INFORME Nº 3
MECÁNICA DE SUELOS Y ROCAS
TEMA: DESCRIPCION E IDENTIFICACION (PROCEDIMIENTO VISUAL Y MANUAL)
PROF: ING. ANGEL TAPIA TAPIA AUTOR: DIEGO DIEGO RAMÓN FECHA DE ENTREGA: 26/10/2016
DE
SUELOS
1. Objetivo Esta prát!a "#sr!$# %& pr'#"!(!#&t' para !"#&t!)!ar s%#*'s + s# $asa #& #* s!st#(a "# *as!)!a!,& '&-#&!'&a*. La !"#&t!)!a!,& s# a# (#"!a&t# %& #a(#& -!s%a* + (#"!a&t# #&sa+'s (a&%a*#s. C%a&"' s# r#%!#ra %&a !"#&t!)!a!,& pr#!sa "# s%#*'s para %s's '& )!&#s "# I&#&!#ra3 I&#&!#ra3 "#$#rá& %sars# *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's pr'#"!(!#&t's "#sr!t's "#sr!t's #& *'s s!st#(as 'rr!#&t#s "# *as!)!a!,&. E& #sta prát!a3 *a part# "# *a !"#&t!)!a!,& %# as!&a %& s($'*' + %& &'($r# a* r%p' s# *!(!ta a *as part%*as (#&'r#s "# 45 (( 789.
. De De!i !i"i "i#i #io" o"e$ e$ Para *as part%*as r#t#&!"as #& #* ta(! "# 45 (( 7893 s# s%!#r#& *as s!%!#&t#s "#)!&!!'&#s: a$# rt%ra %a"ra"a F%&'e"to$. Part%*as "# r'a %# &' pasa& %&a (a**a '& a$#rt%ra "# 700 (( 1289.
*+ij&%%o$. Part%*as "# r'a %# pasa& %&a (a**a '& a$#rt%ra %a"ra"a "# 700 (( 1289 + %#"a& r#t#&!"as #& %& ta(! "# 45 (( 789. *%&v&. Part%*as "# r'a %# pasa& %& ta(! "# 45 (( 789 + %#"a& r#t#&!"as s'$r# %& ta(! "# ;.45 (( N'.;9 '& *as s!%!#&t#s s%$"!-!s!'&#s: •
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Gr%#sa.< Pasa ta(! "# 45 (( 789 + %#"a r#t#&!"a s'$r# ta(! "# 1= (( 7/;89 F!&a.< Pasa& ta(! "# 1= (( 7/;89 + %#"a r#t#&!"a s'$r# ta(! "# ;.45 (( N'.;9.
A%e"&. Part%*as "# r'a %# pasa& %& ta(! "# ;.45 (( N'.;9 + %#"a& r#t#&!"as s'$r# %& ta(! "# 45 >( N'.2009 '& *as s%$"!-!s!'&#s s!%!#&t#s: •
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Gr%#sa.< Pasa ta(! "# ;.45 (( N'.;9 + %#"a r#t#&!"a s'$r# ta(! "# 2.00 (( N'.109. M#"!a.< Pasa ta(! 2.00 (( N'.109 + %#"a r#t#&!"a s'$r# ta(! "# ;25 >( N'.;09. F!&a.< Pasa ta(! "# ;25 >( N'.;09 + %#"a r#t#&!"' s'$r# ta(! "# 45 >( N'.2009.
A%#i,,&. ?%#*' %# pasa ta(! "# 45 >( N'.2009@ p%#"# %t!*!ars# para ('strar *a p*ast!!"a" '&s!st#&!a '(' "# (as!**a9 "#&tr' "# %& !#rt' !&t#r-a*' "# %(#"a"3 p#r' %# (%#stra '&s!"#ra$*# r#s!st#&!a %a&"' s# s#a a* a!r#. Para s% *as!)!a!,&3 %&a ar!**a #s %& s%#*' "# ra&' )!&'3 ' *a p'r!,& )!&a "# %& s%#*' '& %& &"!# "# p*ast!!"a" !%a* ' (a+'r %# ;3 para #* %a* *a ''r"#&a"a %# r#pr#s#&ta #* &"!# p*ást!' '&tra #* *(!t# *%!"' "# *a arta "# p*ast!!"a" a# p'r #&!(a "# *a *&#a 8A8. Lio. ?%#*' %# pasa ta(! "# 45 >( N'.20093 *!#ra(#&t# p*ást!' ' &' p*ást!' + %# #!$# p'a ' &!&%&a r#s!st#&!a %a&"' s# s#a a* a!r#. Para *as!)!a!,&3 %& *!(' #s %& s%#*' "# ra&' )!&'3 ' *a p'r!,& )!&a "# %& s%#*' '& &"!# p*ást!' (#&'r %# ; ' para #* %a* *a ''r"#&a"a "#* &"!# p*ást!' '&tra #* *(!t# *%!"' a# p'r "#$a' "# *a *&#a 8A83 #& *a arta "# p*ast!!"a". A%#i,,& o%'-"i#&. U&a ar!**a '& s%)!!#&t# '&t#&!"' 'rá&!' '(' para !&)*%!r #& *as pr'p!#"a"#s "#* s%#*'. P'r *as!)!a!,&3 %&a ar!**a 'rá&!a #s %& s%#*' %# s#ra *as!)!a"' '(' ar!**a3 ##pt' %# #* -a*'r "# s% *(!t# *%!"' "#sp%Bs "# s#a"a #& #* 'r&' #s (#&'r %# #* 45 "# "!' -a*'r a&t#s "# s#ars#. Lio o%'-"i#o. U& *!(' '& s%)!!#&t# '&t#&!"' 'rá&!' '(' para !&)*%!r #& *as pr'p!#"a"#s "#* s%#*'. P'r *as!)!a!,&3 %& *!(' 'rá&!' #s %& s%#*' %# s#ra *as!)!a"' '(' *!(' ##pt' %# s% -a*'r "# *(!t# *%!"' "#sp%Bs "# s#ars# #& #* 'r&' #s (#&'r %# #* 45 "# "!' -a*'r a&t#s "# s#ars#. T+%b&. U& s%#*' pr!('r"!a*(#&t# "# t#t%ra -##ta* #& #sta"'s -ar!a$*#s "# "#s'(p's!!,&3 %s%a*(#&t# '& '*'r 'rá&!'3 '*'r #&tr# ar(#*!ta 's%r' + &#r' 3 '&s!st#&!a #sp'&'sa3 + '&t#t%ra %# -ara "#s"# )!$r'sa asta a('r)a. . Re$+e" /e, 0%o#e/iie"to Usa&"' #* #a(#& -!s%a* + (#"!a&t# #&sa+'s (a&%a*#s s!(p*#s3 #sta N'r(a "a *'s r!t#r!'s para "#sr!$!r # !"#&t!)!ar *'s s%#*'s. A* s%#*' p%#"# "árs#*# %&a !"#&t!)!a!,& as!&á&"'*# %& 's9 s($'*' s9 "# r%p' + %& &'($r#. L's "!ara(as "# )*%'3 para s%#*'s "# ra&' r%#s' p%#"#& %sars# para as!&ar *'s s($'*'s "# r%p' + &'($r#s apr'p!a"'s. ?! #* s%#*' t!#&# pr'p!#"a"#s %# &' *' '*'a& *ara(#&t# "#&tr' "# %& r%p' #sp#)!'3 p%#"#& %sars# s($'*'s 8)r'&t#r!'s8. Es &##sar!' a#r %&a "!st!&!,& #&tr# "'$*#s s($'*'s + s($'*'s )r'&t#r!'s. a9
D'$*# s($'*'.< U& "'$*# s($'*' 'rr#sp'&"# a "'s s($'*'s s#para"'s p'r %& %!,&3 p'r ##(p*': GP
Est's s# &##s!ta& %a&"' #* s%#*' t!#&# )!&'s #&tr# 5 + 12 ' %a&"' *a ''r"#&a"a "#* *(!t# *%!"' + "#* &"!# p*ást!' a#& #& #* ár#a CL
?($'*' Fr'&t#r!'.< U& s($'*' )r'&t#r!' 'rr#sp'&"# a "'s s($'*'s s#para"'s p'r %&a "!a'&a*3 p'r ##(p*': CL/CH3 GM/?M3 + "#$#rá %sars# para !&"!ar %# #* s%#*' %# a s!"' !"#&t!)!a"' t!#&# pr'p!#"a"#s %# &' *' '*'a& "# (a&#ra "#)!&!t!-a "#&tr' "# &!&& r%p' #sp#)!'.
. U$o 2 $i'"i!i#&/o •
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La !&)'r(a!,& "#sr!pt!-a pr'p'r!'&a"a p'r #sta N'r(a p%#"# %sars# para "#)!&!r %& s%#*' + para a+%"ar #& *a #-a*%a!,& "# s%s pr'p!#"a"#s s!&!)!at!-as '& )!&#s "# I&#&!#ra. Esta !&)'r(a!,& "#sr!pt!-a "#$# %sars# para '(p*#(#&tar *a *as!)!a!,& "#* s%#*' -#r!)!a"a (#"!a&t# pr%#$as '&-#&!'&a*#s "# *a$'rat'r!'. Esta &'r(a p%#"# %sars# para !"#&t!)!ar s%#*'s %sa&"' s($'*'s + &'($r#s "# r%p'. Esta &'r(a p%#"# %sars# &' s,*' para *a !"#&t!)!a!,& "# s%#*'s #& #* a(p' s!&' ta($!B& #& #* *a$'rat'r!'3 ' #& %a*%!#r s!t!' "'&"# *as (%#stras "#* s%#*' "#$a& s#r !&sp#!'&a"as + "#sr!tas. E* pr'#"!(!#&t' t!#&# -a*'r !(p'rta&t# p'r%# p#r(!t# ar%par (%#stras "# s%#*'s "# arat#rst!as s!(!*ar#s "# ta* (a&#ra %# s# &##s!t# %& (&!(' "# #&sa+'s "# *a$'rat'r!' para s% *as!)!a!,& 'rr#ta. La a$!*!"a" para !"#&t!)!ar s%#*'s 'rr#ta(#&t# s# apr#&"#3 )á!* (#&t#3 $a' *a "!r#!,& "# p#rs'&a* #p#r!(#&ta"'3 p#r' ta($!B& p%#"# a"%!r!rs# '(para&"' s!st#(át!a(#&t# r#s%*ta"'s &%(Br!'s "# #&sa+'s "# *a$'rat'r!' "# s%#*'s tp!'s3 '& *'s '$t#&!"'s a part!r "# s%s arat#rst!as -!s%a*#s + (a&%a*#s. C%a&"' s# "#sr!$#& # !"#&t!)!a& (%#stras "# s%#*' "# %& ap!%#3 %&a p#r)'ra!,&3 ' r%p' "# p#r)'ra!'&#s ' ap!%#s3 &' #s &##sar!' s#%!r t'"'s *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's "# #sta N'r(a para a"a (%#stra. ?%#*'s "# arat#rst!as apar#&t#(#&t# s!(!*ar#s3 p%#"#& ar%pars# + %&a (%#stra '(p*#ta(#&t# "#sr!ta # !"#&t!)!a"a3 p%#"# r#*a!'&ars# #&t'&#s '& 'tras s!(!*ar#s "# (a&#ra %# s,*' s# r#%!#ra #)#t%ar %&'s p''s "# *'s #&sa+'s + pr'#"!(!#&t's "# !"#&t!)!a!,& "#sr!t's a%.
3. E4+i0o$
5.
6.
Na-aa "# $'*s!**' ' #spát%*a p#%#a. U& p#%#' t%$' "# #&sa+' '& tap,& ' arra '& tapa9. L%pas "# (a&' p#%#as.
Re&#tivo$
P%r#a "#* a%a.< A (#&'s %# s# !&"!%# 'tra 'sa3 %a&"' s# a# r#)#r#&!a a* a%a3 "#$#rá "ars# p'r #&t#&"!"' %# Bsta pr'-#&a "# %& a%#"%t' ' "# %&a )%#&t# &at%ra*3 !&*%!"a a%a %# &' s#a p'ta$*#.
!"' *'r"r!'.< U&a p#%#a $'t#**a "# á!"' *'r"r!' "!*%!"'3 HC*3 %&a part# "# HC* 10 N9 #& tr#s part#s "# a%a "#st!*a"a #st# r#at!-' #s 'p!'&a*9. Bas# #* &%(#ra* 49.
P%e#&+#io"e$ /e $e'+%i/&/
C%a&"' s# pr#par# *a s'*%!,& "!*%!"a "# HC* "# %&a part# '&#&tra"a "# á!"' 10 N9 #& tr#s part#s "# a%a "#st!*a"a3 "#$# ar#ars# #* á!"' *#&ta(#&t# a* a%a3 t'(a&"' *as pr#a%!'&#s "# s#%r!"a" &##sar!as. La s'*%!,& "#$#rá (a&#ars# '& %!"a"' + a*(a#&ars# '& s#%r!"a". ?! *a s'*%!,& s# p'&# #& '&tat' '& *a p!#*3 Bsta "#$#rá *a-ars# p#r)#ta(#&t# '& a%a. Pr#a%!,&.< N' "#$# ar#ars# a%a a* á!"'.
7.
M+e$t%eo
La (%#stra "#$#rá '&s!"#rars# '(' r#pr#s#&tat!-a "# *a apa "# %# )%# '$t#&!"a (#"!a&t# %& pr'#"!(!#&t' &'r(a*!a"' + a#pta"'. Pr#)#r!$*#(#&t#3 *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's "# #&sa+' "#$#rá& !"#&t!)!ars# '(' #)#t%a"'s "# a%#r"' '& *as prát!as &'r(a*#s "#* IN. Las (%#stras "#$#rá& !"#&t!)!ars# %!"a"'sa(#&t# '& r#sp#t' a s% 'r!#&. Las a&'ta!'&#s '&#r&!#&t#s a* 'r!#& "#$#rá& !&*%!r %& &(#r' para *a p#r)'ra!,& as '(' %& &(#r' para *a '$ra@ r#)#r!rs# a %& #strat' #'*,!' + a %& 'r!'&t# p#"'*,!'3 '&t#&#r %&a "#sr!p!,& "#* *%ar3 + s# "#$#rá r#*a!'&ar s% *'a*!a!,& '& r#sp#t' a %&a r#)#r#&!a p#r(a&#&t# ' a %& s!st#(a "# a*a&tar!**a"'3 #t. D#$#rá as!&árs#*#3 a"#(ás %& &(#r' "# #sta!,& '& r#sp#t' a %& ##3 as '(' *a pr')%&"!"a" + 'ta "# *a %a* s# '$t%-'.
Para s% "#sr!p!,& # !"#&t!)!a!,& #ata3 *a a&t!"a" (&!(a "# *a (%#stra %# "#$# #a(!&ars# #stará "# a%#r"' '& *a s!%!#&t# r#*a!,&: Ta(a' (á!(' "# *as part%*as A$#rt%ra "#* ta(!9 N'r(a* ;.45 (( =.5 (( 1=.0 (( 74.5 (( 45.0 ((
a*t#r&' N'. ;9 7/J9 KJ9 1 J9 7J9
Ta(a' (&!(' "# *a (%#stra3 p#s' s#' a* a!r# 100 1 200 1 1.0 .0 60.0
?! s# #&%#&tra& part%*as "!str!$%!"as a* aar + %# s!&!)!at!-a(#&t# s#a& (a+'r#s %# *as part%*as "# *a (atr! "#* s%#*'3 #sta *t!(a "#$#rá "#sr!$!rs# # !"#&t!)!ars# %!"a"'sa(#&t# "# a%#r"' '& #* apart# pr##"#&t#.
C%a&"' *a (%#stra %# #stá s!#&"' #a(!&a"a s#a (ás p#%#a %# *a a&t!"a" (&!(a r#'(#&"a"a3 #* !&)'r(# "#$#rá !&*%!r %&a a&'ta!,& apr'p!a"a '& r#sp#t' a #st'.
8.
I"!o%&#i9" /e$#%i0tiv& 0&%& ,o$ $+e,o$
A"'+,o$i/&/. D#sr!$!r *a a&%*'s!"a" "# *a ar#&a &!a(#&t# ta(a's r%#s's93 ra-a3 %!arr's3 + )ra(#&t's3 '(' a&%*'s's3 s%$
Co"/i#i9" /e +e/&/. D#sr$as# *a %(#"a" '(' s#a3 (#"a ' sat%ra"a3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.7. Re&##i9" #o" ;C,. D#sr$as# *a r#a!,& '& HC* '(' &%*a3 "B$!* ' )%#rt#3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.;. P%#st' %# #* ar$'&at' "# a*!' #s %& a#&t# #(#&ta&t# '(&3 "#$# !&)'r(ars# "# s% pr#s#&!a s! *a r#a!,& '& á!"' *'r"r!' "!*%!"' )%#r# !(p'rta&t#. Co"$i$te"#i&. Para s%#*'s !&tat's "# ra&' )!&'3 "#sr$as# *a '&s!st#&!a '(' (%+ $*a&"a3 )!r(#3 "%ra3 ' (%+ "%ra3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.5. Esta '$s#r-a!,& &' #s apr'p!a"a para s%#*'s '& a&t!"a"#s s!&!)!at!-as "# ra-a. Cee"t&#i9". D#sr$as# *a #(#&ta!,& "# *'s s%#*'s "# ra&' r%#s' '(' "B$!*3 ('"#ra"a ' )%#rt#3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.6. E$t%+#t+%&. D#sr$as# *a #str%t%ra "# *'s s%#*'s !&tat's "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.4. R&"'o /e ,o$ t&&io /e ,&$ 0&%t=#+,&$. D#sr$as# #* ta(a' (á!(' "# *as part%*as a**a"' #& *a (%#stra "# a%#r"' '& *a s!%!#&t# !&)'r(a!,&:
Ta(a' "# ar#&a.< ?! #* ta(a' (á!(' "# *a part%*a #s "#* ta(a' "# ar#&a3 "#sr$as# Bsta '(' )!&a3 (#"!a&a3 ' r%#sa '(' s# "#)!&# #& #* &%(#ra* 7.1.. P'r ##(p*': #* ta(a' (á!(' "# *a part%*a #s #* "# ar#&a (#"!a&a. < Ta(a' "# ra-a.< ?! #* ta(a' (á!(' "# *a part%*a #s "# *a ra-a3 "#sr$as# #* ta(a' (á!(' '(' #* "#* ta(! (ás p#%#' %# pasará *a part%*a. P'r ##(p*' ta(a' (á!(' "# *a part%*a3 74.5 (( 1893 pasa #* ta(! "# 74.5 (( 189 + %#"a r#t#&!"a #& #* ta(! "# 1=.0 (( 7/;893 "# a$#rt%ra %a"ra"a.
Ta(a's "# %!arr's ' )ra(#&t's.< ?! #* ta(a' (á!(' "# *a part%*a #s #* ta(a' "# )ra(#&t's ' #* "# %!arr's3 "#sr$as# *a "!(#&s!,& (á!(a "# *a part%*a (a+'r. P'r ##(p*': "!(#&s!,& (á!(a ;50 (( 189.
D+%e?&. D#sr$as# *a "%r#a "# *a ar#&a r%#sa + "# *as part%*as (ás ra&"#s '(' "# 8"%ra83 ' #sta$*Bas# *' %# s%#"# %a&"' *as part%*as s'& '*p#a"as '& %& (art!**'3 p'r ##(p*'3 *as part%*as "# ra-a s# )rat%ra& '& '&s!"#ra$*# &(#r' "# '*p#s "# (art!**'3 a*%&as part%*as s# "#s('r'&a& '& %& '*p# "# (art!**'. D%ras %!#r# "#!r part%*as %# &' s# ar!#ta&3 )rat%ra& &! "#s('r'&a& $a' %& '*p# "# (art!**'. Coe"t&%io$ &/i#io"&,e$. D#$#& a#rs# '(#&tar!'s ta*#s '(' pr#s#&!a "# ra#s ' %#'s "#$!"'s a Bstas@ "!)!%*ta" a* #)#t%ar *a p#r)'ra!,& ' #* $arr#&'3 a* a#r *a #a-a!,& "# tr!&#ras ' ap!%#s3 as '(' *a pr#s#&!a "# (!a. U& &'($r# *'a* '(#r!a* ' %&a !&)'r(a!,& #'*,!a "#$#rá& ar#ars# a* s%#*' para !"#&t!)!ar*' '(' ta*. As (!s('3 p'"rá ar#ars# %&a *as!)!a!,& # !"#&t!)!a!,& "#* s%#*' "# a%#r"' '& 'tr's s!st#(as %# *' !"#&t!)!%# '(' ta*.
1@.
I/e"ti!i#&#i9" /e t+%b&
U&a (%#stra '(p%#sta pr!&!pa*(#&t# "# t#!"'s -##ta*#s #& #sta"'s -ar!a$*#s "# "#s'(p's!!,& '& %&a t#t%ra3 "# )!$r'sa a a('r)a3 %s%a*(#&t# "# '*'r ar(#*!ta 's%r' a &#r'3 + '*'r 'rá&!'3 "#$#rá "#s!&ars# '(' s%#*' a*ta(#&t# 'rá&!' # !"#&t!)!ars# '(' t%r$a3 PT3 + &' s# s'(#t#rá a *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's "# #&sa+' "#sr!t's a '&t!&%a!,&.
11
PREPARACION PARA LA IDENTIFICACION
La !"#&t!)!a!,& "# *a part# "# s%#*' %# s# a# '& #sta &'r(a3 s# $asa #& *a p'r!,& "# *a (%#stra %# pasa p'r #* ta(! "# 45 (( 789. Las part%*as (a+'r#s "#$#& r#('-#rs# (a&%a*(#&t# %a&"' *a (%#stra #stB s%#*ta3 ' (#&ta*(#&t# #& #* as' "# %&a (%#stra !&tata3 a&t#s "# *as!)!ar #* s%#*'. Est(#s# + a&,t#s# #* p'r#&ta# "# %!arr's + #* "# )ra(#&t's. A* #)#t%ar #st's #st!(at!-'s -!s%a*#s3 s# ará& s'$r# *a $as# "# p'r#&ta#s #& -'*%(#&. P%#st' %# *'s p'r#&ta#s #& #* a&á*!s!s ra&%*'(Btr!' s'& "a"'s '(' p#s's s#'s + *'s #st!(at!-'s "# *'s p'r#&ta#s para ra-as3 ar#&as + )!&'s #& #sta N'r(a *' s'& #& p#s' s#'3 #s r#'(#&"a$*# %# # * !&)'r(# #sta$*#a %# *'s p'r#&ta#s "# )ra(#&t's + %!arr's s'& p'r -'*%(#&. D# *a (%#stra (#&'r %# 45 (( 7893 #st(#s# + a&,t#s# #* p'r#&ta# #& p#s' s#' "# *a ra-a3 ar#&a + )!&'s. P%#st' %# *a '(p's!!,& ra&%*'(Btr!a s# a# -!s%a*(#&t# '& $as# #& #* -'*%(#&3 s# &##s!ta '&s!"#ra$*# #p#r!#&!a para #st!(ar "!'s p'r#&ta#s '&
$as# #& #* p#s' s#' + "#$#rá& a#rs# '(para!'&#s )r#%#&t#s '& a&á*!s!s #)#t%a"'s #& #* *a$'rat'r!'. L's p'r#&ta#s s# #st!(ará& '& apr'!(a!,& "#* 5 . L's p'r#&ta#s "# ra-a3 ar#&a + )!&'s "#$#rá& "ar 100 . ?! %&' "# *'s '(p'&#&t#s s# a**a pr#s#&t# p#r' &' #& a&t!"a" s%)!!#&t# '(' para '&s!"#rar #* 5 "# *a )ra!,& %# pasa #* ta(! "# 45 (( 7893 !&"%#s# s% pr#s#&!a '& #* tBr(!&' traas@ p'r ##(p*': traas "# )!&'s. U&a traa &' "#$# '&s!"#rars# #& #* t'ta* "#* 100 para *'s '(p'&#&t#s.
1.
I/e"ti!i#&#i9" 0%e,ii"&%
E* s%#*' #s "# ra&' )!&' s! '&t!#&# 50 ' (ás "# )!&'s. ?as# #* pr'#"!(!#&t' para !"#&t!)!a!,& "# s%#*'s "# ra&' )!&' "#* &%(#ra* 17. E* s%#*' #s "# ra&' r%#s' s! '&t!#&# (#&'s "#* 50 "# ra&'s )!&'s. ?as# #* pr'#"!(!#&t' para !"#&t!)!ar s%#*'s r%#s's "#* &%(#ra* 1;.
1.
P%o#e/iie"to 0&%& i/e"ti!i#&% $+e,o$ /e '%&"o !i"o
Es,as# %&a (%#stra r#pr#s#&tat!-a "#* (at#r!a* %# s# -a a #a(!&ar. R#(%B-a&s# *as part%*as (a+'r#s %# #* ta(! "# ;25 >( N'.;09 ar#&a (#"!a&a + (ás r%#sa93 asta "!sp'&#r "# %&a (%#stra #%!-a*#&t# a %&a (a&'ta"a "# (at#r!a*. s#s# #sta (%#stra para "#t#r(!&ar r#s!st#&!a s#a3 as '(' *a "!*ata&!a + #* #&sa+' "# t#&a!"a" ' "%r#a.
Re$i$te"#i& $e#&:
Es,as# "# *a (%#stra (at#r!a* s%)!!#&t# para ('*"#ar %&a #s)#ra "# a*r#"#"'r "# 25 (( 189 "# "!á(#tr'3 ('*"#á&"'*a asta %# t#&a *a '&s!st#&!a "# %&a (as!**a3 ar#a&"' a%a s! )%#r# &##sar!'. D#* (at#r!a* ('*"#a"'3 #*a$,r#&s# a* (#&'s 7 #sp#(#&#s. U& #spB!(#& para #* #&sa+' '&s!st!rá #& %&a #s)#ra "# (at#r!a* "# 12.5 (( 89 "# "!á(#tr' apr'!(a"a(#&t#. P#r(tas# %# *'s #sp#(#&#s "# #&sa+' s# s#%#& a* a!r#3 a* s'* ' p'r (#"!'s art!)!!a*#s3 s!#(pr# %# *a t#(p#rat%ra &' ##"a "# 60 QC 1;0 QF9. ?! *a (%#stra '&t!#&# t#rr'&#s &at%ra*#s s#'s "# a*r#"#"'r "# 12.5 (( 89 "# "!á(#tr'3 p%#"#& %sars# Bst's #& *%ar "# #s)#ras ('*"#a"as.
E* pr'#s' "# ('*"#' + s#a"' #&#ra*(#&t# pr'"%# r#s!st#&!as (a+'r#s %# *as a**a"as #& t#rr'&#s &at%ra*#s s#'s.
E&sá+#s# *a r#s!st#&!a "# *as $'*!tas ' *'s t#rr'&#s apr#tá&"'*'s #&tr# *'s "#"'s. A&,t#s# s% r#s!st#&!a '(' &%*a3 $aa3 (#"!a&a3 a*ta3 ' (%+ a*ta3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.. ?! s# %sa& t#rr'&#s &at%ra*#s s#'s3 "#$#& "#s#ars# *'s r#s%*ta"'s "# *'s %# '&t#&a& part%*as "# ar#&a r%#sa. La pr#s#&!a "# (at#r!a*#s #(#&ta&t#s "# a*ta r#s!st#&!a %# s'& s'*%$*#s #& a%a3 '(' #* ar$'&at' "# a*!'3 p%#"# a%sar r#s!st#&!as s#as ##p!'&a*(#&t# a*tas. La pr#s#&!a "# #st# ar$'&at' p%#"# "#t#tars# #&#ra*(#&t# p'r *a !&t#&s!"a" "# *a r#a!,& '& #* á!"' *'r"r!' "!*%!"' -Bas# &%(#ra* =.69.
Di,&t&"#i&
Es,as# s%)!!#&t# (at#r!a* para ('*"#ar %&a #s)#ra "# apr'!(a"a(#&t# 12.5 (( 893 "# "!á(#tr'3 ('*"B#s# + arB%#s# a%a3 s! )%#r# &##sar!'3 asta %# #* s%#*' a"%!#ra '&s!st#&!a $*a&"a p#r' &' p#a'sa. C'& %&a &a-aa ' %&a p#%#a #spát%*a ap*á&#s# *a #s)#ra "# s%#*' as )'r(a"a #& *a pa*(a "# %&a "# *as (a&'s@ at#s# 'r!'&ta*(#&t# '*p#á&"'*a '&tra *a 'tra (a&' -ar!as -##s. N,t#s# *a r#a!,& %a&"' apar#a #* a%a #& *a s%p#r)!!# "#* s%#*'3 #* %a* ('strará %&a '&s!st#&!a #*at!&'sa + "# asp#t' $r!**a&t#. Epr(as# *a (%#stra apr#ta&"' #* s%#*' -ar!as -##s #&tr# *'s "#"'s + a&,t#s# *a r#a!,& '(' &%*a3 *#&ta3 ' ráp!"a "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.=. La r#a!,& #s *a -#*'!"a" '& *a %a* apar## #* a%a (!#&tras s# sa%"# + "#sapar## %a&"' s# apr!#ta.
Te"&#i/&/
D#sp%Bs "#* #a(#& "# "!*ata&!a *a (%#stra s# '&)'r(ará #& %&a past!**a a*ara"a + s# #&r'**ará '& *a (a&' s'$r# %&a s%p#r)!!# *!sa ' #&tr# *as pa*(as "# *as (a&'s asta )'r(ar r'**'s "# #ra "# 7 (( 1/89 "# "!á(#tr'. ?! *a (%#stra #stá (%+ (#"a para a#r )á!*(#&t# *'s r'**'s3 #t!B&"a*a #& %&a apa "#*a"a para %# p!#r"a a%a p'r #-ap'ra!,&9. ?# "#sará& *%#' *'s r'**!t's )'r(a"'s + s# -'*-#rá& a #&r'**ar r#p#t!"a(#&t# asta %# s# "#s('r'&#&. E* r'**!t' s# "#s('r'&ará a %& "!á(#tr' "# 7 (( 1/89 %a&"' #* s%#*' #stB #ra "#* *(!t# p*ást!'. ?# a&'tará *a pr#s!,& r#%#r!"a para )'r(ar *'s r'**!t's #ra "#* *(!t# p*ást!' as '(' s% r#s!st#&!a. D#sp%Bs "# %# #* r'**!t' s# "#s('r' "#$#rá& %&tars# *'s t#rr'&!t's %# %#"a& + a(asar*'s asta %# s# "#s('r'&#& + s# a&'tará #&t'&#s *a t#&a!"a" "#* (at#r!a* "%ra&t# #* a(asa"'. D#sr$as# *a t#&a!"a" "# t#rr'&#s + r'**!t's '(' $aa3 (#"!a&a ' a*ta3 "# a%#r"' '& *'s r!t#r!'s "# *a Ta$*a N'.10.
P,&$ti#i/&/
C'& $as# #& *as '$s#r-a!'&#s #as "%ra&t# #* #&sa+' "# t#&a!"a" "#sr$as# *a p*ast!!"a" "#* (at#r!a* s#& *'s r!t#r!'s "a"'s #& *a Ta$*a N'.11. D#$#rá "#!"!rs# s! #* s%#*' #s !&'rá&!' % 'rá&!' "# ra&' )!&' -#r &%(#ra* 17.9@ s! )%#r# !&'rá&!' s# s#%!rá& *'s pas's "a"'s. •
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I"#&t!)!a!,& "# s%#*'s !&'rá&!'s "# ra&' )!&'. I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' ar!**a (ara CL3 %a&"' t!#&# r#s!st#&!a s#a "# (#"!a&a a a*ta3 &!&%&a ' p'a "!*ata&!a3 + t#&a!"a" + p*ast!!"a" (#"!a&as -#r Ta$*a N'.129. I"#&t!)%#s# '(' ar!**a rasa3 CH3 %a&"' #* s%#*' t!#&# r#s!st#&!a #& s#' #&tr# #*#-a"a + (%+ a*ta3 &!&%&a "!*ata&!a3 + t#&a!"a" + p*ast!!"a" a*tas -#r Ta$*a N'.129.
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I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' %& *!('3 ML3 %a&"' t!#&# $aa ' &%*a r#s!st#&!a s#a3 "!*ata&!a "# *#&ta a ráp!"a3 + t#&a!"a" + p*ast!!"a" $aas , s! )%#ra &' p*ást!' -#r Ta$*a N'.129. I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' %& *!(' #*ást!'3 MH3 %a&"' t!#&# r#s!st#&!a #& s#' "# $aa a (#"!a&a3 "!*ata&!a "# &%*a a *#&ta3 + t#&a!"a" + p*ast!!"a" "# $aa a (#"!a -#r Ta$*a N'.129
Estas pr'p!#"a"#s s'& s!(!*ar#s a *as "# %&a ar!**a (ara@ s!& #($ar'3 #* *!(' s# s#ará ráp!"a(#&t# #& *a (a&' + "ará s#&sa!,& "# (%a s%a-!"a" %a&"' #stá s#'. A*%&'s s%#*'s %# s# *as!)!ara& '(' MH s'& "!)!*(#&t# "!st!&%!$*#s "# *a ar!**a (ara3 + p%#"#& r#%#r!rs# #&t'&#s #&sa+'s "# *a$'rat'r!' para s% !"#&t!)!a!,& a"#%a"a. •
I"#&t!)!a!,& "# s%#*'s 'rá&!'s "# ra&' )!&':
?# !"#&t!)!ará #* s%#*' '(' 'rá&!' OL/OH3 %a&"' '&t!#&# s%)!!#&t#s part%*as 'rá&!as '(' para %# !&)*%+a& s'$r# *as pr'p!#"a"#s "#* (!s('. L's s%#*'s 'rá&!'s #&#ra*(#&t# t!#&#& '*'r "# ar(#*!ta 's%r' a &#r' + p%#"#& t#&#r '*'r 'rá&!'. A (#&%"' *'s s%#*'s 'rá&!'s a($!a& "# '*'r3 p'r ##(p*' "# &#r' a ar(#*!ta %a&"' s# #p'&#& a* a!r#. A*%&'s s%#*'s 'rá&!'s a*ara& N'ta$*#(#&t# s% '*'r %a&"' s# s#a& a* a!r#. L's s%#*'s 'rá&!'s &' t#&"rá& t#&a!"a" &! p*ast!!"a" a*ta + *'s r'**!t's para #* #&sa+' "# t#&a!"a" s#rá& #sp'&'s's. E& a*%&'s as's '& prát!a + #p#r!#&!a p%#"# s#r p's!$*# !"#&t!)!ar (ás a(p*!a(#&t# s%#*'s 'rá&!'s '(' *!('s ' '(' ar!**as 'rá&!as3 OL3 % OH3 + p%#"#& 'rr#*a!'&ars# *a "!*ata&!a3 *a r#s!st#&!a s#a + *a t#&a!"a" '& *'s #&sa+'s "# *a$'rat'r!'3 para !"#&t!)!ar*'s #& a*%&'s "#p,s!t's "# (at#r!a*#s "# 'r!#& #'*,!' '&'!"'.
1
P%o#e/iie"to 0&%& i/e"ti!i#&% $+e,o$ /e '%&"o '%+e$o C%a&"' '&t!#&#& (#&'s "# 50 #& )!&'s9 •
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E* s%#*' #s ra-a s! s# #st!(a %# #* p'r#&ta# "# ra-a #s (a+'r %# #* "# ar#&a. E* s%#*' #s ar#&a s! s# #st!(a %# #* p'r#&ta# "# ra-a #s !%a* ' (#&'r %# #* "# ar#&a. E* s%#*' #s ra-a *!(p!a ' ar#&a *!(p!a %a&"' s# #st!(a %# #* p'r#&ta# "# )!&'s #s "# 5 ' (#&'s.
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?# !"#&t!)!a #* s%#*' '(' ra-a $!#& ra"a"a3 G3 ' '(' ar#&a $!#& ra"a"a3 ?3 s! t!#&# part%*as "#&tr' "# %& !&t#r-a*' a(p*!' "# ta(a's + s! p's## !%a*(#&t# a&t!"a"#s s%sta&!a*#s #& *'s ta(a's !&t#r(#"!'s. I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' ra-a p'$r#(#&t# ra"a"a3 GP ' ar#&a p'$r#(#&t# ra"a"a3 ?P3 s! t!#&# pr#"'(!&a&t#(#&t# %& s'*' ta(a' %&!)'r(#(#&t# ra"a"'93 ' s! p's## %& a(p*!' (ar#& "# ta(a's '& )a*ta&t#s #& *'s ra"'s !&t#r(#"!'s ra"a!,& '& sa*t's + -a's9. E* s%#*' p%#"# s#r %&a ra-a '& )!&'s ' %&a ar#&a '& )!&'s3 s! s# #st!(a %# #* p'r#&ta# "# Bst's #s "#* 15 ' (a+'r. I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' %&a ra-a ar!**'sa3 GC3 , %&a ar#&a ar!**'sa3 ?C3 s! *'s )!&'s s'& ar!**'s's %a&"' s# "#t#r(!&a& (#"!a&t# *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's "#* &%(#ra* 17. I"#&t!)%#s# #* s%#*' '(' ra-a *!('sa3 GM. ' ar#&a *!('sa3 ?M3 s! *'s )!&'s s'& *!('s's3 %a&"' s# "#t#r(!&a& (#"!a&t# *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's "#* &%(#ra* 17.
?! s# #st!(a %# #* s%#*' '&t!#&# "#* 'r"#& "# 10 "# )!&'s3 "Bs#*# a* s%#*' %&a !"#&t!)!a!,& "'$*# (#"!a&t# "'s s($'*'s para #* r%p'. •
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E* pr!(#r s($'*' "#* r%p' "#$#rá 'rr#sp'&"#r a ra-a ' ar#&a *!(p!a G3 GP3 ?3 ?P9 + #* s#%&"' a ra-a ' ar#&a '& )!&'s GC3 GM3 ?C3 ?M9. < E* &'($r# "#$#rá 'rr#sp'&"#r a* "#* pr!(#r s($'*' "#* r%p' (ás *as pa*a$ras 8'& ar!**a8 , 8'& ar#&a83 para !&"!ar #* arát#r p*ást!' "# *'s )!&'s. P'r ##(p*': ra-a $!#& ra"a"a '& ar!**a3 G
13.
INFORME
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E* !&)'r(# "#$#rá !&*%!r *a !&)'r(a!,& #& %a&t' a* 'r!#& + a *'s r#&*'&#s !&"!a"'s #& *a Ta$*a N'.17.
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E#(p*': ra-a ar!**'sa '& ar#&a + %!arr's3 GC@ Gra-a "# s%$
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C'&"!!'&#s #& #* s!t!': )!r(#3 s#a3 '('B&#a3 ar(#*!ta. I&t#rpr#ta!,& #'*,!a: a$a&!' a*%-!a*.
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?! s# "#s#a3 *'s p'r#&ta#s "# ra-a3 ar#&a + )!&'s p%#"#& #sta$*##rs# #& tBr(!&'s %#
5 a 10 15 a 25. 70 a ;5. 50 a 100.
?! #& *a "#sr!p!,& a s!"' !"#&t!)!a"' #* s%#*' (#"!a&t# %& s($'*' + %& &'($r# para #* r%p'3 s# "#$# "!st!&%!r + #sta$*##r *ara(#&t# #& *'s rá)!'s3 ta$*as r#s%(#&3 !&)'r(#s3 + "#(ás3 %# *'s s($'*'s + &'($r#s s# $asa& #& *'s pr'#"!(!#&t's para *a *as!)!a!,& (a&%a* + -!s%a*.
15.
PRECISION Y TOLERANCIA
Esta &'r(a pr'-## !&)'r(a!,& %a*!tat!-a &!a(#&t#@ p'r *' ta&t'3 &' s'& ap*!a$*#s a *a (!s(a *'s #&%&!a"'s "# pr#!s!,& + t'*#ra&!a.
16.
CORRESPONDENCIA CON OTRAS NORMAS A?TM D 2;
De$#%i0#i9" /e ,&$ +e$t%&$
Gra-a $!#& ra"%a"a3 ra-a )!&a a r%#sa G9@ ?%$a&%*ar#s@ #t a%a *!$r# -!s!$*#9@ Part%*as )!r(#s "# '&s!st#&!a )%#rt#@ A*ta r#s!st#&!a #& s#'@ N' s# "!*ata@ N' p*ást!'@ Part%*as "# ra&' r%#s' #ra "#* 50< ra&' )!&' a (#"!' 50.
Orá&!a "#* ?%#*' OL / OH9 < C#ra "# 100 "# )!&'s '& $aa p*ast!!"a"3 "!*ata&!a *#&t'3 r#s!st#&!a #& s#' $a' + $aa t#&a!"a"@ (#"a3 "# '*'r (arr,& 's%r'3 '*'r 'rá&!'@ "B$!* r#a!,& '& HC*.
Ar!**a "# a*ta p*ast!!"a" CH9@ M'a"a "# '&s!st#&!a (%+ s%a-#@ '('B&#a3 r#s!st#&!a #& s#' (#"!a@ C'*'r (arr,& *ar'@ N' a+ a($!'s -!s!$*#s r#sp#t' a *a "!*ata&!a@ D%r#a $aa + a*ta(#&t# p*ást!'
L!(' ML9@ H(#"' '& a%a -!s!$*#@ C'&s!st#&!a (%+ s%a-#@ H'('B&#' (!s(' '*'r + apar!#&!a a *' *ar'9@ C'*'r 's%r'@ ?# "!*ata ráp!"a(#&t# apar## #* a%a ráp!"a(#&t# #& *a s%p#r)!!# "# *a (%#stra "%ra&t# a!ta!,& + "#sapar## ráp!"a(#&t# a* apr#tar9@ R#s!st#&!a #& s#' &!&%&' "# $aa@ D%r#a + p*ast!!"a"
Gra-a Ca*!)!a"'
Gra-a<a*!)!a"a $%#&a GP9@ G%!arr's@ A&%*ar!"a" "# part%*as s%$r#"'&"#a"as@ 40 "# part%*as (#"!a&as3 15 "# part%*as ra&"#s3 + 5 pr#s#&!a "# ar#&as ' *!('@ C#(#&ta!,& )!r(#.
Gra-a<a*!)!a"a $%#&a G/GP9@ A&%*ar!"a" ra-as a&%*'sas + a*ara"as9@ C#ra "# = "# part%*as ra&"#s@ C#(#&ta!,& )!r(# + a*ta(#&t# "%ra.
Gra-a<a*!)!a"a $%#&a G/GP9@ A&%*ar!"a" ra-as s%$r#"'&"#a"as #& (a+'r part#9@ F'r(a "# part%*as p*a&as + a*ara"as@ C#(#&ta!,& )!r(#3 a*ta(#&t# "%r'.
Ar#&a ?/?P9@ ar#&a '& 'rá&!'s ?M9 < A*r#"#"'r "#* == )!&'3 "%r'3 ar#&a 's%ra s%$a&%*ar#s@ a*r#"#"'r "#* 1 "# r%#s's@ N' p*ást!'s s!& r#s!st#&!a #& s#' + "!*ata&!a *#&ta@ s#a.
Gra-as (#t#'r!a"as "# a*!)!a!,& (a*a GM/GC9@ Pr#s#&!a "# *!('s
Gra-as "# a*!)!a!,& (#"!a GM/GC9@ Gra-as '& "!)#r#&t# ta(a' + a&%*'s!"a" "# s%s part%*as@ Gra&'s a*%*'s's
Gra-a *!('sa "# a*!)!a!,& (a*a GM9@ Pr#s#&!a "# ra-as (#t#'r!a"as a'(paa"as "# *!('s@ ra&'s p#%#'s 253 ra&"#s 253 + )!&'s *!('9 50@ Est's ra&'s s'& s%$r#"'&"#a"'s3 s%$a&%*'s's@ A%s#&!a "# %(#"a"@ C'&s!st#&!a "#* )!&' s')t3 '&s!st#&!a ra&'s ('"#ra"'@ H'('B&#' + r#s!st#&t# #& s#' (#"!'@ D!*ata&!a &!&%&a@ N' p*ást!'3
