89479262 Ammonium Sulphate Modified

AMMONIUM SULPHATE

By

NITHIN MOHANDAS. Roll No : 67.

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AMMONIUM SULPHATE







CONTENTS :

  

Basic Knowledge About Ammonium Sulphate. Uses Of Ammonium Sulphate. Manufacture Of Ammonium Sulphate. 

Mesberg Process. Biblography. 



By Use of Sulphuric Acid .







1. Basic Knowledge About Ammonium Sulphate. Ammonium Sulphate is a white rhombic solid, (NH 4)2SO4; that decomposes at 235°C. It is very soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol. Ammonium Sulphate is basically an inorganic salt which has a great commercial use. It is usually used for producing artifical fertilizer.

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Chemical Structure of Ammonium Sulphate:

Ball and Stick Model of Ammonium Sulphate:







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Properties Of Ammonium Sulphate:

Ammonium Sulphate is white crystalline solid, having a Molecular Formula :

(NH3)2SO4 .

Molecular Weight

:

132.

Density

:

1.77 gm/cm3 .

IUPAC

:

Diazanium sulfate

Other recommended names are Diammonium Sulfate , Sulfuric acid Diammonium salt , Dolamin . Regarding its Solubility,it is Soluble in Water { 70.6 g/100 mL (0 °C) , 74.4 g/100 mL (20 °C) , 103.8 g/100 g/100 mL (100 °C) } , but it is insoluble in solvents like acetone , alcohol and ether. Its Melting Point is about about 235-280 °C , 508-553 K , 455-536 °F and has a Critical Relative Humidity Humidity of 79.2% (30 °C). NFPA 704 ( National Fire Protection Association) is a standard maintained by the U.S which has listed following "FIRE DIAMOND" DIAMOND" for Ammonium Sulphate Sulphate which can be used by emergency personnel personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by nearby hazardous materials.







2. USES OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE Ammonium Sulphate is used largely as an artificial fertilizer artificial fertilizer for for alkaline alkaline soils. The ammonium The ammonium ion is released in the soil forms a small amount of acid which lowers the pH the pH balance of the soil, the soil, thus thus contributing essential nitrogen essential nitrogen for the plant growth. It is also used as an agricultural spray adjuvant spray adjuvant (An adjuvant is a pharmacological or or immunological immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents (e.g., drugs, vaccines) while having few if any direct effects when given by itself).for water soluble insecticides, soluble insecticides, herbicides, herbicides, and andfungicides. fungicides. There it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate, (amine), glyphosate, and and glufosinate herbicides. It is also used in the preparation of other ammonium salts. In biochemistry, In biochemistry, ammonium ammonium sulfate precipitation is a common method for purifying proteins purifying proteins by precipitation. Ammonium sulfate is also a food additive. A saturated solution of ammonium sulfate in heavy in heavy water (D2O) is used as an external standard in sulfur (33S) NMR S) NMR spectroscopy with shift value of 0 ppm. It has also been used in flame retardant compositions acting much like Diammonium phosphate. phosphate. As a flame retardant, it lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char. In November 2009, a ban on ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizers was imposed in the former Malakand former Malakand Division by the NWFP government , following reports that those chemicals were used by militants to make explosives. In January 2010, these substances were also banned inAfghanistan inAfghanistan for the same reason.









3.

Manufacturing Of Ammonium Sulphate. Ammonium Sulphate can be manufactured by two process which are as

follows: (a) By using Sulphuric Acid. (b) Mesberg Process.

a) By Using Sulphuric Acid. This method is used by most of Indian Chemical Industries in producing Ammonium Sulphate,the reason for this is that Sulphuric Acid is comparatively cheaper than other raw materials. Raw Materials : Ammonia (NH 3) , Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4). Chemical Reaction : Chemical reaction between Ammonia & Sulphuric Acid produces Ammonium Sulphate which is an exothermic reaction 2NH3 (s) + H2 SO4(aq) → (NH)4SO4(s)

ΔH=

-274 kJ/mol.

The reaction mentioned above is NEUTRALISATION REACTION. The product from above reaction is liquid Ammonium Sulphate which is dried to convert it into into solid Ammonium Sulphate. Sulphate.













Process Description : Ammonium sulphate is made by reacting synthetic ammonia (or byproduct ammonia from coke-ovens) with sulphuric acid in a Scrubber. Here sulphuric acid is scrubbed with ammonia ammonia to get Ammonium sulphate sulphate in liquid form. Ammonium sulphate in liquid form is then passed into Evapourator were water is removed from the top portion to get a concenterated solution of Ammonium sulphate sulphate . The heat from above reaction reaction is utilized for evapourating evapourating water from the solution . This molten solution is then passed on to a Drier were the solution is sprayed from the top and air hot air is blown from the bottom part. This results in a complete removal of water from the solution to obtain prills of Ammonium sulphate. This prills of Ammonium sulphate is then further cooled by passing it into a Cooler.The product from the Cooler is then passed into a Screening Section were the solids are seperated according to there sizes. This solid are further Coated and are packed in the Packing Packing Section.







(b) Mesberg Process : This method is used used by most of Foreign Foreign Chemical Industries Industries for producing Ammonium Sulphate. Sulphate. In this method, Sulphuric Acid Acid is substituted by Gypsum. Gypsum. Raw Materials : Ammonia (NH 3) Gypsum(CaSO4).

, Carbon Di Oxide (CO2) , Water (H2O) ,

Chemical Reaction : In this reaction Ammonia is treated with Carbon di Oxide and Water to form Ammonium Carbonate . 2NH3 + CO2+H2O → (NH)4CO3 (NH)4CO3+CaSO4→ (NH)2SO4 + CaCO3 This reaction procced by forming an intermediate compound called Ammonium Carbonate Carbonate which is then treated treated with Gypsum to form Ammonium Ammonium Sulphate and insoluble Calicum Carbonate.















Process Description : Ammonia along with CO 2 is added into Absorption tower and Water is sprayed from the top. Both gases get absorbed in water and react to form Ammonium Carbonate. Ammonium Carbonate is then feed into a Reactor along with Grounded Gypsum, reaction between them produces Ammonium Sulphate and Insoluble Calicum Carbonate. This solution is then feed into Filteration Section .The solution is feed onto a Drum Dryer where the drum is rotated which causes the insoluble CaCO3 to attach on the drum surface which is then dried to form a cake of filterate on the Drum surface which is then removed by using a sharpe edge Knife.This process is continued till most of CaCO 3 is removed. The product solution solution remaining inside the pool pool is then passed passed onto a Storage Tank & Settling Settling Tank were settling settling of insoluble CaCO3 take place. The pure solution obtained is taken out andpassed to a Solidifying Section were it is Condensed in a Condenser, which is then dried by passing it onto a Crystal Evapourator to obtain a concenterated molten solution of Ammonium Sulphate.







4.

Bibliography The following sources were referred in order to prepare this project :

1] Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries – G.T.Austin, McGraw Hill 2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate ki/Ammonium_sulfate 3] www.images.google.com

89479262 Ammonium Sulphate Modified

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