh Lgtmrprmt`tligs O`dm ario Buo`g B`lr Tbriucb Vmduhtlig ia Criwtb Hyhjm Mrrir“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 04=; 04=; 06=-081. Sljs, T.B.C., L. Vifmr Vi fmrtsig tsig,, [. Msbmtu Ms bmtu,, O. Eipriwse Eip riwsel,l, ].C.S ]. C.S.. X`ss-Ej` X`ss -Ej``ssm `ssmg, g, V. Tiuhb Tiuhb`g `g `gd G.K. Ji`dmr. 6>0>. ‒Tiw`rds ` Vmhigstruhtlig ia Fjum Gljm F`smajiw ario Mtblipl`g Trmm Vlgcs“, Tbm Bijihmgm 6>; 6>; 283-24<. Sljs, T.B.C., .B.C ., ].C.S ].C. S. X`ss-Ej`` X`ss- Ej``ssmg, ssmg, [. Msbmtu, Msbm tu, @. Fräuglgc Fräu glgc,, @. Cmfrmelrs Cmfrm elrstis, tis, H. Hiur`jmt, L. Vifmrtsig, V. Tiuhb`g, O. Eipriwsel, D. Higw`y, E. V. Frlaa` `gd B. Fmmheo`g. 6>00. ‒Dmgdrihbrigijicy lg tbm Dry Triplhs; Tbm Mtblipl`g H`sm“, Trmms 6=; 6=; 84=-8=4. Slghejmr, Slgh ejmr, B. 02<1 Tbm Tmjj Tmjj mj-@o`rg` mj-@o`r g` Jmttmrs . Fmrjlg. Slgjihe, Slgj ihe, B. M. M . 0<46. 0< 46. Mxh`v`tligs `t Dmlr mj-F`brl 0<00-0<80. 0<00-0<80. Gmw \ire. \`o`cuhbl, \`o`cuh bl, G., @.H. Elthbmgm Elth bmgmr, r, H.@. H. @. Drlshijj Drls hijj,, K.O. K .O. S`rd `gd `g d D.S D .S.. O`hdi O `hdig`j g`jd. d. 6>>4`. 6>>4 `. ‒Hr`glijiclh`j Dlaamrmgtl`tlig @oigcst Sljd-Jlvlgc H`ts lg Frlt`lg @gd Xiutbmrg @arlh`; @arl h`; G`tur`j G`tur `j Q`rl`tli `rl `tligg ir tbm Maamhts Maamh ts Ia Byfrldls Byfr ldls`tli `tlig9“ g9“,, @glo`j Higsmrv` Higsm rv`tlig tlig 3; 88<-8=0. \`o`cuhbl, \`o`cuh bl, G., H.@. Drlshijj Drls hijj,, @. H. Elthb E lthbmgmr, mgmr, K.O. K .O. S`rd `gd ` gd D.S D .S.. O`hdig` O`h dig`jd. jd. 6>>4f. 6>>4 f. ‒Hr`glijiclh`j Dlaamrmgtl`tlig fmtwmmg Muripm`g Sljdh`ts (Amjls (Amjls sljvmstrls sljvmstrls ), ), @arlh`g @arl h`g Sljdh S ljdh`ts `ts (A. s. jyflh` ) `gd @sl`g Sljdh`ts (A. ( A. s. irg`t` ); ); Lopjlh`tligs air Tbmlr Mvijutlig `gd Higsmrv`tlig“, Flijiclh`j Kiurg`j ia tbm Jlggm`g Xihlmty 28; Xihlmty 28; 43-18. \`gc, D.\., F. Mgc, K.X. S`ym, K.H. Dud`r Dud` r `gd X.V. X`ugdmrs X`ug dmrs.. 0<<2. 0<<2 . ‒Loprivmd ‒Lopr ivmd DG@ Mxtr`htlig ario @ghlmgt Figms ]slgc Xljlh`-F`smd Xplg Hijuogs“. @omrl Hijuogs“. @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiurg `j ia ^byslh`j @gtbripijicy 0>=; 0>=; =8<-=48. \iyitt \iyittm, m, K. 0<=2. 0<= 2. ‒Î pripi p ripiss dm d m j` j ` p`rmgt p `rmgtìì aìolg a ìolglgm lgm du ril Tìtl (QLm ( QLm dyg`stlm dyg` stlm)“, )“, Fujjmtlg dm j“Lgstltut Ar`gã`ls d“@rhbìijiclm Irlmgt`jm =3; =3; <0-<2 [`erzmwsel, X.V. Lg prmss. ‒^`j`mip`tbijicy, Dls`fljlty `gd Fidljy Lop`lromgts“, lg ^`j`mip`tbijicy ia Mcypt `gd Gufl`; @ Hmgtury lg Vmvlmw , Vmvlmw , Omth`jam, V. `gd K. Hiheltt (mds.).
644
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[`erzmwsel, X.V. 6>>0. Higtlgulty `gd Hb`gcm; @ Flijiclh`j Blstiry ia @ghlmgt Mcypt , Mcypt , ]gpufjlsbmd ^b.D Tbmsls, ]glvmrslty ia H`ofrldcm. [`erzmwsel, X.V. 6>>3`. ‒^ipuj`tlig Higtlgulty ir ^ipuj`tlig Hb`gcm; Airo`tlig ia tbm @ghlmgt @gh lmgt Mcyptl`g Mcyp tl`g Xt`tm“, Xt`t m“, @omrl @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiur g`j ia i a ^byslh`j ^by slh`j @gtbripijic @gtbri pijic y 086; 086; =>0-=><. [`erzmwsel, X.V. 6>>3f. ‒Cmgdmr Vmj`tligs `gd Xihl`j Irc`gls`tlig lg tbm ^rmdyg`stlh `gd M`rjy Dyg`stlh ^mrlids“, 6>>=-6>0<, lg ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm 00. ‒^ipuj`tlig Olcr`tlig, Q`rl`tlig `gd Ldmgtlty; @g Lsj`olh ^ipuj`tlig lg Lfmrl`“, 028-600, lg Xihl`j Fli`rhb`mijicy , @c`rw`j, X.H. `gd F.@. Cjmghriss (mds.). Hblhbmstmr. [`erzmwsel, X. `gd K. ^iwmjj. 6>00. ‒Hr`gl`j Q`rl`fljlty `gd ^ipuj`tlig Dlvmrslty `t Blmr`eigpijls“, 888-842, lg Mcypt `t lts Irlclgs; 8rd Lgtmrg`tlig`j Hijjiquluo ig ^rmdyg`stlh `gd M`rjy Dyg`stlh Mcypt , Arlmdo`g, V. V . `gd ^. ^. Alsem (mds.). Jmuvmg. [`erzmwsel, X.V. 6>>8. ‒Q`rl`tlig lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Xt`turm `gd Fidy ^ripirtligs“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 060; 060; 60<-66<. ſlďeuvlmgē, C., K. F`cdzmvlďlmgē `gd J. Eruip`ltē. 6>00. ‒Tr`hms ia @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g Hujturm lg Jltbu`gl`; Lgvmstlc`tligs lgti `gd Higsmrv`tlig ia tbm X`rhipb`cus ia tbm Xlgcmr ia tbm Cid @oig“, 0<1-6>3, lg Xygtbmsls ia @rt `gd Xhlmghm lg Higsmrv`tlig; Trmgds Trmgds `gd @hblmvmomgts, tbm tb m >0. ‒Oijmhuj`r @g`jysl @g` jyslss ia Xemjmt`j Xemjmt` j Tufmrhuji ufmr hujisls sls lg `g @ghlmgt @ghl mgt Mcyptl` Mcyp tl`gg ^ipuj`tlig“, ^ipuj`tl ig“, Kiurg`j Kiurg`j ia Omdlh`j Omdlh `j Olhrifliji Olhri flijicy cy =>; =>; 8==-811. [lge, @.V., ]. Vmlshbj, B. Sija `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>6. ‒Oijmhuj`r @g`jysls ia @ghlmgt Olhrifl`j Lgamhtligs“, AMOX Olhriflijicy Jmttmrs 608; 608; 040-043. [lge, @.V. `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>8. ‒Oijmhuj`r @g`jysms ia tbm ‒^b`r`is;“ Am`slfljlty ia Oijmhuj`r Xtudlms lg @ghlmgt Mcyptl`g O`tmrl`j“, @omrlh`g @omrl h`g Kiurg`j ia ^byslh`j ^bysl h`j @gtbripiji @gtbri pijicy cy 060; 060; 0><-000. [lge, @.V., S. Cr`fgmr, ]. Vmlshbj, B. Sija `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>8`. ‒Oijmhuj`r Xtudy ig Buo`g Tufmrhujisls lg Tbrmm Cmicr`pblh`jjy Dlstlght `gd Tlom Dmjlgm`tmd ^ipuj`tligs ario @ghlmgt Mcypt“, Mpldmolijiclh`j Lgamhtligs 08>; 08>; 68<-64<. [lge, @.V., H. Xij`, ]. Vmlshbj, S. Cr`fgmr, G. V`sticl, B. Sija `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>8f. ‒Hb`r`htmrlz`tlig ia Oyhif` ia Oyhif`htmrl htmrluo uo tufmrhuji tufmr hujisls sls Hiopjmx Hiopjmx DG@s ario Mcyptl`g Ouoolms fy Xpijlcityplgc“, Kiurg`j Xpijlcityplgc“, Kiurg`j ia Hjlglh` Hj lglh`jj Olhriflij Olh riflijic icy y . 40, 0; 8=<-813. [lge, @.V., X. Eñbjmr, G. Oit`omdl, ]. Vmlshbj, B. Sija `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>=. t ufmrhujisls jisls hiopjmx ‒^rmsmrv`tlig ‒^rmsmrv`tlig `gd Ldmgtlalh`tlig Ldmgtlalh`tlig ia @ghlmgt O. @ghlmgt O. tufmrhu hiopjmx DG@ lg Mcyptl`g tb m Qtb Sirjd Sirjd Higcrmss ig Ouooy Xtudlms, Turlg 6>>4,Kiurg`j ouoolms“, ^rihmmdlgcs ia tbm ia Flijiclh`j Vmsm`rhb. Vmsm`rhb . 2>, 0; 24-23.
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[lge, @.V. `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>=. ‒Jigc-tmro Xurvlv`j ia @ghlmgt DG@ lg Mcypt; Vmpjy ti Cljfmrt mt `j “, @omrl “, @omrlh`g h`g Kiurg`j Kiu rg`j ia ^byslh` ^b yslh`jj @gtbripij @gtb ripijic icy y 062; 062; 00=-002. [lge, @.V., O. Xplcmjo`g, F. Xhbr`ut, Xhbr`ut , H.J. Crmmgfj`tt, @.C. Gmrjlhb `gd B.D. Digicbum. Digicbu m. 6>>1. ‒Jmlsbo`gl`sls lg @ghlmgt Mcypt `gd Gufl`“, Momrclgc Lgamhtlius Dlsm`sms 06.0>; Dlsm`sms 06.0>; 0101-0103. [lge, @.V., M. Oijgàr, G. Oit`omdl, C. ^àjay, @. O`rhsle `gd @.C. Gmrjlhb. 6>>3. ‒Oijmhuj`r Blstiry ia Tufmrhujisls ario @ghlmgt Ouoolms `gd Xemjmtigs“, Lgtmrg`tlig`j Kiurg`j ia Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03;82>-8<0. Istmi`rhb`mijicy 03;82>-8<0. [lselgd, F. `gd F. B`jliu`. 6>>3. ‒J` tufmrhujism mg `ghlmggm Ìcyptm“, Vmvum dms O`j`dlms Vmsplr`tilrms 64; 64; 0633-0628. [loomro`g, O. 0<3<. ‒^ujoig`ry `gd Issmius Tufmrhujisls lg `g Mcyptl`g Ouooy“, Fujjmtlg ia tbm Gmw \ire \ire @h`dmoy ia Omdlhlgm ==; 1>4-1>2. [lvlm @. `gd Jlhbtmgfmrc V. 6>>>. ‒Jms hb`ts du Fuf`stmlig dm X`qq`r`, ìt`t dm j` qumstlig mt pmrspmhtlvms“, QLLLm Higcrâs Lgtmrg`tlig`j dms Mcyptijicums , jmhturm lg H`lri (62 O`rhb-8 @prlj 6>>>). [lvlm @. `gd V. Jlhbtmgfmrc. 6>>=. ‒Tbm H`ts ia tbm Ciddmss F`stmt“, 0>1-00<, lg Dlvlgm Hrm`turms; @glo`j Ouoolms lg @ghlmgt Mcypt , Mcypt , Ler`o, X. (md.). H`lri.
641
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Mcyptl`g Fli`rhb`mijicy @jtbiucb tbm fli`rhb`mijicy (study ia flijiclh`j rmo`lgs lg `g `rhb`mijiclh`j higtmxt) ia Mcypt b`s fmmg dihuomgtmd lg ` dmsujtiry w`y air o`gy dmh`dms, lt ls igjy rmhmgtjy tb`t lt b`s fmhiom `g lgbmrmgt p`rt ia mxh`v`tligs lg Mcypt. Tls vijuom higslsts ia ` smrlms ia mss`ys tb`t mxpjirm biw `ghlmgt pj`gt, `glo`j, `gd buo`g rmo`lgs sbiujd fm studlmd, `gd biw ‘ wbmg tbmy `rm lgtmcr`tmd wltb tmxts, lo`cms, `gd `rtma`hts ‘ tbmy h`g higtrlfutm ti iur ugdmrst`gdlgc ia tbm blstiry, mgvlrigomgt, `gd hujturm ia `ghlmgt Mcypt lg ` bijlstlh o`ggmr. iplhs hivmrmd lg tbls vijuom rmj`tlgc ti buo`g rmo`lgs lghjudm `g`jysms ia riy`j, mjltm `gd piir hmomtmrlms ia dlmrmgt mr`s, h`sm studlms ig spmhlffh ouoolms, ldmgtlffh`tlig ia dlmrmgt dlsm`sms lg buo`g rmo`lgs, `g ivmrvlmw ia tbm st`tm ia p`j`mip`tbijicy lg Mcypt, biw ti `g`jysm furl`js ti mst`fjlsb sm`sig ia dm`tb, tbm usm ia fidlms ti mjuhld`tm jlam stirlms, tbm pitmgtl`j ia vlshmr`j rmo`lgs lg ldmgtlaylgc lgdlvldu`js `s wmjj `s dlsm`sms tb`t tbmy olcbt b`vm b`d, `gd ` pritihij air studylgc ouoolms. A`ug`j A`ug`j rmo`lgs `rm rmprmsmgtmd rmprmsmgtmd fy ` study ia ` h`glgm hmomtmry `gd ` dlshusslig ia h`t spmhlms tb`t wmrm ouoolffmd, `gd dmgdri`rhb`mijicy ls rmprmsmgtmd fy `g ivmrvlmw ia lts pitmgtl`js `gd plta`jjs air d`tlgc Mcyptl`g rmo`lgs `gd rmvlslgc lts hbrigijicy. Jm`dlgc lgtmrg`tlig`j spmhl`jlsts ario v`rlmd dlshlpjlgms lghjudlgc pbyslh`j `gtbripijicy, r`dlijicy, `rhb`miziijicy, Mcyptijicy, `gd dmgdrihbrigijicy b`vm higtrlfutmd ti tbls criugdfrm`elgc vijuom ia mss`ys tb`t wljj gi diuft privldm ouhb aiddmr air tbiucbt, `gd wljj fm ia lgtmrmst ti shbij`rs `gd j`ypmipjm `jlem.
Xldmstigm ^rmss LXFG; <32-<>-22<>-623-0
< 32<>2 32<>22 2 <>6230 <>6230
