7.Extra Low Voltage System.pdf

Induction Course for new M&E Engineers 21, 28 March & 4, 11 April 2015

Extra Low Voltage System

Mr. Wong Shin Neng Electrical Engineer SM Consulting Engineers Sdn Bhd

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM (ELVS) • TELECOMMUNICATIONS • SMATV • CCTV SYSTEM • SECURITY AND CARD ACCESS SYSTEM • BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM (ELVS) • TELECOMMUNICATIONS • SMATV • CCTV SYSTEM • SECURITY SYSTEM • BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)

Telecommunication SystemOverview • POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) • Internet, Ethernet • Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) • Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) – FTTO, FTTH

Telecommunication SystemOverview • Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) – FTTO, FTTH • ONU – Optical Network Unit. An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network •

RG – residential gateway.

In telecommunications networking, a residential gateway allows the connection of a local area network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN). The WAN can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other connections. •

ATA – Analog Telephone Adapter

An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more standard analog telephones to a digital telephone system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard telephone system.

Technical Standards:

• Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd: • MTSFB 008:2005 (rev 1) - Technical Standards and Infrastructure Requirements – Part 1:Fixed Network Infrastructure • Guideline On the Provision of Basic Civil Works for Communication Infrastructure In The New Development Areas • MTSFB 002:2009 – Technical standard for in-building fibre cabling for fibre-to-the-premise Note: These standards are stated in “Surat Perakuan” submission to Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan Multimedia (SKMM) during DO stage

Telecommunication SystemManholes Manhole Type Size: L x W x H (mm)

No. of Ductway

JB30

950 x 625 x 450

2-way

JRC7

1280 x 975 x 800

2-way

JC9

1570 x 660 x 1070

4-way

JC9C

1820 x 970 x 1440

4-way

R1B

1820 x 1220 x 1970

6-way

R2A

3050 x 1220 x 1820

12-way

Telecommunication System – Cable Specifications Cable Type

Bandwidth

Cat 3 (ISO/IEC 11801 Class C TIA/EIA 568 B) Cat 5e (ISO/IEC 11801 Class D TIA/EIA 568 B) Cat 6 (ISO/IEC 11801 Class E TIA/EIA 568 B) Fiber Optic (Multi mode OM2/OM3 & Single Mode)

16 MHz

Application Limit

Remarks

For voice telephony & ADSL in building or inter building

> 100 Mhz

For Ethernet transmission up to 1GBps

For distance up to 100m

>250 Mhz

For Ethernet transmission up to 10Gbps

For distance up to 100m

For data transmission >10Gbps

For distance beyond 100m

>200 MHz / km Depends on light source

Recommended Building Infrastructure Design

taken from MTSFB 008:2005

Fibre cable to FTB is by NFP

Riser Cable

By NFP

•

ONU – Optical Network Unit.

An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network •

RG – residential gateway.

In telecommunications networking, a residential gateway allows the connection of a local area network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN). The WAN can be a larger computer network (such as a municipal WAN that provides connectivity to the residences within the municipality), or the Internet. WAN connectivity may be provided through DSL, cable modem, a broadband mobile phone network, or other connections. •

ATA – Analog Telephone Adapter

An analog telephony adapter or analog telephone adapter (ATA) is a device used to connect one or more standard analog telephones to a digital telephone system (such as Voice over IP) or a non-standard telephone system.

By NFP

Telecommunication System– Outlets Telephone point - RJ11

Ethernet Point - RJ45

Fibre Wall Socket (FWS)

Telecommunication System

TM Certificate

Design consideration • Remember to provide telecommunication point for Fire Command Centre (FCC) for Bomba CMS • Specify single-mode fibre and not multi-mode.


SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY TERRESTRIAL BANDS 0 47 68 88

VHF

108

176

FM

TV Channels Band I Band II

FM Antenna

230

VHF 5

862 MHz

UHF 12 21

Band III

VHF Antenna

470

38

69

Band IV Band V

UHF Antenna

VHF 47-68Mhz (Band I) was never used in the industry. TV Channels (5 – 69) is based on international standard definition Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel frequencies for tuning according to location.

Screenshot from http://www.asiawaves.net/

Refer to http://www.asiawaves.net/ for channel frequencies for tuning according to location.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY TERESTRIAL RECEPTION

Ghost image – when you receive transmission from two stations at the same frequency range. In order to filter out the ghost image, the amplifier need to filter out the ghost frequency.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY VHF

FREQUENCY RANGES

5

VHF

FM

45 87,5 108

176

UHF 230 470

SATELLITE 862 950

2150

MHz

TRANSPOSING

ACTUAL SATELLITE BANDWITH 10 700

Take note that in Malaysia, Astro satellite is facing north for reception

12 700

MHz

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY MIXING OF SIGNALS FM

DIPLEXING AT OUTLET SAT

Full band mixer VHF / UHF

FM

VHF

UHF TV/SAT mixer

A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain multiplexing. The diplexer, being a passive device, is reciprocal: the device itself doesn't have a notion of input or output.

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY OUTLET LEVEL FOR A GOOD SIGNAL • VHF (47MHz to 68MHz)

min: 57,5dBμV max:74dBμV

• FM (87.5MHz to 108MHz)

min: 50 dBμV max:66dBμV

• UHF / VHF (176 MHz to 862MHz)

min: 57 dBμV max:74dBμV

• SAT (950MHz to 2050MHz)

min: 47dBμV max:77dBμV

Target to achieve 60 dBμV for design purposes

SMATV SYSTEM - THEORY SMATV SIGNAL STRENGTH • The strength of the SMATV (VHF, UHF and SAT) is expressed in dBuV • Amplifiers increase the signal value : GAIN • Passive equipments (cables, splitters, connectors) decrease the signal value : INSERTION LOSS • The objective is to have , for every outlet, an output level between 57 and 74 dBuV (For UHF/VHF)

100

75

Reception Level

Outlet Level 50

25

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN SATELLITE RECEPTION • SATTELITE DISHES • 60 CM / 90 CM / 120 CM … • Steel – Aluminium - Composite • LNB • Single • Quattro • Fibre

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN TAPS

• Passive distribution equipment • Limited THROUGH LOSS (2 to 5 dB) • Adjusted TAP LOSSES from 10 to 20 dB • Available for SAT and/or Terrestrial signals 100 dBuV

Through Loss 2 to 5 dB 20 dB

Tap Loss 10 to 20 dB

- 5dB

- 2 dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 4dB

16 dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 3 dB

67 dBuV - 5dB

- 4dB 13 dB

- 1dB

- 5dB

- 5 dB

67 dBuV - 5dB

- 4dB 12 dB

65 dBuV

- 1dB

- 5dB

63 dBuV - 4dB

- 5dB

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN SPLITTERS • Passive distribution equipment • « Split the signal in 2 to 8 signals of equal value

Insertion Losses of Splitters Bandwidth MHz

Number of outputs 2

3

4

6

8

5 - 1000

4.0

6.0

8.5

10.0

11.5

1000 - 1700

4.5

7.0

9.0

12.0

12.5

1700- 2400

5.5

8.5

10.5

14.0

15.0

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN INNER CONDUCTOR : BARE COPPER COVERED STEEL 1,01 mm ± 0,02

OUTER JACKET : WHITE PVC – RAL 1013 SHIELD 2 : ALUMINIUM BRAID 60%

RG6

SHIELD 1 : BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL – POLYESTER – ALUMINIUM FOIL

INNER CONDUCTOR : BARE COPPER COVERED STEEL 1,62 mm ±0,02

OUTER JACKET : WHITE PVC – RAL 1013 Ø 10,16mm ±0,4 SHIELD 1 :

ALUMINIUM BRAID 60%

RG11

DIELECTRIC : FOAM POLYETHYLENE Ø 4,57 mm ± 0,2

SHIELD 2 : BONDED ALUMINIUM FOIL – POLYESTER – ALUMINIUM FOIL

DIELECTRIC : FOAM POLYETHYLENE Ø 7,11 mm ± 0,2

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN COAXIAL CABLES : Main parameters

• IMPEDANCE : 75 OHMS Insertion Loss for 100 m

800 MHz

1000 MHz

2200 MHz

RG6

17 dB

20 dB

30 dB

RG11

11 dB

13 dB

18 dB

• SCREEN EFFICIENCY • Level of protection offered by the screen (foil + braid) against external interferences • The higher the frequencies the more important is this parameter • Example : > 75 dB for Axitronic PVCRG6B & XR11A

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN CABLE BENDING RADIUS • Minimum bending radius of 10 X the cable diameter • 68 mm for RG6 • 105 mm for RG11

• Sharp bending radius will damage the cable dielectric and cause impedance disruptions which can deteriorate image quality

68 mm

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN OUTLETS Insertion Loss TAP LOSS THROUGH LOSS

87.5 - 862 MHz

960 - 2050 MHz

5.0 dB

5.0 dB

3.5 / 4.0 dB

4.5 / 6.0 dB

Insulation between outputs: 25 dB Satellite output F-Connector

UHF/VHF output IEC 9.52 F -Connector FM output IEC 9.52 M-Connector

Through Loss

SMATV SYSTEM - DESIGN SATELLITE SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION WITH MULTISWITCHES

SATELLITE 4 HEAD AMPLIFIERS

15 m

SIMPLE CASE STUDY #1 • 10 storey residential building : 40 m high • 6 apartments per storey • 2 outlets per apartment • Terrestrial programs • ASTRO • Reception signal : 70 dB

40 m

30 m

20 m 7 m 30 m

SMATV System - Conventional



SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN

SMATV HD – COAX BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN DO NOT LOOP THE OUTLET POINT

MULTISWITCHERS ARE CASCADED

SMATV HD – FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE CABLE DESIGN


FIBER OPTIC CABLE WITH 4-WAY OPTICAL SPLITTER


FIBER OPTIC CONVERTER – CONVERT OPTICAL SIGNAL TO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL


CCTV Surveillance System • TYPES OF CCTV CAMERAS: 1. DOME, - Lift lobbies, lift car, indoor space 2. CCD / BOX – car parks, staircase, outdoor space 3. PTZ – suitable big public areas (e.g. main office lobby, hotel main lobby, auditoriums). allows security personnel to rotate and zoom.

CCTV Surveillance System Camera lens

CCTV camera lens will affect the field of view (FoV) - Extend of area captured by the camera

• Fixed lens – fixed focal point • Vari-focal lens – allows users to adjust focal points In most installations, dome cameras are usually installed with fixed lens. However, vari-focal lens are optional accessories and shall be considered depending on application.

Fixed box cameras are usually installed with vari-focal lens. This allows users to select the FoV.

CCTV Surveillance System – Resolution • CCTV Resolution – Pixel Count

In present time, most installations uses 1MP resolution as higher resolution require higher cost and increase data usage.

CCTV Surveillance System – Resolution • CCTV Resolution – Pixel Count • Here’s 4 samples ranging from 35 to 2120 pixels covering the same area:

• Clearly, the more the pixels, the more fine details that can be captured

CCTV Surveillance System – Frame rate • People are used to watching TV at about 30 frames per second, often called 'full' frame rate. • Integrators choose low frame rate (<5fps) due to storage cost. • Those who chose 6 – 10fps try to balance storage cost and acceptable smooth video display • Those who chose higher frame rate is driven by customer requirement (e.g. Casino and cash counting requirement)

CCTV Surveillance System – Analog DVR vs IP NVR system ANALOG DVR System Components: • ANALOG CCTV CAMERAS • DVR (DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER) • CABLES – RG6 COAXIAL CABLE IP NVR System Components • IP CCTV CAMERAS • NVR (NETWORK VIDEO RECORDER) • CABLES : CAT6, CAT 5E, FIBRE OPTIC • NETWORK SWITCHES

Analog CCTV DVR system

CCTV Surveillance System – IP Camera NVR system

IP Camera NVR system



Design Consideration • Resolution, FPS will affect bandwidth and storage size. Request manufacturer to provide “Bandwidth and Storage” calculations to verify sufficient bandwidth for the network switches and sufficient storage for the NVR • IP cameras should be connected to POE (Power over Ethernet) network switches • Provide sufficient illumination level (lighting) for proper CCTV operation. • Check local city council CCTV requirements.

Design Consideration • Although CCTV can be viewed from the workstation, an external monitor connected to the NVR is still a good design practice to avoid interruptions if the workstation experience unexpected shut-down. • A good design practice is to have multiple NVRs compared to one NVR in case failure of one NVR. e.g. 16 cameras – 1x16 Channel NVR vs 2x8 Channels NVR. • Avoid copy-paste because today’s technology may be obsolete in a few years’ time.


SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION - Security systems help protect against intruders - Many options available: wired, wireless - Main components: 1.Keypads and Control Devices 2.Perimeter Protection 3.Interior Protection 4.Communication & Monitoring

SECURITY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

SECURITY SYSTEM - KEYPADS AND CONTROL DEVICES • At least one keypad located near a commonly used entrance to a home or business. • Allows occupants to arm the security system when the leave the premise or disarm the security system when they enter • The system can also be armed via wireless key

Keypad

Wireless key

SECURITY SYSTEM - PERIMETER PROTECTION Door Sensor

Window Sensor

Bypassed window can be opened when a security system is armed

Door Sensor

Main entrance doors commonly have time delay and there is usually a keypad located beside the entrance

Window Sensor

SECURITY SYSTEM - INTERIOR PROTECTION Motion Detector Break glass detector for fixed window

SECURITY SYSTEM Communication & Monitoring

GSM wireless alarm communicator Internet / telephone alarm communicator

Monitoring station

INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEM • More complex security system for multi-tenant premise (e.g. office building and shopping mall) • Integrate with carpark boom gate, turnstile, lift access

General Configuration Of Security Controller

Controller box house in a security riser

Signal to output relay to trigger access.

Compatible card reader. Reader can be with or without keypad


INTRODUCTION WHAT IS BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM? A distributed control system comprising computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices designed to: • monitor • control the mechanical and electrical systems in a building

INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF BAS

• Improve facility management and maintenance • Improve comfort • Reduce energy SAMPLE: Chiller Status

INTRODUCTION BAS PROTOCOLS • Proprietary Protocols • Published Interoperability Protocols – Modbus • • •

Published by Modicon in 1979 Master/Slave protocol Simple and robust

– LonWorksTM (local operation network) • • •

Created by Echelon Corporation in 1988 Operates on a peer-to-peer basis Standard control networking ANSI/CEA 709.1 and IEEE 1473-L

– BACNet (Building Automation and Control Networks) • Started by Standard Project Committee (SPC) in 1987 • Published as ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 135 in 1995 • Designed for truly interoperable – non-proprietary, open protocol communication standard • Designed for building automation and control systems application

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE BAS Server

BAS Client

PDA / Mobile

WML/WAP BACnet/IP, 100baseT Ethernet

To Third Party Equipment Native BACnet MS/TP

Gateway / Router ZN (Zone Network)

ME (Multi Equipment) Fire

Security

Boiler

Lighting

SE (Single Equipment)

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE TYPICAL BACNET SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE BACNet Ethernet • IP addresses and MAC addresses • Peer to peer in nature Third Party • Modbus network, LONWorks network or proprietary network

Gateway / router •

•

Router connect multiple network without changing the form or content of the message Gateway connect multiple network by “repacking” the message (i.e. translation)

BACNet MS/TP (Master-Slave/Token Passing) • Each device on the link is considered the “master” when it has the token. • Speeds up to 1Mbps or less over twisted pair wiring

BAS Design for GBI Office building • Ducted Variable Air Volume (VAV) system • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring and Control (CO2 sensor in return duct to control fresh air intake) • Lighting Control with photo-sensors and motion detectors for daylighting • Lighting control with motion sensor • Linked to all electrical sub-meters to facilitate energy monitoring by tenants and end users • Linked to water sub-meters to facilitate early detection of water leakage

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM – SOME EXAMPLES

• Control Strategy • Air Conditioning Control • Lighting Control

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM LIGHTING CONTROL Basic close loop feedback control system

Example: light control • Desired state = 400lux • Sensor = Photocell sensor & motion detector • Controller = BAS controller • System = Dimmable Lights

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM – SOME EXAMPLES AIR CONDITIONING CONTROLS:

• Three Subsystems • VAV Control • AHU Fan Control • Water Flow Control

SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEM – SOME EXAMPLES EXAMPLE OF VAV CONTROLS:

Typical VAV Control Interfacing Diagram • Desired state = 24 degC • Sensors = Thermostat • Controller = VAV Controller • System = VAV Box damper • System output = Air Flow

Design Considerations - Incorporate EMS (Energy Management System) in accordance to MS1525 standards (Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for nonresidential buildings) - Establish a common interoperability protocol for all systems to be linked to BAS. - Establish interfacing requirements e.g. lighting control – 12V or 24V, AC or DC relay? Variable speed drive control – high level interface control using RS232 or common AO (analog output) signaling?

7.Extra Low Voltage System.pdf

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