X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS CIVICS Free Notes
Chapter 3 Cultural heritage of Rajasthan Introduction : Rajasthan culture : very tolerant, generous, multidimensional and full of diversity. The places like kali banga, aahad, gulund, bagaur, tilwara, ganeshwar, bairath, abhaneri etc speak of rajasthani architecture in the sindh and pre – sindh civilizations. civilizations. Excavations in mewar area are the specimen of architecture of pre – stone and middle stone period.
Aahad culture speaks of copper culture of rajasthan. Discover (archeologists) of rajasthan culture : amlan and ghose, b. b lal, b.k. thapar, rattan Chandra agarwal etc. The most ancient fossials of the world from jaislmer. Rajasthan known for its religion, philosophy, moral values, sects community, art, development of literature, fairs, festivals etc, faith in folk deities, dances, music, paintings, above all in the principle of sarva panth samadar. Unique cultural heritage of rajasthan festivals and fairs Gangaur festival : popular in jaipur, jodhpur, Bikaner, kota, jhalawar etc. celebrated by ladies for 18 days, worship of ishar (shiva) and gauri (parvati) on the third of shravan month. Shitla mata festivals depicting change in the seasons, intake of cold food on the seventh and eighth of chetra Krishna. Akhateej related related to to harvesting, harvesting, on the the third of of baisakh shukla. The national festivals : rakshabandan, dussehra, deepawali, holi, janamashtmi, navratra, shivaratri, ramnavami, basant panchmi etc. Many festivals as the symbols of sarva panth samadar : vat savitri pooja, kartik snan, karva chauth, ahoi vrat, paryushan of jain samaj, ramzan and id of muslims, lohri of (punjabis), guru nanak jayanti of Sikhs, Christmas of Christians, Christians, navrose of parsis etc. Festivals related to folk deities of rajasthan : fairs of tejaji, ramdeoji, gogaji, jambhoji, swami bhoj etc, besides pushkar fair, dussehra kota fair, gangaur and teej fairs of jaipur, akadashi fair. Fooldol fairs : barthari fair, keoladeo fair, shitlamata fair, maru mela, vaineshwar fair, animal fairs of Nagpur and parvatsar. Social, religious and economic significance of these fairs : their social significance – merchants from far off places gather with their animals as horses, goats, cows etc. Economic significance : revenue to the state and income to the traders through trading of animals. organizat ion of fairs in different months months as pushkar and Religious ignificance : organization kolyat fairs in kartik, vaneshvar fair in magh, karnimata and gangaur fairs in the months of chetra.
Places significant for particular animals Camels (ship of desert) of jaislmer, goats of barmer, oxes of nagaur, horses and mares of malani. Beware, pali, kakri and Bikaner known for ship-wool. Architecture of rajasthan rajasthan
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X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes Forts, temples, idols, palaces, monuments etc. as pieces of rajasthan architecture. Fort architecture Features of fort architecture 1. got built mainly during the reign of maharana kumbha of marwar and rao maldev of marwar. 2. for security, safety of trade, dignity and warfare. 3. forts equipped with water tanks, temples, palaces, residential houses, warehouses, repository for arms and ammunition. 4. high walls, many gates, pillars and burjis. 5. soldiers to protect these forts. A few examples of important forts Forts of jaislmer and Bikaner – the forts of deserts Bharatpur fort : the strong fort of plains. Forts of jalor, siwana, mewar, marwar, achalgarh etc. for security on different rouls. Deeg palaces appreciated for architectural beauty by ferguson. Description of important forts of rajasthan. Chittorgarh fort : on a big hillock 2 kms from chittorgarh junction, at the height of 1850 feet, three miles long and ½ a mile wide, equipped with seven gates (four built by maharana kumbha), namely pandavapol, the first gate on the plantform outside, bhairvapol, rampol, the entry gate, hanumanpol, ganeshpol, lakshmanpol and jodanpol. Inside the fort the temple of tuljamata, among other buildings : navlakh bhandar, shrinagar chanvri temple, palaces of rana kumbha, rooms, verandahs. Palaces, johar, shivalyas, monuments, platforms etc. 27 jain temples, nine storeyed kirti stambh by rana kumbha with 157 stairs. Haveli of jaimal, palace of queen padmini, palace of kalika mata etc.
Fort of kumbhalgarh. Got built by maharana kumbha, about 60 km from Udaipur near village sadri, surrounded by hills and valleys, many gates as oratpol, hallapol, hanuman pol, vijaypol, rampol, bhairva pol, ganeshpol etc, the temple of neelkanth mahadev of nagar style, Vishnu temple of kumbha swami, monuments of kunwar prithvi raj. Another fort within the fort known as katargarh, having six gates, a deity temple, royat palace, stable, peelkhana, ware house etc.highly appreciated by col tod, shri harvilas sharda and dr. gopinath sharma.
Fort of ranthambhour The most ancient, spacious and suitable for warfare, siuated on a hill surrounded by aravali ranges 13 kms away from swamiadhopur railway station. Its primitive name – ranastamhpur, entrance gate- naulakha darwaza, many buildings in it as temples, palaces, umbrella, water tanks, badal mahal, dilli darwaza, armoury etc. temple of ganesh of special significance, on its back is the temple of god shiva . Three gates- torandwar, andheri darwaza and tripolia darwaza. Architectural pieces : 50 ft high huge umbrella, pillars of royal palace, hammir’s courts etc.
Royal palaces of amer (amber) and other forts and temples Specimen of architecture – the best among the palaces built during the regime of raja mansingh and raja jai singh prominent architectural pieces inside the fort – umbrellas, fountains, sanvalia, jaleb chowk, diwan-i-aam, ganesh- pol etc. ‘jagat shiromani temple’. The best and other temples ambrish and narsinghji. Forts of jaigarh and nahargarh, also Chandra mahal, tripolia gate, jantarmantar, jal mahal, zanani dyodi etc. Mehrangarh fort
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X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes Shaped like the tail of peacock (hence known as mordhwaj) built by rao jodha, situated on a hill top 6, miles towards south from mandaur, at 400ft height. Entry gates : jaipol and fatehpol. Inside many palaces, armoury, barracks of soldiers, six gates (pols) etc. on the walls and ceilings artistic paintings. Amoung the palaces – moti mahal, phool mahal, fateh mahal and also topkhana, singar chowki, a library (pustak prakash). Temples of chamunda devi, anandghanji and murli manohar. Other forts Forts of mandalgarh, achalgarh, siwana, kota, bundi, Bikaner, jaisalmer made of yellow marble, jalore by parmar rulers, forts built by feudal lords as hammirgarh, banera neemrana, samod, mandawa, bisau, bagaur, deogarh etc. Temples and sculpture Rich sculpture in the idols of male and female deities, yakshas, yakshinis, males, females, animals, birds, dancing postures etc. at dilwara, nagda and ossiyan. Known for their ornamental beauty are temples of dilwara, kambhshyam, jagdish, chittor, Udaipur etc. Temples of abu known for ornamental style of medieval age. Vimalshah temple of white marble – 98 feet long, 43 feet wide. Near it is dilwara jain temple. Temples known for their beauty and artistic qualities – at badoli, nagda, mainal, kiradu osujan, kama, pandupol and rajogarh. Famous temples and sacred monuments : Pushkar, a chief pilgrimage, galtaji sarovar at jaipur, jain temples of dilwara dargah of khwaja muen-i-uddin chisti at ajmer, karnimata temple at deshnok, gogameri, pabuji, mallinath, pipaji, ramdevji, jambhoji dev narayanji, tejaji, govind guru etc. Many sacred monuments of shaivism, shaktism and vaishnavism, fire-places (dhune), meditation places, samadhis, shakti sthalas of mewar – temples of deities of dhanopmata, joganiya mata, and jhantlamata. Other shakti sthalas : jeenmata, dadhimata, shitlamata, shiladevi, keoladeo etc. Shaiv temples : eklingji, nathdwaras shrinath temple, dwarikadheesh, sanvalia chaturbhujnath temple, govindji temple (jaipur), shri kalyanji temple of diggi etc. Monuments of diverse religious beliefs, sects and sampradayasNathdwara of vallabh sampradaya Salembad of nimbark sampradaya Ramdwara of ram snehis Rewasa dham and vaineshwar dham of tribal area. Literature of rajasthan Historical, saint and folk literature in Sanskrit, prakrit, rajasthani (dingal and pingal) and hindi languages. A few historical texts – shishupal vadh, lalit vigrah raj, samarichechakacha, prithvi raj raso, vansh bhaskar and veer satsai etc. Morality dominated couplets : Rajiaji’s and nagji’s couplets, dhola maru ra duha, jeen mata ra geet etc. Saint literature Bhaktmal of nabhadas, santvani of various communities, sabad sangrah, oral and composed prose, poetry and songs related to saints, folkmen, folk deities etc, bhajans of mirabai. The folk literature of rajasthan in the form of vani, sabad sakhi, poem, couplets. Saurathe, geet etc. Contributions of saint tradition 1. enrichment of culture. PIE TUTORIALS 9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes 2. in the field of literature, art, human value and environmental conservation. 3. strengthening of cultural heritage, integrative human approach etc. 4. strengthening of socio-religious superstitions. 5. eradication of social and religious superstitions. 6. promotion of welfare of human society, social equality and integration of Indian culture. 7. positive and healthy change in public mentality. Prominent folk deities and folkmen of rajasthan 1. gogaji – one of the five male deities, also known as deity of snakes, among muslims as gogapeer. Gogaji is believed to be married to kalen de and born to mother, baghleda and father, jehver chauhan, worship places of gogaji under the khejadi tree, known as gogameri, goga navmi held in Krishna paksh of bhadrapad and navmi of shukla paksh. Goga rakhi by the farmers before ploughing. Gogaji is offered coconut and kheer churma. 2. baba ramdevji : born is 15 th century of vikram samvat in jungal village of pokhran, mother – manade, father – ajmal tanwar and wife- naital de. A proved saint, dutiful, brave – warrior, a saviour of masses and cows. His priciples : Belief in social equality and hindu-muslim unity. Welfare of others and compassion for all. As a social reformer opposed reiligious malpractices and emphasized hindu – muslim unity. Belief in charity One of the five deities and seers, and a symbol of power and devotion. A fair on his Samadhi sthal, ram dev from 2 nd to 11 th of bhadon every year. Muslims revere him as ramspir. 3. brahthari – a scholar of the end of 6 th century. His three texts : 1. niti shatak about morality and policy. 2. shrinagar shatak about amorous affairs. 3. Vairagya shatak about metaphysicism and detachment. The brahthari caves and temple, a fair in his memory, his special place in nathpanth. 4. jambhoji : a shepherd in childhood born in 1451 in pipsar village, to parents lohatji panwar and hansa devi in 1485 on the Krishna asthma of kartik, he established vishnoi panth. Among his 20+9 principles, 20 are : 1. bathe every day. 2. be calm, cool and satisfied. 3. pray both the times. 4. hari – bhajan every evening. 5. speak the truth. 6. love and devotion 7. milk and water after sieving. 8. a feeling of compassion. 9. no – stealing 10. no ill of others. 11. belief in own religion. 12. fast on amavasya day. 13. worship of lord Vishnu. 14.not to cut green trees. 15. control on lust, anger etc. PIE TUTORIALS 9/2 CHOPASANI HOUSING BOARD, JODHPUR FOR FREE NOTES & TEST PAPERS Visit www.pietutorials.com
X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes 16. protection of wild life. 17. no opium. 18. no liquar. 19. no meat. 20. not to wear blue clothes. Fairs in his memory at mukam twice a year. Founder of the vishnoi panth, his followers vishnois – among whom cutting of khejiri and other green trees and poaching of animals – totally prohibited. 363 women including amrita devi were beheaded in 1730 for environmental conservation. 5. govind guru : Born in banjara family of basiyan village in dungarpur on December 20, 1858, specially impressed by swami dayanand sarswati, founded sampsabha, left drinking and nonvegetarian diet, worked for the bhil tribe, led independence movement in the dense forests, in the meeting organized under him by the bhils on mangarh hills on nov. 17,1913,1500 bhils were massacred in the firing by the bristish military, imprisoned for 10 years, eki-sangthan was established by him, rever ed as a ‘lokpurash’ in rajasthan for strengthening bhils against social injustice. Fine arts of rajasthan Paintings : famous since pre-historic times, based on texts related to Jainism, shaivism. Shaktism and vaishnavism. Many paintings regarding kalpsatra, bhagwad, Ramayana, shiv – puran etc, also depicting women beauty, love, happiness, devotion to god etc. Ragmala paintings of nature, religion and musical elements. Mural paintings of elephants, horses and others on the occasions of f estivals, marriages etc, also related to day to day life. Paintings on cloth in the form of picture texts and in the handwritten texts well known paintings ‘fad’ in shlipura -(bhilwara) and pichwai in nathdwara. Paintings making ‘fad’ paintings known as chitare. Mandna an important folk art of paintings, by women on the threshold, doors, walls etc. on the occasians like deepawali, e.g. heed, sparkling, stick, imprints of feet, chariot of luxmi, flower etc, on the occasion of holi paintings of chang, khanda, dhol etc. Style of paintings in the havelis of shekhawati region of international fame figures, related to vaishnava tradition of nimbark community and kishangarh school of vallabh community. Famous painter nihal chand portraited pictures related to radha-krishna and banithani during the period of maharaja savant singh nagaridas. Dhola maru painting the most attractive among all the paintings of folkmen, saints, rulers etc in rajasthan Colours used mainly red, yellow and green. Various local styles of paintings as mewar, marwar, Bikaner, jaipur, kota, bundi school, pichwai of nathwara and kishangarh style. Music – the art of rajasthan Music has been developing in rajasthan since ancient times due to patronage given by rulers and feudal lords of rajasthan to the musicians. The folk music – full of spirit of valour, beauty and devotion, folk tales are narrated through it, development of many ragas as ‘mand’ in the classical music, many regional forms of ‘mand’ as mand of jaipur, jaisalmer, jodhpur, Udaipur etc. beautiful couplets of these mands – a special feature, about 90 rags and raginis mira bai’s couplets, immense contributions by the rulers of jaipur, alwar, tonk etc. and also development of music y feudal lords. Jaipur charana of music by the mixture of vocal and instrumental music.
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X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes Contributions by pt. Vishnu narayan bhatkhande in the field of khyal. He developed ‘manrang gharana’. Also the development of mewati gharana of khyal gayaki, the main singers of this gharana-pt. maniram, pt.jasraj etc. Many texts on the theoretical aspect of music as shrinagar, sabgeetraj, ragmala, ragmanjri, radha govindsar etc. patronage to the musician and scholars by the rulers of ranthambour, mewar, amer, Bikaner, jodhpur etc. a collection of many music related texts in Sanskrit pustkalaya of Bikaner. Ragmala (granth) a special text of music, by the intergration of music, poetry and painting. Many ragas as vibhas, nat adana, dev gandhar etc. used by maharaja sanvant singh nagri das of kishangarh. Many ragas and raginis in the couplets of mira bai, dadu and ashtechap, local raginis given place in the saint literature – a special feature in inclusion of lyricism of saurath. Dhamal singing is also popular, also the art of playing music with dance in the night jagrans.
Art of dancing in rajasthan Rajasthan – the rangsthali of dance various types of folk dances as bhvai, kalbalia, tarahtali, chari, ghoomar, fire dance etc. Classical dances mainly the kathak dance of jaipur gharana developed in the form of prayer of god. Its main features-valour, miraculous rhythm, tandav dance of shiva and lasya and tal and speedy movement of legs. Gunjan khana of jaipur – a centre of music and dance. Patronage to the kathak dancers by the rulers of jaipur. In the vaishnava temples dances were based on the couplets of surdas and tulsidas, also based on bhajans and dhruva couplets. In the gatbhav dances the monopresentation of the stories of bhagvat gita, the Ramayana, the mahabharta etc – through brij or Sanskrit couplets. Dress of the dancers – silken, pitamber, bandi, dhoti, lahanga, choli and odni. The group dances of rajasthan – gair, ghoomar, jhoomer, bhavai, gindad of shekhawati. Also dances by tribals, peasants and artisans and the f ire dance of jasnathi panth, also the festival dances. Marriage time dances- one clap, two clap and five clap and 13 clap dance popular in marwar, Bikaner and mewar accompanied by harp, tomtom and tal by men. Another dance by the males-rannaritya, jogi dance, ang-bhang dance, kachi ghora dance, nahar dance etc.
Loknatya kala (folk dances) Context of folk dances – religious, puranic, historical and cultural. Main dances – kathputli, rasdhari, gauri, khyals. Folk arts – kartab of nats, natnis and mimcry etc. Displayed by – instrumental music, dialogue, discussion and discourse. Instruments of folk dances in rajasthan Main instruments – sarangi of langas, ravanahatha of bhopas, jaiter, kamaicha, been, dhol and nagada. Folk instruments of different classes – bhapang, pungi, mashak, jogiya, sarangi, tandoora, manjira, tase, sarangi, shahnai, teentara etc. Bhil’s instruments used on different occasions -ravanahatha or gujri, galalo, nagaras, teentara, tandura and manjira besides the traditional instruments like veena, mridung and flute. Handicrafts of rajasthan Bharatpur : Ivory works, chanwar, fans of sandal, woolen blankets and carpets jaisalmer and Bikaner – kuppas of camel skin, bags of camel hair etc.
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X RBSE HISTORY & CIVICS Free Notes Kishangarh – printed cloth (clint) Swaimadhopur – fans of khaskhas. Jaipur : imprinting of sanganer and bagru, studed jewellery, meenakari, marble sculpture etc. Kota-doria, Masuria, silver utensils and ivory works. Barmer : wooden furniture, embroidery of mirrors and imprinting clothes. Marwar : tie and dye, brass toys, embroidered sleepers etc. Mewar : swords, katar, gupti. Sirohi : swords, bow, and arrow. Tonk – weaving of clothes and making of musical instruments like sarangi tabla and sitar. Nathdwara – minakari and pichwai painting. Jodhpur : chundri and safe of tie and dye. Main centres of research, museum, archives and libraries of rajasthan : archaeological evidences and literary compositions proof to culture, society, traditions, history etc. of rajasthan. Museums and archives of rajasthan : Museum of the archaeological department of rajasthan, rajasthan state archives of Bikaner, state archives of jodhpur, kota, Udaipur, jaipur etc. Research centres of rajasthan : Sardul shodh sansthan of Bikaner, anoop Sanskrit putakalya of jodhpur, research centre of chopasine, albert museum and city palace of jaipur, museum of amer, research centre of Arabic and Persian at tonk, lok-kala mandal and tribal research centre of Udaipur etc. Personal collections also important sources as : Agarchand nahta collection (bikaner) Shastri collections of bahsdthali vidhyapeeth, personal collection of rulers, feudals and saints bhakli literature, collection of thikanas like – mandawa, pisangam, masuda and baners. Research and literary magazines : Chand from Marwari, saraswati, arya mritand shodh patrika, Udaipur, varda bisau parampara, jodhpur, sujas from jaipur. Books of historians and scholars kavi raja shyamal das, jammer tod, Mehta lazza ram, gauri Shankar ooja etc and the most prominent from rajasthan through the ages. Part III published from rajasthan arechives, Bikaner.
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