Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
Gráficos
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
1 - Introdução Os gráficos são ferramentas importantes para a análise de dados; eles permitem visualizar o conjunto de dados de uma maneira fácil, ilustrativa e resumida. Além disso, são de grande ajuda ao analisarmos as saídas geradas pelas análises estatísticas do MINITAB. O menu Graph é um menu para criar gráficos. Podemos visualizá-lo na figura 1.
Figura 1
Destacamos os seguintes tipos de gráficos do MINITAB: • • • • •
Time Series Plot : Gráfico de Série Temporal; Boxplot : Gráfico de Caixa; Histogram : Histograma; Bar Chart : Gráfico de Barras; Scatterplot : Gráfico de Dispersão.
2 - Gráfico de Série Temporal
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
EXEMPLO 1 Proposta:
Treinar a utilização dessa ferramenta através de uma tabela de dados referentes a 3 variáveis. Problema:
1 - Construir dois gráficos de linha da variável Var 1, sendo que o primeiro com uma linha conectando pontos adjacentes e, o outro, mostrando somente os pontos do gráfico. 2 - Construir um gráfico de linha da Var 1, classificando cada conjunto de dados com um símbolo diferente. Para classificar os dados, utilize a Var 3.
Ferramentas:
Time Series Plot Arquivo de dados:
TimeSeriesPlot.mpj
Construção dos Gráficos: Gráfico 1
1. Abra TimeSeriesPlot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Time Series Plot > Simple 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 2.1:
Figura 2.1
4. Clique em OK
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Figura 2.2 – Gráfico com pontos conectados
Gráfico 2
1. Abra TimeSeriesPlot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Time Series Plot > Simple 3. Clique em Data View na caixa de diálogo, e deixe somente a opção Symbol s selecionada, conforme mostra a figura 2.3:
Figura 2.3
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
Figura 2.4 – Gráfico somente com pontos
Gráfico 3
1. Abra TimeSeriesPlot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Time Series Plot > With Groups 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 2.5:
Figura 2.5
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Figura 2.6 – Gráfico para grupos diferentes
3 - Boxplot O boxplot, ou gráfico de caixa, é uma ferramenta exploratória de dados. Neste gráfico, temos uma idéia sobre a localização e dispersão do conjunto de dados. A localização é representada pela mediana (linha que corta a caixa) e a dispersão pode ser visualizada pelo valor mínimo, 1º Quartil, 3º Quartil e pelo valor máximo, conforme mostra a figura 3.1: Máximo 3º Quartil Mediana 1º Quartil Mínimo
Figura 3.1
EXEMPLO 2 Proposta:
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
2 - Construir em uma mesma Graph Window , os boxplots para as variáveis Fornecedor 1 e Fornecedor 2, indicando o valor da média para cada conjunto de dados. Ferramentas:
Boxplot
Arquivo de dados:
Boxplot.mpj
Construção dos Gráficos: Gráfico 1
1. Abra Boxplot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Boxplot > One Y (Simple) 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 3.2:
Figura 3.2
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Figura 3.3 – Boxplot para o Fornecedor 1
Gráfico 2
1. Abra Boxplot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Boxplot > Multiple Y’s (Simple) 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 3.4:
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
Figura 3.5
5. Clique em OK O gráfico é mostrado na figura 3.6:
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
4 – Histograma O histograma é um gráfico de barras que permite a visualização da distribuição de freqüências de um conjunto de dados, isto é, permite visualizar a freqüência de ocorrência dos valores observados. No MINITAB, além da freqüência, o histograma também pode representar o percentual ou a densidade dos dados.
EXEMPLO 3 Proposta:
Treinar a utilização dessa ferramenta através de uma tabela de dados referente ao preço de um determinado produto.
Problema:
1 - Construir um histograma da variável Preço, com as opções padrão do MINITAB; 2 - Construir um histograma de percentual da variável Preço, utilizando uma curva normal. Ferramentas:
Histogram
Arquivo de dados:
Histogram.mpj
Construção dos Gráficos: Gráfico 1
1. Abra Histogram.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Histogram > Simple 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 4.1
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4. Clique em OK O gráfico é mostrado na figura 4.2:
Figura 4.2 – Histograma para a variável preço
Gráfico 2
1. Abra Histogram.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Histogram > Simple 3. Clique em Scale > Y-Scale Type e, complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 4.3:
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
Figura 4.4
4. Clique em OK O gráfico é mostrado na figura 4.5:
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Cu r s o d e M I N I T A B – U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l d e O u r o P r e t o
5 – Gráfico de Barras O comando Bar Chart permite fazer gráficos de área, linha e barras. Devido à maior utilização, aprofundaremo-nos mais nos gráficos de barras. Estes são utilizados afim de mostrar comparações entre grupos de dados. Usualmente, a altura das barras representa a soma total ou contagem dos elementos das classes.
EXEMPLO 4 Proposta:
Treinar a utilização dessa ferramenta através de uma tabela de dados referente ao total vendido por cada loja e da média de vendas de cada loja.
Problema:
1 - Construir gráficos de barras para resolver o problema proposto.
Ferramentas:
Bar Chart
Arquivo de dados:
BarChart.mpj
Construção dos Gráficos: Gráfico 1
1. Abra BarChart.mpj
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Figura 5.2 – Total de vendas de cada loja
Gráfico 2
1. Abra BarChart.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Bar Chart > A function of a variable > One Y (Simple) 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 5.3:
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Figura 5.4 – Média de vendas por loja
6 – Gráfico de Dispersão É um gráfico no qual cada ponto representa um par ordenado de valores, onde podemos visualizar a relação entre duas variáveis. Com base neste gráfico, podemos ter uma idéia
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Construção dos Gráficos: Gráfico 1
1. Abra Scatterplot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Scatterplot > Simple 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 6.1:
Figura 6.1 4. Clique em OK O gráfico é mostrado na figura 6.2:
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Gráfico 2
1. Abra Scatterplot.mpj 2. Selecione Graph > Scatterplot > With Groups 3. Complete a caixa de diálogo como mostra a figura 6.3: