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earthwork in construction site
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Earthwork
Earthwork Activities involve: Activities Sign up to vote on this title 1. Ex Exca cava vati ting ng 2. Lo Load adin ing g Useful Not useful 3. Ha Haul ulin ing g 4. Pl Plac acin ing g 5. Co Comp mpac acti ting ng
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Earthwork y
Earthworks of hi of hi hwa s. y
y
Earthwork activities. Earthwork quantities and calculations. y
y
Area of cross of cross sections. Determination of volume volume of earthworks of earthworks by appropriate by appropriate methods.
e mass‐ au y
y
agram.
Determination of the of the planned movement of materials. of materials. Calculation of the of the mean haul distance and the corresponding cost.
Earthwork y y
Highways involve considerable amount of earthwork. of earthwork. Sign up to vote on this title Earthwork is simply the simply the quantity of quantity of material material to be moved Useful Not useful or put in place to convert the natural condition and configuration within configuration within the ROW ROW of of the the road to the section and grades described in the plans.
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Earthwork y
Clearin and rubbin y
y
The first operation to be undertaken in road projects. Definition:: the removal of trees, Definition of trees, stumps, roots, down timber, rotten wood rotten wood,, rubbish and other objectionable materials form an area marked on the plans. y
y
y
Clearing refers to the removal of materials of materials above existing , Grubbing means the removal of roots, of roots, stumps and similar objects to a nominal depth below the surface.
Clearing and grubbing constitute a single contact item that includes the removal of topsoil of topsoil to a shallow depth.
Earthwork y
Excavation: the process of loosening Excavation: of loosening and removing earth or to vote on this title roc rom its origina position in a cutSign anup transporting it to a fill section or to a waste deposit. Useful Not useful y
Roadway and Roadway and Drainage Excavation. the
and grading of the of the roadway and roadway and ditches, including the
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Earthwork y
Excavation: the process of loosening Excavation: of loosening and removing earth or rock from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to a waste deposit. y
Borrow excavation. y
y
when sufficient material for the formation of embankments of embankments and other elements of the of the roadway structure roadway structure is not available from excavation performed with performed with in the limits of the of the right‐of ‐ way, way, additional suitable material is enerall taken from borrow its.
.
Earthwork y
Classification of of Excavation Excavation y
Rock excavation y
y
Sign up to vote on this title
Useful or useful blasting theNot material that cannot be excavated without excavated without use of rippers and all boulders or other detached stones.
Common excavation
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Earthwork Haul and Overhaul y
Free Haul Haul:: when material is excavated it will it will be moved over a certain s ance ree o c arge. arge. : n y e excav excavaa on cos s pa , no e transportation cost of the of the material. y
y
Overhaul: is defined as the distance over which Overhaul: over which the excavated material must be hauled less the free haul distance. NB: there is extra payment for transporting material in addition to excavation cost. y
y
Free Haul Distance (FHD): Distance over which over which excavated material is moved free of charge of charge (usually 300 (usually 300 – 500 m, but ranges 150 – 900 m).
Overhaul distance (OHD): Distance over which over which excavated material is transported beyond the free‐hall distance. OHD = HD ‐ FHD
Economic Overhaul (EOH): Economic overhaul is a distance beyond which it is not economic to overhaul. y
Limit of Economic of Economic Overhaul (LEH) ‐ is the distance beyond which beyond which it is uneconomic to overhaul plus the free haul distance. LEH = EOH + FHD
Earthwork y
Haul and Overhaul y
Sign up toof material on this Haul – is equal to the sum of the of the products of each of each volume volume of vote material andtitle the distance through which through which it is moved. Useful Not useful
y
Waste – is the volume the volume of material, of material, which which must be exported from a section of the of the road due to a surplus or unsuitability.
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Earthwork Estimation of Earthwork Quantities The estimation of the of the quantity of material of material which which must be excavated (cut), and the quantity of quantity of material material required to raise the elevation of the of the existing ground (fill), is very is very useful in the development of a of a cost estimate for road projects.
FILL (Embankment)
CUT (Excavation)
CUT and FILL
Earthwork Estimation of Earthwork Quantities
Sign up to vote on this title FILL (Embankment) Useful Not useful
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Earthwork Estimation of of Earthwork Earthwork Quantities y
Soil V Soil Volume olume Chan es y
Excavated in‐situ material used in embankments or fills may swell may swell or shrink. It is important to determine the properties of a of a material in order to evaluate how these properties will properties will affect the earthwork volume estimates. Swell / bulking
Shrinkage
1.0
1.25
0.90
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Natural or In‐situ state
Disturbed state
Compacted state
Earthwork Estimation of of Earthwork Earthwork Quantities y
Soil V Soil Volume olume Chan es
Sign up to vote on this title
Material volume Material volume increases during excavation Useful Not useful • Decreases during compaction Varies with Varies with •
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Earthwork Soil Volume Changes we
⎛ Bank densit =⎜ − ⎟× ⎝ Loose density ⎠ ⎛
Shrinkage (%) = ⎜⎜1 −
⎝
Load Factor =
⎞ ⎟ ×100 Compacted density ⎠⎟ Bank density
Loose density Bank density
=
1 1 + swell
Shrinkage (Compaction) Factor =
Bank density Compacted density
= 1 − Shrinkage
Bank Volume = Loose Volume × Load Factor Compacted Volume = Bank Volume × Shrinkage Factor
Earthwork Estimation of of Earthwork Earthwork Quantities y
y
y
Estimation of the of the area of cross of cross‐section as a cut and fill. Sign up to vote on this title The distance between these areas,l (or L) Not useful Useful Volume of earthwork of earthwork y
Cut volume Cut volume and
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Earthwork y
Calculation of of cross cross‐sectional areas y
Coordinate method: y
y
With the coordinates of all of all the corners of a of a cross‐section known, the area may be may be computed by means by means of the of the coordinate method. The point of intersection of intersection of the of the center of formation of formation with with the centerline of the of the road (c) is used as the origin. The cut above the formation are written are written as plus (+) and those below as minus (‐). The distances to the right are written are written as plus (+) and those to the left as minus (‐). y
y
Earthwork y
Calculation of of cross cross‐sectional areas Sign up to vote on this title y
Coordinate method: Y 1
Y 2
Y 3
Y 4
Y 5
Useful Y 6
Not useful Y 1
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Earthwork y
Calculation of of cross cross‐sectional areas y
Trapezoidal rule: y
assumes that if the if the uniform interval (b) between the offsets is small, the boundary can boundary can be approximated to a straight line between the offsets. = 1 2 ⋅ A2 = 1 2 (h2 + h3 ) ⋅ b 1
A = b
h1 h2
2 [h1 + hn + 2(h2 + h3 + L + hn −1 )]
…… hn b
Earthwork y
Calculation of of cross cross‐sectional areas Sign up to vote on this title y
Simpson’s rule: y
Useful
Not useful
assumes that instead of being of being made up of a of a series of straight of straight lines the boundary consists boundary consists of a of a series of parabolic of parabolic arcs.
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Earthwork y
Computation of Volumes Volumes y
Average end‐area method based on the volume the volume of a of a right prism whose prism whose volume volume is equal to the average end area multiplied by the by the length. y
y
Prismoidal method a prismoid is a solid whose solid whose ends are parallel and whose and whose sides are plane surfaces. y
A2 A2 A1
.
Computing Volumes A2
Sign up to vote on this title
verage en areas me o V = ½ (A 1 + A2)L
A1
Useful
Not useful L
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Computing Volumes r smo a me o V = L/6 (A1 + 4M + A2)
2
M A1 L
V = 2 L
6 [ A1 + An + 2( A3 + A5 + L + An − 2 ) + ( A2 + A4 + L + An −1 )]
…
Where
• A1, A2: cross-section areas • M: area area of middle middle sect section ion • L: distan distance ce betwe between en cross cross-sections
Earthwork y
Tabulation of earthwork of earthwork uantitiesSign up to vote on this title
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Earthwork y
Mass‐Haul Diagrams y
y
y y
A Mass A Mass Haul Diagram is a continuous curve representing the cumulative volume cumulative volume of earthwork of earthwork along the linear profile of a of a roadway or roadway or airfield Mass diagrams are extremely useful extremely useful in determining the most economical distribution of material of material Horizontal stationing is plotted along the x‐axis Net earthwork values earthwork values are lotted alon the ‐axis y y y y y
cumulative earthwork from the origin to that Point upward sloping curves (rising left to right) indicate a cut downward sloping curves (falling left to right) occur in a fill section peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and valleys occur when occur when the earthwork changes from fill to cut
Earthwork y
Mass‐Haul Di Diaa ra rams ms y
Sign up to vote on this title
Any horizontal Any horizontal line which line which joins joins points on the curve Useful Not useful where balance is achieved is called a balance line. The FHD and/or the limit of economic of economic overhaul are established and plotted on the mass haul diagram.
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earthwork in construction site
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Fill areas
Cut areas
Any horizontal line on mass diagram is a balance line – within balance line cut = fill
Profile n o i t a v e l E
Mass diagram e m u l o V
Earthwork
Free haul
Overhaul
Mass‐Haul Diagram
Waste
Borrow
Profile n o i t a
Sign up to vote on this title
Useful
Not useful Grade line
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Earthwork y
Calculation of of Mass Mass‐haul diagrams manually y
y y y
y
y
y y
Compute the net earthwork values earthwork values for each station, applying the appropriate shrink factor Net cuts have a positive value, positive value, net fills have a negative value negative value The value The value (earthwork quantity) at the first station (origin) = 0 Plot the value the value of each of each succeeding station which station which equals the cumulative value cumulative value to that point Identify the Identify the resulting balanced sections, which sections, which are bounded by points that intersect the x‐axis The scale length of a of a horizontal line connecting the centre of gravity of gravity of the of the cut and fill sections is the average length of haul of haul within within that balanced section Determine earthwork volumes earthwork volumes within within each balanced section Determine whether Determine whether there is an overall balance, waste balance, waste or if borrow if borrow is required
Mass‐Haul Diagram Between Stations 0 + 00 and 0 + 132, cut and fill equal each other, Sign up distance to vote on title is this less than of 200 of 200 Not m useful UsefulFHD Note: Figure NOT to scale!
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Mass‐Haul Diagram Between Stations 0 + 132 and 0 + 907, cut and fill equal each other, but distance is greater than either FHD of 200 of 200 m or LPH of 725 of 725 m Distance = [0 + 907] – [0 + 132] = 775 m
Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram Between Stations 0 + 179 and 0 + 379, cut and fill equal each other, Sign ups to vote=on thisotitle ance 200 m Treated as freehaul Not useful Useful
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Mass‐Haul Diagram Between Stations 0 + 142 and 0 + 867, cut and fill equal each other, distance = LPH of 725 of 725 m
Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram Sign up to vote on this title
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Between Stations 0 + 970 and 1 + 170, cut and fill equal each other, distance = FHD of 200 of 200 m Source: Wright, 1996
Mass‐Haul Diagram Sign up to vote on this title
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Mass‐Haul Diagram
Project ends at Station 1 + 250, an additional 1200 m3 of borrow is required Source: Wright, 1996
Earthwork y
Use of Mass of Mass‐Haul Dia ram ram y
Sign up to vote on this title
If mass If mass haul is drawn for each trial grade line it can be useful used Useful Not for selecting the most economical gradient which gradient which balance the cut and fill.
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Earthwork y
Example: y
y
y
y
y
e a u a e a a g ven e ow s the volume the volume of cut of cut and fill for a given road bed preparation. Costs: Excavation Ce = 3.00 Birr /m3 Borrow Cb = 4.00 Birr /m3 Overhaul Coh = 1.35 Birr /m3 – station [1‐station = 100 m] FHD = 300 m a) Draw the mass curve and the profile b) Find out the total estimate of cost of the of the project
Earthwork
4.0 3.0
y
Profile
) 2.0 3 0 1 x 1.0 ( e
Sign up to vote on this title
.
u l 0 o V ‐ 1.0
200
400
600
800
1000
Useful
‐ 2.0 ‐ 3.0
Station
Not useful
1200
1400
1600
1800
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4.0
280.2 m
3.0 ) 2.0 0 1 x 1.0 ( e m 0.0 u l o ‐ . 0
Mass‐Haul Diagram
186.4 m
3
Borrow
20 0
4 00
60 0
8 00
1 0 00
1 2 00
1 4 00
1 60 0
1 8 00
‐2.0 ‐3.0 5.0 4.0 ) 0 3.0 1 x ( 2.0 e . u l o 0.0 V . m‐1.0 0 m u ‐2.0 C ‐3.0
3
FHD
Waste
LEH FHD 20 0
4 00
60 0
80 0
1000
12 0 0
1 4 00
1600
1 8 00
Borrow
Waste
‐4.0
Station
Alternative 1 Le
= EOH =
C bor C oh
=
4.0 birr/m3 1.35 birr/m 3 - sta
= 3 stations = 300 m
LEH = EOH + FHD = 300 m + 300 m = 600 m st
Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m
Sign up to vote on this title [line AB]
Useful
Not useful
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD] Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations = 470 m
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4.5
Mass‐Haul Diagram
400, 4.2
4.0
300, 4.0
3.5
FHD = 300 m .
) 0 3.0 1 x ( e m2.5 u l o V 2.0 . m m1.5 u C
3
200, 3.2 1.2
Qty 500, 3.5
310 m 410 m
Dist
QxD
1.0
550
550
1.2
410
492
0.1
310
31
2.3
1073 c.g. =
466.5 m 4.7 stations
100, 2.0
600, 2.0 550 m
1.0
C
.
D LEH = 600 m
0.5
Waste 0.0
Borrow
0, 0.0
0
70 0, 0.0
10 0
20 0
300
400
500
600
700
80 0
Station
3.0
Mass‐Haul Diagram 2.0
600, 2.0
1200, 2.0 500m
) 1.0 0 1 x ( e 0.0 m 0 u l o
G'
H' D
3
Borrow
2 00
4 00
6 00
G E
Sign up to vote on this title Alternati ve ve 2 1100, 0.4 Useful 380 m Not useful
700, 0.0
8 00
H
1000 0.9
1 2 00
1 4 00
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earthwork in construction site
Surveying by Dr. Ramachandra
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Earthwork Cost summary y
Excavation cost = (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0 )×103 m 3 × 3.00 Birr/m3 = 40,650 Birr
y
Borrow cost = 1.0 ×10 m × 4.00 Birr/m = , 3
y
3
3
Total Cost = 40,650 + 4,000 + 5,765 = 50, 415 Birr
Overhaul cost = [1.7(3.3 − 1.0 ) + 0.5(0.9 − 0 )]×103 m 3 − Sta ×1.35 Birr/m3 − Sta = 5,765 Birr
Alternative 2 1st loop : Free haul distance, FHD = 300 m
[line AB]
Limit of ecoomic haul, LEH = 600 m [line CD]
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Useful = 470 Average economic hauling distance, AEHD = 4.7 stations m Not useful Average over - haul distance, AOHD = 470 - 300 = 170 m (1.7 stations) 2 nd loop
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earthwork in construction site
Surveying by Dr. Ramachandra
Search document
4.0
280.2 m
3.0 ) 2.0 0 1 x 1.0 ( e m 0.0 u l o ‐ . 0
186.4 m
3
Mass‐Haul Diagram No Borrow
20 0
4 00
60 0
8 00
1 0 00
1 2 00
1 4 00
1 60 0
1 8 00
‐2.0 ‐3.0 5.0 4.0 ) 0 3.0 1 x ( 2.0 e . u l o 0.0 V . m‐1.0 0 m u ‐2.0 C ‐3.0
3
FHD
e t s a
LEH
LEH
FHD 20 0
4 00
Waste
‐4.0
60 0
80 0
1000
12 0 0
1 4 00
1600
1 8 00
Borrow Station
Earthwork Cost summary (Alternative 2) y
Excavation cost
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3 Useful = (4.15 + 3.4 + 2.0 + 4.0 )×103 m 3 × 3.00 Birr/m = 40,650 Birr
Not useful
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