Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations T Advnur Huklrry Finn T Ag Innn Ali’ Advnur in Wndrland W ndrland All Qui n h Wrn W rn Frn Frn Animal Farm T Ballad h Sad Caé Blvd Bwul Blak By T Blu Ey T Canrury al al Ca n a H in R Cah-22 T Cahr Cahr in h Ry Ry T Chrnil Narnia T Clr Purpl Crim and Punihmn T Cruil Darkn a Nn Dah a Salman T Dah Armi Cruz Dn Quix Emrn’ Eay E ay Emma Fahrnhi Fahrn hi 451 4 51 A Farwll Arm Franknin T Gla Mnagri T Grap Wrah
Gra Expain T Gra Gay Gullivr’ ravl Haml T Handmaid’ al Har Darkn I Knw Why h Cagd Bird Sing T Iliad Inviil Man Jan Eyr T Jy Luk Clu Juliu Caar T Jungl Lng Day’ Jurny in Nigh Lrd h Fli T Lrd h Ring Lv in h im Chlra T Man Wihu Qualii T Mamrphi Mi Lnlyhar My-Dik My Ánnia Naiv Sn Nigh 1984 T Odyy Odipu Rx T Old Man and h Sa On h Rad On Flw vr h Cuk’ N
On Hundrd Yar Sliud Pruain Prny’ Cmplain Prid and Prjudi Ragim T Rd Badg Curag Rm and Juli T Ruáiyá Omar Khayyám T Sarl Sar l Lr A Spara Pa Pa Sila Marnr Slaughrhu-Fiv Sng Slmn T Sund and h Fury T Srangr A Srar Namd Dir Sula T al al Gnji A al al w w Cii “T ll- ll-al al Har Har”” and Ohr Sri Tir Ey Wr Wr Wahing W ahing Gd Ting Fall Apar Kill a Mkingird Uly Waiing W aiing r Gd T Wa Wa Land Wuhring W uhring High Yung Y ung Gdman Brwn
Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations
Grg Orwll’
Animal Farm Farm New Edition
Edited and with with an introduction by
Harld Blm
Srling Pr Prr r h Humanii Yal Y al Univriy
Bloom’s Modern Critical Bloom’s Crit ical Interpretations: I nterpretations: Anima An imall Farm—New Far m—New Edit Edition ion
Cpyrigh © 2009 y Ina Pulihing Inrduin © 2009 y Harld Blm All righ rrvd. N par hi puliain may rprdud rprdud r uilizd in any rm r y any man, lrni r mhanial, inluding phpying, rrding, r y any inrmain rag r rrival ym, wihu prmiin in wriing rm h pulihr. Fr mr inrmain na: Blm’ Lirary Criiim An imprin Ina Pulihing 132 W 31 Sr Nw Yrk NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grg Orwll’ Orwll ’ Animal arm / did and wih an inrduin y Harld Blm. Blm. — Nw d. p. m. — (Blm’ (Blm’ mdrn mdrn riial riia l inrprain) Inlud iligraphial rrn and indx. ISBN 978-1-60413-582-4 (aid-r papr) 1. Orwll, Grg, 1903– 1903–19 1950. 50. Animal arm. arm. 2. P Pliial liial iin, Englih—Hiry Englih—Hiry and riiim. riiim. 3. Sair, Englih—Hiry Englih—Hiry and riiim. 4. Dypia in liraur. liraur. I. Bl Blm, m, Harld. II. il. III. Sri. PR6029.R8A746 PR6029.R8A7 46 2010 823'.912—d22 2009018851 Blm’ Lirary Criiim k ar availal a pial diun whn purhad in ulk quanii r uin, aiain, iniuin, r al prmin. Pla all ur Spial Sal Dparmn in Nw Yrk a (212) 967-8800 r (800) 322-8755. Yu an ind Blm’ Yu Blm’ Lirary Lirar y Criiim Criii m n h Wrld Wid W W a hp://www.hlahu.m Cnriuing dir: Pamla L Cvr dignd y akhi akahahi Prind in h Unid Sa Amria IB IB 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 hi k i prind pr ind n aid-r papr. p apr. All link and W W addr wr hkd and vriid rr a h im puliain. Bau h dynami naur h W, m addr and link may hav hangd in puliain and may n lngr valid.
Contents
Edir’ N
vii
Inrduin
1
Harold Bloom
Pliial Fiin and Pariar Pariarhal hal Fanay
3
Daphne Patai
Allgry lgry Animal Farm: An Al Valerie Meyers
Rvluin
23
Languag a hm in Animal Farm
35
Samir Elbarbary
Rvluin n Animal Farm: Orwll’’ Ngl Orwll Ngld d Cmm Cmmnary nary
45
V.C. Letemendia Animal Farm Roger Fowler
59
Orwll, ly, and Animal Farm Robert Pearce
79
vi
Cnn
An An Pampring: h Brayal h Animall Farm Rllin and h End Dny in Anima
87
Anthony Stewart
Grg Orwll’ Orwll ’ Dyp D ypia: ia: Frm Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four Peter Edgerly Firchow
Chrnlgy
151
Cnriur
153
Biligraphy
155
Aknwldgmn Indx
161
159
125
Editor’s Edit or’s Note Note
My d g Animal Farm v, dg p pzd zd y yy Ow’ Ow ’ S , v g I d k v, d pyg y kg . Dp P Animal Farm d pd , I vy- d dg, Ow w. V My y v g d , w S Ey w Ow O w gg y p. Ow’ d d gd y V.C. Ld, g g I y y d Animal Farm Farm dpg p. Rg Fw p Animal Farm gy y y p, w Rg P d y’ k. T p -d dy y Ay Sw, w P P Edgy F Fw w Animal Farm Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four..
vii
HAROLD BLOOM
Introduction
O kd Gg Ow w ypy g y w pd . d y pg Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four ; Np (S) p O’B, pp v wp-wdg d y y Ow Ow d . P P Bx, yd wk, y v W S, d M g p J. Ow’ dk pp g , J Sw: Sw : E vd dvd dv d p, w w dpg k kd d . Wv w Animal Farm, k Nineteen Eighty-Four , py w w w w w dy. Ev Bj, -pd d dky, d y, d p gg, w d , gy gy dv Bx. Bx. I’ I d’ p Sw (ky) y Nineteen Eighty-Four , vv d vv. T g Cd Np Fy vd Animal Farm dp Sw’ A ale of a ub ub y : “ p pp y xpdy,” Up. Uk Sw, wv, wv, Fy Fy g , Ow d w v. T d gd k: W d NpS w? Ow’ p y pw dd y y py w k, Animal Farm dy k vy . T g g, dd pyg -
1
2
Harld Blm
y, w C T, d Animal Farm y vd pyg g. Ow y w , gy ppd w pvg w w d-d v w g g wd y dpvy dpvy.. Animal Farm, k Nineteen Eightypz d wd Four, v w g pzd w p-Ow “v y” y ” d d y y y dvd y. P d g Animal Farm w g v y wy--y A w “” “” w pd v v v p “C w A Fy Fy.” .” Pp y w : “A y, .”
D A P H N E P AA I
Political Fiction and Patriarchal Fantasy
I
y “Mk,” Ow pp , dg y M, “A pp w wk w d py v.” Dg “vy d w,” d wd, w pd y vy v wk, : “I y y I d . Fwd w pg— w w I w ” (CEJL, 1:391). O dy ppd wkg d wd d y d “ g d ”— w. By , w, w w d: “I d v M I d vdg dky d w d d y .” .” Ow Ow d M dky, dky, d wg wk, pp w Bx, d dwkg Animal Farm, d d: “A “A dz y y dvd wk, ddy dp d p dd, wp p d d vg v g dg v g d” d ” (1:392) (1:392).. I g g xp x p dy gz p , , Ow Ow : : “ “ kd g k ’ d , w— w— pg g d . I g, y pg . Pp w w k x d v. Ay y dky Frm he Orwell Mystique: A Study in Male Ideology , pp. 201–18, 306–10. © 1984 y Daphn Paai.
3
4
Daphn Paai
w gd g d k, gy wg w g kd d d v d w d d k” (1:392). w, Ow d xpd, “pd d w, y d” (1:391 (1:391). ). R py p y , y Ng d (vy v Ow, wv) dd y w p pw. Ow xpd g Animal Animal Farm 1947 p Uk d k. F dd d “ vd d Sv y w w wd vv S v.”
On my rurn rm rm Spain I hugh xping h Svi myh in a ry ha uld aily undrd y alm anyn and whih uld aily ranlad in hr languag. Hwvr Hwvr h aual dail h ry did n m m r m im unil n day (I wa hn living in a mall villag) I aw a lil y, prhap n yar ld, driving a hug ar-hr ar-hr alng a narrw pah, whipping i whnvr i rid urn. I ruk m ha i nly uh animal am awar hir rngh w huld hav n pwr vr hm, and ha mn xpli animal in muh h am way a h rih xpli h prlaria. I prdd analy Marx’ hry rm h animal’ pin viw. hm i wa lar ha h np a la ruggl wn human wa pur illuin, in whnvr i wa nary xpli animal, all human unid again hm: h ru ruggl i wn animal and human. Frm hi pin dparur, i wa n diiul lara h ry. [CEJL, 3:405–6] I M, Ow pvd dky dy w-kd w. g dpd p d pp (“y (“y pg ”), ”), pp Ow. W dpd w w Animal Farm. F w Ow w dy k xp d , dy pd p w pg d gd. I w ppy Ow dy w kgd, xpd d “,” d d d dv wd y gd pp. T ’ ppv dpd y Ow g p d — gg g
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
5
“p ”—w . Ag v d xp , d y d p. T x gg d g xp . Oy g p, wv, d Ow w Animal Farm; , gy wd Ow p gz, d wk w, g, , Gy Cd p , “gy v d . . . p v g gzd gz d , d dd p dd y d dg .” 1 Cd g Animal Farm d Nineteen Eighty-Four , k d d g g, , “ g ( y xp) d d g v w g v. Idd, w y dd y .” 2 Agy,, k y, ppp d w Agy w pd wy.3 T , Np Fy vd, vd, dk gy,, d gy d y y pg d.4 I Cd’ wd: “T d y wy dg wk d gy.”5 T v y Ow’ O w’ x Animal Farm Farm d “y.” A p p’’ j y D D P Nw N w Yk Yk 1944, 194 4, gd “ w p USA,” Ow w “ “ w A p gpg w ,” xpd g (CEJL, 4:110); d v ggd “ g w dg d-jk A d w k ” (4:111). Ow d v wd. W pd Ud S 1946, Animal Farm w Bk--M C , d pdd p w y ’ pd gg Animal Farm v . I d v p (4:519) d . F g dd, w dy p wk -C x d dy g A , ppy pp. 6
Patriarch Pigs, Maternal Mares, and Other Animals pyg py g pp pp y y dd: By p jg , , d vd g d vwd y -wd p y pd d y p g . 7 N d, wv, gy d w pjd y dp. O y, Animal Farm
6
Daphn Paai
dy p ggg d’ pvd d. ’ p y g kgd d gg . I , Ow vk y ypy p d pg, kg d g dg, d w z d g . B v y g y d y py d g p Homo sapiens ; , y dvp, d py “” g pg d “p” g w d. v, d w v ’ d gz . T d ppv, d , y, gy d. 8 Ow pvd pgy xp dg w w g v: “S gg k w k ” (22). Ev Sw’ wg dw Sv Cd A dg: “I w vy y w, d xp ‘d ‘d’’ w w ‘d’ d ‘S’’ w wg wy d, pg w wy g” (23). Dp y p x, d pp y dk y d. A g pdg d g pg’ wd y. Ag d g Ow dk d , v gg , “B Egd,” y v, xp. T xp wy k d w p y d, w d dy y d w d k d d k. A , d z gy z Ow’ O w’ p df w w . H d wk w p w d g g—dy v— py p. Ow’ g Mx ppp y g ( g ) py gy. K Bdk, xdy v d Proud Man, pd 1934 d pdy “My C,” dp B y vg p vvd -zg “p” w “.” Bdk’ p gg: “A “A pvg dvd y z zy y,, w pvg x dvd vy.” 9 Bdk d p d v (w w ppy Ow) d
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
7
“v pvg.” S pp w d p, xd d g —“w vy vy,” ,” . . 10 I Animal Farm, wv, Ow d dd v dv y—y x— w py . O , w kw w z “dp g” 11 d R Rv p; dpg p g dd w Ow v p y gd y. O y, y pdd Animal Farm. Ag Animal Farm Farm d d Ow, 12 g w pg w y v, k pg w , j pg , , d pg kp dg pp. Od Mj, “pz Mdd W ” (5) w d g d, y dd p wd: “H w wv y d d d y gw , w j-kg pg, w w d v pp p d v ” (5–6). I g w , Mj y: “I ky . I wv y d d v d v dd d. S pg” (10). Ow p p w v , g py pd w d y . Ay p d d, d w, , dy d k; w y , w , y p g pg, Np. Ld, , y gd (Mj) d (Np)— y d “p.” Cg w p pp dd Mj , d dd d Cv, “ y y ppg pp g dd dd , w d v g g k ” (6). Cv zd v y g . W d dkg d , Cv “d w d w g g,” d y d dw d (7). Tg Cv wk g w Bx— “ g y w dy p g” (6) w Ow p wkg , g v-, jdg y g— dd d g p wk . 13 Ow d v p w y pw p v. A Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four , “” , g d, w y p d v. I dd,
8
Daphn Paai
v () dv y v d xpv p d . . . . Ow z gy ppg wy; gy g pvy, xp, pd v “Id W” d pv w d w py p. T v dd w Ow’ O w’ pv gy. Cv’ pv pv g wd dkg, vwd pvy Animal Farm, d y Ow d g v p w Ax C 1943, y Ow O w g pg Animal Farm Farm. Fg g-gy , Ow gy g y ddd C g p g:
Bu yu dn’ h a Salin—ha’ “n dn”— Only a Churhill; I’v n wih prai him, I’d gladly h him whn h war i wn, Or nw, i hr wr mn rpla him. Bu unlik m, I’ll pay him wha I w him; Tr wa a im im whn mpir rahd lik hu, And many a pink wh’d ir a yur pm Wa W a glad nugh ling Churhill’ rur. Chri! hw hy huddld up n anhr Lik day-ld hik au hir r-mhr! [CEJL, 2:301]
pv v ( Coming Up for Air ) jd y pvd. B pv g , v y, dd Animal Farm,14 d g Cv Ow xp d d v “pg” , d dd d :
A Clvr lkd dwn h hillid hr y lld wih ar. I h uld hav pkn hr hugh, i wuld hav n ay ha hi wa n wha hy had aimd a whn hy had hmlv yar ag wrk r h vrhrw h human ra. T n rrr and laughr wr n wha hy had lkd rward n ha nigh whn ld Majr r irrd hm rllin. I h hrl had had any piur h uur, i had n a iy animal r r rm rm hungr and h whip, all qual, ah wrking arding hi apaiy, h rng pring h wak, a h had prd h la rd dukling wih hr rlg n h nigh Majr’ ph. [75–76]
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
9
Cv d w Bx, w d py v wk v d (74). g Cv “wd , wk d, y d w gv , d p dp dp Np” (76) (76),, w kw “ “ w d d pd d d” d ” (76). (76). B B k wd xp w d d g “B Egd.” Cv d p Ow’ v p ..15 T p pd y M, “ “ , py w w w w dw M J’ J ’ p” (7) d w, w, y k, v k w . W wd g , M M g d: “S d k p M J’ dg-, d w dg g d d dg g vy ” (1–22). A p w, dg Mj’ p, d d w p dw d d wd y (7). B M d , w , vd wk; d M d v, dd y gg ’ g w d g.16 Ow’ z d Mj, Bx, Cv, M, d pp, y pkgd d d, k’ pg. T y gz wd, dvdd y gd.. T wd pd p w gd w yp p pw, wd, vy v y, g, d d, v dy w “gd” d “d” . I df gg Ow’ kg gd yp Animal Farm. Gv vd x, wv wv,, ky py , v , gd dv v d d. Pp py pd p “ ” ” dd g py d v yd. B dg dvy v g vy p yd v: Lk p, vy py p y..
Sexual Politics on the Farm N y d Ow’ Mx (“A”) v gd d w gg g p d, y dpd p y py . dd y y w M. J, g pp , d Np (S), yg w v dv
10
Daphn Paai
Sw (ky), y pg p, d J’ p w Mj, d p. I dy d , By W p xp wy v v dd py. Dg p R d C v, W z z g gyy k g g: : , dg dg, , w. T g w p v v xpd v g . Tg y Fd d x vy v y, g v y y d v k g pp. W dg pp g w y g g v, y gy pw z y py p y d y , gg pvgd d v w.17 I gg w y Animal Farm. Ag Ow d gzd v , pd y w ’ ’ g d, v g xp J ky pvd gg w w , g py d p. Ow k xp gg g w y w g pg. T pk (d pg) d . T v py y py S, p pk w, kpg w Ow’ g p, dpd dvd y ( Ow’ ): H y y wy gg. O Np w v Sw, w j w . A p pg , Np x g pg: “I w d d y, pdg y- yg pg w . T yg pg w pd, d Np w y , w p g pg” (96). I dd, g w, pg Np’ v, d y’ d, w Np vg p w , gg . Ow pg () g w M. J’ , “Np ppg k , , d ggg, w v w ppd wd k d w M. J d d wg Sdy” (115). Pp d d p gy, y gg Ow’ O w’ y wk. Iy , Ow -d p y. y. A A , pw g pg gzd g w x: x d g. g.
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
11
Tg w d pg w xp (y kpg d d v, g xp py y dg “wk” , d y vg d dpg y pd ), y pg w w , k’ g , dg : “T d kd pg , d pg, d pg g; dy w p y w w w” (120). Pgg dp wd vv y g d vd w Cd: “A ” (114).18 I pp py gd y , d v w vy d x d ppd. Ev gy dp Ow’ gd p, x w d wk. T pp dg d Mj’ p y k. H g w g ’ : “N Egd kw g pp y d. N Egd . T y d vy: p ” (8). B pk, p gy:
Why hn d w ninu in hi miral ndiin? Bau narly h whl ur prdu i ln rm u y human ing. Tr, mrad, i h anwr all ur prlm. I i ummd up in a ingl wrd—Man. Man i h nly ral nmy w hav. Rmv Man rm h n, and h r au hungr and vrwrk i alihd rvr. rvr. Man i h nly raur rau r ha num wihu prduing. H d n giv milk, milk , h d n lay gg, h i wak pull pul l h plugh, h ann run a nugh ah rai. [8–9] H, d y wg, Ow gz pdv p d d p y’ pdv pdv v v d gv g k p d dd. I d Mj’ p, , py, d p. pg d v :
Y h [Man] i lrd all h animal. H hm wrk, Y h giv ak hm h ar minimum ha will prvn hm
12
Daphn Paai
rm arving, and h r h kp r himl. Our laur ill h il, ur dung riliz i, and y hr i n n u ha wn mr han hi ar kin. Yu w ha I r m, hw many huand galln milk hav yu givn during hi la yar? And wha ha happnd ha milk whih huld hav n rding up urdy alv? Evry drp i ha gn dwn h hra ur nmi. And yu hn, hw many gg hav yu laid hi yar, and hw many h gg vr hahd in hikn? T r hav all gn mark ring in mny r Jn and hi mn. And yu, Clvr, whr ar h ur al yu r, wh huld hav n h uppr and plaur yur ld ag? Eah wa ld a a yar ld—yu will nvr n hm again. In rurn r yur ur nnmn and all yur laur in h ld, wha hav yu vr vr had xp yur ar rain and a all? [9] I pg Ow O w y y k w “p“p” d “pv”—w ’ (yp) wk pd d ’ (y (yp) p) wk pd. H xppd d “pv” p w g d g g vy p v y xp d Mj p. kg , Ow y wdd y . A v dy, pd w Np gv p gg, y d xp gg . A g p y dppg gg . B y ky g y ( d g d d ). A dg v dy, p (66–67). T d xpp ’ pd vwd y Ow py d xd . I , w Ow w wkg , v d pd jd w’ x d d vd— x jd y d ppd pp d dpd dp d . I , dvdd dvd d vd y gpg, gp g, Ow w k g dgy “yp y” y ” d dd y w’ wk d p p y. I Animal Farm Farm, , , Ow p p xpp pdv py. py. Np Np pvd w p p y pg w ppp
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
13
d g , d ppp, w gw p, dv v , Sw, d g Np’ g . Ow p g kp “” p y w pp kd d d y y . T d w Np z y- yg pg— pg—d pp , pp d d pg v . S “” xpp d p pp d p y gy ppd y Ow. O w. T “” y , dd , Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four . Ag gg g d xp xpp pdv , Ow w y gg dp Egd pp p , p p, wd v py d w v g p. I “T Eg Pp,” w 1944 ( , y Animal Farm) g pd 1947, Ow, p dwdg , x Eg v d y y p d “ vy vy”” (CEJL, 3:31). Ipg dg py p, g gv k ppp :
Any gvrnmn, y a w rk h pn, uld mak hildln a unaral an nmi urdn a a ig amily i nw: u n gvrnmn ha hn d , au h ignran ida ha a iggr ppulain man mr unmplyd. Far mr draially han anyn ha prpd hihr, axain will hav gradd a nurag hild-aring and av wmn wih yung hildrn rm ing ligd wrk uid h hm. [3:32] I dd d v, Ow y, “g k” dd: “I Egd y y d k d w d, pk d d d kp d , , y g, d kd pd, d dvg d pp d ‘vg gd ’ d yg yg g p” (3:32). I , w Eg d , g g, “d , wk d, d py v py” (3:37), pg y Np’ x : “T pp, d, y wkg d d vg gy gy”” ( Animal Farm Farm,
14
Daphn Paai
109). I Ow’ O w’ w y d dg d w Np w d w gg d ppp v. Ow “” d w w py d w —, , pd k p vw . Sv y , Ow vwd “pp p” . I wpp 1947, v , Egd d ky vg y z d (d xg vg w), “ w g w d-g g .” H w w wk w d g d v.19 Tg Ow w dy xpg , v d ppv g p. Ad y Nineteen Eighty-Four z Py’ v O Py ’ pdv v g W’ w, K, w W’ d w g x xp “ dy Py.” I v Ow’ O w’ p x d p g d w y ypy w dvd dpd y p jdg g vd. Ng Ow’ wg v w d y w pd, , d k , dy wk . I pg g g p pg . A , dy p w y dw p . T d w, xp, pp py gd w, pgg Ow’ dp O Py pp Nineteen Eighty-Four Ei ghty-Four . W xp Cv d, x, M, p dvd d vd . T dd y dg gd y g, pg g dd g d pgg v y g v, w y ppp w’ k w . T , w y w xp, g, d wkg, d pd y y . I pw p pg; pw py pvd w z “.” T y v Animal Farm, g v pd , , , dd p. T wy Animal Farm, yd w y g S d Sv S v U, pdy dp-
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
15
g g. O Ow w p p v w pg’ xp w pp. T , w pg d dg, z z p pg gg. Uk w d Nineteen wv,, Ow gv pg p v Eighty-Four , wv xp : d, , d pvgd , d py y zg d py y gg kg pg g y g . T g p k, Ow w xp. T gg gy, p, dv w p w g. T dp , w pw g y , vdd, d pp w Ow pvd d yg, v g pg w pd y gd d d pw. A pg dp d gz, y y y pd p py dy (jdgg y Mj’ y k!) dd Ow O w d p—py . Ty wy dp M. J’ vg, p w y d d z. T d w y g Bx, Bx, w y wk d. R w pg d w p d y d dpd; d d xd wk p ppdy ppd y dp pg dp. I dd g dy vd g wk , dvd p g. O v “” dp w Bx d Bj, w k wd g. T v dp, dp, wv. Id, Cv py y “w”— “w ”— W W’’ k g g— -- k w M. C “dg” w d ’ v, M dv d p y w pw d , g kp d w-dd . Ow g dppv M y wg wd (39) w vy d . Gv v’ v , wv, M M’’ v, v , g g g , , gdd gdd y . . Ow k xp d Np (xp pg d M, v, w p ) v v d wk gg (.., p) .
16
Daphn Paai
M g vwd vg p ddg py, zd y W wd: “B y p ; dg pw w.”20 Animal Farm As a Feminist Fable W W g g d p, Animal Farm d v w, g g py,, v pdd p v y v pv pvyy pd. I dg , pg wd , , w w y ypd pd : p, p, dwkg d wd w wk d v, v, dg pdv d pdv , w v w p d d . A pw w d w, Animal Farm Farm “” d xp pg d d gg y “ wk,” wk ,” g g g dd g dpd d g w. T wk k “d” wk pvg p d , gg “ p” k py d /. By g d “” (w gg ), pg kp p y g w d wd—g, y p p/pv p dy p y. W dvd pg g d g k Bx d wk k , d k y dgy d gy w w g d dpd, dpd , jd v d d, d , d gd . . S ky . B, Ow O w pd p d , k d d y p . F g pg d d pk kwdg d y . I wd d, , gg Ow dd dg x. Evyg v v w w k p y pp d y. I “T L d U”” pd y Egd w k “ y w wg U w g ,”
a rahr uy Virian V irian amily, amily, wih wih n many lak hp in i u wih all i upard uring wih kln. I ha rih r ih rlain wh hav kw-wd and pr rlain wh ar hrrily a upn, and hr i a dp npiray iln au h ur h amily inm. I i a amily in whih h yung ar gnrally
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
17
hward and m h pwr i in h hand irrpnil unl and driddn aun. Sill, i i a amily. I ha i priva languag and i mmn mmri, and a h apprah an nmy i l i rank. [CEJL, 2:68] O , Ow O w’ ’ v v j w d dg dg w w y. y. I Ow’ p w , vdd y k w dy p y. 21 I g Ow O w d y ’ ’ v ggv w’ xp d py. I w w, y gp d gd d w y g, g, v d y d, wd ppd d g, p y dd y dk “A d ,” g g dd, d d xppd d d y , pdv p d g , d kwdg wd, vg d dpd— d g px y “y ” ppd d vd wk y, dd w d. W d , wv, Animal Farm p g. T g Sv S v Cd A Mj’ wg g dpg M’ wy: “Ad gg g M, w . Ev w y v d , d dp v” (11–12). Ow kw g w g p y, wv, pp “A I P” dg Nv 1946, w x pg dy wpp d dp yp d d. Lg vd d “Id W” w dpy p, w: “I k p gg, j d y v p w py p y gg d. B I d gg w g w w y g gg g p v gy , wd g kd d w dgd d” (CEJL, 4:248–49). . . . Ow’ x v, Nineteen Eighty-F Eighty-Four our , p dd .
Notes ransformation of Allegory A llegory (Lndn: Ruldg and Kgan 1. Gay Clird, he ransformation Paul, 1974), pp. 7–8. 2. Iid., p. 45.
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Daphn Paai
3. Iid., p. 36. 4. Fry’ Anatomy of Criticism C riticism i id y Clird, iid., p. 47. 5. Iid. 6. In 1982 and 1983 I ndud an inrmal urvy yung Amrian’ xpur Orwll. Au iv hundrd quinnair wr diriud undrgradua in a univrii n h Ea Ca, h W Ca, and in h Midw. Alhugh narly hal h udn aid hy had rad ihr Animal Farm Far m r Nineteen Eighty-Four (ainally h), uually in junir high hl r high hl, w uld rmmr anyhing au h k. M uld n mmn n Orwll’ Orwll ’ plii, u h wh did alm unanimuly idniid him a an ani-Cmmuni, r, a n udn wr: “I wuld ay ha Orwll i ani-mmuni (iali).” Ohr wr: “H wa nrnd wih h ri in ialim and h nrl i wa ming hav”; “Blivd nhing huld ak away rm rngh priva r, ha i, h individual. Dpid aliarianim u wa n ally aiid wih mpl dmray ihr”; “Siy i hading ward a a ialim and aliarian rul”; “H lik animal.” Rarly did a udn knw ha Orwll nidrd himl a iali. Svral udn had rad he Road to Wigan Pier in an Englih hiry ur a n univriy. O h, n aid Orwll wa “ani-induriali,” and anhr aid “h wa a iali.” On udn had rad Animal Farm in a ur n air h yar r and mmnd ha in hi wrk Orwll “aknwldgd h a ha mn ar n qual inllign and, hrr, willl n al ahiv wil a hiv a pur pu r ial ia l and pliia pl iiall quali qua liy. y. H aw rrupin rrup in a an inhrn rai any gvrning dy.” A udn wh rmmrd Animal Farm Far m rm junir high hl hl wr: “hr will alway a ruling r uling la—h la—h lwr lwr la, upn aking vr h uppr la, will in urn m h ruling, uppr la.” h Brg Cll Cllin, in, Nw Yrk Puli Lirar Lirary, y, hld vra vrall lr rm Orwll Lnard Mr Mr in July 1949 in whih Orwll xpr x pr hi willingn will ingn Animal Farm mad y m Ruian Diplad Prn in uidiz a ranlain ranlain Animal Grmany wh wand muggl muggl h ranlain hrugh h Irn Curain. Cur ain. 7. hma N. Carr, “Grup Pyhlgial Phnmna a Pliial Sym a Sairizd in ‘Animal Farm’: An Appliain h hri W. R. Bin,” Human Relations 27, n. 2 (Jun 1974): 525. 8. Elln Dugla Lyurn, Satiric Allegory: he Mirror of Man (Nw Havn: Yal Y al Univriy Univ riy Pr, 1956), 1956), p. 60. 9. Kaharin Burdkin [Murray Cnanin], Proud Man [Lndn: Bri wd, 1934), p. 17. 17. 10. Fr an inighul diuin h rl wm nvy in h mainnan migyny and pariarhy, Eva Fdr Kiay, “Wm Envy: An Explanary Cnp,” in Jy ril, d., Mothering: Essays in Feminist heory (wa, N.J.: Rwman and Allanhld, 1984), pp. 94–128. In hi, a in hr rp, Kaharin Burdkin wa ahad hr im. Fr urhr diuin h rlvan Burdkin’ wrk Orwll’. 11. Letter to Leonard Moore , Dmr 17, 1947, Brg Cllin, Nw Yrk Puli Lirary. Qud in Alx Zwrdling, Orwell and the Left (Nw Havn and Lndn: Yal Univriy Pr, 1974), p. 90. 12. Fr a k alm univrally alaimd, Animal Farm ha n ujd vry lil l il riu analyi. analy i. Wriing in 1950, 1950, m m Hpkinn Hpkinn dlard i n w nmprar nmpraryy k r whih h rii had adia (id in Jhn Akin, George Orwell [Nw Yrk: Frdrik Ungar, 1954], p. 221). hi prpiv wa
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
19
adpd y many rii, prhap a juiiain r hir lak rpn (ynd h viu pliial n) h wrk. hu, r xampl, Akin himl dlard, “hr i nly n hing d wih Animal Farm a hi ag, apar rm rading i” (p. 222), and prdd giv, y again, h pliial paralll wn Orwll’ x and Svi hiry in h prid wn 1917 and 1943. Grg Wdk, he Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell (Bn: Lil, Brwn, 1966),), p. 193, rpa hi lin mmnary 1966 mmnar y, aing ha Orwll Or wll udd admiadm iraly in ahiving hi aim ( uing pliial purp and arii purp in n whl, a Or Orwl wlll him himll had xpl xplain aindd in “ Why I Wri”), and hn ay ha in Animal Farm Fa rm Orwll “prdud a k lar in inn and wriing ha h rii i uually uual ly rahr nnplud nnplud a wha h huld huld ay au i; all i magni mag niinly inly hr, and h nly hing ha ha rally nd dn i pla pla hi ryal r yallin lin lil k in i prpr ing.” I hi kind k ind raning wr gnuinly valid, val id, hn all lirary riiim wuld and a a mnumn h ailur h wrk ha inpird i! Anhr ypial xampl riial ramn Animal Farm i Frank W.. Wadwr W Wadwrh’ h’ ay “Or “Orwl wlll ’ Lar W Wrk,” rk,” University of Kansas City Review, Jun 1956. Wadwr Wadwrhh a (p. 285) ha Animal Farm’ “hnial rillian ann, ur, dnid” and airm ha i i “a gra dal mr han mr pliial air,” u wha prily i i h d n hn piy, prrring urn hi anin Nineteen Eighty-Four . I i hard avid h nluin ha wr r illian,” ian,” i wuld wuld n hav Animal Farm Far m a air apialim, qual “hnial rill ahivd uh am. Sin Orwll Or wll’’ rpuain rpuain in h wrld-a-larg wrld-a-larg (a ppd h mallr wrld lirary riiim) r largly n Animal Farm and hi hr ani-Cmmuni wrk, Nineteen Eighty-Four , hi i a rlvan nidrain. Bu, a Orwll himl ad rpadly, i i diiul, i n impil, para pliial rm “ahi” rpn a wrk. Nr an n argu ha Orwll i “n rpnil” r h nrvaiv pliial u mad hi wrk. A Lui Philosophy hy Alhur mmn, in “Crmnini, Painr h Ara,” A ra,” Lenin and Philosop and Other Essays (Nw Yrk and Lndn: Mnhly Rviw Pr, 1971), p. 242, “a gra ari ann ail ak in aun in hi wrk il, in i dipiin and inrnal nmy, h idlgial effects narily prdud y i xin. Whhr Wh hr hi hi au aumpin mpin rpni rpniil iliy iy i mplly luid r n i a different quin” (Alhur’ mphai). Orwll in aknwldg hi. On hi lr (in h Brg Cllin, Cl lin, Nw Yrk Yrk Puli Lirary) Lirar y) Lnard Mr, dad January Janua ry 9, 1947 1947, mmn n h rializa rial izain in in a “ra “rainar inary” y” Duh Du h puliain pulia in a ranlain Animal Farm. Orwll wri: “Oviuly a k ha yp i lial mad u y Cnrvaiv, Cahli .” 13. Rr A. L, Orwell’s Fiction (Nr Dam, Ind.: Univriy Nr Dam Pr, 1969), n ha Bxr’ upidiy “ugg inring qualiiain au Orwll’ rpud lv h mmn man, qualiiain whih m vn rngr in ligh h dripin h prl in 1984 .” .” L urhr mmn ha “Clvr i mr inllign and prpiv han i Bxr, u h ha a rrpnding lak rngh. Hr ‘harar’ i primarily primar ily a unin unin hr x. Hr inin ar marnal and paiii. Sh wrk hard, alng wih h hr animal, u hr i n piur any pial rngh, a hr i wih Bxr. And vn wih a grar inllign, hr inigh ar parial” (p. 123). “A paradigm appar,” L nlud: “Bxr i markd y gra rngh and gra upidiy; Clvr ha l phyial pwr u ha a rrpnding inra in awarn; h quain i mpld wih Bnjamin [h dnky] wh and knw m—prhap all—u i phyially
20
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inual and ially irrpnil” (p. 124). L’ mmnary n Animal Farm i ar mr inring and inighu inighull han m. 14. J. R. Ogry, “ ‘Anima Animall Farm’ and a nd ‘Ninn Eighy Fur, Fur,’’” he Use of English 17, n. 3 (Spring 1966): 237–43, diu h hm mpain and h “priv “pr iv gur” gu r” in h w k, ning h h prmuain prmuain hi gur unil Nineteen Eighty-Four a Winn ling i ulmina in a grim pardy a h nd Nineteen O’Brin lik a ay. 15. Orwll’ dripin Clvr a “h mhrly mar apprahing middl li” rall hi prrn prrn r uh marnal igur. ig ur. In a lumn driing an idal (imaginary) pu, “h Mn undr War,” h pii ha h armaid “ar all middl-agd wmn” wh all vryn “dar” rahr han “duky”; h lar, h ay, i ypial pu wih “a diagral raih amphr” (CEJL, 3:45). 16. A an illurain hw lil h rm uh dnigrain hav hangd, nidr h migynii air Smnid Amrg wh, in h vnh nury b.c., wr a pm driing n yp wmn, m hm rmd y Zu u dirn animal. All xp h hardwrking ar dpid in ngaiv rm. Smnid dri h “mar-wman” hu: “Anhr wa h pring a prud mar wih a lng man. Sh puh rvil wrk and rul n hr; h wuld nvr hr hand a mill, nr pik up a iv nr hrw h dung u h hu, nr i vr h vn ddging ddg ing h ; ; h mak hr huand aquaind wih Niy. Sh wah h dir hrl wi, mim hr im, vry day; h ru hrl wih n, and alway ha hr hik hair ha ir md and garlandd wih lwr. A wman lik hr i a in igh r hr, u r h man h lng h prv a plagu, unl h i m yran r king [wh ak prid in uh u h j]” (in Hugh Llyd-Jn, Llyd-Jn, “Fmal h Spi: Sp i: On 118 Lin Smnid,” Encounter, May 1975, p. 53; Llyd-Jn’ rak). ra k). I am indd i ndd Barara Halprn Indiana Univriy r hi rr rrn. n. 17. Baya Winaum, he Curious Courtship of Women’s Liberation and Socialism (Bn: Suh End Pr, 1978), hap. 8. A rlad riiqu i Hidi Harmann, “h Unhappy Marriag Marxim and Fminim,” rprind in Lydia Sargn, d., Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism (Bn: Suh End Pr, 1981). 18. Rihard Mayn rnly pind u, in h imes Literary Supplement , Nvmr 26, 1982, ha Orwll’ m amu lin i in a rrwd rm anhr wrir, Philip Gudalla. Gudalla’ “A Ruian Fairy al,” he Missing Muse (Nw Yrk: Harpr and Brhr, 1930), i a ri ani-Cmmuni air in whih hr appar a Gd Fair Fairyy “wh liv livdd ha al alll air airi i wr qual r h law, u hld rngly ha m airi wr mr qual han hr” (p. 206). Gudalla, hwvr, hrw h lin away, whil Orwll ra ra a nx nx ha ha mak i unrgal. Nnh Nnhl, l, i i inruiv ha ha h n lin in all Orwll’ Or wll’ pr ha rii rpadly pin a h pinnal Orwll’ ahivmn in lariy and niin in a wa n mpd y him. Raymnd William, r xampl, in Orwell (Glagw: Fnana/Cllin, 1971), p. 74, i hi lin a an xampl h “xpinally rng and pur pr” Orwll wa “al rla” in Animal Farm. Orwll himl, inidnally, did n hia u h wrd “plagiarim” in rlain ar l pri rrwing, a whn h mmnd, in a lr Frd Warurg, ha Aldu Aldu Huxly Huxl y had larly “plagiariz “plagia rizd d”” m m xn rm Eugn Zamiain’ We in mping Brave New World (CEJL, 4:485).
Pliial Fiin and Pariarhal Fanay
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19. “A “A I Pla P la,” ,” ribune , Marh 21, 1947 1947, p. 13; n il in h Orwll Or wll Arhiv A rhiv. . In Crystal Spirit , p. 284, Grg Wdk n ha Orwll aw h amily “a a mrally rgnraing iniuin; and irh nrl and arin a maniain mral dgnrain,” u Wdk dirgard h gndr idlgy xprd y h aiud. 20. Winaum, Curious Courtship, p. 96. 21. Hidi I. Harmann, “h Family a h Lu Gndr, Cla, and Pliial Sruggl: h Exampl Huwrk,” Signs 6, n. 3 (Summr 1981): 372. Harmann in hi ay hallng h ida ha h amily i an aiv agn wih uni uni id inr i nr and u n huwrk illu i llura ra h h dir d irn n marial mari al inr amng amily mmr aud y hir diring rlain pariarhy and apialim. Sh hw ha mn’ wrk in h hu d n inra prprinally wmn’ wrk uid h hu and nlud ha “pariarhy appar a mr alin aur han la” in undranding wmn’ wrk in h hm (p. 386). Sh rr udi indiaing hi i al ru in vry dirn ii, .g., Bangladh, whih nirm ha mn’ liv ar mr alrd y la diinin han wmn’.
VA L E R I E M E Y E R S
Animal Farm: An Allegory of Revolution
S ar i i rm ing ru ha mn ar naurally qual, ha n w ppl an hal an hur ghr, u n hall aquir an vidn upririy vr h hr. —S J, d J Bw, Life of Johnson
I
p Ow’ w-kw pp d B Id (w Burmese Days w d) w d Ag 1941 pd pg Id BBC’ E Sv, Jp d G d ppgd. w Id v p w gg B d, d BBC’ BBC’ k w Id pp. pp. F w y y Ow O w ppd wky w , d k d d, dpd , w dg d g d vw. v w. B pp w ppy, ppy, wpp d gz, Ow’ wk, w vy d. Bdg wd kp p p d y j. W. W. J. W W vgy ggd g gd Ow O w’’ xp xp d dp d dg, pyg d gg ppgd pp gy Animal Farm— pd p (Ow pd , vg BBC Nv 1943), y d , vy pp, dy d y Ow’ pv wk. 49 Frm George Orwell , pp. 101–13, 149–50. © 1991 y Valri Myr.
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Animal ‘Animal Farm’, Ow w, ‘w k w I d, w w I w dg, p pp d pp w’ ( CEJL, 1.7). I p Uk d, pd 1947, Ow d wd w k p gg wd dy Eg pp, w d jyd d j d y , w y w k. H xp Sp d w ‘w y ppgd p gd pp d ’ d w k dy ‘Sv y’ R w y y ( CEJL, 3.404). I 1930 Ep dd Sv U. Ev E. M. F, vy -p w, d y 1934, ‘ p d xp g y p’. 50 Tg 1930 Ow d p Sv v v R; Sp w Sp C, dd y Mw, y . I 1930 w d W Pg , , w k v pp d d d p d k S’ pw . I 1939 S gd -gg p w H, w wd G v Pd d Czvk. Ow’ dg v pvkd w pw pp. Animal Farm The Genre Gen re of Animal Ow py vd vg, d y pp d wd vv g. Animal Farm Far m w Eg d Up pp, w gd M’ Utopia (1516). Lk Utopia , Animal Farm , g d wy, w y, pp pp.. M’ M’ pp k kd d ’’ xv pw d dp - y d w d d d p-gzg p-g zg;; Ow Ow ’ ’ k k j Sv g d k W p Sv C. M vd dv g py y y g w v’ d y. H k Rp Hydy, Hydy, w j d Up ( dvd d vd Gk, g ‘ p’ ‘w’). I jy Eg, w pvy d w, Up d kd, kd , w vy v yg g d v vyg yg y y.. W, vy vy,, gd d p p pw kw. M’ k py ‘ v y g g’. 51 H
Animal Farm: An Allgry Rvluin
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g wd w g w y . M d d , , w Ow O w k p , w p v g y, jy d y. M’ w : p gg y w g y; pp g k py pvg y y. W M’ Up y g gyy, O Ow’ w’ A F d y y Sv U, y pg p g d y. y. H k g kd y ’ wkd, d d’. Ow d J Sw’ Gulliver’s ravels (1726) ‘ y k v v w’.52 F g d px Utopia , dv v’ k py y, v p Gv v dg p Eg y. Ow’ A F, k Sw’ Lp d B, dd p y, -p w, y gg v, gg w y g k. Ow py k p Gulliver Gulliver’’s ravels , Bk IV,, w IV w Gv y d y p p , Hy, w k d d v y ( vg Y y, w, , pk ). T p w d , w p, y v ggd Ow’ O w’ pp. Ow w w W’ Island of Dr Moreau, - v d w . B v gd v d . Uk Sw d W, W , Ow y .
The Political Al Allegory legory Ow’ Sv C -, w d p v d d y. C’ C’ ‘N’ ‘ N’ P’ ’, Canterbury ales , y xp Eg. O v C’ yd pd k, C, w py x d g p; wyy d d y g d; , w , d , v gy g y F F M, w C p Ad g pd y Dv. Animal Farm, , d , d ‘A Fy Sy’, d p v p d . I g, wy w ppd , p p d , v d p vy gv. y yd y v pw-gy pg, py y d, Np, d d
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vd. Oy dp gd. O , v, , p gy, y w v d p v d R y 1917, 53 w ‘ py w d g vyg’.54 Ow’ dp pp p . A d Uk p, Ow d v y, gd p. M F R, M J , pg Bvk w d v. T p p g , wk d p. Od Mj, w w p p, d Mx, , d L, d. Ow k Od Mj w v p d d, p pv g v, d k d . I y L dd 1924, w v. L p y p w SS k v v.. T pw gg w S d ky ky (w Ow O w p 5) ppd L L ’’ d, dy v, Ow’ O w’ gg. T Communist Manifesto (1848) K Mx d Fd Eg pvdd vy v pgg p Ep p y. Mx pd y y gg, gg p , g, w pd, vy ppd wg-g , p, w y xp. T y vd y v, w wk k v pd, y, d p ‘ dp p’. Mx’ d w d wk ( vd wkg wd , g d , g y) d y. Od Mj’ p Mj’ p pd d Communist Mani festo. H y: ‘Oy g d M, d pd wd w.’ T g d ‘vw ’: g gg ‘A . A d.’ I p 3 ‘vy wkd dg py’, py ’, Mx g, ‘F dg , dg d.’ E d p g pv yp. T pg, w d d w d g, Bvk w d v Sv y. Np S, gp d d P, P , Sw Sw ky, ky, d S S p p ppgd g. T pg jy pvg gg
Animal Farm: An Allgry Rvluin
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w g g (p d, d, wkg ), g Np’ p. T p v yp pp. Bx (w gg Bx R 1900, w v d xp g C), d wkg , d y g d, wkg v d, wg d dd y; Cv , y wkg w pp. My, , v , p W R w ppd v d d y; dg v y p w S pw; p g p w w p ppgd w kg d w d p ‘p d’ pp Np’ p. M, v, p pp C. H M J, , d p Sgdy M ( v), pg’ ppgd y gg . Bj dky, dky, y y pw vg , v v g , d wy vy y. Ow’ gy dd p: d y d k, C py ; ‘B Egd’ pdy ‘I’, py g; Od G B Od L, d - d d- wd p d Sv R wdg w dg d, vyv yg xdg ’ y v g g y d. T p p Np yp v d pg d p d gy S. I p 8, S’ p pv g w d pd d g p, d y g pkd v k dv Wyp, g, pd w-kw w-k w p p g yg yg g pj pj pv g d. E v y p. T R p 2 O 1917 Rv, B Cwd p 4 Cv W. M J d p y R d g w d, d, ddg Bvk. T ’ v p 7 d y y ppd 1921 y Kd, w gd w g p p d g d p d p. Np’ d w Wyp, w d ’’ pd Wgd k, p R’ 1922 y Rp w Gy. Ow p Np’ d d k F Cd,
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‘wv g p w g y’. Of Sv py w Gy, , p , y vd C g d dg d vy y y, d wd d . M Fdk ‘Pd’, wd wd y y d pppg ’ d, p H, g gg dp g-y P kg Fdk G. M Pkg ‘Fxwd’ d C d Egd, y dd y x-g pp . T Wd d Fv-Y P 1928, w d pd d d v g. I d p 6 y g py. Cp 7 d y d v w wd. T ’ v d p’ v g, w y d p d gd . T ’ p 7 Pg 1930. 193 0. T k gv y Fdk p H’ y Nz–Sv P 1939, d d d H’ Wd, y Fdk’ , Nz v R 1941. T p g Ow O w p d k’ k’ p. H d w p C 1943, g C, Rv d S, w w . T v g d pd g- ppw w dd. Animal Farm’ pp py dg Ow’ gy g px v p d pv p. Lk w y , Sv Cd v dv. T g-y-g pg’ pgv pw d d v g vy. T g y ky k: y. T pg’ gd pvg—pp, k, , wky,, , —d wky —d d d pg d , C d p. T p’ v, w d vy k gg, pvd vvd y y.. I p y d d p d, y p 6 y vg, vg, d d wk . I p 1 Od Mj pd dy J w d Bx kk, d p 9 Np ppy y dg g. I p 7, w w v y y d y xd y dg, ‘ w vy w d, w d kw xp J’. T p
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g v, d pp Bj’ vw ‘ wd g d wy g — , dy dy’’ (. 5). Tg yp, yp, Ow d w p g, Np d Sw, y p d d w j dg. Lk S, Np Np ‘ p gg w wy’ (. 2), k g dg yg, p ppgd , v g p, pw ( ‘py ’), dg w dygd d wg d. Lk ky, Sw , w ky p d p; pv , w dp Np. Np d Sw’ v Wd p dp v w d k py dvpg Sv U. S wd v g, ky w dvpg dy. Uy S dpd pg Fv-Y P, j Np dd Sw’ p, w. T d dg w w y pd v , Mx dd, v kg R. Np g , yg v p w dp, Sw y d pg gg pd w v. J S dd d wd v, d Np w pd g . Expd P 1925, ky w x 1929 d w dd . H w d, d, gp pgp d v; v; R w dd d p p d 1940 w d d Mx Cy y S g. g . S Sy y,, Sw d d vyg v yg g wg w g A F, d pdd w gg. Ow dd vw ( I D d w ky) ky) v v wd v d d dy d ky ky,, d S, d L’ d. Ow k Sw y dy d . I p 4, Bx gv v pp d y w kkd , Sw g , , ‘ y gd g dd ’. ky ddd kg ’ d, gd d d p. 55 I d vy dg p p vw , d Animal Farm
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v g. g. 56 Ow dy g . I p 5, xp, Np y g Sw’ p. B y wd dg d d p w dyy dyy.. I Np’ p g, x yg. Bx’ y d-dgd. I p 3 dwd gy w pg’ p: w g p, d ’ g p D, Sw ggg pdyd, xpg d dd ‘F g gd, w g d’, ‘A d’ wg . . . g pp d p.’ p .’ B Bx’ g py p y d d, vg k. T - - y dv w Ow’ Ow ’ g g w v; p w . W W dy d y gp ppd pp d d wg xp d y . Ow p p p p p gg g. T p d g p p p g p, v dy p p d p . W y v pg gdy d vg, v p dvg yg. Ow y pw, dg , gg d w Mx’ d wk’ wg d d d. Ad, , ‘ v’ v ’ gg k’ k’ g v: pvy d g dy pp w v dp y pw. Ow wd g ypy d d, w pw pg d . Np’ w, y k p. I vw H’ Mein Kampf , Ow dd Np, H d S d d, w yd pw : ‘A g d v d pw y pg d pp’ ( CEJL, 2.14). Np, Ow p S d H (j y Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four S R d Nz Gy). T k p Wd, y d d gd ( d), k v , Sw Sw d pd. Np ‘d ‘dd d d y y p A. T pp, d, y wkg d d vg gy’ (. 10). T x d Nz g ‘A ’ (‘Wk ’), w dd
Animal Farm: An Allgry Rvluin
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Awz. T kk’ v w Bx g, d dp d d , dp Jw d-p, d x v d d p d d gp vg. By kg Np Ow O w dw y d Skp’ Richard III , y yp gy, , , w d w .57 T - - y y wd O Ow w vy px px g p , w dy d w: w : dy d yp, y gp pg ; ’ ’ d ; p gy p d p vy. T p d y g d g Ow d y, v éd, gg w pd d. I p 3, xp, ‘ wk w k kwk’ w w g; p Ow wd w Mx v: ‘w w parasitical g g w vy ’. T x k wd py p w d kw g, y w kw wd w pp dd y g— gg v dd w Mx vw p p, w w pd d wk. T p dg Animal Farm gg d g, p d p, y. I k w d gg p , vy wd . Ow’ Ow ’ p gg p p d d d w p p d pv pp g. I p 6 x wk vy, w d ; p 9 S ‘dj’ , d ‘d’. T dk p, w Cd dd : ‘A ’ w ddd ‘ ’. T v v d d d d gdy gdy v yd.
Orwell ’s Critique of Marx Orwell’ Mx’ vy d . S , y, gv d y , y dyd d pd y , y, w wd g xpd. Mx g y v wk wd v, z pd, d p d d gv-
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Valri Myr
, w d, pdxy, ‘dp p’. gv Sv U, wv, w d d y w , v gy, w w dvd p. Ow Ow dd d d gv ‘ vg w pvg’ (CEJL, 3.320). Ow d wy d y pg pw d v wk gd d d pp v g. I Animal Farm Farm Ow g , wv d d, ’ pw k y p. I gy, Mx v dd , g pw, g, w. Mj’ p ‘d gv the more intelligent animals . . . py d k ’. pp Mx, M x, Ow d v-y wk p ppy, T H’ Leviathan (1651). A y vy w w ,, H p vw d p dy d y ppd Mx. Adg H, ‘y, p, y, d ’, d g d ‘ pp d d pw, pw , w y d’ d ’ ( Leviathan, Bk 1, . 11). F g p g w y y, H g y d d pw fy d g w, p p . F H, gv, wv kd, w g g d wg k. H dd v y dvdd . T v p H Animal Farm. Iy, Mx-Mj pp H p, w y, ‘ v , , d ’. I p, w g p v, Bj xp H p ‘g, dp d dpp . . . [] w ’. A , Bj p dppd, d y gg Sw y, w d, gd g w dg. T w , w w d w w wd pd y pg. B w d Bj’ v p Ow’. Ow dd g w H’ p ppy, dd , k Sw, d kd y dgg. H py vd R d xpd y H’ y, y, y Mx’. Ow d p d v p B pp:
Animal Farm: An Allgry Rvluin
33
T m nuraging a au rvluinary aiviy i ha, alhugh i alway ail, i alway ninu. T viin a wrld r and qual human ing, living ghr in a a rhrhd—in n ag i i alld h Kingdm Havn, in anhr h lal iy—nvr mariali, u h li in i nvr m di u.58 Ow d g dfy pg Animal Farm, w pd Fy 1943, R d y w g Gy, d w g vy . Tg pd y d pd Sw Sw, , . S. E, d F, pk p p w jd ‘w v v g p vw w p p ’. H d Ow d dg y ‘y pg , d d ’, d y w dd w ‘ p-pd pg’,59 g, Ow’ O w’ k w, vy d y p-pd. Fy pd Ag 1945, Animal Farm w gv g p y G G d y Edd W, d p vdy Ow’ O w’ k Sv C. Cy Cy ddd R, g ‘dp p y w w d d , ppy, d . . . g d pg v d’. 60 Np Fy dd gy p, d d dg, g k ‘ y d’ ‘y ’ g ’. 61 B Ow’ k d pd pg y y R R C. H pp w xp R gv p d v p, d dd. I y , w gg pw d v d . A Ow’ xggd, k’ d ppy ( g d) d) E Ep w dg. A y Sp 1987, f Mw I Bk F d B x’ v Animal Animal Farm Farm. T . .
Notes 49. Orwell: he Lost Writings , d. W. J. W (Nw Yrk: Yrk: Arr A rr Hu, 1985), p. 61. (Pulihd in Gra Briain a Orwell: he War Broadcasts .).) 50. E. M. Frr, ‘A N n h Way’ (1934), in Abinger Harvest (Nw Yrk: Mridian, 1955), p. 72.
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Valri Myr
51. hma Mr, Utopia (Nw Yrk: Appln-Cnury-Cr, 1949), p. 26. 52. Orwell: he Lost Writings , p. 112. 53. S Jry Myr, A Reader’s Rea der’s Guide Guid e to George Geo rge Orwell Or well , pp. 130–143. 54. Wdk, he Crystal Spirit , p. ix. 55. S Paul Jhnn, Moder Modern n imes (Nw Yrk: Harpr and Rw, 1985), p. 263. 56. Sphn Grnla, ‘Orwll a Sairi’, in George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays , p. 108. 57. S Richard III , II.ii.28. Rihard, lik Salin, pu hi unuping, innn viim dah. 58. British Pamphleteers , vl. 1 (Lndn: Allan Winga, 1948), Inrduin y Orwll, p. 10. 59. In George Orwell: he Critical Heritage , p. 20. 60. Iid., p. 200. 61. Iid., p.208.
SAMIR ELBARBARY
Language as Teme in Animal Farm
G
g Ow’ Ow ’ pd p, gg d dy d d y . v v gg g g Animal Farm Fa rm, w zd y y d d v p. “M. J, M F, d kd - g, w dk pp-”; w g . S jxp pg d gg: y , pv, g, d y d pg, g w p d ’ wd d . g gy y k gg w w d d gg p p.. 1 I gg d dg gg, d g xv w w p p pw, d v v’ ’ . I , v gg-d p, pd py ggv g gy, d gg, w vy y, g xp y g . gv pg. y—w ddvpd gg, p-gg— vpwd y g k pg; g g Frm he International Fiction Review 19, n. 1 (1992): 31–38. © 1992 y Inrnainal Fiin Aiain.
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p d d y. y p d pg’ dv x. T gg v ky py gg. T d Mj, w d , dd . I gy dd , gg v w w y g . H “ w ” w p w p d. A g (Mj “w gy gdd vy w dy ’ p d w d y” 2) d y y. Mj pk v (“ d p” [1]—pp y d v, d k p) d x g vd j ppy. Ak pd p . W y y d x, Mj p p; dpy w g d v gg . Bd g pv (“Y w”; “Ad y ”; “Ad y Cv”; “g d M”; “wk g d dy”; dy ”; “Fx “Fx y y ”; ”; “p “p g” 4–5) w p p (15 “I” pgp; 3). H g dy g g ppy vy w y y.. H g pp gg d w g vg g dvd gp. T d p v y p: “ . . . y g d M, d pd wd w. A vg w d d ” (5). Adg Mj, y kd y p z: “A d” (6). I p y y, dg ddy , g d dg pdg pd. Y, . Mj, , w w d pg w pd w v d k p. T g y : “ w —w, —w, pg, , p, vy. Ev d dg v . Y, Bx, vy dy g y pw, pw, J w y kk, w w y d y dw xd” (5). T gy gd w d d g w . T xp v d dd y x vwd v wd p. Mj x g w p y d p ’ p (7–8). H g y vy v y dd . “T g ,” w d, “Mj dd py p” (9). T g d dd Mj . I g Ow’ O w’ d vy p dd dk.
Languag a hm in Animal Farm
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A py Mj vyg yp , d vyg dv w , x, x, d d d. Ap p— pd wd “Ad” gg v pgp— dv d, g g g y. T p -pd d d xp d x. M -k -k p: “M y y w v, “A ,” “W “Wv v g p w g y,” “ wy wy y y dy y y wd w d M.” I Oxy pp v : “T wk w y vy, y w d wd v dd y ” (40), “Np, w w dg p ” (70), d “Np d dd wk d d g d Sp D” D” (77). Mj’ v gg, v , d p k wd, w py y pw wdpy. T d w gg d v g, w gdg g p, g d- w dg: “T wk g d gzg y p pg, w w gy gzd g v ” (9). T pg v “gd” dp d pvg; y dy xd g . S g py, w g vd wd. Lk Mj, Mj, pj w g g d dpvgd y . Edwd w k g, w k dp dvy y— y wdg. H d’ py pg x w gd g: “H w k . . . d k w” (9). H pg p x w p d. H yy g xv p k d pp y pv, d g v pg: “I your k w dk k d pp” (23). I y y fy d. T d p , w d dg py , d k dvg ’ ’ g vy. H “ [] wy” (35), d k d y wd v ppg g. Ad v py , py p vy d —y ppd J’ dg J’ dg : “D y kw w wd pp w pg d d dy? J wd k! . . . y g y w w J k?” (23).
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Samir Elarary
Mv Np, g “ k” (9), dy wd d y dy j. H ppxd pg x; p g d dd p: “‘Cd,’ d y, ‘d y kw w p ? D y kw y w g d vw wd? SNOWBALL!’ SNOWBALL!’ ddy d d v d, ‘Sw d g!’ ”. W Sw w w v v v, Np g y . H d y . S vy p y y v p g g; gg d : “D g, d, dp p! . . . N v y y Cd Np . . . Ad B Cwd, I v w w w d Sw’ Sw ’ p w xggd . . . O p, d wd p . . . O g g w w” (37). Ag g vy d dy wg dw. S p p ppvg d p d g v. A g p , p w y kg y. dddd g vg—py y d g—d y d “ddg”: “ddg ”: “O Sdy g S, dg dw g p pp w , wd d g pvg pd vy d- d d y w dd p , dd p , v dd p , g . T w dv , py y d g vy y w d d k R”” (61–62). T d gp w wd S S’’ d. C d p , g d y, wdy dp. T d wp k . H y vv dg , wv vy d, ddg d g gd. N v g pw; y dv y d. S’ d vz, xpdg v, d Bx y d v g g (83). H d p v . I g d vy, d, k x p d dg p: “T, d S, w g d . T w w wd ” ” (39). H v gd pv gy g j. A g
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; y dp px jg d g d : “. . . d d y k dj (S wy pk ‘dj’, v ‘d’) . . . Rdg g pd v, pvd d y d , y, p y d J’ dy . . . T vd vy wd ” (75). T d y p gy d S; wd d k : “Y “Y dd pp, y, w v g g beds ? . . . T w g sheets , w v” (45–46). S ypy k w dg d p ’ x. x. Lgg p pd v pp: “T w g dd. F F xp, S d pg d xpd vy dy p y g d ‘,’’ ‘p, ‘, ‘p,’’ ‘’ d ‘ ‘d’ d’” (86). (8 6). I gg w ppd, S k xp v — y vwd k. O dg w gg , S “d g ggg d d g y d v pd, v ggd” (43). T ppgd’ y y g , , w y p, p, dpyd dpyd . O w S dy k Sw, g . H kd y Bx w gp w —Sw “g vy B Cwd. I w y. Dd w gv ‘A H, F C’?” B S d; w y w w x, d Bx’ k d d: “T w k, d. F w kw w— w dw d w v d— y w yg d” (54). Ad Bx pd -d wd, dg Np dy p : “I Cd Np y , g.” W Sw S w pk y y , Bx Bx g g— vy wd w dd. S’ ddg p, wv, d (71). T pg “B Egd” g M j , --g “pp” d p raison : “‘B Egd’ w g R. B R w pd” (59). I dd y w wd w dg, py gg py g, g g
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Samir Elarary
v. T g py xp d Bx, w, d kp , d gy p : “Lg d wpg wy . . . S’ d ddy gd. H , d y dd p g d d pdd . . . d dgy, wkg d kppg d d” (83). T wd gg d dy y Mj. kg p y w (37), w xp g p p x. A dy w dg w wd yd y M. Lk S, w w y w d. T y y d k v gdy gd y w y d, g pp yd gv. H xd J, wdd w “ g dy” (79) pv p —dvg -d-w v v. H p pvd g g. Bg v, d d w d, v p wg x Ow’ py g y xp g dp. A w , p d d y, kg y, vy p, w p dd d d. T d y p x d y p gd x Cd, y, d p, w pg, pppv d d x x, y pd . T g g w dd d . A Cd gy p , Sw “v” p y jg dy pv : “ g gd, w g d,” vp, k pg’ dgy, w dg v p. Adg p wd pv. Bd d d w Sw’ “jd” y dy. dy. Sw xp g py p y d g y g p wg “d gdd g” d “ hand , w w [] d ” (22). By v g d, d g d k d pp dpd. T pg vd Cd d d jv —dg v d p p y pg w g: “‘N p d with sheets ,’,’ ‘N k y
Languag a hm in Animal Farm
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without cause ,’,’ ‘N dk to excess ,’,’ ‘F g g gd, w g !’ ‘ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BU SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE MO RE EQUAL EQ UAL HAN OHERS’ O HERS’ ” (45, ( 45, 61, 73, 89, 90). T x v g P R’ v: “ . . . kg g w d d x.” 3 T pg xp ’ k y , d x-p pd. Ty pz p d d dd dv, v, d . I wd pp y d: y p p p d d Cd. I k w k d wd, y k v wd g d pp. T g d dg d wg pg pg: “T dg d d y w, w d dg yg xp Sv Cd. M, g, d d w dg . . . Bj d d w y pg, v xd y. S kw, d, w g w dg. Cv w p, d p wd g g.. Bx d d g yd D . . . M d y v w p w . . . N d g A” (20–21). T pg x p’ v g p, v pg, d d y. S . C pp dg, w pg d, p dg k: w v v d dg w y v dd. I dy dg, w d w pw py d , pv ’’ d. d. A A pg v vy “,” “,” y , gy v p pv. Bj vd py wg z d x -pv . H g -S. T jy p vv. H d w pp vy x ( ) d, d kp x. T vd p “Dky v g . N y v dd dky” (19). H w x w y y gd Bx k d. A d d k d : “I w y d v Bj xd—dd w y d v gp. ‘Qk, k!’ d. ‘C ! Ty’ kg Bx wy!’ ” (81). H Bj pk g v . T v w ddy, pv , gw . I
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Samir Elarary
d w g kk’ v, p d. B k w g. R g wg w w , d wy g-d, gdy g y d k gy ddd. H p dv, v p p y ppd . H d -pv d. Bj p Ow . Ow Ow pk , vw wkg y. O d, Ow d yd Bx,, dy Bx dy kkg g g w kk’ kk ’ v, vg d pw y yy pg. Bx’ ’ y p y g. H k p Bx’ w py v g ddy g py y d dd wk . H g d pd d y w pp g. H y, w kw, w dg d v d g kg d. M, g gzd w wd, v , p ddg v g . T — p, , d dk—k vy w v, . I p p dy w dgy w k g w xp dvd y. P g , y p, y d pg’ wy. Ty dy p k yy yy y y kg “F g gd, w g d” dwg y py p g. T w d ’ g d w pd pv . Ty v ’ py pppg p y, d vg w vz, g dp: g d gv dy, gy p vg v, d . Hwv, w y d . Ty d v d, y d k w d “y d” (78), d y v “ g [Bx] d dd ppy” (84), y p d (85). T k y y pg y w ( y y) w ppg . O y k w k y p g y. C y dvdd y wd g g v d d g, g , d d g d? P- y y.. I pp d
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v pg v y d p. T dw d w d y d g g gy w xp g py gg. I v d, y d d p gg d pvdd w p v w pg d gg w gd w d d g w. T d d dd wy dpd p ’ ’ d d . W d d y dy w g ppg k p. A Bx’ y d y , xy x, gg y d. H v g, d v S pp, pp, g g y, y, g g v v, d xpg w ppd w jd, w y j w w w y d. Idd, S’ p. T pp Ow’ O w’ d. O x d pg d g, wpg “” y y “dpd” d, d. B jxpd g x y, vy v y . Ow’ Ow’ vy d d wd y wg , kd g wd . dd jy, pg g dk wky, pd y Bx’ kg, g d. Tg xpd pg, w k k d Bx’ d w pg’ dkg. Ow’ ’ y d . A p . O Ow’ x ppv w dw y w d O . Lgg g w , , . O d x wv p y I Np’ “ w [] d d d y, pdg y- yg pg w ” (75). T j Hy Q’: “ . . . y w y , w, ; y y d jy [w ], y .”4 I v, , , w y y g w pd, w x p p d Ow O w’ ’ I pgy. A vy “Sgdy M” vd y M p : “I w d w p ky, d yd d, M d. I Sgdy M M w Sdy v dy wk, v w y d, d p g d d k gw dg” (10–11). T vk dp d p Pd Hy H y Q’: Q ’: “[T
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] P Gd w g pd: v w p; v k w v g; v w, jy w dk; d v y p d . I kd k d ” ” (XL (XLVII:15). VII:15). F, M “v d v g g, d v vg d v d d k d p g gwg dg” (78)— pdy Pp Md’ Md ’ g v v [ g jy]: j y]: “G “Gyy [Gd] w dd k v jy y g Sd M F F M, w p W dd ” (XVII:I). T x x p kp w g d M’ g gg.
Notes 1. In hi ay “Why I Wri,” Orwll a ha “gd pr i lik a windw pan.” he Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell , d. Snia Orwll and Ian Angu (Lndn: Skr and Warurg, 1968) I:7. 2. Grg Orwll, Animal Farm (Pnguin, 1989 diin) 1. All uqun rrn rr n will hi diin and will mad parnhially parnhially in h x. 3. S David M. Ramun, Mythic-Symbolic Language and Philosophical Anthropology: A Constructive Constru ctive Interpretation of the the hought of Paul Ricoeur (h Hagu: Marinu Nijh, 1971) 144. 4. he Glorious Qur’an, ranlain and mmnary y Adullah Yuu Ali (h Mulim Sudn’ Aiain h Unid Sa & Canada, 1975) IV: 3.
V. C . L E E M E N D I A
Revolution on Animal Farm: Orwell’s Neglected Commentary
I
Gg Ow’ “y ,” Animal Farm Far m, p g wdw v g: pg w v v gw dg py , , w y gy g vw.1 ’ y pp Ow vgd x y g Animal Farm: “w y g v d v g v p w ppy z zd d d yd y pp p, d d gw w gvg . g v v y. y. pp v g g dy , dv y g y d w y pw.” 2 Ovy Animal Farm w dgd pdy y S d y Sv g. Y pd y v d xpg Ow’ w d w y vy p g d, y , dg g v w ’ . I w g vw. Ow d Animal Farm “ d pk , .” 3 T x d dd d v Ow’ y d S, py Frm Journa Journall of Modern Literature 18, n. 1 (Winr 1992): 127–37. © 1992 y Indiana Univriy Pr.
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V.C. Lmndia Lm ndia
d S v, d dy vd d Animal Farm w p. T v dg p, d Ow’ w d wd k pvd vd p g.4 Mw, w x p w y Ow, O w, dgd Uk d, pd 1947, p p .5 Ow’ pd w d d j Animal Animal Farm Farm pvd . . S w kw Ow O w , pd w Dwg Mdd, w w d w w wg A j, Partisan Review, d pp v y vgd. Mdd d d p Animal Farm d w gv p w y Ow, y g vd ppy gd, p g w v pd Ow O w Av. 6 C Ow d y d Animal Farm dp d p , . 7 I d, wv wv,, g gy g y Ow O w py wdd g w d. I wy, y pz w A F d w y dgd p; , d w d p pd d pg —d w d v . I dg , d dw d w p d d d wd. O , dgd p wkg pp , , d p p y j A F Egd g. T g w wkg d p gy pzd y p: pg d y d y. T dvy , , k wkg , y d y dg p . J v jd , d y w d dy y k v . T w, Ow, y jy w p, wkg pp, d d y y d “ dy” w pv dg pw y p g. W dy d wk dvg pg , pvd w v g w y g g y k k k. Y Ow w vy w, w, g p, p, d dy p. Uk , jy d y y
Rvluin n Animal Farm: Orwll’ Ngld Cmmnary
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p d y. Mv, dd py yp dy vy . T xd y : v . T y, , g d. T w pdy g p d, w p, y ’ pvy pg dp. T p, , dd p v, wy pg d v Cd A F . 8 Evdy k d d -d p v w pyd d, , y pd. Ow pyg y p p v: p d d d d y wkg v d . B , pp gg, w v . T d p p y pvd gd v wd d y, d g d pg v w dy d dy. I p, v dy pvd v—w y— w y—w — kd v y d dvpd y wkg yd g. T x , wv, d pg. T g g d g dy. dy. I p g g, pg y d d , y pg dy w g . I d pd p p g, gv vd wk d vy pg dp. T k, v, v d wkg w p d, p p g w v. 9 Evd x x Animal Animal Farm Farm d p g w pg. Y x Ow’ d wd k dg df pd w d v pd y g dw . Ev Animal Farm w d, Ow w w wd vy y -S g, d pdd df pg . 10 H w, , : p w d y Gz, Ad D, d J Cp— dv My I. Mw, Ow dd
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p k Ldy Rdd’ Rdd’ ime and ide , xp xpg p j w g-wg , y d dw y .S. E F d F, x p. T d y w kw kw Ow : Ow w y Fdk Wg, w pd p, d p p Ag 1945, w w vd d d y Bk--M C.11 O Ow’ w’ j pg , w pp Fdk Wg d wg dp p py v wk pdd pp w wd p d dd wd d p pjdd p x d d. Ny, Ldy Rdd’ j wd v : pp w g vv v R Rv, wv g S g w gy. F, Ow d y g y ggd x, py p Bvk pg. H d x Animal Farm Farm— wd Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four —d —d v dd g y y , d p p k g- -wg p p. 12 O y, w pd y, p , k d xpd x d xp; p dd pp g. 13 S d Ow’ w vw Animal Farm y d w w p w w . O w, y Uk U k p w y pd. I g Eg v, w y y 1947, v d, d y Uk v Ow . T p py v g g v d d y w w d Eg Uk. 14 W w y Eg p, Uk p vy y pp vy d pd, ppyg d w d y x. Ow k “ p-S dg w wy p d wk w ppd d gd y d pd y.” H xp Sp, , gv -d vd w w “ ppgd p gd pp d .” N y w g ky ky Sp S p d Mw USSR; Ow d “d vy v [y] w ,” Sp w d. Up
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Egd, dvd “ d w-d v vg py, y d g w p pd Mw .” W p w “ d d d” S d , , g, “I p v w , y d v d w d d pvg .” T p, vw, w W Ep d Sv g, dg S y w, , w g d “ y y,, w v gv p pw y g .” B wk d g d dd w y d py p y w ddg d py y pd , “g d pv d d d d d p p .” k p, p , , “vv S v” y xpg Sv y, Ow w d k “ y d y dd y vy d w d y d gg.” 15 H g d p Sp 1937, d y w wkd dy “w y, pp y d, dvg g - g w p, wppg wv d .” I d y w w g, y wd vy v v . Ow d p w wy w “ xp p,” d pdd g “ y Mx’ g ’ p vw.” F , g, d gg w w y; y; w w d , “ wv w y y xp , d g .” T y w d , Ow , g dd y w 1943, x y d d vd . Ow d wk w k p, p , “ d d pk p k , , .” .” Y d w w p d y: y: , d g g v R Rv, d, d, dd pg d pp d py d k. O y, “I d d dd, I w dy C [pdd y Animal Farm Farm] w vydy vy dy g d d p w USSR d W. W. I py dd v gd wd g. . . .” 16 I , , Ow wd xp w d vd S d ddg , g
50
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d p Uk d w wk d g W Ep, py Egd, pvd d w Sv U 1917 d wy d y y . Animal Farm w, dg , p p wy y v dg S g; y, wv, w yg w w d g dp d vv g p S v. I p d Ow ggg p j d w gy. O p p, wv, . Ow’ ’ vw gg y w d gg, gg , x g gyy, y g g gg w g — — y w dy g d d pp . T pp g w ppd Mx’ y, w Ow g, d d p y y , w dv w xpd d, w , v w d .17 B Ow k ppv dg gg w d . Cy p dp w, R d p gy, d d v vd pp. I v, ppd w k py; w wd , g, dd v vy d d py, g v gdy g vd. O Ow’ w’ k p “[ ] p dp [ ’ vw gg], w df y” k d ’ ppv w py . 18 O , k dk p p gg, p y. By vg dv w k, Ow g d vw gg, p v w Od Mj d pd d y pw-g pg. By g p, p gy Ow’ d w Mx y y v . Ag g p y ’ py f y gg, gy v d dy dy vw p-vy y. P Od Mj’ v dd dkd, w g gg v dd, d y, , d
Rvluin n Animal Farm: Orwll’ Ngld Cmmnary
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p. Ow’ p p y d vy d pgy wd k x, v g d d gy w y p—d vy p—g Animal Farm. H wg d y gy: pg d y k d, y y d y gd pw. F dd dp w d pg w p pg d pg. I Uk p w w kw d, Eg p w dgd d w w Ow w . W 1945, w w y p v df pg pp p y w B, Eg p d w y w w wd p p , pjd, d g py v d dd d . 19 Akg d p dyg L g B S g, Ow p Animal Farm w-dd dd. 20 Mw, k p d k d g d p y Eg d, g w, Ck gg, Ow’ w g “pd p pkg” Animal Farm w pd.21 S Eg p d y p Animal O w’ Animal Farm xpg Ow’ p , y k pv j. Ow d xpy k d Gy G y G d Dwg Mdd. Ck Ow O w gv py Animal Animal Farm Farm G vg kd pg w S dd pg’ k d pp. H d G “w ky pg.” 22 T p Ow’ d d xpd y y Dwg Mdd w y Animal Farm ppd Ud S, 1946. Mdd w gp A w d k w Sv C y y 1936 d d g wk w Pp Rv d W Pp Partisan Review.23 F Jy 1941 1946, Ow d g “” vw d d d pd w Mdd y y. Mdd w v dp Politics , dd y Ow O w .S. .S. E “ dd d d ”” Partisan Review, d d dy pd vw w y Ow d jd p y Manchester Evening News .24 T d p
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ddg dvpd y dp w d Ow’ d 1950.25 I Sp 1944, Ow d dy dy w Mdd xpg vw Sv U. Gv y w pd p Animal , Animal Farm , vw v w xpd xp d g . Mdd, Md d, O Ow w d, d, “I k USSR dy wd S, g pp v . I k USSR w d y g y wkg vyw wd , g , d dy pd p w v p R wd gd.” F, “ G v d R gv pg d S. S . F I wd’ wd’ w USSR dyd d k g ddd y.” T , wv: “[] I w pp dd d y d w S v w R , d I w x d S W x gv p R.” H d “ wkg vyw d g -R G v d, USSR wd py v pd 1941 1942, d Gd kw w g wd v d . A Sp I S g pp w y d, I k dd g pp k F, Lv .” 26 I p pv d y d, , Ow Ow dd Sv g v xp wkg vyw. T dg y d dd S. W w dd w w d S d d d y pp. H w py d S w g y v g R g. 27 I g x A F, Np’ dp wd p wd —dg Ow’ O w’ , “ dy pd p.” F d , wd pvd p— g y kg p w w d p . F wd w k d w v d p p w g, Ow’ O w’ wd, “x gv ” p pg’ . W Animal Farm Farm y ppd Ud S S 1946, Mdd w g Ow, d k: “ -S I kw . . . d’ y wy d Animal Farm Farm. Ty y p v wy
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dy ddg, w d . My My w dg k ppy R w kg y g ppy v. N j v d w I d p; y d xpy y p d, p d p. . . . W vw wd y y y ?” ?” 28 Ow’’ py dv Ow d v g : “O I dd py R v. B I dd v wd pp I kd v (v p v, d y y pw-gy pp) y d g . I v y d pv w d kw w k d v d j. T g p y w ppd w pg kp k d pp v (Kd). I d d p dw , wd v g. I pp k I ddg , , I k, y v gw p d v xp dp z- p. I ky, ddd p y p v USSR p 1926 d v dd dg k p d, w I k w p w —d w y w pp, .g. Bd R— vy Bvk py. W I w yg y w, ‘Y ’ v v y k y; g v dp.’ ” 29 Y, Y , Animal Farm Farm w dd v wd pp p R g . Y, dd dd py pg w y “ g .” Y dd d v, gg F J d d v d Np. Adg Ow’ , p xd y Animal Farm v . U vy k v w dg pw , w p d d y. A v w v d py d , w d y y y pw-gy gp, w vy y w pp. 30 Fg p w pg kp k d pp v, dd w pw y g v d pg dp. dp. Hd y “ “ d [kw] w k d” 31 d d k, g p A F g v vgd. T k , Ow k , w g d v-
54
V.C. Lmndia Lm ndia
y p, gg w w kd p py p v. T p wy d S v w Sv y: pp d g p v d d w yg g, g w d pd. T Ow’ p: pp k g vv , w py p. Ty d d py v p p dp. I , y wd k w, w d kg w v y S— F J g d pg—d d py d , d S y. F g Ow w ppd pvd y dd xp y d Mdd, k vd d ddg Animal Farm Farm y w d. d. Gv kg gy w x d Ow’ p y , wd g d gy Animal Farm. I k d xp p d k p , v py : dy w y , d x vy v wd d S d y wd p k Od Mj. S, w y wd g p pvdd y k , g, d w g v. Y Ow d pd y p , wg wd w d . H d d p, dd g d p vv p g pzd y gy. I d dgd p , , d d ypy: w g d d d x d pp pp d k d v v y wd w d g. T d pg p g w y A F, py d, dd, Od Mj’ Mj ’ v d v v yy g w dp w d. Ow d w d py d g w dg d d S g. Oy w y w d dvd py d y y gg d d y d g S, Ow w , ppd y. Mw, g vy d p wd, w
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y p y. Ap gg d d y w wd pd df d p pw, d v. W pg A F w dp pd p y pg, g dg ppd v v w p d . Y w f dgy, d, d y y pvdd y pd w Ow w gg v. S , k, v p k dg v w d y p d.
Notes 1. Grg Orwll, Animal Farm (Harur Bra, 1946), p. 118. Furhr rrn h x ar hi diin and ar givn parnhially. 2. Snia Orwll and Ian Angu, d., he Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (Pnguin, 1971), Vl. I, p. 372. (hi ur-vlum llin will rrrd hnrh a CEJL). Evn whn Orwll wr hi, in dp dir ar hi xprin h Spanih Civil War, h wa n mplly pimii, a h rmarkd wih m urpri: Homage to Catalonia (Pnguin, 1984), p. 220. 3. CEJL, III, p. 459. 4. Muh Orwll’ Orwll ’ hr hr wriing, pariularly par iularly ha ha whih i nmprary nmprary h rain Animal Animal Farm, al uppr h inrprain rd hr. S, r xampl, CEJL, III, pp. 83 and 280–82; 280 –82; “apping h Whl,” Observer , 16 January 1944, 19 44, p. 3. hi i n mnin mnin Orwll’ Orwll ’ radial wriing h arlir war yar, xmpli xmp liid id y hi rvlu rvluinary inary nhu nhuiam iam in he Lion and the Unicorn ( CEJL, II, pp. 74–134) and hi w ay r Gllanz’ he Betrayal of the Left (1941), “Faim and Dmray” and “Pari and Rvluinari” (pp. 206–14 and 234–45). Ar Animal Farm Or wll’ piin rmaind rmaind unhangd; , r xampl, xa mpl, “h Far m, Orwll’ Briih Gnral Elin,” Commentary , Nvmr 1945, pp. 65–70, and “Wha I Sialim?” Manchester Evening News , 31 January 1946, p. 2. 5. Fr Fr h Ukrainian Uk rainian pra, CEJL, III, III , pp. 455–59; 455–59; al “h “ h Frdm h Pr,” he imes Literary Supplement , 15 Spmr 1972, pp. 1036–38. 6. h auhr wuld wuld lik hank h a a h Orwll Or wll Arhiv, Univriy Cllg, Univriy Lndn r hir vry kind aian in arhing u h rlvan marial r hi diuin, a wll a r hir hlp in inding rur r h largr wrk n Orwll’ plii whih i i u a mall par. Sh wuld lik hank h a h la Snia Orwll and Marin Skr & Warurg r prmiin pulih xra xr a rm hir llin Orwll ’ rrpndn. Sh wuld al lik hank h Yal Univriy Lirary r prmiin pulih xra rm h Dwigh Madnald Papr and r i gnriy in making availal hr pi hr lr in hir Manurip and Arhiv llin. hi aril wa viuly apd r puliain (28 Marh 1990) r
56
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h apparan appara n Mihal Shldn’ Orwell Orwell:: the Authorized Biography Biography (Hinmann, 1991). Shldn’ hrugh rarh unvrd h Madnald rrpndn, quain rm whih wr mplyd r h purp igraphial, rahr han pliial, analyi. 7. S, r xampl, Parik Rilly, George Orwell: the Age’s Adversary (Mamillan, 1986), pp. 266–67; Alan Sandin, George Orwell: After 1984 (Mamillan, 1986), p. 156; Alk Rai, Orwell and the Politics of Despair (Camridg Univriy Pr, 1988), pp. 115–16; Sphn Sdly, “An Immd Prpal: Animal Farm,” Inside the Myth (Lawrn & Wihar, 1984), p. 158; and Alx Zwrdling, Orwell and the Left (Yal Univriy Pr, 1984), pp. 90–94. 8. A ull ull diuin h animal–human maphr maphr and i pliial purp i n wihin h p hi ri udy, u i larad upn ully in h auhr’ dral dira d irain, in, “ ‘Fr rm Hungr Hung r and h Whip’ W hip’: Explring Explr ing h h Pliial Dvlpmn Grg Orwll” (Univriy rn, 1992). 9. Raymnd Raymnd William, Will iam, in hi George Orwell (Viking, 1971), har hi viw: pp. 74–5. 10. Brnard Crik, George Orwell: a Life (Pnguin, 1980), p. 450; r an indiain Orwll’ Orwll ’ wn ar au h unppulari unppulariyy hi k, CEJL , III, pp. 71–2, 118–19 and 168–70. 11. Fr a ull aun h puliain prlm and h rpin Animal Farm , Crik, pp. 452–58 and pp. 487–90. 12. Fr an aun Orwll’ wn riiim Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four , h ndiin undr whih i wa wrin, and h amn whih h iud in rdr rr pliial miinrprain i, Crik, pp. 546–51 and 565–70. 13. Fr vidn hi apparn aiain wih h k, CEJL, I, p. 29. Hi rind William Emp Empnn rall him mplaining whn h k k ir ir appard ha “ ‘n n [h rviw] aid i’ a auiul k.’ ” S Audry Cppard and Brnard Crik, d., Orwell Remembere R emembered d (BBC, 1984), p. 183. 14. Pr Sanky and William Araham, in hir Orwell: the ransformation (Granada, 1981), al nidr hi wrh mnining: p.185. Pr Davin, a prn in h pr diing he Complete Works of George Orwell , ha alrady divrd a urpriing numr miak r hang mad during h pa puliain Orwll’ Orwll ’ wrk wrk in Englih: i m lgial ha h pnial inaurai a r-ranlad ranlain unrrd y i riginal auhr huld nmplad riuly. Fr a ri aun Davin’ divri, he Sunday imes , 2 Marh, 1986, p. 5. 15. CEJL, III, pp. 455–8. 16. CEJL, III, pp. 458–59. 17. Sphn Sdly nlud rm hi ha “[]h muddl i rmarkal” and ha “h k gin and nd y dunking” h ida a la ruggl wn animal and human, whhr i ariud h animal r Orwll himl (Sdly, p. 161). Rai, manwhil, argu rm h Ukrainian pra ha “ Animal Farm had n inndd a an allgry h mmn ppl, awaking a ralizain hir rngh and vrhrwing hir pprr,” u ha “[i]n wrking u h al, hwvr, in h winr 1943–4, h uphria llapd” (Rai, p. 115). Rai m rg Orwll’ wn mmn a h ginning h pra ha h ida r Animal Farm Far m wa linkd hi xprin in Spain and xpliily dignd dunk h Svi myh. hi alrady ugg a ry wih a ar rm idylli nding. I wa nly ar h ida had n nivd , arding Orwll, ha
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h didd n h dail h ry. I wuld hu appar likly ha Orwll had hugh hrugh h pliial mag hi ry lng r h winr 1943. 18. CEJL, III, p. 459. 19. “Frdm h Pr,” pp. 1036–38. 20. Orwll Or wll nidrd nidrd ha many uh inllual inllua l had uiud r lv hir wn unry a ar mr lavih rgard r h Svi Unin. Fr hi ida n hi iu, “N n Nainalim,” CEJL , III, pp. 410–31. In hr wriing h im, hi languag wa vn rngr han ha h Englih pra: , r xampl, p. 263. 21. Crik, p. 463. Orwll wa n, hwvr, h nly wrir l hi: a hi rind Arhur Klr xplain, “Grg and I wr h nly ani-Salini wh uld g prind. W l w wr prud y h New Statesman ., and wha appalld u wa n ju h rual prin wha w had wrin, u h ymai upprin a ha ppl imply did n knw wha wa ging n. Sur ruhul ruh ul inrmain wr h privaly irulad nw h. . . . Bu ppl ppl lik Bavrrk upprd a gra dal. I rmmr h ‘Bavr ‘Bavr’’ aying hw w al alll likd ‘Unl J’ and hrr mun’ ay muh again him.” (Cppard and Crik, d., pp. 167–68). 22. Crik, p. 490. I i a piy ha Crik d n prvid hr h ur hi impran i mpran inrmain. inrmain. 23. David Cau, he Fellow ravellers (Widnld & Nihln, 1973), pp. 88–9; n. S al Crik, p. 392. 24. S lr rm Orwll .S. Eli, 5 Spmr 1944 in h Orwll Arhiv, rprdud y kind prmiin h a h la Snia Orwll and Marin Skr & Warurg. Fr dail h rjd k rviw, CEJL , III, pp. 169–70. 25. An indiain i dph i ha Snia Orwll, whn ir nidring h piiliy nravning hr huand’ dying wih and auhrizing a igraphy him, wr Madnald i h wuld undrak i. H apd wih nhuiam, u h lar wihdrw hr r, having didd ha i wa arly r a igraphy appar. S rrpndn wn Snia Orwll and Dwigh Madnald in h Orwll Arhiv. 26. Lr rm Orwll Dwigh Madnald, 5 Spmr 1944, Dwigh Madnald Papr, Manurip and Arhiv, Yal Univriy Lirary; py in Orwll Arhiv, rprdud y kind prmiin h a h la Snia Orwll and Marin Skr S kr & Warurg. Warurg. Orwll mad a imilar pin in a lar lr Frank Barr, in whih h a: “My anin wa ir i r drawn hi dlira aliiain hiry y my xprin in h Spanih ivil war. On an’ mak muh ni au i whil h man in h r idnii h au Sialim wih h USSR, u I liv liv n an mak a prpil di dirn rn y ing ing ha h ru a g in prin, vn i i i nly in m ur pla.” (15 Dmr 1944, Orwll Arhiv), rprdud y kind prmiin h a h la Snia Orwll and Marin Skr & Warurg. A hi da, ur, Orwll wa ill waiing r Animal Farm “g in prin”; i migh ha hi h i mmn au “m ur pla” uld rr h k il. 27.. In anhr lr Madnald wrin 27 wr in a h im ha Orwll Or wll wa invlvd wih hi inal inal nvl, nvl , Nineteen Eighty-Four , h argu wih w ih an pimim whih migh urpri m hi rii: “Cmmunim will prnly hd rain unruna hararii uh a umping i ppnn, and i Siali jin up wih h
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CP hy an pruad i in r way” (2 May 1948, Dwigh Madnald Papr, Manurip and Arhiv, Yal Univriy Univriy Lirary; Lirary ; py in Orwll Or wll Arhiv Arh iv).). 28. Lr rm Dwigh Madnald Orwll, 2 Dmr 1946, Dwigh Madnald Papr, Manurip and Arhiv, Yal Univriy Lirary; py in Orwll Arhiv. h argumn whih Madnald j i ill a avri wih Orwll’ rii n h L: Sphn Sdly r i in hi riiqu Animal Farm (Sdly, op. cit.). 29. Lr rm Orwll Dwigh Madnald, 5 Dmr 1946, Dwigh Madnald Papr, Manurip and Arhiv, Yal Univriy Lirary; py in Orwll Arhiv. I i inring mpar hi amn amn wih n mad y Orwll in a mmnary n Randall Swinglr’ Violence pulihd in Polemic , V (Spmr–Or, 1946), pp. 45–53: “I d n liv in h piiliy nvln diarhip, nr, in h la analyi, in h hny h wh dnd diarhip. O ur, n dvlp and mdii n’ viw, u I hav nvr undamnally alrd my aiud ward ward h Svi rgim in I ir ir gan pay anin i m im in h ninn-wni ninn-wni.. Bu ar rm diappining diappinin g m, ii ha aually aua lly urnd u mwha r han I wuld hav prdid in yar ag” (p. 53). 30. hi i n argu ha Orwll dndd paiim; hi ighing in Spain and hi urgn and rqun amp jin h army during h Snd Wrld War W ar dmnra hi apan h nd r viln ma in i n rdr dnd ai human liri. Y h wa vidnly awar h a wih whih viln and npiray uld urnd again h iniial purp whih md juiy hm. In h x Animal Farm, Bxr’ rrw a h niy viln vn in h ruggl vrhrw human rul ugg a dpr widm han h i n givn rdi r ( pp. 36–7). 31. Lr rm Orwll Dwigh Madnald, 5 Dmr 1946.
ROGER FOWLER
Animal Farm
, w M w Ow d E p C w 1938–9, w p pd d 12 J 1939, j k k oming Up for Air oming
wd w w w; Ow’ x wk , Animal Farm, w w w Nv, Nv , 1943 1943–F –Fyy, 1944 1944.. gp w w w k w Ow. H d pg k y: v v d dy wk w ppd w 1933 d 1939 . . . d v y, Inside the Whale Whale , Ap 1940. v p d pg y 1940: Ap, 1940, w Gy G ‘ p I vy x w d y w y x k, I v w pd 8 8 y w ’. 1 H d w pg ‘ g v p’, w w d ‘ he Lion and the Unicorn’ ‘he Quick and the Dead ’. Ow d E vd Ld My 1940: E w wkg Cp Dp W, W , Ow Ow w wk BBC Ag 1941 Nv 1943. H w vw d j ime and ide , Horizon, Partisan Review d ribune , w Ly Ed vg BBC. T g pj d d dg pd j j d dg, dg, d g d p , Frm he Language of George Orwell , pp. 159–80, 237–38. © 1995 y Rgr Fwlr.
59
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Rgr Fwlr
w Ow, y v . I 1940 w p y, ‘Egd y Egd’, ‘Spkp W’ d ‘T Eg Rv’ w w pd 1941, 19 41, d Te Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius , ‘Sg Bk’ dd y Fyv d Ow Sk & Wg. T v gy w d v d pp, pp, d dd p p d k, w d v w Animal Farm ( R Rv) d d Ninet Nineteen een Eighty-Four Eighty-Four ( dyp v pvy gy B). 2 Cy w pg pg Ninet Nineteen een Eighty-F Eighty-Four our g y w 1946— y 1943, d, d dd d ‘T ‘ T L M Ep’ x p, py 1943. 3 (Ad I v pd (p. 158 v), Gg Bwg’ p ‘-w’ Coming Up for Air (w 1938–9) pg Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-F Eighty-Four our .) A Ow k k p d d wg p Coming Up for Air , w y p vy y vw y . By d 1930, Ow d d v w dw--, y wy y; y ; d pd d d g y ppp kd v. H v d, g d dvp dvd; wy dvd w p w dg , d p wd p. Ow vy ‘’ dpv g wd w v—Dy’ Sk, Gd Ck’ Ld, d Sp— g d . H H , dwg Jy, dvpd y dg d g d g, d-y d dvd d w x d g , x, dy, gy. Ow d d v dvpd d y v p Jy d Lw, d gd gg . T v d k gg- wd, w d, zd y Ow g g. Ow’’ , Nineteen Eighty-Four , Ow w d d g g wk— Aspidistra d Coming Up for Air A ir py v y d gy. B , wv, Animal Farm, R Rv d y, w p g y d Sw Jy. I d y dp Ow: y g x ppd y g xp, d d py p.
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Animal Farm Farm k wd w d . I w vk d wkg M F gv d y Od Mj, pz Mdd W B: ‘ d w w M vd’ (p. 12). Mj pd pg g w, M J, d pp . Mw dg pg, Np d Sw, d pk S, Mj’ d y g w y ‘A’, d pp y g , d vd v kd. A vw J, pvy, gdy pg k d y d v y; y dpv pp , d y g ; y gg gd pj, ppy dg wd; 4 y d d w g; y k. A d pg v , y ppd dpv. T w . T x y y d y w yy d d v, d y y d d y . A v, y -k dd , p d y d : v w y’ y’ jyd jyd y g g yg y g d. d. Ow’ pp w y Sw’ Gulliver’s ravels (1726) w Gv v d Hy, v w w y w Y Y vd. B d, g dg Gk ‘Ap’ Ap’ y bc, 5 w y yg g d d dd d d p p d d. . Ow’’ ‘y y’ Ow y’ ( d ) p w g . S dvdd, d en masse . C g, d d , d dw xg yp yp py k. F xp, gy wgy, pg v d d gy, d g x; y, dg v wg, -d d y, dky d-pd; w Bx d Cv w-wd, g, g d y; p d v k w y dvd v. Ag k d k, d wk d x , g y g , g p, d . T p d df d y g g d dg: y y w dg w w g, d
62
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v k p wd y dppg ; pg dd w dfy; dfy ; k d w kk , w kd wy, d . T w y d, .g. wdg f d g w d y , y ppd w; g d p y d w w y d dk w p y d w-dpd k. A -y v dg, d w w p p p pd, d, d x x g d g y. W , x d’ py w y w d’ w k d xp, w w . T v d xpd, wv wv,, , , ‘-xp-pg’; g, p d v pg d d, gy , (. Sw’ d py Y). I pg, w ppp dp d xp pw g , y pvd y pk v p d dpy, d gdy d g pdy g y k g d yg, dkg , wg d wkg d g. A v x y y, , , d’ gg gd g d dv w pp d ppd gdd y ppp gg w gp, w, w w , ’ y vy gp jy, yd , , p, w, . T y y pp pp ,, y y d d g g d d p p d v, v p gy. Evy xp d d kw , , v v yd. Ow p v v d p Sv U 1917 Rv S S pg 1930 d C 1943, w d Sv , py y d y y w pv p v gg. T pd pd d d Animall Farm w Sv d : , ‘Mj’ p Anima Mx, ‘Np’ S, ‘Sw’ ky, wd p Fv-Y Fv-Y P P 1928, 1 928, g pg d d p C— g w S, Rv d C—d . T pd v vd d d d y pv Anima Animall Farm.6 T Sv Sv U w d v v p p
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w Ow O w d d k— k — , , R R w w w y. Mv, p L jd kg Sv C Ow w dg ppy y d . T j Ow’ —g dd k d k . I p Uk d Anima Animal l Farm, w 1947, Ow xp w kg Sv C py , wd k Sv v myth vd B, w w S v (CEJL, III, pp. 455–9). H w k ‘ dd d d dp g’. 7 Mp Anim Animal al Farm gy py gg, p, x g v y, y, y g d v v . A W Ep, p d xp gy, dvd Ow, O w, ‘ dg kd p p vy d g d d’. 8 O p k , gv , p p d g d w d gz Sv : y d v x dpd gy. B y v py v dg w Ow’ pp d xp. I j y, w, dy d y y , k p dp. A Ow O w d ‘Wy ‘W y I W,’ W,’ ‘Anima l Farm w k w I d, w Animal w I w dg, p pp d pp w’’ (CEJL, I, p. 29). w
Narrative Style in Animal Farm A g py py gg Animal Farm Fa rm, d Ow Ow ’ w wg. g. I w k Gg Wdk (Ow’ d, d dy) pv, w d p pkk g ‘ ‘ y y k k’,’, ‘ ‘ d py gg’, ‘ Eg, d y p,’ y ‘d, x d py ,’ ‘ vy v g d g y p p p’.9 Wdk d d w d p, p y vd Ow’ . A w w, Ow d dvpd ‘d’ d w, w v vy, dy , g g d dy. W w kd dpv p Ow’ wg, w d p ‘ wdw p’, dv d -
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v y. Ad d, w v ’ v gy gdd k, p p w Ow d v 1930 w g-dw Ow v p d p y ’ . Animal Farm p d v v, w xy p, k dpd y vwp single , w J Fy, Gd Ck Gg Bwg; Animal Farm Ow collective , w w x . I v g py Animal Farm d x. N y dp Ow’ y d xp d x y wg, y Animal Animal Farm Farm w p kg p d y gg g. I Cp 3 I gv Ow’ vw gg, dg p p w gd 1940. H yd p p d wg, w vw d -dp d yg w w pd . T pd g d wg Animal Animal Farm d w dvp w y p gg; d j k pv gg y ppv dp. T p, g v y p, w gg Animal Farm d d g y p wg, d g w dgd gg y pg pd. H x-p pg gd g (pdd p. 34 v) g g wy dg p w wd pyg d yg v v Animal Farm.10 A ddg gg Animal Animal Farm Farm, y k v v y ‘p’ d ‘p.’ N x w vv yg g not p. . . . T pg pg Animal Animal Farm, k gd pg, d y p d d:
Mr Jn, h Manr Farm, had lkd h hn-hu r h nigh, u wa drunk dr unk rmmr hu h pp-hl. Wih h ring ligh rm hi lanrn daning rm id id, h lurhd ar h yard, kiking hi a h ak dr dr,, drw himl a la gla r rm rm h arrl in h ullry, and mad hi way up d, whr Mr Jn wa alrady nring.
Animal Farm
A n a h ligh in h drm wn u hr wa a irring and a luring all hrugh h arm uilding. Wrd had gn rund during h day ha ld Majr, h priz Middl Whi Wh i ar, had had a ran rang g dram n h prviu nigh and wihd mmunia i h hr animal. I had n agrd ha hy huld all m in h ig arn a n a Mr Jn wa aly u h way. Old Majr ( h wa alway alway alld, hugh h nam undr whih h had n xhiid wa Willingdn Will ingdn Bauy) wa highly rgardd n h arm ha vryn wa qui rady l an hur’ lp in rdr har wha h had ay. A n nd h ig arn, n a r raid plarm, Majr wa alrady nnd n hi d raw, undr a lanrn whih hung rm a am. H wa wlv yar ld and had laly grwn rahr u, u h wa ill a maji-lking pig, wih a wi and nvln apparan in pi h a ha hi uh had nvr n u. Br lng h hr animal gan arriv and mak hmlv mral ar hir dirn ahin. Fir am h hr dg, Blull, Ji,, and Pin Ji Pinhr, hr, and hn h pig wh l ldd dwn in h raw immdialy in rn h plarm. h hn prhd hmlv n h windw-ill, h pign lurd up h rar, h hp and w lay dwn hind h pig and gan hw h ud. h w ar-hr, Bxr and Clvr, am in ghr, walking vry lwly and ing dwn hir va hai va h airy ry h wi wihh gra g ra a ar r l l hr huld m mal m alll animal nald in h raw. Clvr wa a u mhrly mar apprahing middl li, wh had nvr qui g hr igur ak ar a r hr urh al. Bxr wa an nrmu nrmu a, narly ighn hand high, and a rng a any w rdinary hr pu ghr. A whi rip dwn hi n gav him a mwha upid apparan, and in a h wa n ir-ra inllign, u h wa univrally rpd r hi adin harar and rmndu pwr wrk. Ar h hr am Muril, h whi ga, and Bnjamin, h dnky. Bnjamin wa h ld animal n h arm, and h wr mprd. H ldm alkd, and whn h did i wa uually mak m ynial rmark—r inan, h wuld ay ha Gd had givn him a ail kp h li , u h wuld nr hav had n ail and n li. Aln amng h animal n h arm h nvr laughd. I akd why, h wuld ay ha h aw nhing
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laugh a. Nvrhl, wihu pnly admiing i, h wa dvd Bxr; h w hm uually pn hir Sunday ghr in h mall paddk ynd h rhard, grazing id y id and nvr paking. ( Animal Farm , pp. 5–7) L g w y py. S v vy ( vdg , ppd ) vy g (vdg k). T yp y p yx y x p d py g g, w g pkgd :
Wih h h ring ring lig ligh/ h/ rm rm hi hi lanr lanrn/ n/ dani daning ng rm id id id,// ,// h lurhd ar h yard,// kiking hi / a h ak dr,// drw himl a la gla r/ rm rm h arrl/ in h ullry,// and mad hi way up d,// whr Mr Jn wa alrady nring. C ypy y py v, v, w j j ppg p j: Subject
Verb
Object or location
Mr Jn
had lkd hu lurhd kiking drw mad hi way nring gan arriv ld dwn prhd urd lay dwn hw h ud am in walking ing dwn
h hn-hu h pp-hl ar h yard hi a la gla r up d
h
Mr Jn hr animal pig hn pign hp and w ar-hr
in h raw n h windw-ill up h rar hind h pig
h
d . v, v p Sj, V, Oj (SVO) py pg dg ‘ wd’.
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T k dj djv v g g w x x, , w w xp xp g, g, p d dpv pv d d dy yg g dj djv: v: ‘g d’, ‘g ’, ‘d p’, ‘ ’, . T d vd px p: ‘v y ’ w w djv px w g pg pg. Cpx p, py w djv d yg p d , k pg, d, k ypx, yp x, pxy pxy w w ppp ppp y. y. g g d Animal Farm ‘p’ , v vd y g g k w gg p ‘ p v’ dg .. O k’ v d -p p, g (‘I’, ‘’, ‘y’) g v p, p (‘w’, ‘’, ‘’) ppg y vw xp g d y gp x x. T yp g, ‘ kd . . . ’. T w p- g xy d : ‘ y pg dd’, dd ’, p. 23). T v v d, dg. Mv, x y p dy d, vdg w ypy y py g jdg v—‘y’, v—‘ y’, ‘d’, ‘d’, ., d kg vy w y kd. T k , Bx Bx,, vy yp w Ow’ O w’ p p:
A whi rip dwn hi n gav him a mwha upid apparan; and in a h wa n r-ra inllign, u h wa univrally rpd r hi adin harar and rmndu pwr wrk. w dd pp pp pd, pd, d y w w w v vy y pd? p d? jdg d g yd yd w g g k k g. Ow gy vd y kwdg p w g x x ’ ’ wd. wd. wg d y d d w y wd kw; Sw y pdd y wd w dv v v :
T animal had nvr hard anyhing hi kind r (r h arm wa an ld-ahind n and had nly h m primiiv
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mahinry), and hy lind in anihmn whil Snwall njurd up piur anai mahin . . . (p. 44) wd kw w ‘d‘d- d d ’ d y ‘pv’, y v p: vyy g v v vw w p d d d kw kwdg dg . W w W v vy y d v y. T vy g p d p, d d: ‘dk’, ‘d’, ‘kkg ’, ‘g ’, ‘y’, ‘g’. T py d p ‘y wy’, ‘g g k’. Uddy, y dy wd g p d pd, d : ‘-’, ‘pp-’, ‘’, ‘pd’, ‘d’ ‘w d’; ‘-’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘ ’, ‘-g’, ‘dg-’, ‘kv’, ‘k v’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘k’, . (p. 20). T pv yp vy gv x d-d p w d w w Ow’ O w’ g d Egd. S wd dy , ypy wd ‘d’ (p. 37) w d y : pg dg d wd. O d , , d d d : : ‘ ‘g’ g’ (p. 43), ‘gv ‘gv- -’’ (p. 54), ‘p’ ‘p’,, ‘ ’, ‘g’ ‘g ’ (p. 65). T d d vy k v y Animal Farm w Ow’ ‘d’ g, p d. Ow’ d y, Down and Out , d d p Wigan Pier , xp, gd p dp y dd , y vg d w wd, y v, gv d yp djv. Animal Farm vd pp d xpv g, y d, d d w-ky x g g.. I vy y v p: dg g pg pgp (w y ) xp. Ad , d , g wd jg. O Ow w w y y wg pg g p d p y w w ‘P d Eg Lgg’. W w y d w vydy vy Animal Farm W z . T v v k vy,, wv, vy wv, d p g x gy ‘g’ v vy d x yd . . ‘Ed’ pg kg
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wd g, w I wd dd yp ‘’, ‘gy gdd’, ‘w d v’, v ’, ‘ - g’, ‘vy pd’. T vy w vd, vd, d d; wy y, gy pp d dd wd w . S xp: ‘vv’, ‘vv’, ‘dgdg’, ‘pv p’, ‘p’, ‘g kg v’, ‘pp ’, ‘d pd’, ‘ y g’, ‘p ’.
Focalisation, Empathy and Distance F w p vw y d? W d pv py ’ v, d p v’ d, gg Ow d y pp pp p y- w w kwdg kwdg d p. H kw kw—pp, g d dg , — pvgd, Gd-k kwdg w wd v p . v v O O w w-g -g ( ) ) pp vy k y . By, p vw ; d d p. T d w internal perspective d external perspective . . . pp p k; d d d xp dv py. T v —ppy pg, dg, M v, d M v w d— xy pd. (T pp .) T py pp d p d, v v xpd. Ty w y pp , d y py g :
T knwn amng hm wa a mall a pig namd Squalr S qualr,, wih vry rund hk, winkling y, niml mvmn, and a hrill vi. H wa a rillian alkr, and whn h wa arguing m diful pin h had a way kipping rm id id and whiking hi ail whih wa mhw vry pruaiv. T hr Animal Farm Farm, aid Squalr ha h uld urn lak in whi. ( Animal pp. 15–16) Np, pg w k xp Sw, v d, g d d g p p. A gd xp wd , w pd gy g, -d p
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vg y y Fdk ( g pv H): w v w v d , g , d d pp pp pd d d g p (Cp 8). L, w pg k dkg, g gd:
A au hal pa nin Napln, waring an ld wlr ha Mr Jn’, , wa diinly n mrg rm h ak dr dr,, gallp rapidly rund h yard, and diappar indr again. (p. 92) g pg pgv. py dvdg, g d d pd y, dg d g d wg , y v -. Ad w g g—g, w w , w p. Ow’ wy g -d y d w ‘ pg’ d ‘ ’. ‘T ’ y y , , w, p, d dk, d k, d y dd, d d, Hd p ‘ ‘ d’. 11 F d, d y w, Bx d Cv, gd yg wy dvd g d g. T y , v, k y v dp pxy pyg p, wd g d v. Bx’ v d g: Bx’
‘Hi anwr vry prlm, vry ak, wa “I will wrk hardr!”—whih h had adpd a hi prnal m’ ‘h didd nn wih h r ur lr’ h alpha ‘H i dad. . . . I hav n wih ak li’ ‘Bxr, wh had nw had im hink hing vr, vid h gnral ling’ ‘Bxr wuld nvr lin hr’ d . H yp yy d d wk; ‘y’ g Cv d d p, d d xdd dp, w g d pg g (pp. 75–6).
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Bx d Cv g x pv py , w collective : ‘v g g’. S g k gv , d g gp; wg yp: y p:
T ing inging ing h hi i ng h hrw rw h ani animal mal in h wi wild ld ximn. hy wr dlighd wih h ng h animal had M h animal uld hardly liv in hir gd run all h animal aprd wih jy [h animal] gazd rund hm All h animal nddd in mpl agrmn Nw i hr wa n hing ha h animal wr mplly rain T animal had hir raka h animal rpd dwn h hayld T animal wr happy h animal wr mplly rain. T animal had nw ramld in h wild ximn h animal didd unanimuly h animal rp ak in h arn h animal wr dimayd h animal did n wan Jn ak h animal wr mwha urprid
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Rgr Fwlr
xp . . g y d . F, y gy p v yx w w vd y v ( y y p ); py, , pyg py g d d gwd gy ‘-xp-pg’. Sd, vy dpy kd d, , dy w w v d; vy gy vd d d w ’ xp—‘vy d w pv p’ (p. 26) xp gy g. d, w d ’ wd xp d v: y d , , , kwdg d d. I , y py : y y y d vwp . Ad - vyd y , py w d -xp -xp-pg -pg d. T , , gy vd g w w v d, w pp d : xpd d ppv kp p py d. Tg Ow O w yp w d g d yy pg, g d. Ty v d g, dy v v w pg y dv. Ow w pv d dd y ‘y’ w y xpd y . T d pd y y w pd. T g dk v: B Cwd gpy ; g p d M v .
The Rhetoric R hetoric of Dominance Domina nce and the Perversion of Lang L anguage uage O d d p p kd dpp gg v . S gg dy pw jyd y d p: pw dd p g d gv, pw p. pg d d w y, w, dg dg v v yp g: g: Ow O w y y v d (pp. 29–30), g ddg y pg–dky–g–dg––p––dk. d d gg pd gy dg v v w g.
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T kd kd d speech gd d . Exp Exp y Pkg d, d pk, g d p x pd. A gd v p, g w d g, d g , d pd, d. I y dy pp d, ( pg) pd d p. Oy , g d dky d v, d vy d wy, d—g x w—pgy y, d p (pp. 16, 39, 41, 60, 70, 71–2, 74–5, 77 ( wd!), 88, 90, 101, 103–4, 114). N pgy, d y p xd y pg. T pk g : Mj, w dv g Mx x xp d ; Np, S-k d v; Sw, w xpd y Np; d S, w dy d y d pk Np Np’’ g d y p k. Lgg dpyd y pk d , g p k p Animal Farm’ v ‘v ’ w pp gy Ow’ wg. Ag d, gg w y d ’ xp d, pg’ p d g wd, g y g. I xp ‘wd ‘wd d pv’ Eg w Ow yd ‘P d Eg Lgg’, d w pd k wg— k p p Coming Up for Air (P T, p 1), pd wg w g g ‘P d Eg Lgg’, d d g y dvpd Nineteen Eighty-Four . Mj’ g p (pp. 7–12) -p pdy , g , p dggy, d py, d Mx. I , wv, xv —jg , v-, v d. A pg y,, pd y pd v w g w ppy , p xpd w pv : g, , p g x d ’ g. I g p d, w xpd p pk’ pk ’ gpg wy gg g , d d p:
‘Cmrad, yu hav hard alrady au h rang dram ha I had la nigh. Bu I will m h dram lar. I hav mhing
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l ay r. I d n hink, mrad, ha I hall wih yu r many mnh lngr, and r I di, I l i my duy pa n yu uh widm a I hav aquird.’ Ag y dd, p dy dg: Mj gd v ‘I’, d g d ‘Cd’: gg d d pp , p g d pd . ‘Cd’ d ‘y’ g p. A p, p g:
‘Nw, mrad, wha i h naur hi li ur? L u a i: ur liv ar miral, lariu, and hr. W ar rn, w ar givn ju muh d a will kp h rah in ur di, and h u wh ar apal apal i ar rd wrk h la am ur rngh; and h vry inan ha ur uuln ha m an nd w ar laughrd wih hidu ruly.’ T dg d p, dgd y d g y ppg p. N ‘w . . . ?’, d g p: ‘B py p d ?’, ‘W ‘Wy y d w d?’ . A g dg p ‘w’, d d p d gy py y d .12 A Mj g pg, y y, gd dy p y g yx -p (d) w yp p y: y : ‘, , , d ’; ’; ‘ . . . d . . . wk’. V yy v: ‘gd w d y’. Mj g wk w g w gg y: ‘N Egd . T y d vy vy:: p .’ Sg w y: ‘A . A d.’ F dgy y, d y pd d p, Mj y pyg ’ g, d yg dw w: w d wd d p, ‘T Sv S v Cd’ w d w (p. 23). A d Mj, d R, w dd ppy y Np d Sw, d y Np Sw’ xp. Np gg vy dy Mj. Mj. H dd y y,, d w d, p ‘ d p’ p ’
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(p. 118). H d d , g w d p w y gg ’ vw wd, y g pk S. S. B g Np d p v, pdy d w p g pw. pw. H w d g speech acts :13 w, g pk, d py wd, y p — , Np p p w d . S v w p :
annund, rad u h rdr, alihd, dimid, rdrd, drd, riddn, prnund a lmn dr, inrud, gav rdr, dlivring rdr, laid dwn a a rul, mmandd, prnund a hr rain, prnun h dah nn, prnund, iud hi rdr, apd a nra, alld upn, dmandd Np d , S , ‘xp’ , d wd y gd— pd w gg y d pw. I gg d g Animal Farm, d p. I d , g , d p y , w d d-y ( dyg d, p py) d gy d (y w vd ’ g). W w k gg pg, pg y d y w d w w , , w g gg g p p action k, d p gg d pw yd y g xd y . T py d pg’ g g dy d : gg d pvd wy d pp dd, , v y. T p S (d (d v) v) k w w ‘d ‘d k w’. w’. T py S’ S ’ g v, w k v d Sw. T Sv Cd, d A, y Sw dd y ( d) x ‘F g gd, w g d’ w v d-wd p y. T x :
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T ird a r jd, in i md hm ha hy al had w lg, u Snwall prvd hm ha hi wa n . ‘A ird’ wing, mrad,’ h aid, ‘i an rgan prpulin and n manipulain. I huld hrr rgardd a a lg. h diinguihin diing uihingg mark Man i h hand , h inrumn inru mn wih whih h d all a ll hi h i mihi.’ mi hi.’ h ird did n undrand u ndrand Snwall Snwa ll’’ lng wrd, u hy apd hi xplanain, and all h humlr animal wrk larn h nw maxim y har. ( Animal Farm, p. 31) T g wd d d g g p g gg g v, d p g gg y w Ow k yg g Sw Sw wd w x y dg wg g. T , , g dd ypy ypy pgy, v, d k Sw’ xp. I S w p dg k w y. W pg gdy pp v v, ‘S w k y xp ’: d p , pvd y S pp y pg y g d kp J g . . . (p. 32). Sy ‘xp’ y dv Cd, d g: xp, pp. 49–50, 52, 57— ‘ ’ d . H d g ggg d d v pd ’; p. 60 ‘ ‘ p w pp ppv’; w d d pg pg pg pg d, y y Cd 4: ‘T w g sheets ’. A p gg g g y y, g Ninetee Nineteen n Eighty-Four Eighty -Four , xp, Cd pd w: ‘N p d with sheets ’.’. T d v : Cd C d 6, ‘N k k y y ’ gd gd y dd ‘w ’ d pg (p. 78). T , w g y, ‘Sw , w wd d ppd ppd ’ ’ y.’ Fy, F y, CdC d, d pp R, R , d, d d pd y g Cd w v -dy ‘j’ py pg:
ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BU SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL HAN OHERS (p. 114)
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g g y y w w d w Ow O w w ‘dk ’, w dy pp ( W S’ Nineteen Eighty-Four , p. 35). Vd gg, dk pd y k—, pv g wd ‘’, ky g d . S d d w d w d y pg g :
Napln annund ha hr wuld wrk n Sunday arnn a wll. Ti wrk wa rily rily vlunar vlunaryy, u any animal ani mal wh and an d himl rm i wuld hav hi rain rdud y hal. (p. 53) Napln had mmandd ha n a wk hr huld hld mhing alld a Spnanu Dmnrain. (pp. 97–8) Fd py p Ow’ v Nineteen Eighty-Four ( p. 23). A kd v pdvy d , p w g Animal Farm . S’ Sdy g dg pd-p pd g g y d (p. 79), 79), d g gg d dk:
On again all rain wr rdud, xp h h pig and dg. A rigid qualiy in rain, Squalr xplaind, wuld hav n nrary h prinipl Animalim. N w g ‘y’ dd pp d ‘’ v Cd. S :
Fr h im ing, rainly, i had n und nary mak a radjumn rain (Squalr alway pk i a a ‘radjumn’, nvr a a ‘rduin’), u in mparin wih h day Jn, h imprvmn wa nrmu. (p. 95) ‘Rdj’ ‘d’ , d , pd p, py kd v dy w Ow d pgp ‘P d Eg Lgg’:
In ur im, pliial ph and wriing ar largly h dn h indnil. . . . Tu pliial languag ha ni largly
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uphmim, quin-gging and hr ludy vagun. Dnl villag ar mardd rm h air, h inhaian drivn u in h unryid, h al mahin-gunnd, h hu n r wih inndiary ull: hi i alld paiain. (CEJL, IV, p. 166)
Notes 1. Qud in Crik Crik,, George Orwell: A Life (Lndn: Skr & Warurg, Warurg , 1980) pp. 262–3. 2. Iid, pp. 262–3 and 273. ‘Whn h wr Animal Farm and hn Nineteen Eighty-Four , h mu hav aumd ha ppl knw alrady whr h d pliially, wuld rgni h aumpin hind hi air’. 3. h x i rprdud in h ir diin Crik, Orwell , pp. 407–9. 4. Windmill (argualy, grqu j in hmlv) hav ppularly ymlid human dluin vr in Dn Quix jud a n in Crvan’ al Don Quixote , hinking hink ing i wa a gian; hn h xprin ‘iling ‘iling a windmill’ wi ndmill’ applid mn wh lihly aak a piin whih i a igmn hi wn imaginain. 5. Ap, Fables , ran. y S. A. Handrd (Harmndwrh: Pnguin, 1954). Orwell ll Companion (Lndn: Mamillan, 6. S J. R. Hammnd, A George Orwe 1982), pp. 160–2; Valri Myr, George Orwell (Lndn: Mamillan, 1991) pp. 104–8. 7. Lr Lnard Mr, qud in Hammnd, Orwell Companion p. 162. 8. Lr Orwll qud in Crik, George Orwell: A Life , p. 340. Empn’ udy h nial pluraliy maning in liraur i Seven ypes of Ambiguity (Lndn: Cha & Windu, 1930). 9. G. Wdk, he Crystal Spirit (Lndn: Jnahan Cap, 1967) p. 156. 10. W. J. W ugg ha h impl yl and nin Animal Farm , a wll a h pd a whih i wa wrin, w muh h wrk ha Orwll wa ding ward h h nd hi prid a h BBC, namly, namly, h adapain ri r rada. Clarly a ni and lar prdu wa rquird; and Orwll apparnly wrkd n h adapain a gra pd, undr muh prur prur rm admin adminiiraiv uin, n having nly n day rwri a ry. On h x h adapd wa Ignazi Siln’ he Fox , arding W ‘a pliial allgry in a pig arm’. S W. J. W, Orwell: he War Broadcasts (Lnd (Lndn: n: Dukwrh, Duk wrh, 1985) pp. 60–61, and he Larger Evils Evils (Edinurgh: Cannga Pr, 1992) pp. 64–5. Companion n, p. 164. 11. Hammnd, Orwell Companio 12. On ‘w’ and nnu in puli diur, R. Fwlr, Language in the News (Lndn: Ruldg, 1991); J. Harly, Understanding News (Lndn: Mhun, 1982). 13. On ph a, J. R. Sarl, Sa rl, Speech Acts (Camridg: Camridg Uni vriy Pr, 1969); S. C. Lvinn, Lv inn, Pragmatics (Camridg: Camridg Univriy Pr, 1983).
ROBER PEARCE
Orwell, Or well, olstoy, olstoy, and Animal Farm
L
y d Gg Ow d w g w y pp d , , -wdy -wdy v d -wdy . I d y, pd 1947, 1947, 1 Ow ddd Skp’ King Lear g R’ p k d, v, zd w k . y, w, w w p p d g g y, y, d d gp Dk L wd y ‘p w w Ow w w y y w p dgd’. 2 O y; d dd k gy Lear py w kk. L’ ‘g d g ’ y y’ y d g wdy w, xy, d d ‘ —dg v, dy g g ’. 3 B , dg Ow, w w v w , d zd y—d wd- k Gd— ddgy d.4 H d gy ‘ ’ d w w Skp ‘ p ’. p y, Ow vd, w ‘ w g ’, 5 p w , Nineteen Frm he Review of English Studies , Nw Sri, 49, n. 193 (Fruar (Fruaryy 1998): 64–69. 64– 69. © 1998 1998 y Oxrd Univriy Pr.
79
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Notes 1. he Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (hrar CEJL) (Harmndwrh, 1970), iv. 331–48: ‘Lar, ly and h Fl’. 2. Iid. 339. 3. Iid. 339, 344. 4. Iid. 527. 5. Iid. 338; iid. i. 28. 6. A. N. Wiln, olstoy (Lndn, 1988), 480. 7. CEJL iv. 347: ‘h mr plaur ppl k in Shakpar, h l hy wuld lin l in ly. ly.’’ 8. Iid, ii. 154. 9. Iid. 157. 10. Iid. iii. 129. 11. Iid. i. 500. 12. Iid. iv. 348. 13. CEJL ii. 156, 223; Observer , 26 Mar. 1944. 14. Iid. iii. 129; Observer , 26 Mar. 1944: I am graul Prr Pr Davin r prviding m wih a phpy Orwll’ rviw. 15. D. Ln, olstoy: His Life and Work (Lndn, 1944), 200. 16. CEJL ii. 156.
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17. Ln, olstoy , 199–200; L ly, A Confession: he Gospel in Brief Br ief and What I Believe (Oxrd, 1940), 372. 18. ly, Confession, 373. 19. ly, Confession, 496–7. 20. Fr h and hr paralll, my diin he Sayings of George Orwell (Lndn, 1994) and he Sayings of Leo olstoy (Lndn, 1995). 21. P. Davin, George Orwell, A Literary Life (Lndn, 1996), 134. 22. L ly, What hen Must We Do? , ran. A. Maud (Oxrd, 1935), p. xvi. 23. Grg Orwll, he Road to Wigan Pier (Harmndwrh, 1962), 184. 24. R. R, George Orwell: Fugitive from the Camp of Victory (Lndn, 1961), 114: ‘I m m ha Orwll wa a gd dal narr h hr-wrldly ly and Gandhi and a gd dal urhr rm h avrag humanii prgriv han h himl wa prpard rgni.’ 25. Fr inring mmn n hi iu, S. Ingl, George Orwell: A Political Life (Manhr, 1993), 21–35, 108–11. 26. G. Wdk, he Crystal Spirit (Lndn, 1967), 242. 27. Iid.
A N H O N Y S E WA WA R
An Absence of Pampering: Te Betrayal of the Rebellion and the End of Decency in Animal Farm
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Ow w G d dyy d dz . 8 Bd Ck d Ow’ O w’ d wd Mx xpd Te Road to Wigan Pier “d , g j, kd d Mx, w G , wd dy p, v yg Mx” ( Life 306). Ow’ dp g Animal Farm y d j , py pg’ xpv v d xv - xp dy. dy. W y g d, w g gg v v xp J, pg “dd “dd y wk, dd d pvd p vd ” (22). I , v kpg w G’ d. T pg— gzg , g dw pp A wg, g d d w, d g y jv p gg v v “k J d d d,” Sw x (22)— “dv,” dg G’ g gyy. Ty “pzd “p zd”” y y g, gz, d d gg v, w dy y v wd d gy d w p k k . Ty “p” g p ’ p y, g - g gg v J d v d d, w ’ g- jv, d y pg w d d v xp wd y g Egd. B p , Animal Farm y d p dg g y g . W G’ y d , wk y y g p g d, p wy y, py w p kwdg , wd ,, ppd , g G’ y .. A J Pk Dgg w, w , G “v w ddg wy wd vd” vd ” “p wk gp y y d z pw” pw ” (150). T gg pw wd d wkg wd w . Dgg z v pd G w:
T ru rgani inllual i h wh hink nly h hugh ha ar pnial ain in h manipain h wrking
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la. Hr li h uprm irny. Alhugh Grami lkd inllual ring niun and rdm h wrkr, h dnid inllual h righ l r h dmand la plii, whih r a Marxi ar a mar hirial niy. . . . T wrking la will rd y inllual wh rgniz h yk niy and a in way prdrmind y hiry. (151)9 y Dgg Dgg d p xp xp wy g gd y ggg x d wy d d A F. C M kwdg wk G’ y p , “ w dvp x d y v , , k p. G’ pj pj” (162). H pj d d d y v d w gp d pg v d . d G’ y k . Animal Farm dz yd wy gy p dd z. D G’ wd, dd G g , y d dd p dy Ow:
Rali and pragmai will diu Grami a an idali. ‘Pimim h inll and pimim h will’ wa hi m, hwvr, and hi undranding plii a h hry and prai vrming marginain—and r-marginain—i mr mpl, mr ul, and mr ju han ar m hr imag plii urrn day. (265) G’ g j g p y x Ow’ v pg’ y dy v -. Pk Ry d Ow g G d G. Ry’ p G y w y v p Ow’ wg: “Ow v d d, wv gddy d w ppy -d, j y w d w y B; k G, d p g w p w. B g w w d’ d’ p y : w g w w k, w k w w g? I d d, w v j?” ( Age’ Age’ss Adversary 246). G d Ry k dyg dy, dy,
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v w wd Ow Animal Farm: j w , py py v v pp, w d gv p p g g wy pv. * * * G’ y g vy p v pg, J vw, v v k , kp v “v k g y k w y kd w d ” (16). A d k y pg, y d y p p k d dv ’ wy p k:
‘W ha i ging happn ‘Wha happn all al l ha milk?’ milk ?’ aid mn. mn. ‘Jn ud mim mix m i in ur mah,’ aid n h hn. ‘Nvr mind h milk, mrad!’ rid Napln, plaing himl in rn h uk. ‘ha will andd . h harv i mr impran. Cmrad Snwall will lad h way. I hall llw in a w minu. Frward, mrad! h hay i waiing. waiin g.’’ S h animal rp rpdd dwn h hayild hay ild gin h har v, and a nd whn hy am am ak in h vning vning i wa wa nid ha h a h milk had diappard. (16) Np y vk g g — v y— d - k. “dv” wk d d g dy v. k “w dd ” pvd pvd g pv y dd kp g y, j g dv y pg k v, wy y y . T pg ’’ d d , d S pd d xp , ppg xp pg’ d k y g v y :
Yu d n imagin, I hp, ha w pig ar ding hi in a piri Yu pir i lhn and privilg? Many u aually dilik milk and
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appl. I dilik hm myl. Our l j in aking h hing i prrv ur halh. Milk and appl (hi ha n prvd y Sin, mrad) nain uan aluly nary h wll-ing a pig. W pig ar rainwrkr. T whl managmn and rganizain hi arm dpnd n u. Day Day and nigh w ar wahing vr yur wlar. I i r yur ak ha w drink ha milk and a h appl. D yu knw wha wuld happn i w pig aild in ur duy? Jn wuld m ak! Y, Jn wuld m ak! (23) S’ p vy v d g (“ d pvg”) wd y p pg’ , y y dk k d pp, d. Nx, dw ’ pg’ p w w pp , d “ wk,” , , p d pd p dy d py pd. H dp pg g d gz v d k G’ dp g , gz, d pd, ppg vy p . p p pp g pg’ ; p “y” (“y w,” “y k”) pg’ , v. p p d w p, w p , w g wk pp d dk k—J w . S’ p wk dpy, d y d d d d pg’ -. pg’ d dg k d pp, xpd y S wy k pg d k g , k gg y G’ d w . T d g dy — — wd pp “ d d g - pg” (22)—k vy w Sw d Np g. Dp pg’ v y d y Mj,, g, Mj g, Sw wg d g wy G zd. zd. Sw gz “A C” (20); xp “pd ” w v dfy g d v d A dd g x, “F g gd, w g d” (21). T gg Sw’ Sw ’ p. H
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p v function w d d p dy. I dd wk, g, w J g w k , Sw p d v gzg y p wy w y. T v pp p G pp . Sw “d dd d k J C’ C ’ pg w d d ” (26), d gz ’ dv g. H H d d wv ’ v— wv g k y-v pg “ “” ” ’’ d ky d d ggg g pk ’ g. T d wv Sw dg M g, g, Bj dky dky,, d p g g . Dg p v, Sw wdd y p d J’ J’ g. A A “B Cwd”— d— w, Sw k p g ’ dd d wdd, g w Bx Bx,, d-w y d “A H, F F C.” I dp, gz, d v pp, , Sw d p g ; d wg k ’ gg py dy, w d p dy Np. I y Sw’ d d d wd d w w d Np p. A dy dp y, Np pg vy v y w wd. S, w Sw d wd d ’ ’ wky g, Np y g. H d, wv, k g wd dy : “H wkd vy d d, kd y vy d p d d w, d w pg y; ddy d g, d v p d wkd w g wd” (33). Np’ g—p dg , —vy w k y dd y d w. H w x py p y w Sw’ S w’ d.
Consolidating Power and Enforcing the Rules of Indecency Np’ wd p g dppv Sw’’ wd wd p y y p Np Np’’ g gy py d . S dv w dg g dp Sw p p dy dy wg J’ . W Sw w, w
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g “dg py” (18), Np d pw y . H y p k “ ‘F g gd, w w g d’ d ’ Sw Sw ’ p” (32), , gzg p g p . M p, py y zg pw, g g ppp J d B. H w g dpy w d Fy, Np d w d gd w dvd g w d g p d w w y dpy d w d y. y. I Fy’ F y’ , pgv-dg pgv-dg py p gdg B v d v yg p Ez g w d dg v Eg Kykd. Np Np’’ dpy pp w p v d, v p J’ d B’ ppp. H “ d yg w p yg d d w w dy gw p” p” (22). H k ppp J d B y wd, yg w “k p d” (22). T ppp dpp j k dd . Np kp , , “ g x” (22). A , pp kg ppp’ d v pp Sw’ wd dwg. T g ppp, d vg pg— w g — w, dd k d pp, v j pg, w d. W Np y k g pw, pw, gd vy. A Sw k k p p wd, wd , w w xpvy v pdg g y p “g, pg, w, d p d d d, d ppyg ppy g vyy w w v g, d d w d ” (35)—dg d wg k ’ —Np d p d “ g-pd wp kd d v v d d ” ” (35). F F p w dy x p d dp, p, , , p w dy wd v y :
A hi hr wa a rril aying und uid, and nin nrmu dg waring ra-uddd llar am unding in h arn. Ty dahd raigh r Snwall, wh nly prang rm
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hi pla ju in im ap hir napping jaw. In a mmn h wa u h dr and hy wr ar him. . . . Suddnly h lippd and i md rain ha hy had him. Tn h wa up again, running ar han vr, hn h dg wr gaining n him again. On hm all u ld hi jaw n Snwall’ ail, u Snwall whikd i r r ju in im. Tn h pu n an xra pur and, wih wih a w w inh par, lippd hrugh a hl in h hdg and wa n n mr. (35–36) A w , dg Np’ d, d “y wggd wy dg dg d d d M. J” (36) (36).. d d Np w J, ’ dpd y, ’ p . Ad j J dd , , vy ky Np Np - -d d d. Mv, w , , w y w . F , pp dy gdg pp xd dzd Mj dd w J g. O Np k v, dy dg pp g x p ’ . O v g pw d wkg pg , dd w xpd wy pg d kp pp d k v, S w wk xvy v Np. A Sw xd , S xp Np d g p kg x d dp y : “D g, d, dp p! O y, dp d vy py” (37). T d Np’ pw xp dp; Sw’ y d y S v Np:
‘N n liv mr rmly han Cmrad Napln ha all animal ar qual. H wuld nly happy l yu mak yur wn diin r yurlv. Bu mim yu migh mak h wrng diin, mrad, and hn whr huld w ? Supp yu had didd llw Snwall, wih hi mnhin windmill—Snwall, wh, a w nw knw, wa n r han a riminal?’ (37) Ad , Np’ v y g, w p kd ppgd S, w k dd
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y, y p v y. F , S ‘xp’ Sw w wd w d dd kgd w Napoleon gd vy wd dg B Cwd, yg “D Hy!” (54), , g v w S ‘d’ . dd wd w Np’ Np’ d g g d y w pd pd Sw d. Sw, p g w d w d y p , , k w g v , g dy-d pg, w pv pv y y d xp wy y , p wd v . T w-kw v v d A p w dy wd y d Np’ g. T pp dyg A zd v d—“A .” B x d dy ’ , w d d y. T d dd, Mj d, p p y’ y ’ v d d w v py vdd. A y pg, g, y Np d p dy pd v d—w y vg d -dd , pg d, dkg , ggg d, , p Mj d dy 10— vy g w y p wy g wd, Np. T dz A: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal, than others” (90),11 p dpy d ppgd, w dy ppd y pg . T vg g d (“ ”) vd v A k -pg d pg A, Od Mj. T vd v A vy wd dy d w wk y Np d pg w v .
Boxer and Decency’s Final Demise I y g , y pp ppgd d j g. I wy p py g p g w y g kp vy g p p vw g
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v p wkwd w w. , w v d , y w, wy v v. pg Np d Bx’ v v Sw’ B Cwd v p d x w dwg dp Np’ dp. Np , dg pg, p y k dg, “ w p p yg Np’ Np’ d w vy w d, w d kw xp J” (57). T x v “k d ” (57). Ty dd w kg, “ y w d gd v w Sw” (57)— d pg—“ y d j wd” (57). (57). F F pp Np’ Np’ g, w g. T w- x Np py d pw d dd v y d vw vw wd w y v, y d , d y , gv v . F, pg gd w — v pd — w d d v p. T p pg k pw d pg d Np g y. * * * v p w w d dy w p ppg w d -vg v y d xp v Bx’ d. Igy, pg’ gg d gy p pd v d Np’ g. Bx d y, dd pdy pd y v. H pp kd y w (g w Cv, ) p dw v v v “w g d d w” w ” (2), Mj’ p. Bx’ Bx’ dg gg y y . I , dvd d vd w, dg B Cwd, k kd w k : “‘I v w k , v ,’ pd Bx, d y w ” (28). A , y d y Bx’ Bx’
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d p g , Bx’ g g g v —v g— dy .. O , Bx’ v g py d wk. A py g gy py wk, j d , py dy :
H had n a hard wrkr vn in Jn’ im, u nw h md mr lik hr hr han n; hr wr day whn h nir wrk h arm md r upn hi mighy huldr. Frm mrning nigh h wa puhing and pulling, alway a h p whr h wrk wa hard. H had mad an arrangmn wih n h krl all him in h mrning hal an hur arlir han anyn l, and wuld pu in m vlunr laur a whavr md m ndd, r h rgular day’ day ’ wrk gan. Hi Hi anwr vry prlm, vry ak, wa ‘I will wrk hardr!’—whih h had adpd a hi prnal m. (18) Bx’ p d wk k d Mj’ vy v. B py p gd Mj vd vw y y,, Bx wd wd y . H d p p d g, g , - -d d v v Np. N p. M py, p y, g, ppy g w dy d pg. W S Sw w “ g w J vy ” ” (53) d w y J’ g, Bx—“w d kd ” (54) p y— y— : “‘I d v ,’ d. ‘Sw g vy B Cwd. I w y. Dd w gv ‘A H, F C’ dy wd?’ wd?’ ” (54). Bx vd y d p Sw’ y v g g . T pp w , w w , ddg dpd Sw. T wdg d py y Bx w wdd -wy vd d g w Sw. T dg dg w S d Bx v v ’ v-gg y y w wdvw— g d dd— d . S’ vd B Cwd v Bx g “
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y” y ” (55) d , d S y y p Bx’ g y ppg ’ d, :
‘Our Ladr, Cmrad Napln,’ annund Squalr, paking vry lwly and rmly rmly,, ‘ha ad agrially—agrially, mrad—ha Snwall wa Jn’ agn rm h vry ginning—y, and rm lng r h Rllin wa vr hugh .’ (55) S’ S ’ coup de grâce , kw Bx w wy d w w Np, “ ‘A, d d!’ !’ d Bx. ‘I Cd Np y , g’ ” (55). (55). W W d g g , , d 12 S “ vy gy k Bx w wkg y” (55). dg w S d y d Bx g S, d Np, Bx’ Bx’ y y d v v v d d v dd (d (d d) y Np w w dp. N pgy, , p w d pg’ p g g y . Oy dy dg w Bx d S Sw’ B Cwd, pg k p. vy’ z Np’ dg dd p Bx. B kg Bx, Np’ w v pg :
Bxr aw hm ming and pu u hi gra h, augh a dg in midair, and pinnd him h grund. T dg hrikd r mry and h hr w d wih hir ail wn hir lg. Bxr lkd a Napln knw whhr h huld ruh h dg dah r l i g. Napln appard hang unnan, and harply rdrd Bxr l h dg g, whra Bxr lid hi h, and h dg lunk away, ruid and hwling. (56) Ev , w Bx kd y Np’ dg, k Np gd. gd . A w w j B Cwd, g — w v— . B y dg dg, d y d y Np’ Np’ g g w w .. d Bx, , Np w d d p. T g S’ “gy k k”” Bx g v Sw’ y Bx’ d-
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p d d d wkd d dvg y. A w dy pp d w wd d d k y Fdk ( gg ) d , Bx y g , d y g— d y v— . A Bx Bx d, d, Cv k w wg,
‘I i my lung,’ aid Bxr in a wak vi. ‘I d n mar. I hink yu will will al nih h windmill windmill wihu wihu m. m. Tr i a pry pry gd r n aumulad. I had nly anhr mnh g in any a. ll yu h ruh, I had n lking rward my rirmn. And prhap, a Bnjamin i grwing ld , hy will l him rir a h am im and a mpanin m.’ (80) Bx v pg w d py y d wd p p d d wk. B, , w p p w d gd xpd. H wkd ppy pg p y. W d Bx p d w dg. T pg v v k wy w d wkg d w y dv vg d yg gdy d. T w Bj, w kw w d w g dy d d , pk p d d wd d “” : “ ‘Ad Sd, H Sg d G B, Wgd. D Hd d B-M. K Sppd.’ D y dd w ? Ty kg Bx kk’!” kk’!” (82). T pg v y d ppy d v p v y. Bx’ d, w xp w v p Wgd, W gd, pg g ppv d d . O k wy, w ppgd g g, d ( kk’ kk ’ wg) gg p Np’ w. F, S Bx dd, pvdg Bx’ dy p p d d dg :
‘I wa h m aing igh I hav vr n!’ aid Squalr, liing hi rr and wiping away a ar. ‘I wa a hi did a h h
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vry la. And a h nd, alm wak pak, h whiprd in my ar ha hi l rrw wa hav pad n r h windmill wa nihd. “Frward mrad!” h whiprd. “Frward in h nam h Rllin. Lng liv Animal Farm! Lng liv Cmrad Napln! Napln i alway righ.” T wr hi vry la wrd, mrad.’ mrad.’ (83) Bx’ w-kw v p pg’ w , “Np wy g” d v dy. gg d d gp d dp xp Np’ v dp. B pg’ v y y dd wd w d wg w g k Bx wy wy,, wd d vg d d y wy g—d gy —Bj. I ddg , S’ “d ddy gd. H , d y dd p g d d pdd” (83). T d--d g “gy k” S p Bx w d k y f v v. S gd “vy p” xp wy Bj w wd “ g” d v: “T v d pvy ppy kk, d d g y vy g, w d y pd d . T w w k d ”” (83). T v xp v “y vd” (83) d g gg p Np’ v. O pw g d ’ pvd d ddd y v p p. A , Np, kw, p k. T pvg S y p d x Np’ Np’ . Bx’ d p y d pvd xp w pv pp, dd y L A, wk.
Rmmr ha in Marxi hry, h Sa Apparau (SA) nain: h Gvrnmn, h Adminirain, h Army, h Pli, h Cur, h Prin, ., whih niu wha I hall in uur all h Rpriv Sa Apparau. Apparau . Rpriv ugg ha h Sa Apparau in quin ‘unin y viln’—a la ulimaly (in rprin, .g. adminiraiv rprin, may ak nn-phyial rm). rm). (142–43)13
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I Ow M F, pv pp d y : gv (Np), d (S), d p ( dg). W g d w d pg, y Np gv. A pw w g d d Bx. A pv pp wk Np’ v y, w x y d v, d d d y d.
Decency and Justice—Is Behaving Decently a Mark of Weakness? dd dd p p g Bx’ Bx’ d. d w g g pg g d d gy d d v p, d, pg, vy dd p vw. d d w dy g y. Ly, : w d Ow’ dp dy Animal Farm y vy v g? O p: pg Np’ Np’ pw y d v. Np d A F “v p d ” (93) w g, gg d pg y. F g ’ k “M F,” w g “d,” “d,” d g g d d —y ’ — py p y p g d. Ovy, Ovy, “ ” pg d , d . T pg vg v g w , y p pv y g v wk pg. Ty Ty dd d pd v v d, w v p, v y w g, “F g gd, w g better ! ” (89). T jy dy dy , w pg d d g jk y p v d A w: “W dfy ( y pg dd) Sw d p d wk, w S w w g w dg p-p” (15). T y gd g w pg g py dd pvd ppv j w w y p v k y d . A g wkwdy vg py gd k pg’ dy xp , d
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pg’ d j k p y gy vw dy wd . T dp d g w ky pg dg d g d g- ’ . T pg’ p y wk pg g vy d y wk g y d. O wy p ddvg w yg g. W pg p ppx pg g, y y w wk, wk xpd y y p. B , v y pv y vg d w g d , y w wy wy wkwd g, d g g wy w d py , dd y Mj d vd y Sw. T v d Np pd pd y g vy k d. T kd, J g g w “ dz Fxwd d Pd” (26), w gg . T y k, xp J “w w g d w g d” (26). T , ddy, xp k k y g . Ty d xp v gz d x d Sw’ g, d d ’ y p ppy. A , . W y k d , wv wv,, g, g, “w dz g w , d y pd y g w y yd” (68). Ty g w g dy dy wd, w w k d d . W S vy v d — d g w Bx14— kp gg d dd. T w v d py d . A y d, , d pg d dk wy d “M F” d dw g d, jk Np d pg, j dd vy y . T w w p, ppv Np’ p. A Np d Pkg py pd y d g d v , w ’ dy dy dy d. Ow’ xp gy R Rv p xp g pg’ d:
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A numr radr may nih h k wih h imprin ha i nd in h mpl rniliain h pig and h human. Ta wa n my innin; n h nrary I man i nd n a lud n dird, r I wr i immdialy ar h hran Cnrn whih vrydy hugh had alihd h pil rlain wn h USSR and h W. I prnally did n liv ha uh gd rlain wuld la lng; and, a vn hav hwn, I wan’ ar wrng. (19.89) d dd, g, d g gg g d Np’ g . W w g wy vpw y —y , w w M. Wyp gv pg y xg vy — d pg’ d pw wd d . A vd w pg x Sw d Bx . Lk pd g d g y , d g wg g Np’’ y dp dp.. W Np y k g pw y y, py k dg d y p p p gg d Sw. W w w d Bx, g, k p, df vpw v g pg w. T gg gg k g d dg y d d w wy g v w ppd pp. Pp p, d w g py vpw d d pp dy y . Ow’ “d dd” xd yd d g gy g y pp p y wy- y. T p g d Animal Farm dg d d dy pp j pp v d w wy d y dy. T w xp py gd p g y y. W Np, w p pg, v d, p d dy w vy v. Ty w vy g pp. I p d y Mj, d dy d Ow’ d , ,
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, p j, vg g d, w w pv. T vw vw pg wd, , v vd y dd d J, py w, ddd vg wd d dy w g g k k , d d k w . A w pp y w vy pp pp y pg, dy pp p . T pg w w g— k , w Mj wd g gg. S, w pg g j d, pjd wd v . T dy pg j gp py k pvgd. B pjd Np’ Np’ dp v v wg w g v pp d wy p d. T d p g Bx’ d d w dy dy.. Bx Bx dfy kg g . O p pg , w pg d d , vyg v yg d d “p[] y p g” (11). T dy Bx’ d p k y p pg’ w . 15 W k Bx d, , k v p pg. H H dv wgy xv d w d w dg wk w. w . H p dg pp p pdy d w gd Np gd . H p , “I w w wk d” d ” d “Np wy g,” vw yy, , y k wk p. W dy dd d ppd y , gzd d zd p y pg. A py xp y Vw d Ryy. I Burmese Days , Vw R w d d y F F yy, w g g p g d d B “gg,” VV w ddd d p Fy wkwd p wd Vw w p pgy w g y y d, v y w. Vw’ Fy d Rv’ w p Gd Aspidistra Rv kw Gd’ -y p d y g. Vw, y , v Fy’ gd g, g
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kpg w w k yg Fy kw Fy d w gdg p C. Ry Gd’ Gd’ v d x vw vw gd dvd d, k J, Gd’ , d d w d ’. I x v, d v, k d Rv d Gd k d d. I , , d ’ pdd wg p pp ’ d d w. B d Burmese Days d Keep the Aspidistra Flying , w Vw Vw d Ry y xpd v d y Fy d Gd, pvy, y d v wd w p y dg. Vw dd d d, , d Ry d d jd Gd’ d y, kk’ , w d Ow’ v, R 101, “d,” O’B’ p W S’ d wg. Ry Gd d xpg d v d. S w p w d w g v k d. Dy vy dvd v p v dpp w v, w --d k w d w pw w dy , d, d, w g , w v. T w d py w dd vg w d “d.” I dd py y , Bx’ dy d v wy w. H Np Np’’ pw y kg wd p. I df g wd g pd “ vy dy” (66) Np g w Bx’ v d . T g wd Np d xp w, p p, . Np vwk v wk Bx w pp d y dd . T g g pg Bx’ dd pp ppv v dd v’ v’ , w p . O Bx wy, y y , d w “ w w d d d dy R, xp Cv, Bj, M v, d pg” (85). By p, y dd, d Sw d Bx v g. T w w : “Ty w
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pdg , wg wk d gd d, vy pd. N pvd p yd B. Ty pd vyg y w d R d pp A, py Cv, w y d p; w d w y dd vy ” (86). T dp w dw d Bx’ p p, d w w g v Bx w, y g p B. Bx
wuld ra u A, B, C, D in h du wih hi gra h, and hn wuld and aring a h lr wih hi ar ak, mim haking hi rlk, rying wih all hi migh rmmr wha am nx and nvr uding. On vral ain, indd, h did larn E, F, G, H, u y h im h knw hm i wa alway divrd ha h had rgn A, B, C and D. Finally h didd nn wih h r ur lr, and ud wri hm u n r wi vry day rrh hi mmry. (21) w , , pp pg’ g, y v g pg v d. y dd A A dd Bx. dp w pvd pgy w p y pp A, dp ’ gg w p g d Bx’ p , d “dv g g wy-w p” (81). w pp ppd kp d yg w y d. A , y — pg’ p vw— kd pv Bx y w g y v ppv . T d d p Bx’ Bx’ d : w d Ow’ O w’ dp d d Animal Farm y v g? H w wd p w . A “A I P” w 1946 p w Ow p d p w:
Wh n n nidr hw hing hav gn in 1930 r Whn hrau, i i n ay liv in h urvival iviliain. I d n argu rm hi ha h nly hing d i ajur praial plii, r rir m rm pla and nnra
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ihr n individual alvain r n uilding up l-uppring mmunii again h day whn h am m hav dn hir wrk. I hink n mu ninu h pliial ruggl, ju a a dr mu ry av h li a pain wh i praly ging di. (18.503) H vy y “wd Ep Uy,” pd Partisan Review wg y:
A Siali day i in h piin a dr raing an all u hpl a. A a dr, i i hi duy kp h pain aliv, and hrr aum ha h pain ha a la a han rvry. A a ini, i i hi duy a h a, and hrr admi ha h pain will praly di. Our aivii a iali nly hav maning i w aum ha ialim can alihd, u i w p nidr wha praly will happn, hn w mu admi, I hink, ha h han ar again u. (19.163)16 Ow’ p p - g, F. F. S Fzgd F zgd 1936 y, “ “ Ck-Up” Ck-Up”:: “B I g w y, k g v— - g y d w ppd d d , d y . O d, xp, g p d y dd k w” (69). 17 M y , E’ Invisible Man, g v k p y, d “y w y g py d” (577). W gg , , y y p, Ow’ vw, kw g , d , y, dy. B kwg v y g g ’ w gv p p. I y kwg p - g, vy y. I Bx, Ow dz df-- d. Ev g Bx dd y pg, p w py dy d, pv . Bx Bx dd g y kd. I , yg, w d . T xy w pg’ d d k y p , g, pv . By g p Bx g w y d, Ow’ y p d
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k v dy d x v. * * * g g d d d ’ ’ p jy Burmese Days g Animal Farm, w v Nineteen Eighty-Four Eighty-Four p g d . . WW S wg k vyg d “.” g py d p p W’’ p w I P W Pyy d d, y, y, v dy , , g gd g d d , pv p v ’ p v p vy. I py dy, , O’B p k W.
Notes 1. Rihard R ll a ry ha ha ugg Orwll did pik up m knwldg knwldg Marxi hry hry a m m pin during hi li: I i ru ha in h ummr 1936, m mnh r h wn Spain, h had andd a Summr Shl rganid y he Adelphi , whr h anihd vr vrydy, ydy, inluding in luding h Mar Marxi xi hrii hriian, an, y hi inrvnin in h diuin. Wihu any parad larning h prdud rahaking Marxi paradx and pigram, in uh a way a mak h ard myri m alm viu and impl. A n h in I nid a lading Marxi ying him wih a mixur admirain and unain. (147) R’ ry migh graly imprvd y divulging h idniy h “lading Marxi” whm Orwll imprd, nr d h xplain any urhr wha h “paradx and pigram” nid . Bu h imag Orwll unring hry in h prn Marxi hr hriian iian ugg again ag ain ha hi prinipal inr in iali wa n inllual nvrain a uh nr apan wihin a pii grup, u h mim inurmunal dird wn hry and prai. In h nd, h wa alway mr inrd in prai. 2. Pr Sanky Sanky and William Wil liam Araham draw a imilar lin l in in h hrnlgy Orwll’ wrk, alhugh hir mphai i h diinin wn h wrir’ inr ir in la and hn in human rdm, a ppd Slar’ rvain a raniin rm nrn au mny nrn au pwr: . . . a a yung wrir h wa ainad a wll a mird y h la quin: i igur ivly in muh wha h wr r Clergyman’s yman’s Daughter and Keep the Aspidistra 1936, in h nvl, A Clerg Flying , and in h auigraphial prin he Road to Wigan
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i nly in 1937 wih Homage to Catalonia , hi aun hi xprin in h Spanih Civil War, ha h g ynd i wha wuld hi prinipal pr inipal nrn hra hrar: r: human rdm. (4) 3. Jry Myr prvid a hrugh aun h allgrial dail a play in h nvlla: Virually vry dail ha pliial igniian in hi allgry rrupin, rayal and yranny in Cmmuni Ruia. h human ing ar apiali, h animal ar Cmmuni, h wild rau r wh uld n amd ar h paan, paa n, h pig ar h h Blhvik, Blhvik , h Rllin i h Or Rvluin, h nighring armr ar h Wrn armi wh ampd uppr h Czari again h Rd, h wav rlliun ha ran hrugh h unryid arward ar h ariv rvluin in Hungary and Grmany in 1919 and 1923, h h and hrn i h hammr and ikl, h Spnanu Dmnrain i h May Day Clrain, h Ordr h Grn Bannr i h Ordr Lnin, h pial pig mmi pridd vr y Napln i h Pliur, h rvl h hn—h ir rllin in h xpulin Jn (h Czar)—i h ailr’ rllin a Krnad naval a in 1921, Napln’ daling wih Whympr and h Willingdn mark rprn h ray Rapall, ignd wih Grmany in 1922, whih ndd h apiali’ apiali’ y Svi Ruia, and h inal ming h pig and human ing i h hran Cnrn 1943. Orwll allgriz a llgriz hr ruial r uial pliial vn: h diaru rul Salin’ rd llivizain (1923–33), h Gra Purg rial (1936–38) and h ynial diplmay wih Grmany ha rminad wih Hilr’ invain inva in Ruia in i n 1941. 1941. (249) 4. Whil i ha n pind u ha Old Majr’ ph i “mdlld vry muh n h nluding in h Cmmuni Mani” (Ingl 76), i huld al aid ha h piiliy h pig’ mrging a hy d in Animal Farm i aually aua lly pragd y Marx Mar x and Engl. h mmuni ar nviind nviind a n h n hand, praially, praia lly, h m advand and rlu in h wrking-la pari vry vr y unry, ha in whih puh rward all hr; n h hr hand, hrially, hy hav vr h gra ma h prlaria h advanag larly undranding h lin marh, h ndiin, and h ulima gnral rul h prlarian mvmn. (484) h “n h n hand/n h hr hand hand”” nr nruin uin i an amp a vnhanddn u al nvy h diiul ak h mani r h mmuni. hy huld lad wihu xpliily dignaing hmlv a ladr. Hr, viuly, Napln par mpany wih h mani’ innin, ju a h d wih Majr’, in i i Napln’ Napln’ xplii xpli i gal idniy idni y h pig a n nly ladr u uprir h hr animal and himl a l ladr all n h arm. h mmuni mmuni ar dri drid d a par pa r h h wrking la la,, u a h am a m im i
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“m advand and rlu in.” hy ar prrayd a similar h r h prlaria, prl aria, u al dirn d irn in a vry undamnal way. way. I i lar ha h amu mani i m n “rad r i mag,” u “h yl in whih ha mag i nvyd nriu h mag’ ” (Sigl 222). A impran a h inndd may h uninndd u qually maningull ha xi in h am x. h maningu h maphr maphr ha drmin drmin h pliial rlainhip in h av paag ar vry lling. h mmuni ar prrayd upying a piin “av” h prlaria. Dpi h x’ amp lid hi hirarhial rlain rlainhip, hip, h imag upririy upririy i l ina. Bu h x al rnigur and mplia h nvninal hriznal maphr ladrhip. Inad h mmuni ing in front h prlaria, a h nin an avan-gard india, hy ar a in h rl “puhing rward all hr.” In hr wrd, hy ar ragially piind behind h prlaria. Hwvr, hy ar ill larly h mivaing r, puhing h prlaria rward, prviding an impu r prgr ha h prlaria, l n i wn, wuld nily lak. h dripin uly inall h mmuni hind h prlaria, u in a way hi lain mrly mphaiz hir piin upririy. h mmuni ill hav “vr” h “gra ma” h advanag ha hy “larly undrand” wha h prlaria d n. hy ar, a Squalr pu i, h “rainwrkr.” h mmuni’ lar undranding driv rm hir ailiy unin a inllual inllua l in iy. h paag prp prpua ua h w nvninal maphr ladrhip, implii impliily ly iuaing h Cmmuni in rn and av h prlaria. 5. Dugla Krr mphaiz h impran h pig’ ry a a ign hir upririy vr h hr animal: “On h ir ign h minu kinhip wn pig and ppl i n nly h pig’ radin inrpr and hang h wrld, u al a nmian ailiy kp hing hmlv, nur a r mnal li hir wn, illgil h nirly uward-rind and mrly dily hr, hp and hn” (“Orwll, Animal, and h Ea” 238). h pig did, a hi hi ru ruial ial arly jun junur ur r h xpu xpulin lin Snwal Snwall,l, pp lihly hir hir inr h h hr hr animal, anima l, xpliily hing hing llinrd xluin vr duln. 6. Bnda din inllual a “all “al l h wh aivi aiviyy nially i not h purui praial aim, all h wh k hir jy in h prai an ar r a in r maphyial pulain, in hr in h pin nnmarial advanag, and hn in a rain mannr ay: ‘My kingdm i n hi wrld’ ” (30). 7. A he Road to Wigan Pier ri i rminal lurih, Orwll mimi he Communist Manifesto in rdr riiiz la-prjudi n la im. H nnd ha n h mmr h prlaria hir mmn au wih h middl la, “hn prhap hi miry la-prjudi will ad away, and w h inking middl la—h priva hlmar, h hal-arvd r-lan jurnali, h lnl’ pinr daughr wih £75 a yar, h jl Camridg gradua, h hip’ ir wihu a hip, h lrk, h ivil rvan, h mmrial ravlr and h hri-ankrup drapr in h unry wn—may ink wihu urhr ruggl in h wrking la whr w lng, and praly whn w g hr i will n dradul a a w ard, r, ar all, w hav nhing l u ur aih” (215). Orwll’ li délaé prinal hw a ral niiviy h dijunin wn nvninal nin “la” and unin wihin iy. Ju a arl arlir ir in Wigan Pier h dri himl a a mmr h urgii wih a wrking- wrking-la la inm, hr, a h xpr xpr a duln prp prpiv iv
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ha nal him dri hw individual in imilarly dijind piin migh r niv and nriu h wrld arund hm. 8. In addiin hir imilar apprah ialim, hr ar numru riking igraphial inidn wn Orwll and Grami. Bh wr ial ua (Grami wa a Sardinian and a hunhak; Orwll a a mmr h lwr-uppr-middl la amng h prdminanly puli-hl inllignia). Bh urd r m hir liv wih uruli (Grami wa alid wih P’ dia, a rm uruli ha ruld in hi having “w hump, n in rn and h hr in ak, giving him a drmd apparan” [Grmin 1]). Bh rvd a jurnali, and a nd ndurd phyial phyial hardhip in hir amp dvlp a nw plii. Bh wr riial h nvninal rl inllual and h pializd languag prminn amng arly wnih-nury iali. And in prhap hir m riking inidn, h did a h ag 46. Mr han anyhing l, h igraphial inidn ar inring uriii ha n n ha nid r. hy ar ar l impran han h imilarii in plii vind y h w mn’ wriing. 9. Wriing in Horizon (Marh 1944) piially in rgard 1930 inllual, Arhur Klr iz upn a imilar irny whih h argu drmin h unin many inllual inllual living l iving undr indurializd apialim: “hir rurar urain ar rprd, hir apirain ar n ward nw hirarhi valu, u ward liming h p h xiing hirarhy. hu h inllignia, n h vanguard h anding urgii, m h Lumpn-Burgii in h ag i day” (74) (74).. Again, h inllual’ impliain wihin h ruur r uur hy amp hang may aually milia again hir ivn a agn hang. Klr rira h prlmai quin mivain ha undrli h duuln h mrgn an rgani inllual la: “h wh ar nugly ukd in h ial hirarhy hav viuly n rng impul ward indpndn hugh. Whr huld i m rm? hy hav n ran dry hir apd valu nr any dir uild nw n” (73). 10. Rgarding h amndmn mad ah h n Animalim, Rr Par ha nid ha “ah mmandmn rivd a da, a rrvain whih ivly ivly rvrd i maning” (66). hi rvral rvr al xplain xpl ain hw h n Animalim an ud y Napln again h valu dny. Par al n ha h dail da ugg n paralll paral ll in Ruian pliial hiry—h nvnnvninal rrn r Orwll’ a al—u a paralll in Ruian rligiu hiry. hi uggin, ug gin, a par pa r Par’ dmnra dmnrain in wha h h a an in lun ly ly upn Or Orwll, wll, hw ha “h prvnan h dai dail l Animal Farm i ar widr han h painul painu l prid hiry hiry hrugh whih Orwll livd. I i al nnd ha ly wa an impran inlun n Orwll” (67). 11. Anhny Karny’ ri u uul aun hi amu xprin add urhr ur prpin h pig’ rayal h n dny ad n duln uil in Majr’ iniial viin li n h arm ar h rllin. Karny’ rading hing n h a ha i “qual” an man “mhing diral and gd, i an a n al in a primar pr imaryy n man n mr han ‘idnial ‘ idnial’’ r ‘am’” (238). Frm hr, h l viu u panly rvaling igniiain h xprin m lar: h lgan lg an huld rad, ‘m animal anima l (n h pig) ar mr qual qua l (ar mr h am) han hr (h uprir pig).’ In hi rading
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h pig wan l qualiy, n mr; ing ‘mr qual’ man ha yu lng h mmn hrd, n h li. In h nd hi may lad muh h am nluin a in h ppular rading h lgan—h pig in h rading ar marking hmlv rm h hr animal—u wha i a iu hr i h way qualiy i ing dind, y h pig and ur y Orwll Orwl l himl. (238) (238) 12. h xprin “i wa nid” rur in h nvlla. In hr arly inan “i i nid” ha h milk ha diappard ar h animal g h ild harv h ir rp ar Jn’ ur (16); ha Snwall and Napln ar “nvr in agrmn” (20); and ha h hp “wr pially lial rak in ‘Fur lg gd, w lg ad’ a ruial mmn in Snwall’ ph” (32). h rurrn hi paiv nruin i a l a h animal an g h xprin dining vi. I m inraingly impral ha any animal—u r Bxr—will ay anyhing ha d n ard wih h pig’ pin viw, u h xprin “i wa nid” rgir ha h pig’ rangrin d n nirly ap h hr animal. 13. Alhur diinguih wn h rpriv a apparau and h idlgial a apparau (ISA), in whih h inlud: —h rligiu ISA (h ym h dirn Churh), —h duainal ISA (h ym h dirn puli and priva ‘Shl’), —h amily ISA, —h lgal ISA, —h pliial ISA (h pliial ym, inluding h dirn Pari), —h rad-unin ISA, —h mmuniain ISA (pr, radi and lviin, .), —h ulural ISA (Liraur, h Ar, pr, .) (143) 14. hi diagrmn dia grmn ind ind Bxr vn mr ridn in hi diagrmn diag rmn wih Squalr’ prpaganda. Whn h pig did ir a gun lra h rpulin h mn, Bxr xpr irriain: ‘Wha i ha gun iring r?’ aid Bxr. ‘ lra ur viry!’ rid Squalr. ‘Wha viry?’ aid Bxr. Hi kn wr lding, h had l a h and pli hi h, and a dzn pll had ldgd hmlv in hi hind lg. ‘Wha viry, mrad? Hav w n drivn h nmy ur il—h ard il Animal Farm?’
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Anhny Swar ‘Bu hy hav dryd h windmill. And w had wrkd n i r w yar!’ ‘Wha mar? W will uild anhr windmill. W will uild ix windmill i w l lik i. Yu d n appria, mrad, h mighy hing ha w hav dn. h nmy wa in upain hi vry grund ha ha w and upn. And nw—hank nw— hank h ladrhip ladr hip Cmrad Napln—w hav wn vry inh i ak again!’ ‘hn w hav wn ak wha w had r,’ aid Bxr. ‘ha i ur viry,’ aid Squalr. (71)
15. V C. Lmndia’ rvain rgarding hw h animal’ dny wrk again hm i n mly rngly in Bxr: h divr divriy iy h anima animall la la,, lik lik h wrkin wrkingg la la,, i qual qually ly rd y h diring prnalii h raur. Ju au all hav n ujd human rul, hi d n man ha hy will a a a unid dy n hy ak vr h arm. h qual ii whih, r Orwll, larly larly uni h majriy majriy h animal anima l wih hir human unrpar, h mmn wrking ppl, ar a nrn r rdm and qualiy in iy and a rm ‘inna ‘ inna dny’ dny’ whih prvn hm rm diring pwr r any prnal gain. Whil hi dny hindr h wrkr animal rm divring h ru naur h pig unil h inal n, i al prvid hm wih an ininiv ling r wha a air iy migh aually lk lik. (16) Lmndia’ pin highligh h miigad naur Orwll’ pimim, a h auhr uild h dny and xpliain x pliain in h ry, naling h animal anima l (and h radr) h h and wr pil um h rllin. 16. Orwll rvl in uh rmulain, a n mr xampl rm hi wriClergyman’s yman’s Daughter , Drhy Har, h ing mak lar. ward h nd A Clerg pragni, nidr hw h huld ninu aing a i h ha aih vn ar having l i. h anwr i: “Bli hang, hugh hang, u hr i m innr par h ul ha d n hang. Faih hang, u h nd r aih rmain h am a r” (292). 17. Valri Myr dri Orwll’ mind in rmarkaly imilar rm: “Orwll’ paradxial mind wa apal hlding nrary viw imulanuly. H n ruur a pi wriing pp, alan and i pil rnil ppi” (13).
PEER EDGERLY FIRCHOW
George Orwell’s Dystopias: Eigh y-Fur ur From Animal Farm to Ninn Eighy-F
Happin i nriuly diful dri, and piur a ju and wll-rdrd iy ar ldm ihr araiv r nvining. —Gg Ow
Authentic Orwell Or well M y B w w y, w p xp w w vy d d E. M. F F,, Gg Ow d y g ky g p w d. Eg , g g, y d p w g “g” w , w yg yg y vd g p py y , w ’ py Rg, L, dd. A , d’ y k py g g v j w . N y d py w v wg; dp w . W p w w Mx g L Bk C g Coming Up for Air (175.). Ow’ -g , dd, y dpd p d g py vd y—k Hxy d F, Ow g y Frm Modern Utopian Fictions Fictions:: From Fr om H. G. Wells to Iris Iri s Murdoch Murdoc h, pp. 97–129. © 2007 y h Cahli Univriy Amria Pr.
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pd— w dy k, Down and Out in Paris and London, he Road to Wigan Pier , d, , Homage to Catalonia , w pp p p Sp Sp Cv Cv W.1 W py— “p,” y p— gd p wy w , w . W d Ow Sp W, kw ’ . O vy dy , I k, dg v k Animal Farm Farm Nineteen Eighty-Four w kw y xpd w wg . N Gg O Ow w v w “”— g ddy g vy Ow kp dky Bj Animal Farm— vd y 1984 ( y-v y v vd ), d y d ( Ax Zwdg y, k “d y v w y w d vd d w v vy y”) y ”) d xpd vy dd, , g g, dw P d dg g Ld d dg; d d vd w d k y y dg dpg y, dd Wg. I vy d , d xpd d w y S C Py pd Sp, w w d w y y d pp d v “d” d w -F g ky ky POUM (Pd O O d Uó Mx “ Wk’ Py Mx U U ”). ”). 2 I wd, Gg Ow’ O w’ k wy d d vd xp. Tg d gz z ppv xp, v wdg “.” W y d W. H. Ad jyg “y d” dg Sp W g Ad d v wd d , Ow d p , d, had xpd d d j kg ( Sp d py B ). By dg w g y xp v y. “S -wg g,” w gz gz w k -Mx -Mx k Ad, “ kd pyg w y pp w d’ v kw ” (1954, 243). Igy, Ow’ xp x both d. T , y w Ow dw d P P d Ld, w , , w, p d d Rg R g d Iwddy Iwddy.. H H j—d y w v v y d d, dg j j d v—w f Id C Cy B, w w O’B Nineteen Eighty-Four Np’ py d dg Animal Farm, w-
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 127 g p p xp. T v x W S’ S ’ wk My . . A , py d W S’ pp d Ow’ w wk ppgd BBC. T w v , , y g g wy xp. Ow, O w, , authentic w w dg dp g. (A gd E Cg d p xp pp g pp B.) T wy w . Ad w wg d w g g w w , , w 1940, xpg d k H gv , d v ’ p g kg ypy ddg. T Ow’ y v , w w wd g d vgy g d, .g., .g., d p pd d k dgg dgg pd w gg wd vy g Te Road to Wigan Pier . W w y Ow’ Ow ’ ypy “ddg” H H y y d y v p y , y dy d v k “.” Animal Farm as History and Dystopi D ystopia a Ag g, Animal Farm d g xp. Dg 1930 Ow d d d, ddy vy y, g vg d v vy . L, w d d —y, — y, py p y vy gd g d Animal Farm— vd S d J, d y d w y . I w g d dd dg y. d dp Ow’ py w dwg, p d- xp— gd , y k—d dy, p g R “gd” yd v xd d g. H y y v Wg dg , vy y wy gg p d Gd Cy. Tg wd gy , Animal Farm w py Ow’ df k g pd. T dp Ow w w y y w kw vk -wg w w y d vw. W W 1943–44, w j vydy v ydy Egd w Rd Ay’ Ay ’ y d xpd
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g H’ y gy v y (d d dy g Sv U U’’ w w H d j v Pd), Animal Farm w y p w Ow d k wk pg, k d A K’ Darkness at Noon. Ow, wv, d dd d d w socialist , dd w w g C Py d w w kg, p g p, “ ky P d p Mw” (1954, 279). A w k , P w Uk Animal Animal Farm: “Idd, y p, g d p g d S R S y d vy xd, d” (1968, 405). Animal Farm w vy pd y , w p, Sk & Wg, w g Ag 1945. I Ud S w jd y g p d dd y pp 1946 d H, B & Cpy p. A d pp gg, Animal Farm, d Ow , w wdy kw py dpv d, v g w v, w-vg Kgy M, d d y v d d. 3 I w y p Sv U 1989 Ow Ow’’ ““” Sv Ep w y vdd. Animal Farm, vy vy zd w d k , w pd, d w d pvy gvy , dd d vy gy Sv y Rv 1945 C. I , wv, wv, y d gy d, / / v: J p-1917 R g g . M F R. A F Sv U. Od Mj Mx d L.4 A Mx-L. Sw L ky. Np J S. S Ad Zdv Z dv.. Wyp g p dy, pv -d Nw E Py 1920. T pg C Py p. T d wkg , py d-wkg Bx d Cv, w p g v v p py d. T wd py, py pp kk, py “Lpp.” (Ev Od Mj w k .) T dg d y Np NKVD
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 129 ( KGB). T g. Pkg d Fxwd G B, d pp F . Fdk Fdk d Pwd Gy.. Bdg y Bdg wd d dz Sv U. (Adg g d S, p y .) T B Cwd d W R. T B Wd Wd W II. M Rv R Odx C, d Sgdy M v. M v p wkg w Sv U pp . T yp v py g . Bj dky v’ raisonneur , w xp k Ow’ w.5 I wk gy Ow p y, , p d p v Sv pd, : (1) xp ky y S, g w gd “” ’ Rv—ky, k Sw d, , , E Gd Nineteen Eighty-Four , d d d v pg; 6 (2) p y y S d g; (3) g y pd d -dg “dpy” S 1930, w g wd py G B d F g Gy; (4) w , w pd-p g d g w y x; d (5) gd p C Py “v” pp pv k pvgd , , Ow’ , gy pg d . 7 M df gp p d gy g y Animal Farm w p g . T , wy dd’ Ow j “y” “y ” w w pvd S’ R gwd d dy p ? Wy w y dg y d? Ad w w k Ow’ dd Animal Farm Farm “y “y y”? v p w. 8 g w, w d Ow wg Animal Farm Farm, y.. Tg vy y v y g v—d dd ddg w’ gg —y y pd vy d d x , x vd wy y w , y , d w w y dg p g Sv y y.. I py y x, d gd z p d w k y y ,
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v w g. Iy, Ow dd Animal Farm y g w y Sv y —“dz”— dd y -d R F 1920, xp y, ddd vg d C Py’ Py ’ pw pw.. T dz dzgg dy dy d d y kg “w” “w ” , y pkg, g d pv d . F xp, p k Py d d d, y p, , xp, w, g vw J, d dp pg d d gg k w y pd k . S w Np’’ ppdy Np ppd y d d vg, , pd d J’ wky. wky. F, w Ow Ow xp y dy S py y vg k : : “Ud gd Ld, L d, Cd Np, I v d v gg x dy” dy ” (67). A “y “y”” dg y y v dz d z p, p gy g y y p d “y” d p wd v p v . 9 T g p Sv U p p v “y .” Ev g d py g, wv, p pg y y dy (.., y dvp Sv U) py g wk. T y , “ d,” py dky Bj’ p vw. I dg k d p, wd Ow pg Sv U w k k vv p vw. T , ppy gg (, , “”) , w p y g , “pg” w vy p. T wd w gd, p, d pw-gy, gd w y , w w , w f p d y . W k p A F, , Sv U, , xp Mx d d v Vd P’ “ .” Id , w d d w pg— g d, . Plus ça change , w, plus ça reste la même chose chose .10 I Ow pyg g k ? Y, I k . wd d dd, , kd y —
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 131 dd (Ck 1980, 174)— v y , , , w, g w xg dk, gd vv d ( p, xp) w d ( d w, xp). 11 N dg Animal Farm y p d dv ppv. I dx Mx d , , d p “” Ow pp kg Animal Farm, y, w w pd w x pw y y y.. Ad dd d p y p k kd wp pd p. (T d, v p g k Hg’ y g d dvp d vp /v dy. Mx, é , y d Hg d.) I Animal Farm, g Np d pg y “w” pd pg g p pp y y d—g d y p pp— pg v y w d v p k p . F, , d’ p vw, Bj (d , Bx , Np) w pvd “wy “wy g.” T wd pp p. Fy, J B’ g Te Managerial Revolution— k w Ow wd v p d d w dd, g w y v— v— pw py (w , , , p) vd g g . T pg, , , w wy v k pg, w pg w wy wy Pg B. Cg g g Sv xp d dd dvg wd Ow dy p wd v d w w p gwd y y. T g jxp y d v d (d g dwwd v) w y pg’ v v wg w dyp g . I pvd y p— d — — y w gg d v d v v p pgy pgy.. T p p, pd Od Mj’ “I v d” p d gg “B Egd,” dd pg pgvy pv v “pp A” w A F d d. 12 T p “gd
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” w g gw gy gy d d— y “d”—dp “d”—dp d y S S w, “Cd” Np, “B Egd” g g. T ? B B g d “xpd gg y dy . B B y w d. Cy g g y pp” (62). 13 A w d Animal Farm py y yg d y w wk wd d jy? I d “gd ” pp d p d p? A dw p y p? I d Bj y w , y, wy g? T y g dy vd pp gv vw y. T p py vd pp (d ) w dg w d (, , p) g w d J’. M d , Np’ p k , p w . Iy, dp vy dp d k, d gd g d (g ) y dd J’ dy. T , w y y wkg g , wk f; d “ w ,” kd j, g d dg, w w y (46). 14 Ad, , w “g” , d, w v p, g gd. T df d v v p g dy w w, Np’ d, kd y dg g w Sw. A d “w ” d y x, “vy w d, w d kw xp J.” Tg kg y d d J, y pvd “ w” w ” y d y v d (61). Wv y y kg, d . T d w pp , g vy d pp, v “xp pg d dg” (92). T g wk d d g d , g v d gy v “ y dy . . . g d w w.” Ty ’
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 133 y w y p p d w ; y “S’ , w vy dd vyg v yg w gg d ” (93). 15 Oy Bj, w y wk y, xp d w d pvg w d —“g, dp, d dpp g, d, w ” (93). B v Bj y y wg. W, vy v y d v, M. M. Pkg Pkg d v , y d w “ w A F dd wk d vd d y y” y ” (98). S xp kg v d g w jdgd ? Y, ppy , g Ow k jy vg . I vd y w p , d, w xp J, y xp g p j. I wd, g wv y y dpp , w d v d d. F Animal Farm d d y . O, p wy, p py d vd . T d y Np, d d zp pg S jyg vy v g v d, g pv p v d Mj’ d v y d pp. Ow’ k, w , w xp zp, pv, g d. A , g d w p gd y, y, wy xp v? I d, , Animal Farm f d “gd ,” w dyg gd y vd. I w , w dpp d ppg g , d gp w g k dg dy dy wg d kv M F y . I 1943, w w g wk Animal Farm Farm, Ow p dw w wkg d v d . T v w w d pd xp Animal Farm. “T gg wkg ,” Ow y “Lkg Bk Sp W,” “ k gw p. T p d d pd, kw g kp pg p g pwd wd g, d w d d dg. W wk ggg ? Spy d w y d
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w w y p.” N wkg- “p” wy d gg w w, y wkg- “” d. B w d pp, pp , v y y y.. O , dg Ow, w pd j gg w Sp, w “ w, pp w g y, vg wd g w y wd d vd y d . I d y y g Gv Sp d dg y w. T pp kw Rp w d d d F w y” (1954, 208). W w d ? I k w d d wy w p; d p d ppy pp y,, W S S w p Ow’ O w’ x v, “p,” , d d w wkg , I d w Ow gg y B (d w w p), , , pd d d Bx Animal Farm Farm.
The End of Oceania Ocea nia Nineteen Eighty-Four dgd dg d d vgd y y y.16 g w, Evgj Z’ Z ’ We , w Ow d d w w d 1944 d G Sv. 17 d A K’ Darkness at Noon, d d K, Dvky’ he Possessed , w pd p d w O’B d W S p Ow’ v. A, d vy, Ad Hxy’ Brave New World , w Ow y d d d, pg O Fd’ x dv w Bg B’ pw. T Ow’ Ow’ v w dy Hxy’, y, w J d W j k v : “S d kg , zpp v. Ad y! I w d. A wy d gd , d , d w g d w w g g g y y w w vz d d d”” (110). I Brave New Ne w World World , L w d J Svg: “Zp! Zp! . . . S ppd -d . H zppkk w p pk . . . Zp! T dd pk p p k y y dvdd dv dd pp. . . . S wg w g d k, k, d ky d d w p dvd wd ” (193). Uk J, wv wv,, w p L’ L’ v ( gy) vd py d pd v , W dg vd
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 135 J’ x xp xp . . “ T y’v y ’v d,” , “ I v y. . . . I py, I gd. I d’ w y v x yw. I w vy p ” (111). H Brave New World d kwdgd d jd. F Ow, p v y , x dv dg y pw dv. 18 T, d, wy, O’B W , O’ g y wk wy g. (T d wd y O’B’ p Brave New World , g Wd W d C C,, Mp Md.) I y wy W d p p “p” v g w w gg d w wdw v v Cg’ jk p. S p , J dpggy p , d p py d, W d v. S “g , w , d y,” dd W p y v gv y d. W O’B dy, d w p wd, . I W’ d, p “dd d pp j k , pp g ’ x, d p y w d d , d y xy —pp w d v d k k w g p d d pw wd dy v wd. . . . T gd p. . . . T p w . Y d d w y kd v g yd. I d wkg wd ” (195–96). Sgy, Brave New Ne w World World J Svg , , p w- wk w p d dy Nw Wd S— p j ddd W W ’’. S wd, , Ow O w d v Hxy py w k dy p, d w x kw w Hxy’ vd wd . 19 Ad, , Animal Farm. B v pp w Sv U’ y d ( Ow w ) . B py ky ky pg pg d Sv y, g Nineteen Eighty-Four ky g, E Gd, pvdd w (ppy ) ppy jy y “T Bk,” g Sw w d Animal Farm. B v k v py dvd S, w gg, g-- dp vy d Bg B g vy p O. 20 B k
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dv gd d wy w Py w w d (.g., y p Animal Farm d g, wd P Nineteen Eighty-Four ), ), w dpp d y p d gd d . B k y d w y wkg —g Nineteen Eighty-Four , ’ py O O Py— gg w pvy y pvy . T pp xd yd p g, py wy w p p w pp, y g dy y dvd z. T p d w w k. M vy, Animal Farm pg k W S, v w k J, d kv k k O’B. T d w I d O P, v pp wkg- pp (pg 85 p pp) w d dd d y Py Py,, w j y ppgd d dg d y v p p . T p d O zd y w, w y p g vd d xd, d w (y?) k gy xpdg d kg pp. I Animal Farm, w w y dg— pg y “”— y w d w: B Cwd d B Wd. T p d y y Animal Farm p ( w p), w Nineteen EightyEightyFour y . Animal Farm Farm d w d pw y pg wg B Wd, , d , w d Wd Wd W W II 1945— y w v w pd. Nineteen Eighty-Four , d, d dy g d d p. Cpd 1948, Nineteen Eighty-Four py v w dg y, ky dg y k w p w ky k y d . Animal Farm d w pg d g dg, d w, g y , ; , wv wv,, Nineteen Eighty-Four , w v d w g v . Pg B, w g y , ’ Bg B. Pdxy, Pg B “”; , g, v, k gg dk ggg k d pp. H v d vg, k J, .
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 137 T , wv, w Bg B w pp pv Nineteen Eighty-Four , O’B. T k g O’B , dy wy, v v . Tg “,” dy ’’ “.” “ .” S w , dv j dvg, pg, “g,” d g dv k W S. Jdgg d v d v pv v y W W’’ d d, g w pdd w w pd W’ gdy wy, pg y wy-- dy My Lv (w dd, d d My ). ). N wd W S k O’B k d. 21 I O’B yp Py—d ’ ’ w k , j w k W S yp O Py— ’ d p dy y 1984 /p gd dy, I Py d. M vy, y d g y: POWER. Uk, y, Brave New World , pw dy d d v. Ng , O’B xp xp W, d yd 1984, g w , , p, v :
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pg wy y v p wd, dg p y —d d pg y v “v” — y xv “x” p-1984 wd O’B g wd . O y, F Fky y vd, y p y, w vd, g, dg, d xy “p” dg, k ky vg W (.., “O”), , , dy d p.23 T dy, w y k dv , y , pvy pkg, O’B— wv v py d g pg d— ky d pyg v-y w vd g dg k R 101. T d g p, xp “p” pg w ’ p , wd y g g p “v “v”” , p ( y p), d. O , , g-dd j “p” -dg v O’B’ w , wy jyg pw, , y, dpvg pp x p, ky k “x pw” gw “.” “.” Cd w wd k k gw, v g, g, k dg M d Sd’ 120 Days of Sodom. F pp, pp , d, v v xp p dy Sd g. Ad d Sd, g d d O’B, d g g. O’B y d py pp . 24 H y x, y dd y Py, p g v vd y y C gdg G’ vvd d . 25 Tg, k G, W y w v ’ wpd “pp v” (“v [ ] v”), y pdd 2 + 2 y k 5, d , wd, O’B d v. I d W v pdd v Bg B, B, g g C w v k G d w pp. Py y, wd, kd “d” y, vy Brave New World , g “y” d , , vy d. Ad, Hxy’ v, w Ap jy d ( , y , w y y, y, g “” dg), d g), I Py v , x pd y “dk,” “dk,”
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 139 “d” y. 26 T y pvd y O’B’ p ppdy dyd pgp ddd Py , Rd, R d, A, d J. Sw, , M M y y , p pvg vd d v. Bg B, wd pp, d y dk d-y kkpg. 27 I , py g Nwpk, vd Ow’ v, v pk— y p, y O Py, d v y I Py. W Appdx Nwpk d xpy dd w gg pk ( “gg y . . . d ” [275]), pvd vg xp p, d, y v, v, Appdx y v w pp p p.. T y Nwpk dgd “” , W d p d, y y w y. A pk gg y “Odpk,” w dd g xpd g y xpd y. I , “Nwpk” ; d y d “Nww.” 28 Gv O’B’ d pd ppdy v “x pw,” , y , pzzg wy O’B d dvg d W S’ y vy d d . Tg W pd, y wy dgd. W vdy p g wg pp y, py d d wpp, d v pd -Nwpk imes , w dp gg . W W’’ , J ppy, y- y d, w ’ g d , v v, d . S wd ’ gp w . F , ’ d gp w O’B . . O xp O’B’ d W g k W kd “Evy,” w wd W’ d. A vy, , dy y vy. v y. S, W W’’ d d p xp wy J d d . H — “w g” py (108)— d v ky, , W gd yg, ’ gd g “dy” dx dx pk d p p .29 Pp J’ w xp
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W d Ow’ w pv pp w, w y dd dxd d v gd. J, wd, kd w , Ow Ow w W. W . A W W ’’ d, d , py p y , , g, y w d dy w w “dy” wy d . I wy d d (v “y,” Nwpk wd ) w ’ k v O 1984. 19 84. Ow v g y v dgd g E Gd’ “Bk,” y g. A , Nineteen Eighty-Four dy vy d dv, y gd dg “T “ T Bk” d w O’B d W k p p p v. F w d pp g J y vy w dw, w y g kp wk w W dg d “T Bk.” T pg xp xp O’B O’B ’’ y W, wv, d O’B’ w xp d pd “ d I v pyd w y dg v y w pyd v d v g, g g. Awy ” (239). H O’B kwdg yy pg W’ py d 1977. I wy y y W W ’’ vg d v v vg d gp , O’B ppy p dg v y y vg W’ d d. T p d d v w d vv W’ W’ v d kg (v dg) pp y w g k d k y k w dd g. T ddy z Nineteen Eighty-Four y k w w p: v d v . S, xp, W’ p k w d w gz w w p O’B’ O’B’ p W y. M , gg My , W z “ v y Tg P d wd k d gyg g. T w py , wd pk d, y d d, g y d . Ev pk w d v dy y d y pd” (247). T g w O’B ppd g, xp wg , d p W. T “jk p” w “w,” y dgd Tg P f f Cg, p d kp d
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 141 y—Pk V Vg-y—pp g-y—ppy y j d dv W. T d pg p g v g g pp gg g. W’’ d v y —d W d d w y O’B— y w “ w dk,” pg pg ( dk gg p) d y p (22, 91). H dd vg “Gd Cy” Cy ” v g J y k d dd, y p dg. T w J v p w O’B gg pd y wy W . Hw xp pp v W “g w dk g wd d” w vw w “d g w w d w d. W g d d w , w y g . . .” (27). A p W v J. L, w y d Gd Cy d W J y w d dd dd wd d, d, y , , “ . . . y! I w d. A wy . . . g [ ] d . . . w g g y w w vz d d” d ” (110).30 O w d w x v p v, w vy d wd w p g . T v w , g, pvdd y O’B, py. H xdy p W p , gdk pw d p “y.” T v d d xp pw y w , g d k d R 101. T , wd, y , w, k, , y, w d. S O’B’ O’B’ “x pw” pw ” ? O vd vd W’ xp, y, wd . B w O’B’ W’ xp py d “w pyd v d v v g, g g g, wy ?” T d d d y dd d xp O’B’ . A , x p d v g d , p “” xp pw w dy dd d. I ’ x, vy v W/J p; d , O’B , p/
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d d w dyd, g g W pdy g p d d yg . T p Nwpk w gy p xp—d y v p— y. T p Nwpk, , pxy d y, . W w ppdy v pyg d pw? I wy wy ? Fv? U y d, v pp v O’B. T ppy d k v vy v y p y d d d w v “” d d .31 Rd Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four d , W S p , O’B’ vw w Ow’ O w’. . H “dd v Mv, B, d O’B w g. H dd v ‘d ‘d pw-g’ v d” (1975, 203–4). T p d Appdx “T Pp Nwpk.” Uk Gd’ “Bk,” d Appdx d y O’B d/ I Py d d pp k W. W p “g” dp Nwpk d, y p , y dvpd . W Appdx v w 1984, 198 4, “w Odpk w ”” (277), d 2050, d w “ dp Nwpk d xd” (279). T pg Appdx d w: “Nwpk w f gg O d d dvd dg d Ig, Eg S.” T v dd g g . g w, ’ dd y ky O d Appdx wd d d Ig “Eg S.” Idd, ’ ky d wd v dd w “Eg” “Eg” , , dg v, Egd g x g g pd y “Ap O” p g g d O. Ev dd “Nwpk w gg O.” I w gg O, O , w gg O w? Appy, ’ Eg, gg w Appdx w. B Eg gg O, v g 1984, d g Ig d xpd w dvp Nwpk w dd pd, kd y dd Nineteen Eighty-Four g x
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 143 gd yd g. F p pp Appdx, vy k v pd , v v d v g. I d gd Appdx w p p O g g dd v. T v , , w p . j, j, j Appdx Appdx p v y y dgd “ppdx”; wd g w pp p k d py p y p . Sgy, v dv. T Appdx d d py d v w p , w dpv y y (.g., k ) w. w . T w’ w’ gg Ow O w d v dg . T yp y vg w pp g gy dy wg w gg pg p : “Nwpk gg O d dvd dg d Ig.” Ev , dd p v pd p, w Eg, Nwpk. Hwv, j dd y g py d Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four , w 1949, wd , wd v , k g px d Appdx d w Nwpk, v ppg Ow d d y d w “gg.” (H d, , v d “,” w wd v p j .) Bd, j Nwpk w dgd py wg px d k . 32 A , , gd d vd pp w d Appdx vyg d g, v d. Ag, wv, dd vd, w , pp v p d ddd, y, w w g Ig d Py dw? W , W pd d v pdd, p?33 A w d “” wkg- w w -wd p w d dvy O’B ? O w Gd’ Bd , dp O’B’ , w y , y gd I Py d dy ? T d dv d v w , , d w. Idy, wv, w O’B
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(d w I Py ) w g dw p vg y. T vd d O’B’ O’B’ w wd d v. H p pd g d v x dv , vg “v ” x pw w v “x” d y v d d g, gg O’B, g d d-wkg g , y d. B , pg p d. I g , 1948 d d d yg y g wg y pw-x pw -xd d d y y d Ad H H w y y g vy Ep . H’ d-y Reich d xy wv y. O’B’ “v” y g. B d, w O’B v W 2 + 2 = 5, d w v y w w , v . 34 Id, w . Dp gd d vwg , O’B’ pw, w pw zd Ig. T d g y Nineteen Eighty-Four Ei ghty-Four , , p vw O d p E Gd’ ky. Gd’ ky. T p O’B. O’B . 35
Notes 1. Fr mr n Orwll’ u in alihing hi “prna,” Firhw (1992). 2. Orwll may hav parly mdld h hugh Pli in Nineteen EightyFour n mmri ing rvd y Salini pli in Barlna a h nd hi ay hr. Wha h praly did n knw, hwvr, i ha h Briih Sr Srvi (MI5) (M I5) had n kping a n him a ar ak a 1936, primarily au hy (mwha uly) upd him ing a Cmmuni. h Wigan pli rpr MI5 pind ha “i wuld appar rm hi md living ha h i an auhr, r ha m nnin wih lirary wrk, a h dv m hi im wriing” wri ing” ( ( ravi 20 2005). 05). 3. Shrly r hi dah Orwll prvidd h Frign Oi’ Inrmain Rarh Dparmn (a mi-r prpaganda agny) wih a li ppl h upd ing “ryp-mmuni.” H inndd h li ud in prvning h IRD rm hiring h wrng ppl r i wrk. Amng h nam i ha Kingly Marin, drid y Orwll a “ dihn urigh ‘ryp’, r llw ravllr, u rlialy pr-Ruian n all majr iu” (Ah 2003). Suh li m hav n a kind hai wih Orwll. Arding Sphn Spndr, Orwll had xprd hi willingn “draw up a li inllual wh wuld willing llara wih h Nazi i hy udd in invading England” (Sinh 1975, 221). 4. Mr Marx han Lnin praly, givn Orwll’ viw, xprd in 1945, ha “n ugh, I liv, admi ha all h d vil wr hr rm h ar
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 145 and ha hing wuld n hav n uanially dirn i Lnin r rky had rmaind in nrl” (1968a, 18). Sin Old Majr di r h upriing h animal, i wuld m mr likly ha h i idniid idniid wih Marx Mar x han Lnin. O Fridrih, hwvr, laim ha Old Majr i Lnin, whra Brnard Crik a wih qual rainy ha Old Majr i Marx and ha Lnin “d n igur in h ry” (Fridrih 1994, 92; Crik 1989, 172). 5. Arding Rr L, Bnjamin “i nially lih, rprning a viw human naur ha i apliia apliial,l, and hu an hard hardly ly , a m radr hld, h pkman r Orwll wihin h k” (1986, 50). 6. Orwll’ Or wll’ u a rky rky igur ig ur a h apga in h Animal Farm and hiri al rigin rig in in h ramn rky rky and Nineteen Eighty-Four ha i viu hirial rky rkyi i ar a r h xpulin x pulin (and “xpunging”) “xpung ing”) rky y Salin, Sal in, u hr ar a r al prnal ran r Orwll’ inn, alm iv nrn wih h a rky and hi llwr. hi in i praly raal Orwll’ ing hundd u Barlna (and narly killd hr) r uppdly ing a “rkyi” (Shldn 1991, 270). 7. An vrly liral rading Animal Farm, hwvr, a in h a Nrhrp Fry, an lad aurd nluin, uh a ha h nd h ry airm h riniuin h ar (1986, 10). 8. Arding C. M. Wdhu’ mwha murky analyi, Orwll u h airy ry urhr hi purp wriing a ry “in a wrld ynd gd and vil, vil ,” n whih whn ranrid “in “ in rm highly impliid yml . . . lav u wih a dp indinal ling ruh” (Orwll 1996, xviii–xix). xvii i–xix). 9. In hi ay n airy al J. R. R. lkin d n mnin Animal Farm and piially xlud “a-al” rm h agry (1984, 117). 10. William Empn pind u hi ap Animal Farm Orwll in a lr wrin n lng ar h k’ puliain: puliain: “h h h armyard wih i unapal unapal raial dirn, d irn, i ugg ha h Ruian n had unapal ial dirn — h maphr ugg ha h Ruian rvluin wa alway a lway a pahia pahially lly impil i mpil amp” (qu (qud d in Crik 1989, 190). 11. In h ay n “Plii and Liraur” (1946), hwvr, Orwll rr Jnahan Swi Swi dipa diparagi ragingly ngly a a “ “ry ry anar anarhi,” hi,” ha i, mn wh dpi “auhriy whil diliving in liry” (1968a, 216). 12. ha hr i al m humr (and kpiim) hr i indiad y h narrar’ rmark ha h “irring un” narrar’ un” whih “Ba England” wa ung wa “mhing “m hing wn Clementine and La Cucaracha ” (9). 13. Orwll i hr airizing h aliin h “Inrnainal “Inrnainal”” a h anhm h Svi Unin in Marh 1944, whn i wa rplad y h “Sng Salin.” In h nvl, h nw anhm, mpd y h pig Minimu, i alld “Cmrad Napln.” 14. Eihr Orwll i rging hr au h pig’ aling h milk and h windal wind alll appl r l h pig ar al alrady rady undrging hir ran ranrmain rmain rm animal human and hn ar n lngr h und a llw “animal.” 15. In hi nnin i i wrh rmmring Orwll’ rmark in “In Frn Yur N” (1946) ha “h Ruian ppl wr augh r yar ha hy wr r han anydy l, and prpaganda pr hwd Ruian amili iing dwn aundan mal whil h h prlaria prlaria hr unri arvd in i n h gur. Manwhil h wrkr in h Wrn unri wr muh r
146
Pr Edgrly Firhw
han h h USSR ha nn-na wn Svi iizn and uidr had a guiding prinipl pliy” (1968a, 125). 16. Sin i i n laimd ha Nineteen Eighty-Four ha lil lirary valu, i i rlvan n hr ha h nvli Anhny Burg admird Nineteen Eighty-Four muh ha h n nly wr a kind ninuain-mmnary, 1985 , u laimd hav rad h nvl hiry im (Aldi 1984, 10). 17. Orwll rviwd h k r h ribune in January 1946. In h rviw h argu, miaknly I liv, ha Aldu Huxly had rad We and rrwd rm i. Indipual, hwvr, i h d ha Nineteen Eighty-Four w Zamiain’ dypian nvl. h rayal y h narrar D-503 hi lvr I-330 (priguring h rayal Julia Jul ia y Winn) Winn) i amng h m m viu imilarii, i nly au Orwll diu i himl in hi rviw (1968a, 74). Arding Grg Sinr, “Wihu ‘W,’ ‘Ninn Eighy-Fur,’ in h gui in whih w hav i, imply wuld n xi” (1983, 174). Fr addiinal pil ur h nvl, R (1992). 18. Fr Fr Irving Irv ing Hw h x driv i h primar y ur dangr h ailiy h Oani a, hugh h impli impli ha hi i mhing ha Orwll Or wll himl may n hav n awar . Hw ran ha i Winn and Julia’ “nd a human ing r h w qui rdinary ppl rllin, may n h am hing happn hr?” (1971, 50). 19. S Chapr 5 Firhw (1984) r a mr xndd diuin h rlain wn Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World . 20. hugh m Wrn rii Nineteen Eighty-Four (naly Raymnd William, Will iam, A. L. Rw, and S S Lua) hav aak aakd d Orwll Orwl l r raying iali alim, hr wa nhing lik h viiu aak launhd y h Svi gvrnmn, whih dnund Orwll Or wll a “a rmr ‘pli agn and yllw rrpndn’ [jur[ jurnali?] . . . wh pa in England r a wrir ‘au hr i a gra dmand r garag gara g hr’ ” (qud in Rddn 1988, 132). In hi h i nnin, nn in, i m dd ha ha vn a rlaivly jiv jiv rii r ii lik Krihan K rihan Kumar laim l aim ha nly “arl radradr” Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four ar givn idniying h wrld dpid in h nvl wih ha ha Salin’ Sa lin’ Ruia (Kumar (Ku mar 1993, 65). 21. I i ru, hwvr, a Brian Aldi rmind u, ha in hi aparmn O’Brin d njy m mpnaing mr, whih Winn an nly marvl a: “hr i wallpapr n h wall, h lr ar arpd, h lrn an wihd , h ulr pur win rm a danr, and hr ar gd igar in a ilvr x. N yarii, xaly; xa ly; mr h r hing whih ypial y pial Old EnEnian (Orwll wa an unypial xampl) uld aid aumd” (1984, 9). Or, prhap mr h pin, h ar h r mr and privilg whih highr-up in h Pary am xp a hir du, a anyn wh vr viid h rmr Svi Unin r i alli a an iy. 22. Aldu Huxly pind hi u Orwll in i n a lr hanking him hi m r h gi Nineteen “ Whhr in aual aua l a h pliy h Nineteen Eighty-Four , aying: “Whhr n-h-a an g n indinily m duul” (Huxly 1971, 102). 23. A i prhap xpd rm mn wih an alm prinal inr in Marxim, Orwll may hav n awar Hgl’ np h “nd hiry,” hugh r him hiry appard nding in a vry un-Hglian n. In hi 1943 ay n h war in Spain, Orwll rmmrd “aying n Arhur Klr, ‘Hiry ppd in 1936,’ a whih h nddd in immdia undranding.”” Wha h w rind ing. r ind wr wr hinking hink ing au, Orwll laim, la im, wa n h riumph
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 147 urgi, rprnaiv dmray u h ymai dirin hirial a h pin whr i wa impil vriy wha had rally happnd—i.., Winn’ j a h irnially namd Miniry ruh. Arding Brnard Crik, hwvr,r, Orwll’ hwv Orwll ’ knwldg Marxi Mar xi drin wa l han mp mpl, l, hugh h apparnly wa al impr vn rhdx Marxi wih ha knwldg (Crik 1980, 305). hugh, lik Crik, Wrnr vn Kppnl ind lil vidn in Orwll a prund prund knwldg Marx’ wriing, wriing , h d i a diguid digu id alluin h Communist Manifesto (in he Road to Wigan Pier ) and pin u ha Orwll had a dg namd Marx (1984, 660). William Sinh, n h hr hand, laim ha Orwll “knw a gra dal au Marxim and h rgardd Marx’ hry a a ‘uul inrumn r ing hr hri hugh’ ” (Sinh 1975, 73). 24. Orwll, in rrp, wa n pariularly gd a prphy ihr. In “England Yur England” (1941) h prdi ha unl Briain l h war again Grmany h nluin hilii “will wip u m h xiing la privilg” (19 (1954, 54, 283). 283). A William Sinh Sinh pin u, Orwll Or wll al a l radily admid ad mid ha h had n wrng prdi Churhill’ rignain ar h diar h l Singapr h Japan in 1942 r, r ha mar, h ninud, lng-rm llarain Grmany and h Svi Unin (1975, 102). In hi w ay n Jam Burnham, Orwll aul Burnham r hi inaura and rqunly rvid prphi, hugh h d n mnin mnin hi wn lawd prdiin in h nx. 25. O’Brin’ viuly Irih nam i praly al inndd vk aiain wih Cahliim and h Inquiiin. Arding Carl Frdman, Orwll’ avrin r h Cahli Churh wa alm a inn a hi hiliy h Svi Unin (1986, (1986, 98). A Crik Cri k al al pin u, “O’Brin’ “O’ Brin’ rrn h rgim hlding a Plmai rahr han Cprnian mlgy mu inndd mak u hink Galil aing h papal inquiiin and rval a rligiiy in O’Brin” (1989, 157). And arding William Sinh, Orwll had rad Bri Suvarin’ Cauche-mar en U.R.S.S., whih u a i pigraph a quain linking Galil’ umiin Churh drin wih h phny Mw rial nin (1975, 33). Orwll may al hinking h anai Irih Cahli villain Jph Cnrad’ Romance . Hi nam i O’Brin. (A au h im Orwll wa wriing Nineteen Eighty-Four h wa planning a lng ay n Cnrad whih h did n liv mpl.) O’Brin’ link wih Cahliim—and wih Cmmunim a wll, ur—i pially vidn in hi mpuliv nd hav Winn mak a ull and gnuinly nri nin. Only hn an Winn alvd hi “in,” ha i, whn h inrly xpr hi lv r Big Brhr (i.., Gd). I’ wrh ning in hi nnin, hwvr, ha O’Brin, h uppd dv “hard,” nradi himl whn h wan Winn’ “ramn” ulmina in lv. Or i hi imply anhr maniain maniain “dulhink”? “dulhink ”? 26. In “Wrir and Lviahan” (1948) Orwll impliily din dulhink wih rrn h h allgd al lgd hai h Englih Engl ih L L hink hink h wrd “ial“ ialim” a having h am maning h in Ruia and in England: “Hn hr ha arin a r hizphrni mannr hinking, in whih wrd lik ‘dmray’ an ar w irrnilal maning, and uh hing a nnrain amp and ma dprain an righ and wrng imulanuly” (1968a, 410). 27. I’ wrh ning hr ha h va r xpndd a h Miniry ru ruhh kp alri alring ng h pa nrm wih h ur urrnly rnly xp xpdin din pliia pliiall a mak vry lil n in h nx h kind pli a Oania i drid a ing. Wha iizn hi a, in hi r hr righ mind, wuld dar
148
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xamin h il pa nwpapr in rdr vriy wha had “aually” happnd? Ding wuld an viu inviain h hugh Pli “xamin” uh a prn mr arully in Rm 101. In Animal Farm, hwvr, h rviin h vn mmandmn y Squalr mak n, in h animal ar n hindrd whn hy hk h ak h arn wha “nw ruh” h la rviin ha rugh hm. 28. h arin ha riddn hugh ann xprd in Nwpak i n nirly nirly aura. Fr xampl, h Nwpak nam h variu var iu miniri— lv, pa, ruh, and plny—rpivly, Miniluv, Minipax, Miniru, and Miniplny—rngly and irnially imply ha hy p a “minimum” amun lv, pa, ruh, and a nd plny. plny. Arding William Sinh Sinh, , Orwll Or wll may hav mdld Nwpak n h “al” ha jurnali ud wri rmrly whn ranmiing hir py hir dir via lgraph rm vra (1975, 169). 29. By nw h lrn hav m ynnymu wih h ida ninuu urvillan, a aur Orwll’ a ha nmprary Amrian, pially, ar may adpd y hir wn gvrnmn. Fr Orwll h rigin hi r univral urvillan ar praly und in h univral py mania prvaln prv aln in Wrld Wrld War War II u al al rlvan, i w ar a r liv Via Fr Frunai unai (alng wih Mihl Fuaul), may h -alld “panpin,” whih prmid guard kp a ninual y n prinr in Jrmy Bnham’ hyphial prin (Frunai (Fru nai 1987 1987,, 115). 30. I i upiiu ha Julia diappar rm h nvl ar h upl’ apprhnin y h hugh Pli, nly rappar rily whn h w m “y han” and ngag in a pinl nvrain nvra in ha mak Winn wan rak na prmannly. By hi im Winn, ur, ha und a nw lv inr in Big Brhr. Whil i may ha Julia ha indd n ujd rur in muh h am way ha Winn ha n, hr i n pii vidn r i; and, givn h kill wih whih O’Brin and hi hr nriv digui ppl (.g., Charringn), i’ prhap juiial pula ha Julia’ nw apparan may imply anhr dvlpmn in O’Brin’ “ul” drama. Anhr mall pi vidn ugging ha Julia may O’Brin’ g i hr ailur ra whn Winn ll hr ha h rgn rgniz iz h dai dail l h landap landap h Gldn Cunry au h ha n i r “mim in a dram” (109). 31. I, r n, rngly ympahiz wih h lng radiin Orwll riiim, inluding uh diinguihd igur a Grg Ka and Irving Hw, ha har Mrri Dikin’ viw au O’Brin, namly, ha “h may mdy h ym u h ann plauily pak r i. O’Brin i n Grand Inquiir, wh argumn h ri mah.” h arlir rii dir, hwvr, rm Dikin y aking O’Brin’ mania riuly, r, rahr, y n uppring Dikin’ laim ha Orwll man u hink O’Brin a rlaivly nrmal, in in hi viw “h k r lil uppr r ing hi huggih raur a a madman wh play mind gam wih hi viim” (2004, 65). Dikin al hw n awarn h xin h dul pl in Nineteen Eighty-Four , hugh hma Pynhn apparnly d in hi inrduin a rn diin Nineteen Eighty-Four (Dry 2005, 123). (I pind u i xin a lng ag a 1984 in h nluding hapr my End of Utopia .).) ha O’Brin’ lu r pwr i pyhlgially unmivad wa nd a arly a 1949 y Philip Rahv in hi rviw Nineteen Eighty-Four , whn h aid ha vn Dyvky’ Grand Inquiir l h nd juiy hi xri arirary pwr, whra O’Brin d n. Irving Hw,
Grg Orwll’ Dypia: Frm Animal Farm Nine Ninetee teen n Eighty-F Eighty-Four our 149 ar quing Rahv, argu ha Orwll i dpiing a aliarian iy ha ha rahd a ag “whn li in h al a i rumling whil i pwr ur viv” (Hw 1983, 12–13). h an any juiying idlgy i al prlmai r Grg Ka, wh, in wha i praly h diuin hi impran ap h nvl, aul Orwll r ailing xplain why mn lik O’Brin wan pwr. pwr. In hi viw Orwll, lik Winn, m knw a gra dal au h “hw” u n muh au h “why” h pwr miv (Ka 1971, 82–87). 32. h m hrugh diuin h rlain h Appndix h ry Winn Smih i Rihard Sandrn’ 1988 ay, whih argu ha hr i n way ll lling ing i h Appndix App ndix i ld y a di dirn rn narraiv nar raiv vi rm rm h n in Nineteen Eighty-Four . In hi viw, n huld hrr n ak in aun “h ay’ lu” a rlial indiain “h uur dwnall Big Brhr.” Sandrn al pr puzzld a why Orwll wuld hav ignald h dmi Oania in indir and amiguu a ahin i h rally man lav hi radr wih h n a happy nding (589–90). By way an anwr, n migh pin u u ha Orwll Orwl l ar all al l wa a lirary lirar y ari and a nd n a mr mr prpagandi, and ha, a uh, h had a righ xp hi radr xrapla rm h vidn h prvidd, inluding h vidn h vr pl in h nvl prpr—mhing ha Sandrn m unawar . 33. William Will iam Camn i n h w rii h nvl wh har, hugh wih qual qu aliiiain, iain, m Winn’ Winn’ hp in h piili pii liyy h prl ringing rin ging au h druin Oania (1989, 219). 34. A William Sinh pin u, Orwll’ u h “2 + 2 = 5” rmula i drivd rm h ir ir Svi iv-yar iv-yar plan, whih wa uppd mpld mpld in ur rahr han iv yar (1975, 172). Whil h plamn uh an apparnly aurd nin in a hirial nx mak i appar rainal—and hrr may mak O’Brin m rainal —w radr Nineteen Eighty-Four wuld hav augh h alluin, and vn i hy had, hy migh hav mid h irny in Orwll’ rrn a prpagandii plan whih had n udd ihr in ur r vn in iv yar. 35. Addiinal vidn ha Orwll mu hav man hi radr ra O’Brin’ laim kpially i und in hi ay “Jam Burnham and h Managrial Rvluin” (1946), whih h wr ar h had alrady gun wrk n Nineteen Eighty-Four . In ha ay Orwll wndr why Burnham, wh, lik O’Brin, i d wih pwr, “nvr p ak why ppl wan pwr. H m aum ha pwr hungr, alhugh nly dminan in mparaivly w ppl, i a naural inin ha d n hav xplaind, lik h dir r d” (1968a, 177). Lar in h ay, Orwll g n quin Burnham’ laim ha “lirally anyhing an m righ r wrng i h dminan la will i.” N , , ay Orwll, Orwll , au Burnham “ignr “ig nr h a ha rain rul ru l ndu ndu hav rvd i human iy i hld ghr a all.” Orwll hn g n pula ha Ruian pliy will praly lad ami war, u vn i i dn’, “h Ruian rgim will ihr dmrai il r i will prih. h hug, invinil, vrlaing [“Frvr!”] [“Frvr!”] mpir whih Burnham appar dram will w ill n alihd, r, i alihd, will n ndur, au lavry i n lngr a al ai r human iy” (180). Ar w upp rm hi vidn ha Orwll mad n prdiin au h uur aliarianim in h ay n Burnham and anhr, urly dirn n, in h apprximaly nmpranu Nineteen Eighty-Four ? I’ pil, ur, u I’m inlind du i.
Chronology
1903
Eri Arhur Blair (lar m Grg Orwll) i rn Jun 25 in Bngal, India, a middl-la middl- la Englih amily ami ly ha i nnd h Briih lnial adminirain in India and Burma.
1907
Mv England wih hi mhr and ir ir..
1911–16 1911– 16
Shld Sh ld a S. Cypria Cypriann’.
1917–21
And En n hlarhip.
1922–27
Srv wih Indian Imprial Pli in Burma.
1928–29
In Pari, wrk a dihwahr and wrir; r aril pulihd in nwpapr.
1930–34
Liv mainly in Lnd Lndn. n. Pulih aril and ranlain. Down and Out in Paris and London pulihd in 1933 undr pn nam Grg Orwll. In 1934, Burmese Days i pulihd.
1935
A Clergyman’s Daughter i pulihd.
1936
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
1937
Te Road to Wigan Pier i
i pulihd. Marri Eiln O’Shaughny. Lav r Spain in Dmr jin aniFai in Barlna. Srv ur mnh n h Aragn Frn. rurn England.
151
pulihd. Wundd in h hra,
152
Chrnlgy
1938
Homage to Catalonia i
pulihd. Spnd vral mnh in a aniarium ra hi uruli, hn vii Mr r h winr.. winr
1939
Coming Up for Air i pulihd.
1940–43
Pulih “Inside the Whale” and Other Essays in 1940. Mdially un r rvi in Wrld War II, jin h Hm Guard in Lndn. Wri and rada a warim prpagandi r h BBC. In 1941, pulih Te Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius . In 1943, m lirary dir h ribune .
1944
Adp a n, whm h nam Rihard Hrai Blair.
1945
Crrpndn r Te Observer . Hi wi di. Animal Farm i Crrpndn pulihd.
1946
Pulih Critical Essays: Dickens, Dali, and Others . Rn hu in h Hrid.
1947–488 1947–4
Hpial izd r vn mnh, ari Hpializd aring ng in Dmr, r uruli.
1949
Pulih 1984 . Marri Snia Brwnll; halh ninu dlin.
1950
Di uruli n January 21. “Shooting an Elephant” and Other Essays i pulihd.
1953
“England, Your Your England” England ” and Other Essays i pulihd.
1961
Collected Essays i pulihd.
Contributors
HAROLD BLOOM i Srling Prr h Humanii a Yal Uni vriiy. vr y. H i h auh auhrr 30 k k, , in inludi luding ng Shelley’s Mythmaking , he Visionary Compan Company y , Blake’s Apocalypse , Yeats , A Map of Misreading Misrea ding , Kabbalah and Criticism , Agon: owa oward rd a heo heory ry of Rev Revisioni isionism sm , he American Reli gion , he Western Canon , and Omens of Millennium: he Gnosis of Angels, Dreams, and Resurrection . he Anxiety of Influence rh Prr Blm’ prvaiv hry h lirary rlainhip wn h gra wrir wr ir and hi hirr prd p rd r. r. Hi m r rn n k k in inlud lud Shakespeare: he Invention of the Human , a 1998 Nainal Nainal Bk Award inali, inali, How to Read and Why , Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds , Hamlet: Poem Unlimited , Where Shall Wisdom Be Found? , and Jesu Jesuss and Yahweh: he Names Divine . In 1999, Prr Blm rivd h prigiu Amrian Aadmy Ar and Lr Gld Mdal r Criiim. H ha al rivd h Inrnainal Priz Caalnia, h Aln Ry Priz Mxi, and h Han Chriian Andrn Binnnial Priz Dnmark. DAPHNE PAAI i a prr a h Univriy Maahu a Amhr. In addiin hr k n Orwll, h ha pulihd Looking Backward, 1988–1888: Essays on Edward Bellamy.
VALERIE MEYERS i h auhr George Orwell , par S. Marin’ Mdrn Nvli ri, and -auhr George Orwell: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism.
153
154
Cnriur
SAMIR ELBARBARY i ailiad wih Kuwai Univriy. In addiin hi wrk n Orwll, h ha wrin n Jph Cnrad, D.H. Lawrn, hma Hardy Ha rdy,, and Jam Jy. V.C. LEEMENDIA ha wrin Free from Hunger and the Whip: Exploring the Political Development of George Orwell and al ha wrin n Sarr. ROGER FOWLER wa a prr and h ir dan h Shl a h Univriy Ea Anglia in Nrwih, Unid Kingdm. H wa a pinr in riial linguii and auhrd Linguistic Criticism a wll a a k n Orwll. ROBER PEARCE wa a prr hiry a h Univriy Cllg S. Marin, Lanar, a llw h Ryal Hirial Siy, and h auhr a dzn hiry k. ANHONY SEWAR i an aia prr Englih a Dalhui Univriy, Haliax, Nva Sia. Hi ahing and rarh ara inlud Orwll, Angl-Amrian mdrnim, and h nmprary ArianAmrian ay. PEER EDGERLY FIRCHOW wa prr mriu Englih a h Univriy Minna, whr h wa a mmr h dparmn r 40 yar. H wa h auhr he End of Utopia: A Study of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and addiinal wrk n Cnrad, Audn, and hr.
Bibliography
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Evy d w pygd d pyg p. p. A A ppg v gy pp y dd g g p w w d g. I , g gg x vd g y. d g g w d d v.
Index Charar in lirary wrk ar indxd y ir nam (i any), llwd y h nam h wrk in parnh 120 Days of Sodom
(Sad), 138
Bnjamin ( Animal Farm), 103, 116 yniim , 27, 29, 65, 126, 129–133 dvin Bxr, 1, 15, 41, 66, 110–111 rprnaiv mdrn inllign, 41–42 vi, vi , 32
Animal Farm allgry Animal animal, 5–6, 10–11, 51, 95 hirial, 93, 129 pliial, 25–31, 46, 50, 54 rvluin, 23–34 Alhur, Lui, 111 Animal Farm (Orwll) ahi law , 1 mpard Gulliver’s ravels , 25, 61–62 puliain, pulia in, 24, 33, 46– 4 6–48, 48, 127, 136 air in, 62 wriing, 4–5, 8, 23–24, 59, 59, 133 animalim a pwr, 61 mral d , 75, 77, 81, 94, 99, 102, 106, 112, 117, 128, 131 Anna Karenina (ly), 80, 83 “A I Pla” lumn, 17, 81, 117 Audn, W.H., 126
Betrayal of the Intellectuals, he
(Bnda), 97–98 Bzukhv, Pirr, 80 Blm, Harld inrduin, 1–2 Blull ( Animal Farm), 65 Bgg, Carl, 97–98 Blhvik, 81 Animal al Farm Farm, 26–27, h pig in Anim 48, 53 Bwll, Jam Life of Johnson, 23 Bxr ( Animal Farm), 83 rindhip wih Bnjamin, 15, 66, 1111 11 maryr, 1, 107–108, 131, 134 rmr, 29, 70–71 laughrhu laughr hu dah, 28, 30 30–31, –31, 38, 40–43, 92, 106–118 and h windmill, 39, 116
Bnda, Julian
he Betrayal of the Intellectuals ,
97–98
161
162
Indx
wrkr,, 3, 7, wrkr 7, 9, 27 27,, 30, 36, 61, 61, 65, 65, 67, 108, 117, 128 Bxr Rllin, 27 Brave New World (Huxly), 134–135, 137–138 Burdkin, Burd kin, Kahrin Proud Man, 6–7 Burmese Days: A Novel , 119 anning , 23 Jhn Flry in, 87–90, 87–90, 104, 115– 115– 1166 11 plii, 91– 91–92 92 Burnham, Jam, 131, 142 Canterbury ales (Chaur), 25
Chaur, Gry, 2 Canterbury ales , 25 Churhill, Winn, 8, 28 Clird, Gay Animal al Farm Farm, 5 n Anim Animal Farm), 36 Clvr ( Animal aihul, 9, 61, 107, 110, 116–117, 128 marnal prinipl, 7–8, 12, 1 2, 14–15, 65 nururing , 7 impl and uring, 41, 65, 70, 93 ng, 9, 71 Cmr, Alx, 8 Coming Up for Air (Orwll), 8 ar-war in, 60 pliial ph in, 73, 125 puliain, 59–60 mmunim, 126 Animal mal Farm Farm, 5, 24–25, 27–33, in Ani 51, 62–63 and Orwll, 128–130 Communist Manifesto, he (Marx and Engl),, 26 Engl) 26 Confession: he Gospel in Brief and What I Believe, A (Maud),
81–82 Cnnlly, Cyril, 33 “Crak-Up, h” (Fizgrald), 118 Crik, Brnard, 51, 99
(Klr), 128, 134 Dikn, Charl, 80 Diggin, Jhn Parik, 99–1 9 9–100 00 Dvky, Fydr he Possessed , 134 Darkness at Noon
Down and Out Paris and London
(ay), 68, 126
Elarary, Samir Animal mal Farm Farm, n h languag in Ani 35–44 Eli, .S., 33, 48, 51 Ellin, Ralph Invisibl Inv isiblee Man, 118 Empn, Emp n, William, Willia m, 63 Engl, Frdrik he Communist Manifesto, 26 “England Yur England” (ay), 60 “Englih Ppl, h” (ay), 13 “Englih Rvluin, h” (ay), 13 xpliain xpli ain animal animal Animal mal Farm Farm, 5–7, 11–12, 15 in Ani minii rading Animal Farm Farm, 7–12, 14–17 Animal Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel , Nineteen 7 Firhw, Pr Edgrly n Orwll’ Orwl l’ dypia, 125–149 125–149 Fizgrald, F. S “h Crak-Up,” 118 Fiv-Yar Plan (1928), 28, 62 alizain in Animal Farm , 69–72 Frr, E.M., 24, 125 Fwlr,, Rgr Fwlr Rg r Animal mal Farm Farm, 59–78 n Ani Frdrik, Mr. ( Animal Farm) ruly animal, 28 rprn rprn Grmany, 28, 70, 129 rumr, 110 Fry, Nrhrp Animal mal Farm Farm, 1, 5 n Ani Fukuyama, Frani, 138 Fyvl, , 60
Indx
163
Animal Farm , 24–25 gnr Animal Grmany, 129 Grmin, Dan, 100 Grr, Gry, Gr y, 51, 51, 59 Grami, Anni hri, 93, 97–103 Grn, Graham, 33 Gulliver’s ravels (Swi) Animal Ani mal Farm Farm mpard , 25, 61–62
Jn, Mr. ( Animal Farm), 64 dring al, 9 Jy, Jam, 60
“Hanging, A,” 83 hn ( Animal Farm), 65 xpliain , 12, 35–36, 47, 101 rvl, 28 Hilr, Adlph, 70 Mein Kampf , 30 Nazi, 28, 30–31 rign , 24, 28, 30, 127–128, 144 H, hma Leviathan, 32 Homage to Catalonia , 83, 126 Huxly, Aldu, 125 Brave New World , 134–1 134 –135, 35, 137–138 Hyhlday, Raphal, 24
languag in Animal Farm animal’, 35–44, 67, 73–76 prvrin , 64, 72–78 impl, 31, 35, 63–64, 66, 72, 74, 93 Lawrn, D.H., 60 Lnin, Vladimir, 81 dah, 26 inpirain r Old Majr, 26, 128 rvluin, 26–27 Ln, Drrik igraphy ly, 79, 81–82 Lmndia, V.C. n rvluin in Animal Farm , 45–58 Leviathan (H), 32 Life of Johnson (Bwll), 23
Inside the Whale W hale , 8, 59
quii md , 17 Invisible Man (Ellin), 118 Island of Dr D r. Moreau (Wll), 25 Ji ( Animal Farm), 65 Jhnn, Samul, 23 Jn, Mr. ( Animal Farm), 9, 35, 64, 70, 130 lh, 10 xpliain animal, 12, 28, 36–37, 39, 54, 77, 101, 105, 108–109, 115, 132 xpulin, 27–28, 40, 4 0, 53, 61, 65, 76, 90, 96, 99, 103, 113, 132–133 a ar Nihla II, 26, 128, 136
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Grdn Cmk in, 87–91, 115–116 plii in, 91– 91–92 92 King Lear (Shakpar), 79 Klr,, Arhur Klr Ar hur Darkness at Noon, 128, 134
Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius, he , 59–60
iy in, 16–17 “Lking Bak n h h Spanih War” (ay), 133 Madnald, Dwigh, 46, 51–52 “Marrakh”” (ay “Marrakh (ay),), 3–4 Marin, Kingly, 128 Marx, Karl he Communist Manifesto, 26 Orwll’ riiqu , 31–33 hri , 4, 6, 9, 26, 30–31, 49–50, 62, 73, 81, 97–100, 111, 128, 130–131
164
Indx
Maud, Aylmr A Confessi Confession: on: he Gospe Gospell in Brief Brief and What I Believe , 81–82 Mein Kampf (Hilr), (Hilr), 30
Myr, Valri Animal Farm Farm, n h allgry Animal 23–34 Mlli ( Animal Farm) dr, 9, 69, 129 liraiu, 1, 1, 9 lazin, 9, 14–15 vaniy,, 15–16, vaniy 15–16, 41–42, 41–42, 69, 69, 72, 72, 129 Mr, hma Utopia , 24–25 M ( Animal Farm), 69, 71, 116 rprnain h Churh, 15, 129 al Sugarandy Munain, 40, 43–44, 129 Mu, Chanal, 100 Muril ( Animal Farm), 41, 65, 103
Napln ( Animal Farm) rrupin, 30–31 dal wih Whympr, 27 da, 113–114, 130 ladrhip , 9–10, 12, 15, 25–30, 37, 39, 53, 61, 69–70, 74–75, 77, 96–97, 101–102, 104, 107, 112, 131–132 rign rrr, 13, 38, 92–93, 95, 103, 105–111, 114–115, 133 rprnaiv Salin, 1, 9, 14, 26–27, 29, 62, 73, 96, 128 r pli r, 12–13, 97, 105– 106, 109, 112, 126, 128, 132 narraiv Animal Farm Farm, 5, 24, 35–36, Animal 63–69, 72, 75, 77, 94 Nineteen Eigh Eighty-Fo ty-Four: ur: A Nov Novel el , 5 Nineteen Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Novel , 79–80 allgri, 5 Big Brhr in, 133–134, 137 Animal mal Farm Farm, 1–2 mpard Ani
dypian viin in, 60 Emmanul Gldin in, 129, 135, 140, 142–144 qualiy in, 15 minin hararii in, 7 Julia in, 1, 1, 133–134, 133–134, 139– 139–1141 Kahrin in, 14 languag , 76–77 O’Brin in, 1, 119, 119, 126, 134– 134 –144 Parn in, 136 pimim , 17 prpaganda and nrhip in, 13 puliain, 14 air in, 73 iy , 30, 48, 77, 83, 89, 92, 94, 136, 142 Winn Win n Smih in, 1, 14, 14, 77, 77, 83, 119, 127, 134–143 Old Majr ( Animal Farm) dah , 26, 36, 74 dram, 7–8, 50, 54, 61, 65, 73, 93, 108, 133 inlund y Marx, 26, 62, 73, 128 a Lnin, 26, 128 miak , 54 parnal prinipl, 7, 15, 36, 96 ph, 8–9, 11–12, 26, 28, 32, 36–37, 40, 50, 61, 73–74, 94– 95, 102, 105–107, 113–115 Orwll, Grg dah, 52, 81, 91 dilik ppl, 1 dilik h pr, 10 liral mrali, 1–2 prnaliy, 126–127 and prpaganda, 23 air, 1, 33 mpard Swi, 1, 33, 60 mpard ly, 79–85 Par, Vilrd, 130 Paai, Daphn Animal al Farm Farm, 3–21 n plii in Anim
Indx
Par, Rr n h mparin ly and Orwll, 79–85 Phillip, William, 51 Pilkingn, Mr. ( Animal Farm) rprn h Englih ruling la, 28, 73, 129 rumr, 113, 133 wiiim, 87 Pinhr ( Animal Farm), 65 plii in Animal Farm , 3–21 mini, 16–17 xual, 9–16 “Plii and h Englih Languag” (ay), 68, 73, 77 Possessed, he (Dvky), 134 prpaganda Animal Ani mal Farm Farm a l r, 23 and Orwll, 23 Proud Man (Burdkin), 6–7 Purg rial, 24, 28 Rahv, Philip, 51 Rapall ray, 27–28 Rilly, Parik, Parik, 100 rvluin in Animal Farm , 73, 76, 109 armah, 6, 9–10, 96, 101–102, 112–113, 117 allgry , 23–34, 93–103 rayal , 6–7, 14, 31, 38–39, 93, 102 ailur , 8, 15, 47, 52–54, 70–71, 107 ruilding , 55, 111, 116 ng , 39, 71, 96, 131–132 rhri dminan in Animal Farm, 72–78 Richardd III Richar II I (Shakpa (Shakpar) r),, 31 Road to Wigan Pier, he , 68, 126–127 ialim in, 89–90, 92, 98–99 Rvl, Frankl Franklin in D., 28 Rull, Brrand, 53 Ruia (Svi Unin) Animal al Farm Farm, 24–27 and Anim
165
gvrnmn, 24–27, 32–33, 45, 49–53, 62–63, 96, 128–130 hiry, 26, 79–81, 129 plii, 24 rvluin, 7, 25–26, 48–49, 53, 60, 62, 62 , 113, 128–129 128 –129,, 131 Sad, Marqui d 120 Days of Sodom , 138 San, Ann Shwak, 98 Shakpar, William, 80 King Lear , 79 Richard III , 31 “Shpkpr a War” (ay), (ay), 13 Slar, Ian, 91 Smyr, Rihard I., 93 Snwall ( Animal Farm) animalim mmandmn, 6, 11, 17, 99 inlund in lund y rky rky,, 1, 10, 26, 26 , 29, 62, 128–129, 135 inll, 29, 40, 61, 93, 95–96, 101–1 101 –104 04,, 106 10 6 uing, 13, 69, 73–76, 105–109, 114, 116 windmililll plan, 29–30 windm 29–30,, 38–39, 38– 39, 67–68, 104, 106, 112–113, 132 ialim, 10 rrupin , 16 gal , 54 and Orwll, 24, 45–46, 45–4 6, 49–50, 52, 52, 54, 62, 89–91, 98–99, 114, 118, 128, 131 iy ruggl in Animal Farm la diviin, 4–5, 7, 10–12, 17, 45, 47, 50, 55, 87 gndr diviin, 7, 9–12, 14–17 Spanih Civil War, War, 90–91 90 –91,, 126, 133–134 Squalr ( Animal Farm) rillian ril lian alkr, a lkr, 37–38, 43, 61, 69, 69, 73, 75–77, 95, 101–102 prpaganda, 10, 26, 54, 105–106, 108–110, 112–113, 128, 133 rikry, 27, 31, 38–40, 111, 132
166
Indx
Salin, Jp Jphh and mmunim, 24, 27–28, 49– 50, 52, 54, 62, 81, 126, 129 Animal mal Farm Farm, 1, 9, 14, 26–27, in Ani 29–30, 51, 62, 73, 96, 128 Sinh, William, 142 Swar, Anhn Anhny y n rllin in Animal Farm , 87–124 Swi, Jnahan yniim, 32 Gulliver’s ravels , 25, 61–62 Orwll mpard , 1, 33, 60 plii, 1 A ale ale of of a ub ub, 1 ale of a ub, A (Swi), 1
hran Cnrn, 62, 128 hran 1 28 hurr, Jam, 2 ly ly,, L Anna Karen Karenina ina , 80, 83 Orwll mpard , 79–85 War and Peace , 80, 83 What I Believe , 80 aliarianim Orwll’ jin , 49, 60, 77, 91, 136 “ward “ ward Eurpan Eu rpan Uniy” Uni y” (ay), 118 118
rky, rky, Ln, 48, 4 8, 53, 144 xil, 29, 129 rprnaiv in Animal Farm , 1, 10, 26, 29, 62, 128–129, 135 Utopia (Mr), 24–25 Warurg W arurg,, Frdrik, Frdrik , 48 War and Peace (ly), 80, 83 We (Zamiain), 134 Winaum, W inaum, Baya, Ba ya, 10, 16 Wll W ll, , H.G. Islandd of Dr. Islan Dr. Moreau Moreau, 25 W, W , W.J., 23 What I Believe (ly), 80 “Why I Wri” (ay), 63, 91 Whympr, Why mpr, Mr. ( Animal Farm) dal, 27, 128 Squalr’ di , 27, 114 Wiln, A.N., A .N., 80 80 Wiln, Edmund, E dmund, 33 Wdk W dk,, Grg, 63, 84 84 Wrld W rld War II, 129, 136 “Wrir and Lviahan” (ay), 91 Zamiain, Evgni Evgnijj We , 134 Zdanv, Andri, 128 Zwrdling, Alx, 126
