3.1 Tipos de Prefabricas

HG_]H]Q]I ]AOGIDßNHOI_ _QVAPHIP MA DK EIG]KGK

OIG_]PQOOHIGA_ A_]PQO]QPK_ MA OIGOPA]I

PAVIP]A MA ARVI_HOHßG<

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HG]ANPKG]A_ MAD A[QHVI<

OIG_]PQOOHßG MA ADAEAG]I_ MA A_]PQO]QPK_ MA OIGOPA]I VPAJK@PHOKMI. ]HVI_ MA VPAJK@PHOK_

HG]PIMQOOHßG..................................................................................................................... ; ]HVI_ MA VPAJK@PHOK_.......................................................................................................... 0 OIGOAV]I_ @Ë_HOI_ .................................................................................................................. 0 VPAJK@PHOKMI ....................................................................................................................................................0 VPA]AG_KMI X VI_]AG_KMI ..............................................................................................................................0

A_]PQO]QPKOHßG OIG ADAEAG]I_ VPAJK@PHOKMI_ .............................................................. > ADAEAG]I_..........................................................................................................................................................> _H_]AEK_ MA VH_I ................................................................................................................................................2 EQPI_ A_]PQO]QPKDA_ VPAJK@PHOKMI_ .......................................................................................................;?

ZAG]KLK_ X MA_ZAG]KLK_ MA DK OIG_]PQOOHßG VPAJK@PHOKMK ......................................... ;= OIGODQ_HßG ....................................................................................................................... ;= @H@DHINPKJÅK ..................................................................................................................... ;1


K di dkrni ma dk bhstirhk, ad bie`ra shaepra bk ùsokmi ma ugk u itrk jirek ad prinraskr ipthehzkgmi dis ektarhkdas oiei dk ekgi ma i`rk, pir di qua bkg surnhmi mhjaragtas thpis ma prioasis oigstruothvis. Vir di oukd dk prajk`rhokohÿg, masma ad pkskmi, as ad rasudtkmi ma dks gaoashmkmas siohiaoigÿehoks mad pkås. Bky okepis ma dk oigstruoohÿg ag migma astis eètimis prëothokeagta sig dis üghois qua sa uthdhzkg, pir alaepdi, ag vhkmuotis, puagtas vabhoudkras, puagtas paktigkdas3 tke`hèg sa kpdhok ag tkgquas ma kdekoagkehagti, taobue`ras ag gkvas hgmustrhkdas, ag disks ma agtraphsi y kzitak, ag vhvhagmks ma hgtarès siohkd, hgtarès eamhi, amhjhohis ma ijhohgks y oagtrkdas ma k`ksti, agtra itris. Ad prasagta rapirta eagohigk dis thpis ma prajk`rhoks pkrk oigstruoohigas ma astruoturks ma oigorati.

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OIGOAV]I_ @Ë_HOI_ VPAJK@PHOKMI

Vkrk pimar agtagmar di qua as ug prajk`rhokmi, sa mkrëg ugks majhghohigas ma prajk`rhokmi dks ouëdas sig< 

Dk prajk`rhokohÿg as ug shstaek qua parehta rakdhzkr, pir eamhi ma adaeagtis astkgmkrhzkmis jk`rhokmis ma kgta ekgi, ug eigtkla qua sa rakdhzk sanüg ug pdkgi astk`daohmi. Vir di qua bky prajk`rhokmis ekgukdas, baobis ag dk i`rk a hgmustrhkdhzkmi qua sa bkoa ag nrkgmas okgthmkmas ag pdkgtks.

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Ad prajk`rhokmi ag oigstruoohÿg as kquad adaeagti i primuoti ag ug shthi, oidiokmi y uthdhzkmi ag itri.

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Vrajk`rhokmi as kquad adaeagti baobi i jk`rhokmi kgtas ma sar kpdhokmi.

Ma timks astks majhghohigas sa puama tagar ugk priphk majhghohÿg qua saråk<

Ad prajk`rhokmi sa puama majhghr oiei ugk phazk pravhkeagta ekgujkoturkmk, i`taghagmi ug adaeagti qua ouepda oig dks aspaohjhokohigas raquarhmks mad KOH (KEAPHOKG OIGOPA]A HG_]H]Q]A), MAD VOH (VPA_]A__AM OIGOPA]A HG_]H]Q]A), y di prasorhti ag ad randkeagti ma Oigstruoohigas ag vhnir tkgti oiei ag ad mhsaûi. Ad prajk`rhokmi as ddavkmi k i`rk, uthdhzkgmi ekquhgkrhk pkrk su trkgspirtkohÿg, oidiokohÿg y pimar agske`dkr. Dis prajk`rhokmis ma oigorati mapagmhagmi mad usi aspaoåjhoi qua sa das vkyk k mkr, puamag sar ma tras thpis, shagmi astis< 

Vrajk`rhokmis oig rajuarzi shepda shg praasjuarzi.

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Vrajk`rhokmis oig praasjuarzi

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Vrajk`rhokmis pistagskmis

Dis prajk`rhokmis oig rajuarzi shepda shg praasjuarzi, sig adaeagtis euy oieügeagta uskmis ag oigstruoohigas oiek amhjhohis, vhvhagmks ughjkehdhkras, oarois ma oarrkehagtis, jkobkmks, ato.

Dis prajk`rhokmis oig praasjuarzi i pistagskmis, sa uskg ag astruoturks oiei puagtas, euris ma oigtagohÿg, amhjhohis ma vkrhis ghvadas, ato. VPA]AG_KMI X VI_]AG_KMI

As hepirtkgta mhjaragohkr dks okrkotaråsthoks ma astis mis shstaeks. Ag nagarkd, axhstag kpdhokohigas y adaeagtis qua sidi sig pish`das yk sak pkrk pratagskmi i pistagskmi. _a prajhara uthdhzkr adaeagtis pratagskmis oukgmi sa kprivaobk dk primuoohÿg ag sarha y sa masak ekyir

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rkphmaz ma oigstruoohÿg, ouhmkgmi qua gi sa si`rapksa dk okpkohmkm ma dks easks i eidmas ma tagskmi y qua dis adaeagtis sa puamkg trkgspirtkr pir dks okrratarks y kvaghmks axhstagtas.

Vratagskmi Ad tèrehgi pratagskmi sa usk pkrk masorh`hr ad eètimi ma prasjuarzi ag ad oukd dis tagmigas sa tagskg kgtas ma oidkr ad oigorati. _a raquhara ma eidmas i euartis (`diquas ma oigorati agtarrkmis ag ad suadi) qua sakg okpkoas ma sipirtkr ad titkd ma dk juarzk ma prasjuarzi murkgta ad oidkmi y ourkmi mad oigorati kgtas ma oirtkr dis tagmigas y qua dk juarzk puamk sar trkgsehthmk kd adaeagti. Dk ekyiråk ma dis adaeagtis prasjirzkmis sa jk`rhokg ag sarha magtri ma pdkgtks oig hgstkdkohigas kmaoukmks, migma sa dinrk dk rauthdhzkohÿg ma eidmas eatëdhois i ma oigorati y sa puamag prasjirzkr ag ugk sidk iparkohÿg vkrhis adaeagtis. Dis adaeagtis pratagskmis eës oieugas sig vhnuatks, trkàs, disks y nrkmks, kpdhokmis amhjhohis, gkvas, puagtas, nhegkshis y astkmhis prhgohpkdeagta. Ad ourkmi ma dis adaeagtis sa rakdhzk oig vkpir ma knuk ou`rhègmidis oig digks. Dk koohÿg mad prasjuarzi ag ad oigorati as hgtargk yk qua ad kgodkla sa mk pir kmbaragohk. Dks trkyaotirhks mad prasjuarzi sig shaepra raotks y ag eidmas kmkptkmis as pish`da bkoar masvåis pkrk gi priviokr asjuarzis axoashvis ag dis axtraeis (Jhnurk 0.=). Ag kquaddks saoohigas migma ad prasjuarzi rasudta axoashvi, oiei ag dis axtraeis ma vhnks shepdaeagta kpiykmks shg masvåi ma tirigas, sa maà mhsehguhr dk juarzk prasjirzkgta agokehzkgmi kdnugis ma addis. Ag dk Jhnurk 0.= sa euastrkg dks pish`das trkyaotirhks ma astis tagmigas, kså oiei ug alaepdi ma dk primuoohÿg ag sarha ag easks ma nrkg tkekûi, ag euobis oksis ekyiras ma 26 e ma dignhtum.

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Jhnurk 0.= Jk`rhokohÿg ma ug adaeagti pratagskmi< (k) ]rkyaotirhk birhzigtkd, (`) Masvåi ma t irigas y (o) Vrimuoohÿg ag sarha

Vistagskmi Ad pistagskmi as ad eètimi ma prasjuarzi qua oigshsta ag tagskr dis tagmigas y kgodkrdis ag dis axtraeis ma dis adaeagtis maspuès ma qua ad oigorati bk jrknukmi y kdokgzkmi su rashstagohk gaoaskrhk. Vravhkeagta kd oidkmi mad oigorati, sa malkg muotis parjaotkeagta jhlis oig dk trkyaotirhk masakmk, di qua parehta vkrhkr dk axoagtrhohmkm magtri mad adaeagti k di dkrni mad ehsei pkrk dinrkr dks jdaobks y asjuarzis masakmis. Dis muotis sarëg raddagkmis oig eirtari i daobkmk ugk vaz qua ad koari ma prasjuarzi bkyk shmi tagskmi y kgodkmi. Dks jugohigas prheirmhkdas mad eirtari sig dks ma pritanar kd prasjuarzi ma dk oirrishÿg y avhtkr eivhehagtis radkthvis agtra dis tirigas murkgta okrnks mhgëehoks. Ag ad pistagskmi dk koohÿg mad prasjuarzi sa alaroa axtargkeagta y dis tagmigas sa kgodkg kd oigorati oig mhspishthvis eaoëghois aspaohkdas (kgodklas), nagarkdeagta oidiokmis ag dis axtraeis mad tagmÿg. Asta pistagskmi puama aepdakrsa tkgti pkrk adaeagtis jk`rhokmis ag pdkgtk, k pha ma i`rk i oidkmis ag shthi. Dks kpdhokohigas eës usukdas sig pkrk vhnks ma nrkgmas mheagshigas, mivadks pkrk puagtas, disks oig prasjuarzi `hmhraoohigkd, mhkjrkneks ma puagtas, vhnks bhparastëthoks, oksokrigas y tkgquas ma knuk, agtra itris.

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Dks trkyaotirhks mad prasjuarzi puamag sar ourvks, di qua parehta mhsaûkr oig ekyir ajhohagohk adaeagtis bhparastëthois y avhtkr asjuarzis ag dis axtraeis mad adaeagti (Jhnurk 0.1).

Jhnurk 0.1 ]rkyaotirhks tåphoks ma tagmigas ag vhnks pistagskmks

Adaeagtis pra y pistagskmis Bky iokshigas ag qua sa masakg kprivaobkr dks vagtklks ma dis adaeagtis pratagskmis, pari gi axhsta sujhohagta okpkohmkm ag dks easks ma oidkmi pkrk sistagar ad titkd mad prasjuarzi raquarhmi pir ad mhsaûi mad adaeagti3 ag itrks, pir dks okrkotaråsthoks pkrthoudkras ma dk i`rk, rasudtk oigvaghagta kpdhokr ugk pkrta mad prasjuarzi murkgta kdnugk atkpk pistarhir k dk jk`rhokohÿg. Kd eagis kgta astks mis shtukohigas, as pish`da malkr kbinkmis muotis ag ad adaeagti pratagskmi pkrk pistagskrdi, yk sak ag pdkgtk, k pha ma i`rk i eigtkmi ag ad shthi.

Atkpks ma ug adaeagti prasjirzkmi Ad mhsaûi ma adaeagtis ma oigorati prasjirzkmi oigshsta ag pripigar ad adaeagti qua sak jugohigkd y aoigÿehokeagta ÿpthei pkrk matarehgkmks koohigas y okrkotaråsthoks naieètrhoks ma dk i`rk. Qgk vaz asoinhmi ad adaeagti, ad mhsaûi oigshsta ag pripirohigkr dis koaris ma prasjuarzi y ma rajuarzi pkrk qua tagnk ug oiepirtkehagti kmaoukmi murkgta timks sus atkpks magtri mad ekroi ma ug randkeagti vhnagta. As odkri qua, kgta astk parspaothvk, ad adaeagti i saoohÿg k uthdhzkr gi as ugk hgoÿnghtk shgi ug mkti qua ad mhsaûkmir ma kouarmi k sus oigiohehagtis y axparhagohk maà pripirohigkr.

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Qg adaeagti prasjirzkmi, y ag nagarkd oukdquhar adaeagti prajk`rhokmi, astë sieathmi k mhsthgtis astkmis ma okrnk. Astis astkmis puamag raprasagtkr oigmhohigas oråthoks pkrk ad adaeagti ag su oiglugti i pkrk kdnugk ma sus saoohigas. Axhstag mis atkpks ag dks qua sa maàg ravhskr dks oigmhohigas ma sarvhohi y sanurhmkm mad adaeagti< dk atkpk ma trkgsjaragohk y dk atkpk jhgkd3 shg ae`krni, pkrk euobis adaeagtis axhstag atkpks hgtareamhks qua rasudtkg oråthoks. Ag dk Jhnurk 0.2 sa euastrkg asquaeëthokeagta ag ugk nrëjhok okrnk-majdaxhÿg ad prioasi ma okrnks ma ug adaeagti prasjirzkmi tåphoi y ad astkmi ma asjuarzis oirraspigmhagta k okmk atkpk ag dk saoohÿg ma eieagti eëxhei. K eamhmk qua ad adaeagti as okrnkmi oig ad jhrea y dk si`raokrnk euartk, dk oigtrkjdaobk mhsehguya bkstk qua, nagarkdeagta oig dk prasagohk ma dk okrnk vhvk, sa prasagtk ugk jdaobk bkstk ad pugti ma masoieprashÿg (oukgmi sa prasagtkg tagshigas ag dk jh`rk hgjarhir mad adaeagti), pkrk jhgkdeagta si`rapkskr dk jduagohk y ddankr k dk okrnk üdthek.

Jhnurk 0.2 Nrëjhok okrnk-majdaxhÿg ma ugk vhnk prasjirzkmk tåphok

Atkpk ma ]rkgsjaragohk. Astk thaga dunkr oukgmi sa oirtkg dis tagmigas ag adaeagtis pratagskmis i oukgmi sa dhàrk ag dis kgodklas dk prashÿg mad nkti ag oigorati pistagskmi. As maohr, oukgmi sa trkgsjharag dks juarzks kd oigorati qua oieügeagta bk kdokgzkmi ad 26 pir ohagti ma su rashstagohk. Kquå iourrag dks pèrmhmks h gstkgtëgaks y dks koohigas k oigshmarkr sig ad prasjuarzi qua kotük ag asa hgstkgta y ad pasi priphi mad adaeagti. Astk atkpk puama sar oråthok ag dis axtraeis ma adaeagtis pratagskmis shg masvåi ma tirigas migma ad prasjuarzi as axoashvi. Mkmi qua dk koohÿg mad prasjuarzi sidi as oigtrkrrastkmk pir dk mad pasi priphi mad adaeagti, ag astk atkpk sa prasagtkrë dk oigtrkjdaobk eëxhek (Jhnurk 0.2). :


Astkmi hgtareamhi. Magtri ma astk atkpk sa prasagtk ad trkgspirta y eigtkla mad adaeagti _a maà tagar aspaohkd ouhmkmi ag dk oidiokohÿg ma kpiyis taepirkdas y nkgobis y mhspishthvis ma eigtkla pkrk gi kdtarkr dk oigmhohÿg astëthok pkrk dk qua jua mhsaûkmi ad adaeagti. Kdnugks vhnks pkrk puagta sig tkg dkrnks qua as gaoaskrhi malkr vidkmi ugi ma dis axtraeis pkrk qua sa puamkg trkgspirtkr. Euobis adaeagtis prasjirzkmis thagag ug oiepirtkehagti ag atkpks hgtareamhks mhsthgti kd qua thagag ag trkgsjaragohk i ag ad astkmi jhgkd. ]kd as ad oksi ma kdnugks vhnuatks, trkàs y disk qua, kgtas ma qua dk saoohÿg oiepuastk astè dhstk pkrk sipirtkr okrnks, raquharag ma ohe`rkmi taepirkd qua as raeivhmi oukgmi dis oidkmis ag shthi y dk disk i ad jhrea bkg jrknukmi. Itri thpi ma adaeagtis qua raquharag ug mhsaûi euy rajhgkmi (saoohÿg 0.2.;6) sig kquaddis qua juarig jk`rhokmis, trkgspirtkmis y eigtkmis oiei shepdaeagta kpiykmis pari qua ag dk atkpk jhgkd jirekrëg pkrta ma ug shstaek bhparastëthoi.

Atkpk jhgkd. Ad mhsaûkmir maà oigshmarkr dks mhsthgtks oie`hgkohigas ma okrnks ag dk astruoturk ag nagarkd, y ag okmk adaeagti ag pkrthoudkr, pkrk nkrkgthzkr ad oiepirtkehagti kmaoukmi ma dis adaeagtis. Ag dk atkpk jhgkd sa oigshmarkrëg dks oigmhohigas ma sarvhohi tiekgmi ag ouagtk asjuarzis parehsh`das, majirekohigas y knrhatkehagtis, y dks oigmhohigas ma rashstagohk üdthek ma tkd ekgark qua kmaeës ma kdokgzkr dk rashstagohk kmaoukmk sa i`tagnk ugk jkddk müothd. Ag astk atkpk yk bkg iourrhmi timks dks pèrmhmks ma prasjuarzi y ag dk ekyiråk ma dis oksis ad adaeagti prasjirzkmi sa agouagtrk trk`klkgmi ag oiglugti oig ad jhrea oidkmi ag shthi, di qua hgoraeagtk gitk`daeagta su hgarohk y rashstagohk. Ag dk Jhnurk 0.2 sa hgmhokg, k pkrthr ma dk okrnk ma masoieprashÿg, dis mhsthgtis astkmis jhgkdas qua sa maàg oigshmarkr ag ad mhsaûi ma oukdquhar adaeagti prasjirzkmi.

A_]PQO]QPKOHßG OIG ADAEAG]I_ VPAJK@PHOKMI_ ADAEAG]I_

Dis adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis sa puamag odkshjhokr ag.

k) Vrajk`rhokmis Hgmustrhkdhzkmis. As ad qua astë adkìrkmi ag ugk pdkgtk, oig ekquhgkrhk aspaohkdhzkmk y su primuoohÿg as ag sarha. Nagarkdeagta as ad qua vk sujrhr ugk trkgspirtkohÿg masma dk pdkgtk nagarkmirk bkstk dk i`rk oig ad jhg ma qua sa hgstkda ad primuoti.

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`) Vrajk`rhokmis gi Hgmustrhkdhzkmis.. As ad trk`klkr oig adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis, pari ag ad ehsei dunkr ma dk i`rk sa prajk`rhok y maspuès di uthdhzkeis y sa hgstkdk. Di oukd bkoa qua shnk shagmi ug prajk`rhokmi yk qua sa jk`rhok kpkrta y sa oidiok. Ag ad shstaek prajk`rhokmi axhstag mhjaragtas thpis ma saoohigas ma adaeagtis, dis oukdas thagag mhjaragtas jugohigas. Oiei as ugk primuoohÿg ag sarha, as ug prioasi hgmustrhkd, pir di oukd k dk jk`rhokohÿg ma okmk ugk ma dks mhjaragtas saoohigas sa puamag ddkekr dågaks ma jk`rhokohÿg. Dis thpis ma prajk`rhokmis ma oigorati sig euy vkrhkmis, pari sidkeagta sa eagohigkrëg kdnugis ma astis qua sig< 

Zhnks ].

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Euris prajk`rhokmis.

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Zhnks ]].

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Zhnuatks.

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]rkàs ]X.

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@ivamhddks.

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]rkàs ]]Z.

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Disks ]].

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]rkàs KK_B]I.

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Disks kdvaidkras.

Astis thpis ma prajk`rhokmis sig saoohigas astëgmkras, as maohr qua dk saoohÿg parekgaoarë oigstkgta, pari dk dignhtum puama vkrhkr, mapagmhagmi mad priyaoti, dks phazks ag itris pkåsas puamag oke`hkr ag kdnugk mheagshÿg, pari sa puama agoigtrkr astis thpis tke`hèg. _H_]AEK_ MA VH_I

Dis thpis ma shstaeks ma phsi eës oieugas ag Eèxhoi qua sa masorhàg ma ekgark matkddkmk eës kmadkgta sa puamag mhvhmhr ag tras nrupis< 

Zhnuatk y ìvamhddk, y mi`da ] ma pioi parkdta (b 4 ?6 oe)

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Disk kdvaidkr i axtruhmk

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], ]] y K]] pkrk odkris nrkgmas

Ad shstaek k `ksa ma vhnuatk y ìvamhddk, kså oiei dk ]] ma pioi parkdta, sa aepdakg prhgohpkdeagta ag amhjhokohigas bk`htkohigkdas bkstk ma ohgoi ghvadas, kug oukgmi as jkoth`da su usi ag amhjhokohigas ma ekyir kdturk. Dks disks kdvaidkras sa jk`rhokg ag ug eidma oig ug prioasi ma axtrushÿg, quamkgmi ugk saoohÿg trkgsvarskd buaok. Mapagmhagmi mad parkdta ma dk disk, sa puamag aepdakr pkrk ou`rhr mhvarsis odkris, prhgohpkdeagta agtra 2 y ;0 e, kugqua sa primuoag ag ad pkås asta thpi ma disks pkrk odkris eagiras, k pkrthr ma ? e. Dks disks ] qua sa primuoag ag Eèxhoi pkrk amhjhokohigas, ou`rag odkris masma : e bkstk kdramamir ma ;0 e. Kdnugks saoohigas ] y ]] ou`rag odkris ekyiras, agtra ;6 y 01e.

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Zhnuatk pratagskmk y ìvamhddk Ad shstaek ma phsi magiehgkmi Zhnuatk y @ivamhddk astë jirekmi pir adaeagtis pratagskmis pirtkgtas (vhnuatk pratagskmk), ìvamhddk ma oaeagti-kragk y ugk disk ma oieprashÿg baobk ma oigorati ma j‘o5 066 cn/oe0, oig aspasir eåghei ma = oe. Dk disk nagarkdeagta astë krekmk oig ugk ekddk adaotrisidmkmk :x:- ;6/;6 y rimakmk parheatrkdeagta oig ugk okmagk i trkà krekmk oig = vkrhddks y astrhìs ag dk qua dk vhnuatk pagatrk pir di eagis 1 oe. Dk Jhnurk ?.; euastrk ug matkdda nagarkd mad shstaek oigstruothvi k `ksa ma vhnuatk y ìvamhddk. Asta shstaek sa usk kotukdeagta ag oksks y amhjhohis ma ; k 1 ghvadas, `ëshokeagta ag dis priyaotis ma hgtarès siohkd qua alaoutkg dis irnkghseis ijhohkdas y pkrthoudkras. Ad randkeagti ma oigstruoohigas mad Mhstrhti Jamarkd gi oigthaga gkmk rajaragta k asta shstaek ma phsi. Ad shstaek ma vhnuatk y ìvamhddk bk shmi skthsjkotirhi ag amhjhokohigas bk`htkohigkdas ma piois ghvadas, pari su usi gi astë rastrhgnhmi sidkeagta k astks amhjhokohigas. _a bk uthdhzkmi ag amhjhohis ma ;6 y ;1 ghvadas, puagtas paktigkdas y vabhoudkras, taobue`ras ma gkvas hgmustrhkdas, disks pkrk tkpkr dis okligas ma oheagtkohÿg, astkohigkehagtis y kgmagas ma okrnk y masokrnk, agtra itris. Dis jk`rhokgtas ma vhnuatk pratagskmk dks primuoag oig mhsthgtis parkdtas. Vir alaepdi< b5 ;;, ;?, ;=, ;1, ;:, 06 y ?6 oe. Dks ìvamhddks ma oaeagti-kragk sa jk`rhokg ag kdturks ma ;?, ;=, ;1, ;:, 06 y 0: oe y ag oukdquhar kdturk oukgmi sa trktk ma ìvamhddk ma pidhasthragi.

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Jhnurk ?.; _hstaek ma phsi ma vhnuatk y ìvamhddk

_hstaek ma eÿmudis raoupark`das Vraeax ohe`rk Asta shstaek oigstruothvi ma disks oig vhnuatk pratagskmk mhjhara mad kgtarhir ag qua sa su`sthtuya dk ìvamhddk pir ug eÿmudi raoupark`da ma jh`rk ma vhmrhi qua sa usk oiei ohe`rk. Kquå dk nrkg vagtklk as qua sa kbirrk ad oisti ma dk ìvamhddk y sa ramuoa ad pasi priphi mad shstaek ag ?6%. Ad kok`kmi qua sa i`thaga as knrkmk`da, pir di qua sa puama prasohgmhr mad yasi. Ad prioamhehagti ma kgëdhshs y mhsaûi as ad ehsei qua pkrk dk vhnuatk y ìvamhddk, pari ag asta oksi ad pasi priphi as eagir. _u usi gi astë rastrhgnhmi pkrk ghgnugk oigstruoohÿg yk qua su kpdhokohÿg as euy vkrhkmk< masma vhvhagmk ma hgtarès siohkd, bkstk amhjhokohigas qua ddavag jkdsi pdkjÿg i qua gi raquharkg ma èd3 pir alaepdi< ìmanks, astkohigkehagtis, ato. As hmakd pir su kbirri ag ad pasi ma dk astruoturk, pkrk ajaotis såsehois, ma oheagtkohÿg y ag dis thaepis ma alaouohÿg.

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Dk Jhnurk ?.0 euastrk ug matkdda nagarkd ma dk disk pkrk asta thpi ma shstaek ma phsi.

_hstaeks ma phsi ma disks axtruhmks mi`da ] ma paquaûi parkdta (b 5 ?6 oe) Ad shstaek ma jk`rhokohÿg k `ksa ma axtrushÿg sa rakdhzk oig ugk eëquhgk qua oirra k di dkrni ma ugk eask ma jk`rhokohÿg, mapishtkgmi ad oigorati pir eamhi ma vh`rkohÿg y oiepkotkohÿg si`ra mhobk eask. Dk saoohÿg mad adaeagti qua sa ouadk mapagmarë mad eidma priphi ma dk eëquhgk, pir di qua ag ugk eask sa pimrëg jk`rhokr mhjaragtas saoohigas. Axhstag vkrhks ekroks y pir di tkgti saoohigas ag ad earokmi. Qgk ma dks saoohigas qua sa axtruyag as ugk disk ma saoohÿg mi`da ] ma ?6 oe ma parkdta. Oiei su gie`ra di hgmhok, as ugk disk oig mis garvhis ughmks ag dk pkrta suparhir pir ugk disk ma ;66 oe ma kgobi y = oe ma parkdta. Ad adaeagti praoidkmi sa kpiyk oig dis garvhis ag ugk trkà, ma dk oukd sa malkrëg dis astrhìs si`raskdhagmi pkrk hgtanrkr dk disk oig ad jhrea y dk trkà ma kpiyi. Ad kgëdhshs y mhsaûi ma ugk disk mi`da ] axtruhmk sarë ad ehsei qua sa aepdak pkrk adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis prasjirzkmis ma ekyir parkdta.

_hstaeks ma phsi ma disks kdvaidkras Dks disks kdvaidkras tke`hèg ddkekmks disks kdhnarkmks i pdkoks ma oirkzigas buaois (Jhnurk :.;2) sig adaeagtis astruoturkdas pratagskmis qua sa puamag uskr pkrk agtraphsis, ou`hartks,

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jkobkmks ma amhjhohis y oiei euris ma okrnk. _ig hmakdas pkrk odkris ma 2 k ;= e, y oig si`ra okrnks üthdas kdtks ma 166 k 0666 cn/e0. Ag dk ekyir pkrta ma dis oksis si`ra astis adaeagtis sa ouadk ugk disk (jhrea), oig j ½o 5 016 cn/oe0, krekmk oig ekddk pir di nagarkd :x:‟2-2 y :x:‟:‟:, dk oukd ouepda oig mis jhgas< k) Dinrkr ug ajaoti ma mhkjrknek kd mkrda ekyir oiepirtkehagti eigidåthoi k dk disk `) Kyumkr k avhtkr pri`daeks ma jhdtrkohigas ma knuk kd tkpkr dks pish`das jhsurks ma dks lugtks agtra adaeagtis _hg ae`krni, astis adaeagtis tke`hèg sa puamag aepdakr shg ad jhrea oukgmi dk kpdhokohÿg gi di raquhark (pir alaepdi, astkohigkehagtis, agtraphsis ma ìmanks, oagtris oiearohkdas). Dis parkdtas eës oieugas qua sa jk`rhokg ag Eèxhoi sig< b5;6, ;1, 06, 01 y ?6 oe, oig kgobis qua puamag sar ma ;.66 e y ;.06 e. _h ddavkg disk ma oieprashÿg kueagtkg su parkdta. _a raoiehagmk qua ad jhrea tagnk ug parkdta eåghei ma 1 oe pumhagmi sar ekyir, (pir alaepdi ;6 oe), di qua mapagmarë mad usi ma dk disk, okrnks, odkris k ou`rhr, ato. Okà eagohigkr qua ad thpi ma rajuarzi ma astis adaeagtis vkråk ma pkås k pkås. Vir alaepdi, ag Auripk as oieüg uskr kdke`ra ma prasjuarzi ma = ee ma mhëeatri, ag Astkmis Qghmis y Okgkmë sa usk tirÿg pkrk prasjirzkrdks y ag Eèxhoi ad kdke`ra pir di nagarkd as ma 1 y : ee ma mhëeatri. Ag piois oksis sa usk tirÿg. Astks disks puamag trk`klkr oiei oigthguks tkgti pkrk eieagti gankthvi oiei pkrk pishthvi (hgvarshÿg ma dis asjuarzis primuohmis pir ad shsei) i mkrdas oigthguhmkm ag dis kpiyis (kdnüg thpi ma aepitrkehagti) i ag odkris kmykoagtas. Vkrk addi sa raquarhrë qua dis kdvèidis sakg oidhgakdas (kd kdhgakr èstis astkeis kdhgakgmi dks garvkmurks ma okmk disk), ad koari ma dk oigthguhmkm sa oidiok ag dk pkrta suparhir y/i hgjarhir ma dis kdvèidis y pistarhireagta maàrëg ma raddagkrsa ma oigorati ag dk pkrta qua sa oidioÿ ad rajuarzi.

_hstaeks ma phsi k `ksa ma trkàs ], ]] y K]] pkrk odkris nrkgmas Asta thpi ma shstaek ma phsi as k `ksa ma adaeagtis prasjirzkmis ma oigorati. _a aepdak pkrk odkris mad irmag ma ;6 k 01 e. Dks disks K]] sig adaeagtis astruoturkdas ma oigorati prajk`rhokmi ma parkdta vkrhk`da, qua sa aepdakg üghokeagta oiei adaeagti ma ou`hartk. _u pktåg suparhir k mis knuks parehta maskdilkr ad knuk ma dduvhk ma ekgark gkturkd (Jhnurk ?.?). Dks disks K]] sa aepdakg oiei shstaeks ma ou`hartk ag gkvas hgmustrhkdas, oagtris oiearohkdas, nhegkshis, asouadks, ato.

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Jhnurk ?.? Zhstk hgjarhir ma vhnk K]] EQPI_ A_]PQO]QPKDA_ VPAJK@PHOKMI_

Ag dis shstaeks ma oigstruoohÿg ma oigorati prajk`rhokmi tke`hèg sa uthdhzkg dis magiehgkmis shstaeks k `ksa ma euris astruoturkdas i pkgadas. Dis euris ma oigorati rajirzkmi ag amhjhohis sig oigiohmis oiei ug shstaek ajhohagta pkrk rashsthr juarzks birhzigtkdas ma`hmks k koohigas såsehoks. Ag nagarkd, ug shstaek k `ksa ma euris puama tagar kepdhk rhnhmaz, oig di oukd dis maspdkzkehagtis astruoturkdas murkgta eivhehagtis såsehois sa ramuoag shnghjhokthvkeagta. Ag oigsaouagohk, sa dinrk ug kdti nrkmi ma pritaoohÿg oigtrk mkûis pir shsei ag adaeagtis tkgti astruoturkdas oiei gi astruoturkdas. Ag Eèxhoi axhstag eës amhjhohis oig ekrois qua oig euris astruoturkdas. Asti sa puama axpdhokr pir dk prajaragohk ma dis krquhtaotis k tagar aspkohis k`hartis, di qua oig dis euris astruoturkdas raquhara ekyir trk`kli ag dk atkpk mad mhsaûi krquhtaotÿghoi. _hg ae`krni, dks astruoturks qua oigthagag euris astruoturkdas ma oigorati rajirzkmi ag oie`hgkohÿg oig ekrois astruoturkdas, tke`hèg ddkekmi shstaek mukd, ijraoag vkrhks vagtklks. Ag asta shstaek, dis euris astruoturkdas puamag sar mhsaûkmis pkrk rashsthr dk ekyir pkrta ma dk juarzk birhzigtkd kotukgta ag ad amhjhohi, pir itrk pkrta, dis ekrois sidi rashstag ugk paquaûk pirohÿg ma mhobks juarzks birhzigtkdas, dk qua astë matarehgkmk pir dk rhnhmaz radkthvk agtra euris y ekrois. Ma astk ekgark, oukgmi asta shstaek as uthdhzkmi ag ranhigas qua prasagtkg kothvhmkm såsehok dis adaeagtis astruoturkdas ma dis ekrois rashstag prhgohpkdeagta okrnks nrkvhtkohigkdas. Oiei sa hgmhok ag dk ekyiråk ma dis randkeagtis pkrk dk oigstruoohÿg ma astruoturks ma oigorati rajirzkmi, ag ad kgëdhshs y ad mhsaûi ma dis shstaeks prajk`rhokmis k `ksa ma euris astruoturkdas sa oigshmark ad oiepirtkehagti ma astks astruoturks oiei eigidåthoks. Kmaeës, oig `ksa ag dis adaeagtis eaoëghois qua sa i`tagnkg ma ug kgëdhshs adësthoi oigvagohigkd sa matarehgkg dks okrkotaråsthoks mheagshigkdas y ma rajuarzi ma dis euris astruoturkdas.

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Ag dk oigstruoohÿg ma euris astruoturkdas prajk`rhokmis ma oigorati sa puamag tagar oigaxhigas —juartas― i —mè`hdas―. Ag dk oigstruoohÿg ma euris oig oigaxhigas juartas dis adaeagtis praoidkmis sig ughmis pir eamhi ma oigaxhigas qua pisaag okrkotaråsthoks ma rashstagohk y okpkohmkm ma majirekohÿg dktarkd saealkgtas k dis ma ugk oigstruoohÿg eigidåthok. Ag dk oigstruoohÿg ma euris oig oigaxhigas mè`hdas, ad mhsaûi ma èstks ni`hargk ad oiepirtkehagti ma dis euris.

ZAG]KLK_ X VPAJK@PHOKMK

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Dks vagtklks sig< ;. Eagir ekgi ma i`rk pir ughmkm i adaeagti astruoturkd, k okusk ma dk primuoohÿg eaokghzkmk ag sarha. 0. Kbirri ag ad oisti ma primuoohÿg kd uthdhzkr ekgi ma i`rk diokd gi aspaohkdhzkmk, ag oigtrksta oig kquaddk aspaohkdhzkmk qua sa trka ma itri shthi. ?. ]haepis ma oigstruoohÿg eës oirtis, pirqua ad trk`kli ma okepi sa dhehtk k dk oigstruoohÿg ma dk oheagtkohÿg y k dk oigaxhÿg ma dks ughmkmas prajk`rhokmks. =. Ealir oigtrid ma okdhmkm y ekyir rashstagohk mad oigorati, kdokgzk`das eamhkgta oigmhohigas ma pdkgtk. 1. Ekyir hgmapagmagohk ma dk oigstruoohÿg oig raspaoti kd odhek y k dks astkohigas.

Dks masvagtklks sig< ;. Ekyir oisti ma trkgspirta ma dks ughmkmas prajk`rhokmks ag oiepkrkohÿg oig ad kokrrai ma ektarhkdas. 0. Dis pri`daeks tèoghois kmhohigkdas. ?. Dis oistis ma dks oigaxhigas ag i`rk ma dis adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis.

Dis adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis sig ad guavi shstaek ma oigstruoohÿg hggivkmir qua sa mhoa qua as ugi ma dis ma ealir okdhmkm pir ad prioasi oigstruothvi qua ddavk ad prioasi ma jk`rhokohÿg ma dis mhjaragtas adaeagtis.

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Dis adaeagtis Vrajk`rhokmis surnharig pir dk gaoashmkm ma ipthehzkr oisti y thaepi ma oigstruoohÿg pkrk mhjaragtas i`rks oiei sig< puagtas, amhjhohis ma 1 i vkrhis ghvadas, euris ma oigtagohÿg, ìmanks, astkohigkehagtis, ato. As vhtkd hepirtkgohk tagar oigiohehagtis si`ra dis adaeagtis prajk`rhokmis oiei hgnagharis ohvhdas, pkrk rasidvar oukdquhar pri`daeëthok oig raspaoti mad ehsei,

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EKGQKD MA MH_AÛI MA A_]PQO]QPK_ VPAJK@PHOKMK_ X VPA_JIP\KMK_ Amukrmi Pahgisi Kgnudi, Ekrhi A. Pimrånuaz y Pkjkad @atkgoiurt Phìttk

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MH_AÛI MA A_]PQO]QPK_ MA OIGOPA]I Krtbur B. Ghdsig Amhtirhkd EoNrkw Bhdd Muimèohek amhohÿg

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MH_AÛI MA A_]PQO]QPK_ MA OIGOPA]I VPA_JIP\KMI Krtbur B. Ghdsig Amhtirhkd Dheusk _anugmk amhohÿg

A_]PQO]QPK_ MA OIGOPA]I VPAJK@PHOKMI ]A_H_ —VPAJK@PHOKMI_ MA OIGOPA]I AG DK HGMQ_]PHK MA DK OIG_]PQOOHßG― Adhzkàtb Nuarrk Bargëgmaz Hgsthtuti ]aogidÿnhoi ma dk Oigstruoohÿg

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3.1 Tipos de Prefabricas

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