Eor adalah metode perolehan minyak tahap lanjut berfungsi untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak di suatu lapangan minyakFull description
Metode-metode EORDeskripsi lengkap
75 Gold Recovery MethodsFull description
75 Gold Recovery Methods
eorFull description
eorDeskripsi lengkap
Used oil – as its name implies – is any petroleum -based or synthetic oil that has been used. During normal use, impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water or chemicals can get mixed i…Full description
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY _DOCX
Enhanced Oil Recovery
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Descripción: A very useful book on MEOR
petroleum engineering
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Various Enhanced Oil Recovery methods are explained briefly and Microbial Enhanced Oil recovery is discussed as the latest development in EOR Technique.
Descripción: Pruebas PVT
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Oil Recovery Methods : 1) Primary Recovery: Oil is transported to the surface by a naturally driving force. Solution gas drive Gas cap drive Water drive 2) Secondary Recovery: Pressure is maintained by injecting a fluid into the reservoir to replenish the fluid that is produced. Water flooding Gas flooding 3) Tertiary (enhanced) Recovery: This method uses a chemical-based technique to produced oil. These methods are often used in conjunction with gas or water flooding. A) Non-thermal Miscible flooding Polymer flooding Surfactant flooding B) Thermal Steam injection Steam flooding Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) In-situ combustion
Primary Recovery: Oil is transported to the surface by a naturally driving
force. There are three primary driving forces: forces:
1) Solution Gas Drive: Oil contains contains dissolved dissolved gases that will will be liberated with the reduction in pressure that occurs with with oil production. The gas fraction increases as oil travels from the reservoir to the well head. Bouyant forces cause the gas bubbles to rise. Oil is entrained with with the gas phase (gas lift). lift). The oil recovery efficiency with this mechanism is 5 to 30 % of the original oil in place (OOIP). Rapid decline in reservoir pressure. Producing GOR(gas oil ratio) starts low. then increases to a max and finally drops (reservoir blow-down). Negligible water production. production. Artificial lift needed in early production life.
2) Gas Cap Drive:
With this mechanism, the gas cap applies enough pressure to the oil phase to cause it to naturally flow through the well. The volume of the gas cap must be comparable to the volume of oil so that the reservoir pressure is not significantly reduced when the gas expands into the volume in the reservoir left by the produced oil. Oil recovery efficiencies of 20 to 40 % of the OOIP are typical. As P drops due to production, gas cap expands down. P support from gas cap depends on its size. Slow decline in reservoir P. Continuous rise in producing GOR. Negligible water production.
Depending on size of gas cap and P support schemes, well can flow naturally longer. Water Drive:
When the water phase within a reservoir is linked with an aquifer, it can provide pressure to drive the oil from the reservoir to the well head. In this case, the water phase will replenish the reservoir volume left by the produced oil. Typical oil recovery efficiencies are 35 to 75% of the OOIP. Common types of aquifer: bottom and edge. Reservoir P remains high (depends on aquifer strength). Producing GOR is unchanged until reservoir P declines below bubble point. Water production starts early. Water disposal costs can be high.
Estimation of primary recovery By: Guthrie and Greenberger E R
ER : Sw: μ 0: k: Φ: h:
=
0.2719 log k − 0.255569S W
−
0.1355 log µ 0
1.538φ − 0.0003488h + 0.11403
−
Secondary Recovery: Pressure is maintained by injecting a fluid into the
reservoir to replenish the fluid being produced.
1) Water Flooding:
This is the most common method of secondary recovery. Holes are strategically drilled such that injected water drives oil toward the production well. A specific geometry is typically used to drill the injection and well holes. Water is cheapest flooding agent. The need to dispose of produced water. Easy and safe to inject. Proven technology.
Hole Patterns:
2) Gas Flooding:
Gas flooding is similar to water flooding except that the driving fluid is natural gas rather than water.
Tertiary (Enhanced) Recovery: This method uses a chemical-based
technique to produce oil. These methods are often used in conjunction with gas or water flooding.
A) Non-Thermal Methods:
1) Miscible Flooding:
A specific volume or slug of solvent is injected, which is followed by water or gas flooding. The solvent acts to reduce the viscosity of the oil, which reduces its resistance to flow. Typical solvents include C 3H8, LPG (liquefied
petroleum gas: C2 to C4), or CO2. They combine with the oil phase to become a single fluid phase.
2) Polymer Flooding:
Similar to water flooding where a slug of immiscible fluid is injected followed by water flooding. The high viscosity injected fluid pushes the oil phase through the reservoir resulting in higher recovery levels. Typical polymers are xantham gum or hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. Polymers are mixed with water to prepare the injection fluid.
3) Surfactant Flooding: This technique is very similar to water flooding. The action of the surfactant can change the wetting properties of the reservoir rock from oil-wetting to water-wetting. This frees the oil which is attached to the rock resulting in higher oil recovery. Surfactants, in some cases, will help to stabilize oil/water mixtures resulting in a lower viscosity mixture. This further enhances recovery.
B) Thermal Methods : These methods are commonly used to produce heavy oil. 1) Steam Injection:
Heat is supplied by steam to the heavy oil to reduce its viscosity. In the case of steam injection, a single well is used to first inject the steam. After a finite period of time, oil is produced from the same well. This steam stimulation method, where injection and production are cycled, is known as “Huff and Puff”.
2) Steam Flooding:
One well is used to inject steam and a second well is used to produce the oil.
3) Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD):
A steam chamber is formed in a horizontal injector well. Oil is produced from a parallel horizontal well below the injector. Flow is caused by gravity Large oil recovery (50-60% of OOIP) Low steam/oil ratio (SOR) High productivity (0.25-0.5 m 3/d/m) m:
4) In-situ Combustion (Fire Flooding):
This in-situ (ie. within reservoir) method is initiated by causing combustion of the petroleum underground. This is followed by the introduction of air to the reservoir to sustain combustion. The combustion process provides heat, steam and gases which reduce the oil viscosity, resulting in higher production rates from the well. Even with all the different recovery techniques, only about 30% of the total amount of Western Canadian Original Oil in Place can be produced.
