Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. The The conc concep eptt of personality personality most clearly embodies the notion of: A) mora morall integ integri rity ty.. B) self self-c -con onsc scio ious usne ness ss.. C) behav behavio iora rall consi consist stenc ency. y. D) self self-a -act ctual ualiz izat atio ion. n.
2. Mary enjoys enjoys socializing socializing with friends friends and talking talking with them on her cellphone. cellphone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive: A) fixation. B) pers person onal alit ity y. C) attr attrib ibut utio ional nal styl style. e. D) coll collect ectiv ivee uncon unconsc scio ious us..
3. By professi professional onal traini training, ng, Freud Freud was a: A) phil philos osop ophe herr. B) soci sociol olog ogis ist. t. C) phys hysician. D) lite litera rary ry scho schola lar. r.
4. Freud became became interested interested in unconscious unconscious personalit personality y dynamics when he noticed noticed that certain patients' symptoms: A) resulted resulted from the the physical physical abuse they received received from from their parents parents during during childhood. childhood. B) reflec reflected ted an inte interna rnall locus locus of cont control rol.. C) illust illustrat rated ed a recipro reciprocal cal deter determi minis nism. m. D) made made no no neurolo neurologic gical al sense. sense.
5. Freud believed believed that certain certain troubling troubling symptoms symptoms could be traced traced to painful unconscious unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from: A) gene geneti ticc defe defect cts. s. B) an inf infer erio iori rity ty com comple plex. x. C) psyc psychol hologi ogica call proces processe ses. s. D) the collec collecti tive ve unconsc unconsciou ious. s.
6. Free associa association tion is central central to the the process process of: A) iden identi tifi fica cati tion on.. B) self self-s -ser ervi ving ng bias bias.. C) psyc psycho hoan anal aly ysis. sis.
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D) reci recipr proc ocal al dete determ rmin inis ism. m.
7. A psychotherapis psychotherapistt instructs instructs Dane to relax, close close his eyes, and state aloud aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as: A) fixation. B) free free ass assoc ocia iati tion on.. C) fact factor or anal analy ysis. sis. D) hypn hypno osis.
8. Forgotten Forgotten memories memories that we can can easily recall recall were said said by Freud to be: A) dis displac placed ed.. B) prec precon onsc sciious ous. C) fixated. D) unco uncons nsci ciou ous. s.
9. According According to to Freud, Freud, the the unconsciou unconsciouss is: is: A) the part part of personality personality that cannot cannot process process informat information. ion. B) the thoughts, thoughts, wishes, wishes, feeling feelings, s, and memories memories,, of which we are are largely largely unaware. unaware. C) a set of universal universal concepts concepts acquire acquired d by all humans humans from from our common common past. D) a reservoir reservoir of deeply deeply represse repressed d memories memories that does does not affect affect behavior. behavior.
10. Which of the following following techniques techniques did Freud Freud use to discover the latent latent content of his patients' dreams? A) fixation B) fact factor or anal analy ysis sis C) proj projec ecti tive ve test testin ing g D) free free asso associ ciat atio ion n
11. Freud believed believed that ________ ________ are the “royal “royal road to the the unconscious.” unconscious.” A) proj projec ecti tive ve tes tests ts B) dreams C) erog erogen enou ouss zone zoness D) psyc psychos hosexu exual al stag stages es
12. Freud suggested suggested that the remembere remembered d events and images in our dreams dreams were a censored expression of the dream's: A) psyc psychos hosexu exual al stag stages es.. B) late latent nt cont conten ent. t. C) real realit ity y princ princip iple le..
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D) collective unconscious.
13. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the: A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) collective unconscious.
14. When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his: A) superego. B) ego. C) id. D) Oedipus complex.
15. Ego is to id as ________ is to ________. A) unconscious; conscious B) biology; morality C) reality principle; pleasure principle D) regression; repression
16. When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a: A) weak superego. B) weak id. C) strong collective unconscious. D) strong ego.
17. According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the: A) collective unconscious. B) ego. C) id. D) superego.
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18. Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's: A) ego. B) id. C) superego. D) inferiority complex.
19. No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a: A) weak id. B) weak ego. C) strong id. D) strong superego.
20. Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. A) collective unconscious B) superego C) Oedipus complex D) ego
21. During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on: A) free associations. B) defense mechanisms. C) erogenous zones. D) attributional styles.
22. Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their c ontrol. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development. A) phallic B) anal C) latency D) oral
23. According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage. A) anal B) phallic C) oral
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D) latency
24. According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with: A) an oral fixation. B) free association. C) learned helplessness. D) the Oedipus complex.
25. One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n): A) oral fixation. B) reaction formation. C) selfserving bias. D) Oedipus complex.
26. Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of: A) the Oedipus complex. B) free association. C) the superego. D) erogenous zones.
27. Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. A) oral B) latency C) phallic D) anal
28. Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as: A) projection. B) fixation. C) displacement. D) repression.
29. Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit: A) passive dependence.
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B) an inferiority complex. C) an Electra complex. D) fear of castration.
30. Arjean's opinions are so dependent on what her friends think that she will swallow just about anything they tell her. Freud would have suggested that Arjean demonstrates a: A) fixation. B) free association. C) reaction formation. D) collective unconscious.
31. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the: A) id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego. B) ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized. C) superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives. D) id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.
32. When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of: A) repression. B) rationalization. C) regression. D) displacement.
33. Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete: A) fixation. B) displacement. C) rationalization. D) repression.
34. Four-year-old Timmy has not wet his bed for over a year. However, he starts bedwetting again soon after his sister is born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates: A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) regression. D) displacement.
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35. Reaction formation refers to the process by which people: A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others. B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development. D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.
36. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: A) projection. B) regression. C) rationalization. D) reaction formation.
37. The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called: A) projection. B) displacement. C) fixation. D) reaction formation.
38. Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a: A) regression. B) projection. C) fixation. D) reaction formation.
39. Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates: A) reaction formation. B) projection. C) displacement. D) regression.
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40. The defense mechanism in which selfjustifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: A) projection. B) reaction formation. C) rationalization. D) displacement.
41. Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she is. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, “You could better spend the time playing with our kids.” Melissa's comment best illustrates: A) projection. B) rationalization. C) displacement. D) reaction formation.
42. While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low g rades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of: A) reaction formation. B) displacement. C) projection. D) regression.
43. Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of: A) the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior. B) childhood sexual instincts. C) anxiety and defense mechanisms. D) distinguishing between id, ego, and superego.
44. Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from: A) an Electra complex. B) a weak id. C) feelings of inferiority. D) reaction formation.
45. Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women: A) have weak superegos. B) perceive an internal locus of control.
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C) have stronger sexual instincts than men. D) never experience a phallic stage of development.
46. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Jung B) Adler C) Horney D) Rorschach
47. Contemporary psychodynamic theorists assume that childhood experiences have longterm consequences for our: A) Electra complex. B) collective unconscious. C) social attachment styles. D) erogenous zones.
48. Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that: A) much of our mental functioning is unconscious. B) people often struggle with conflicting wishes. C) childhood experiences influence our adulthood relationships. D) sexual drives are central to personality development.
49. Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective. A) socialcognitive B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) trait
50. The TAT is a(n): A) factor analytic test. B) projective test. C) personality inventory. D) empirically derived test.
51. Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the: A) TAT. B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
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C) MMPI. D) Rorschach test.
52. The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to: A) frightening pictures. B) ambiguous stories. C) meaningless inkblots. D) incomplete sentences.
53. The major reason for the unreliability of the Rorschach test is that: A) the test inhibits individuals from communicating honestly in clinical interviews. B) psychologists often do not agree on how to interpret the results of this test. C) the test does not discriminate effectively between those who are suicidal and those who are not. D) the test can be used effectively only with individuals who are severely maladjusted.
54. Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that: A) conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. B) conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited. C) memories are often distorted and incomplete. D) defense mechanisms help protect individuals from anxiety.
55. Freud emphasized that emotional healing is associated with the: A) fixation of repressed sexual desires. B) projection of repressed fears. C) recovery of repressed memories. D) displacement of repressed hostilities.
56. Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: A) fixation. B) repression. C) the Oedipus complex. D) motivational conflict.
57. Compared with Freud, contemporary research psychologists areless likely to think of unconscious mental dynamics as involving: A) parallel processing. B) repressive censoring.
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C) implicit memory. D) right hemisphere activity.
58. The parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene such as movement, color, and shape best illustrate the importance of: A) the spotlight effect. B) an internal locus of control. C) unconscious thought. D) the false consensus effect.
59. Freud's concept of projection is most similar to what today's researchers call the: A) spotlight effect. B) false consensus effect. C) inferiority complex. D) Barnum effect.
60. Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it: A) underestimates the importance of biological contributions to personality development. B) is contradicted by recent research demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior. C) is overly reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests. D) offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.
61. The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of: A) projective tests. B) self-determination. C) reciprocal determinism. D) factor analysis.
62. Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for: A) reciprocal determinism. B) an external locus of control. C) self-actualization. D) unconditional positive regard.
63. Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly: A) compassionate. B) religious.
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C) conforming. D) self-accepting.
64. Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic? A) Allport B) Rogers C) Freud D) Bandura
65. Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. A) collective unconscious B) inferiority complex C) hierarchy of needs D) self-concept
66. Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between: A) manifest content and latent content. B) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious. C) the actual self and the ideal self. D) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.
67. Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality? A) psychoanalytic theorists B) trait theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) humanistic theorists
68. Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by: A) selectively studying people with qualities he admired. B) interpreting their flattering self-descriptions as a self-serving bias. C) overemphasizing the value of their loyalty to cultural norms. D) using projective tests to assess their motives.
69. Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective? A) trait theorists
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B) humanistic theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) terror-management theorists
70. Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Allport is to the ________ perspective. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) trait D) socialcognitive
71. Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called: A) manifest content. B) fixations. C) projections. D) traits.
72. Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it. A) predicting; assessing B) describing; explaining C) changing; analyzing D) interpreting; observing
73. The MyersBriggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by: A) Gordon Allport. B) Carl Jung. C) Albert Bandura. D) Carl Rogers.
74. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type. A) thinking B) judging C) feeling D) intuitive
75. Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic: A) self-serving biases. B) defense mechanisms. C) personality traits.
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D) psychosexual stages.
76. Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as: A) unstable-introverted. B) manic-depressive. C) external-dependent. D) passive-aggressive.
77. A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts. A) behavior inhibition; less B) addictive cravings; more C) empathy; less D) aggression; more
78. People respond to stress with greater anxiety if they have: A) a weak superego. B) an internal locus of control. C) unconditional positive regard. D) a reactive autonomic nervous system.
79. Personality inventories are designed to assess several ________ at once. A) possible selves B) defense mechanisms C) attributional styles D) traits
80. Which of the following tests was empirically derived? A) TAT B) Rorschach inkblot test C) MMPI D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
81. A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is called a(n) ________ test. A) factor analytic B) self-report C) projective D) empirically derived
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82. Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose? A) MMPI B) Rorschach C) TAT D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
83. Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a(n) ________ personality description. A) fixated B) flattering C) psychosexual D) comprehensive
84. A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of: A) emotional stability. B) extraversion. C) openness. D) conscientiousness.
85. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity? A) extraversion B) openness C) emotional stability D) conscientiousness
86. Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the: A) psychoanalytic perspective. B) person-situation controversy. C) self-serving bias. D) biopsychosocial approach.
87. Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A) social-cognitive
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B) psychoanalytic C) humanistic D) trait
88. Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior. A) repression B) personality traits C) reciprocal determinism D) unconditional positive regard
89. Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the ca mpus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about emphasizing the consistent impact of ________ on behavior. A) personality traits B) self-actualization C) reciprocal determinism D) defense mechanisms
90. People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single: A) hour. B) day. C) week. D) month.
91. Social cues are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ settings, and personality traits are especially likely to influence our behavior in ______ situations. A) unfamiliar; informal B) unfamiliar; formal C) familiar; formal D) formal; familiar
92. The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of: A) the Barnum effect. B) reciprocal determinism. C) expressive styles.
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D) unconditional positive regard.
93. The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as: A) the Barnum effect. B) projection. C) the spotlight effect. D) unconditional positive regard.
94. Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: “You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess.” The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates: A) the false consensus effect. B) the Barnum effect. C) the spotlight effect. D) an external locus of control.
95. According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among: A) thoughts, emotions, and actions. B) behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events. C) id, ego, and superego. D) learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism.
96. Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of: A) self-serving bias. B) the Barnum effect. C) reciprocal determinism. D) reaction formation.
97. Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by: A) reaction formation. B) the spotlight effect. C) external locus of control. D) reciprocal determinism.
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98. Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by: A) an external locus of control. B) reciprocal determinism. C) the self-serving bias. D) the Barnum effect.
99. Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as: A) unconscious information processors. B) biopsychosocial organisms. C) demonstrating self-serving bias. D) possessing enduring traits.
100. An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her perceived internal locus of control best illustrates: A) factor analysis. B) self-serving bias. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) a humanistic perspective.
101. The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects: A) reciprocal determinism. B) selfserving bias. C) an external locus of control. D) the spotlight effect.
102. Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates: A) reciprocal determinism. B) the false consensus effect. C) an external locus of control. D) the spotlight effect.
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103. Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of: A) free association. B) unconditional positive regard. C) the spotlight effect. D) an external locus of control.
104. Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates: A) reciprocal determinism. B) unconditional positive regard. C) reaction formation. D) an internal locus of control.
105. Compared to those with an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to: A) be introverted personalities. B) give others unconditional positive regard. C) conform to social pressure. D) cope effectively with stress.
106. Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following: A) an exertion of energy. B) free association. C) the spotlight effect. D) unconditional positive regard.
107. Learned helplessness is most likely to be associated with: A) a self-serving bias. B) an external locus of control. C) the false consensus effect. D) unconditional positive regard.
108. Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed: A) a fixation. B) a reaction formation. C) learned helplessness. D) the false consensus effect.
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109. After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates: A) an inferiority complex. B) the spotlight effect. C) learned helplessness. D) an internal locus of control.
110. When faced with an ever-increasing number of consumer product choices, people often experience the discomfort of: A) self-serving bias. B) the false consensus effect. C) information overload. D) the spotlight effect.
111. Compared with those who made a purchase choice from among 30 different brands of jam, those who chose from among just 6 brands expressed: A) less self-esteem. B) more satisfaction with their choice. C) less unconditional positive regard. D) more learned helplessness.
112. Learned helplessness is most likely to promote: A) unconditional positive regard. B) an internal locus of control. C) the spotlight effect. D) pessimism.
113. The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her: A) ideal self. B) gender identity. C) attributional style. D) unconditional positive regard.
114. Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it: A) denies humankind's capacity for evil. B) focuses more on a person's defense mechanisms. C) emphasizes the use of scientific methods. D) has less application to educational settings.
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115. Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students express a somewhat greater ________ about their future performance, which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements. A) unconditional positive regard B) self-serving bias C) false consensus effect D) pessimism
116. Sexually active undergraduate women who do not consistently use contraceptives perceive themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than do other undergraduate women. This best illustrates: A) low self-esteem. B) displacement. C) the spotlight effect. D) unrealistic optimism.
117. Unrealistic optimism could best be described as a(n): A) self-serving bias. B) reaction formation. C) fixation. D) external locus of control.
118. In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by the ________ perspective. A) trait B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) humanistic
119. The social-cognitive perspective suggests that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's: A) current feelings of personal control. B) specific political goals for the future. C) general feelings of optimism about the future. D) past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.
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120. The social-cognitive perspective is least likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of: A) environmental influences. B) unconscious motives. C) personality traits. D) genetic influences.
121. Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality. A) the superego B) unconditional positive regard C) the sense of self D) the collective unconscious
122. Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of: A) an internal locus of control. B) unconditioned positive regard. C) possible selves. D) the spotlight effect.
123. Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called: A) external locus of control. B) self-serving bias. C) the spotlight effect. D) fixation.
124. If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle. A) overestimate; underestimate B) underestimate; overestimate C) overestimate; overestimate D) underestimate; underestimate
125. Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to: A) work persistently at difficult tasks. B) experience an external locus of control. C) dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves as untrue. D) underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs.
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126. A person whose selfesteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to: A) demonstrate an independence from social pressure to conform. B) criticize the shortcomings of others. C) experience an internal locus of control. D) be motivated by a desire for selfactualization.
127. Placing a high value on activities in which we excel is especially likely to promote: A) the spotlight effect. B) high self-esteem. C) an external locus of control. D) parallel processing.
128. People who are challenged by physical disabilities are likely to maintain normal levels of self-esteem by: A) displacing their feelings of resentment. B) developing an external locus of control. C) comparing themselves with others who are similarly disabled. D) accepting as much personal responsibility for their problems as for their accomplishments.
129. Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates: A) learned helplessness. B) the spotlight effect. C) self-serving bias. D) the Barnum effect.
130. Research on selfperception indicates that most people: A) feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes. B) view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others. C) underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments. D) are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future.
131. Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part? A) “I really didn't prepare well enough for that test.” B) “I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test.” C) “I lack ability in history.” D) “I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing.”
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132. Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat ev en more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates: A) the spotlight effect. B) reaction formation. C) an external locus of control. D) selfserving bias.
133. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high self-esteem? A) the spotlight effect B) self-serving bias C) an external locus of control D) reciprocal determinism
134. A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate selfserving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized. A) unlikely; likely B) likely; unlikely C) unlikely; unlikely D) likely; likely
135. Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates: A) the spotlight effect. B) the false consensus effect. C) defensive self-esteem. D) learned helplessness.
136. Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates: A) reciprocal determinism. B) free association. C) positive psychology. D) secure self-esteem.
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