Department of Public Works and Highways Department of Public Works and Highways
Cost Estimation Process Planning Design Procurement The Cost Estimation Process as it evolves to specific stages of project development. Identify and Prepare Feasibility Studies and Preliminary Design Perform Detailed Design Prepare Bidding Documents Receive and Evaluate Bids BBPEE BBDEE Estimate for the ABC Planning Service, PMO-Implementing Offices POCW with the assistance Feasibility Studies PMOs, ROs and DEOs from PMOs, ROs, DEOs
Cost Estimation Process Review/Study Design Drawings Data Collection Field Surveys Labor Equipment Materials Materials Sources Labor Evaluation/processing of Data Pay Item Quantity Calculation (Bill of Quantities) Cost Estimate Unit Price Analysis Construction Pay Items Unit Rates Maintenance Unit Rates Maintenance Activities Maintenance Cost Project Cost
Project Estimation Phase Project Estimate Components A. Direct Cost Materials Labor Equipment Dayworks Provisional Sum B. Indirect Cost OCM Profit Mobilization/Demobilization C. VAT D. Total Civil Works Cost E. Contingency F. Engineering Costs Detailed Engineering Construction Supervision* Administrative Cost G. Feasibility Cost (Optional for Pre-FS) H. IROW Acquisition Cost BBPEE v v v v Per DO 57 s2002 v v v 12% (A+B) A+B+C 10% of D Per NEDA 4-6% (D+E) 8-10% (D+E) 3.5% (D+E) 1-3% (D+E) v BBDEE v v v v Per DO 57 s2002
v v v 12% (A+B) A+B+C 10% of D ABC v v v v v Per DO 46 s2007 v Per DO 46 s2007 Per DO 57 s2002 v v v 12% (A+B) A+B+C 5% of D Per NEDA 8-10% (D+E)* 3.5% (D+E) v I. Total Estimated Project Cost D+E+F+G+H D+E+F+G+H D+E *Construction Supervision only applies to foreign-assisted projects
Basic Consideration or Basis of Cost Estimate
Work type
proposed improvement works of the project
Location of the project includes terrain types and embankment and aggregate material sources Design plans and specification working drawings and DPWH Standard Specifications Vol. II, Ed. 2004 Equipment rental rates 2003
ACEL Guidebook, ed. 22, yr.
Labor rates and fringe benefits DOLE, Regional Wage Board, SSS, Philhealth, Pag-Ibig, & bonus Construction Materials List and Material Sources Map DPWH Department Orders estimation NEDA Circular estimation
DOs relevant to cost
Circular/memo relevant to cost
Unit Price Analysis Two Main Parts: Direct Cost Labor Materials Equipment Indirect Cost (% of Direct Cost as defined in DO 57) OCM (overhead, contingency & miscellaneous) profit Mobilization/Demobilization
Unit Price Analysis Elements of the Direct Cost Labor basic wage fringe benefits bonuses social security & other social charges Production Rate Equipment bare hourly & rental operating cost fuels & lubricants repairs & maintenance labor Materials processing & transport labor equipment
Unit Price Analysis Labor Categories Labor Category Labor Index 1. Foreman, construction 1.80 2. Leadman 1.65 3. Operator, Heavy 1.50 4. Operator, Light 1.40 5. Labor, Highly Skilled 1.40 6. Driver 1.30 7. Labor, Skilled 1.30 8. Labor, Unskilled 1.00
Unit Price Analysis Basic Labor Rates Calculation Monthly Wages based on 314 days per year, 8 hours per day (Basic Daily Wage x (314/12)) Leave, vacation and sick = Basic Monthly Pay / 12 Bonus, 13th Month Pay = Basic Monthly Pay / 12 SSS, Medicare, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing Employer's Contribution, Graduated Scale Pag-ibig, Employer's Compensation = Amount Representing Employer's Contribution, (2% of Basic Monthly Wage or P100 max.) Rate per Hour = Total rate per month x (12/314/8)
Unit Price Analysis Take the value of non-agricultural sector Unit Price Analysis Take the value of non-agricultural sector
Unit Price Analysis Take the values under the column of total monthly contributions in reference with range of compensation Unit Price Analysis Take the values under the column of total monthly contributions in reference with range of compensation
Unit Price Analysis Take the values under the column of total monthly contributions Unit Price Analysis Take the values under the column of total monthly contributions
Unit Price Analysis Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis Equipment Category Sample Equipments Earthmoving equipment wheel loader, grader, tractor dozer Compaction equipment vibratory steel drum, plate compactor Lifting equipment cranes, forklifts Excavating equipment backhoe, trenchers Foundation equipment pile vibratory driver, pile hammer, drill rig Asphalting equipment asphalt paver/finisher, asphalt distributor Concreting equipment paver/finisher, mixer, transit mixer Hauling equipment dump truck, cargo truck, trailer Air equipment compressor, pneumatic breakers handheld Pumping equipment submersible pump, diaphragm pump Power generating equipment generator set Shop equipment welding machine, shop machine Special support equipment truck water wagon/pump Miscellaneous equipment joint sealer, rebar cutter/bender Plants asphalt concrete plant, concrete batching plant Offshore equipment dredger, crane barge, tugboat Cable stringing equipment cable tensioner/puller, splicing machine Others chip spreader, power broom
Unit Price Analysis Equipment Unit Rate Analysis Basic Calculation Bare Month Rental Bare monthly rate ÷ 200h/mo. Repair & Miscellaneous Repair - 6.3% of Bare Rental Spare Parts 5.1% of Bare Rental Miscellaneous 0.6% of Bare Rental Fuel Fuel Price/lit. x HP x 0.1514 Oil & Lubricant Price/lit. x HP x 0.003 Labor Operator or driver Labor rate/hr
Unit Price Analysis Sample calculation of adjusted equipment rates in spreadsheet Unit Price Analysis Sample calculation of adjusted equipment rates in spreadsheet
Unit Price Analysis Materials Category Sample Materials Commercial Materials Portland Cement Reinforcing Steel Bars (RSB or Rebars) Lumber Plywood Tie Wire Structural Steel Common Wire Nails (CWN) assorted sizes Emulsified Asphalt (SS-1) Cut-Back Asphalt (MC-70/MC-250) Asphalt Cement Penetration 85/100 Joint Sealer Reflective Paints Metal Beam Guard Rails, Guard End Pieces Reflective Pavement Stud (raised or low profile) Fuel (Diesel/gasoline/premium gasoline Lubricants Contractor s processed materials Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert (RCPC) Base/Subbased Courses
Unit Price Analysis Sample of contractor s process materials Unit Price Analysis Sample of contractor s process materials
Unit Price Analysis Hauling Unit Rate Analysis Basic Consideration Terrain type Road condition Dump truck capacity Selection of loader capacity, output, bucket fill factor and operating factor (to estimate loader production rate) Material type Cycle time Total Cycle Time, T
Loader Load bucket and shift gears Turn and dump the load Travel distance and time from dumping to loading position and return to the loading position
Unit Price Analysis Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.) Cycle time Dump Truck Average hauling distance Terrain type Loading time Loaded travel time Initial traveled distance during acceleration Succeeding traveled distance at an average speed Final speed at a distance until it stops Unload and maneuver Return empty Same as loaded but at a greater speed Allowance for delay Number of dump truck trips, n Total Cycle Time, T
Unit Price Analysis Hauling Unit Rate Analysis (cont.) Number of dump trucks Average hauling output Total hauling cost per hour Equipment 1 Wheel loader, ___ m3/hr -------------- _____ P/hr N Dump trucks, ___ m3 ------------------ _____ P/hr Labor 1 Leadman, rate --------------------------- _____ P/hr 2 Laborers, rate ---------------------------_____ P/hr Total Cost per hour _____ P/hr
Total unit cost per m3, (loose volume)
Sample of hauling cost analysis using spreadsheet Unit Price Analysis Sample of hauling cost analysis using spreadsheet Unit Price Analysis
Production Unit Price Production Unit Price
Rate Derivation of a Pay Item Analysis Rate Derivation of a Pay Item Analysis
Unit Price Analysis Elements of the Indirect Cost Profit contractor s profit Overhead Expenses Office Expenses (office equipment and supplies) Engineering and Administrative Cost Transportation allowances Contractor s All Risk Insurance Premiums on Bid Security and Performance Security Premium/charges/fees on credit lines Contingencies Miscellaneous Expenses Laboratory Tests Other expenses Mobilization/Demobilization
Unit Price Analysis DO 57 s 2002 Estimated Indirect Cost % for OCM and Profit (Maximum Ranges) % Cost for Total Maximum Indirect Direct Cost (EDC) OCM (% of EDC) Profit (% of EDC) Mob/Demob (Maximum) Cost % for OCM, Profit and Mob/ Demob Up to P1Million 13 15 1 29 Above P1M to P5M 12 14 1 27 Above P5M to P10M 12 13 1 26 Above P10M to P20M 11 12 1 24 Above 20M to P50M 11 11 1 23 Above P50M 10 10 1 21
Unit Price Analysis Cost Currency Components: Foreign Cost Component imported equipment & spare parts foreign currency component of locally goods & services wages of expatriate personnel foreign overheads & profits Local Cost Component local materials equipment & supplies wages, local supervision transport & freight overhead & profits Tax Component revenue for the government derived from each item
Unit Price Analysis Cost Component of Selected Construction Items Description Heavy Equipment Light Equipment Reinforcing Steel Structural Steel Lumber Asphalt Cement Diesel fuel Engine oil Tires Imported Miscellaneous Materials Locally Produced Miscellaneous Materials Skilled Foreign Labor Unskilled Labor Royalty Foreign (%) 68 65 54 85 33 76 40 60 60 47 64 17 65 0 0 Components Local (%) 10 15 35 4 57 2 45 13 13 43 7 69 25 90
90 Tax (%) 22 20 11 11 10 22 15 27 27 10 29 14 10 10 10
Unit Price Analysis Quantity Calculations for Pay Items Bill of Quantities Pointers in the conduct of quantity calculations: Based on the design plans and specifications Units of measurement are all in metric based on DPWH Standard Specifications. Solid mensuration is extensively used and othermathematical formulae. Used of computer softwares in calculations. Used of calculators (simple or scientific) Conversion factors Rates of application of materials such as, liquifiedasphalt materials, paints, e tc.
Unit Price Analysis Sample Formula of Plane Shapes & Figures Area of a Triangle A = ½x base x height = ½ (bh) Perimeter of a Triangle P = side1 + side2 + side3 Area of a Parallelogram A = ½ x base x height = ½ (bh) Perimeter of a Parallelogram P = 2a + 2b Area of a Rectangle A = width x length = (wl) Perimeter of a Rectangle P = 2(lwidth) + 2(length) = 2(w) + 2(l) Area of a Circle A = pr2 Circumference of a Circle C = 2pr = pD p = 3.14 159
Unit Price Analysis Sample Formula of Solid Geometric Figures Volume of Rectangular Solid V = abc Surface Area SA = 2(ab + ac + bc) Volume of Cube V = a3 Surface Area SA = 6a2 Volume of Sphere V = 4/3 pr3 Surface Area SA = 4pr2 Volume of Circular Cone Volume of Circular Cylinder V = 1/3 pr2h V = pr2h or pD2 ÷ 4 Surface Area Surface Area SA = pr2 + prl SA = 2 prh + 2pr2
Unit Price Analysis Sample Typical Road Sections Unit Price Analysis Sample Typical Road Sections
Unit Price Analysis Methods of Estimating Work Output . Estimating the work output of a piece of equipment is determined in 2 ways: Using work output formula based on the cycle of operation and other factors whic hcontrolled production. Using tables based on past experiences of average work output under varying cond itions fordifferent operations. . To calculate earthmoving equipment consider the volume changes in earth caused b y handling. These volume changes have the following terms, to wit: Swell increase in volume of earth that results when it is dug from its natural p osition. Shrinkage
decrease in volume of earth when compacted.
Loose yards volume of earth after it has been removed from its natural location and swellhas taken place. In-place yards
volume of earth in its natural location before handling.
Compacted yards volume of earth that has been properly compacted in embankment o nfill. . Basis of calculations for excavation and fill Loose yards
are used to express the carrying capacity of earth moving equipment.
In-place yards are converted to compacted yards to determine the volume of mater ials in afill that will be realized from a given amount of materials in its natu ral location. In-place yards are converted to loose yards to determine the amount of earth mov ingequipment required to handle the materials. The output of equipment in loose yards must be converted to compacted yards to d eterminethe final volume of fill
Unit Price Analysis Illustrations of Soil Handling 1.0 m3 in natural condition (in-place yards) 1.25 m3 after digging (loose yards) 0.9 m3 after compaction (compacted yards) Volume Changes in Common Earth Caused by Handling Bowl Capacity of Dozer
Unit Price Analysis Formula for Earthmoving Equipment Work Output The working capacity of construction equipment is expressed by the work practically done by the operation of equipment per unit time ( 1 hour or day) where: Q = bowl capacity in loose cubic meters f = soil conversion factor 60 = minutes per hour E = efficiency factor Cm = total cycle time in minutes
Unit Price Analysis Bowl Capacity of Dozers (loose yards) Tractor Model D4 D6 D7 D8 Soil Type Sand Common Earth Clay Bulldozer 1.25 m3 1.44 m3 2.20 m3 2.40 m3 Conversion Factors, f Present Condition In-place In-place 1.00 Loose 0.90 Compacted 1.05 In-place 1.00 Loose 0.80 Compacted 1.11 In-place 1.00 Loose 0.70 Compacted 1.11 Angle Dozer 1.82 m3 2.01 m3 2.58 m3 2.97 m3 Converted to Loose Compacted 1.11 0.95 1.00 0.86 1.17 1.00 1.25 0.90 1.00 0.72 1.39 1.00 1.43 0.93 1.00 0.63 1.59 1.00
Source: Construction Equipment Manual, BRS/DPWH
Unit Price Analysis Sample Calculation for Work Output Given: Average haul distance one way
30 m
Soil type - common earth Efficiency factor (E) - 80% Speed - 2.5 kph Required: Determine in place cubic meters moved per hour if D7 tractor dozer is to be used. Solution: Step 1. From conversion factor table, the soil conversion factor (f), soil type common earth loose to in-place, f = 0.80 From dozer bowl capacity table, D7 tractor dozer, Q = 2.2 m3 Step 2. Determine fixed time @ 2 gear shift @ 10 sec. per shift = 20 sec = 0.33 min Step 3. Determine variable time Travel forward 30 m @ 2.5 kph Travel backward 30 m @ 5.0 kph Step 4. Add fixed and variable time Total cycle time, Cm = 0.33 + 0.72 + 0.36 = 1.41 min. Step 5. Substitute in work output formula
Unit Price Analysis Sample Typical Cross-Section of Drainage Structures Sample Quantity Calculation for Volume of Excavation: Sample: Given a RCPC 1220mmØ and a length of 5.0 meters, compute volume of excavat ion. Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mmØ: width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m Volume = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m3 compacted volume (stated in the plans) Applying the soil conversion factor, common earth from compacted to loose, use factor, f = 1.39 the excavated loose volume = 16 x 1.39 = 22.24 m3
Unit Price Analysis Sample Quantity Calculation Volume of Backfill and Bedding Materials: Sample: Using the same sample, calculate backfill and bedding materials Solution: Size of excavation as given from the above drawings for 1220mmØ: width = 1.60m, height = 2.0 m, length = 5.0 m Volume of trench = w x h x l = 1.6 x 2 x 5 = 16 m3 Volume of bedding materials at compacted state, using thickness of 15cm = 1.6 x 0.15 x 5 = 1.2 m3 Using soil conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.17 Volume of bedding materials required to purchase = 1.2 x 1.17 = 1.404m3 Volume of backfill = Voltrench (VolRCPC + Volbedding) = 16 (7.371+1.2) = 7.429 m 3 Applying conversion factor, compacted to loose, f = 1.39 Volume of backfill required = 7.429 x 1.39 = 10.326 m3
Unit Price Analysis Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures This composition of concrete is used for concrete batching plant.
Unit Price Analysis Concrete Proportion Mixture Sand Gravel Cement Class of Proportion cu. m. cu. m. in Bags Concrete AA 1:1½:3 0.5 1.0 12.0 A 1:2:4 0.5 1.0 9.0 B 1:2½:5 0.5 1.0 7.5 C 1:3:6 0.5 1.0 6.0 This concrete proportion is used for manual mix.
Unit Price Analysis Cement and Sand Proportion for Mortar and Plastering Mixture Class of Concrete Proportion Cement in Bags 40 kgs. Sand cu. m. A B 1:2 1:3 18.0 12.0 1.0 1.0 C 1:4 9.0 1.0 D 1:5 7.5 1.0 Sample Calculation: Given: Volume = 10 m3 of mortar, use class A Solution: Refer to the above table Cement = 10 x 18 = 180 bags Sand = 10 x 1.0 = 10 m3
Unit Price Analysis Sample Calculation for Asphalt Concrete Pavement: Given: Carriageway width = 6.7m, Length = 1 km., thickness = 50cm, use 301(1) - MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt Solution: Determine Item 301(1) - Bituminous Prime Coat Determine Item 310 rete)
Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid (AC
Asphalt Conc
The derived quantities are then summarized in the bill of quantities and subsequ ently, manually entered in the estimated construction cost spreadsheet which are multip lied bythe unit prices to come up with total cost of that item and summed up all the pay items tocalculate the total direct cost. After which, indirect cost is applied to determined the total estimated project cost.
Unit Price Analysis Sample of Bill of Quantities Item Number 100(1) 102(1) 102(2) 103(3) 103(6) 104(1) 105(1) 105(3) 200 201 301(1) 310 500(1) Description Clearing and Grubbing Unsuitable Excavation Surplus Common Excavation Foundation Fill Pipe Culverts and Drainage Excavation Embankment Subgrade Preparation (Common Material) Subgrade Preparation (Unsuitable Material) Aggregate Subbase Course Aggregate Base Course Bituminous Prime (MC-70 Cut-Back Asphalt) Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid RCPC 610mmØ Unit ha. m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m2 m2 m3 m3 ton
m2 l.m. Quantity 20 1,000 11,000 2,000 1,858 7,500 3,000 5,000 10,455 12,156 30,780 5,689 3,105
Sample of unit price analysis in spreadsheet Unit Price Analysis Sample of unit price analysis in spreadsheet Unit Price Analysis
Unit Price Analysis Sample of Summary of Construction Pay Items Unit Prices Unit Price Analysis Sample of Summary of Construction Pay Items Unit Prices
Unit Price Analysis Sample of Total Estimated Project Cost Unit Price Analysis Sample of Total Estimated Project Cost
Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Program of Work (POW) Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Program of Work (POW)
Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC) Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC)
Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Minimum Equipment Requirement Unit Price Analysis Sample of the Minimum Equipment Requirement
Maintenance Cost Highway Maintenance -is defined as the act of preserving and keeping each highway type of highway as nearly as possible in its original conditions as constructed or as subsequently improved. It does not include rehabilitation, betterment and improvement Two calculation methods for maintenance cost -EMK (Equivalent Maintenance Kilometrage) -Traffic Dependent Method
Maintenance Cost Two Categories: Routine Maintenance vegetation control cleaning and repairing culverts General Cost cleaning ditches cleaning and repairing traffic signs climatic loss of gravel on shoulder Periodic Maintenance road surface repairs resurfacing shoulder repair & resurfacing
Maintenance Cost EMK Factors Basic Formula: Road: MCR = EMKbudget x Ft x Fw x Length where: MCR = maintenance cost for road EMKbudget = annual allocation Ft = factor for surface type Fw = factor for carriageway width Length = in kilometer Bridge: MCB = EMKbudget x Fb x Length where: MCB = maintenance cost for bridge EMKbudget = annual allocation Fb = factor for bridge type Length = in meter Source: BOM/ DPWH 0 AADT AADT
Maintenance Cost Traffic Dependent Method Traffic volume in terms of vehicle units: Light vehicles . 0.4 vehicle units Buses . 2.5 vehicle units Trucks . 3.0 vehicle units
Maintenance Cost Basic assumptions in calculating routine maintenance unit rates : Vegetation Control 0.5 ha/km/year 400 m2/crew day 2 - knapsack movers 2 - unskilled laborers Cleaning and Repair of Culverts 1 4 number units/day/km 1 dump truck 3 unskilled laborers Materials Replace, Clean and Repair Traffic Signs 2 5 units repaired, repainted or replace daily 1 pick-up vehicle Materials Clearing Side Ditches 40 1000 l.m./day (half by grader and half by hand or manual) 1 grader 3 unskilled laborers Source: Road Maintenance Manual, BOM-DPWH
Maintenance Cost Periodic Maintenance Road Surface Repair Regravelling gravel road and gravel shoulder Grading & reshaping gravel road Joint & crack sealing for PCCP Pothole repair (spot regravel) for gravel road Patch potholes for ACP Crack sealing for ACP Edge break for ACP Resurfacing Asphalt Concrete Overlay Shoulder Repair & Resurfacing Regravelling Grading and reshaping Asphalt Concrete Overlay
Maintenance Cost Sample of routine maintenance unit price analysis Maintenance Cost Sample of routine maintenance unit price analysis
Maintenance Cost Periodic Maintenance Task
Maintenance Cost General Formula for Maintenance Cost Calculations Routine Maintenance (peso/km) Maintenance Task = Qtytable x Lshoulder x W x 365 days x unit rateactivity General Cost Periodic Maintenance (peso-vehicle unit/km) Maintenance Task = (Qtytable x L x W x 365 days x unit rateactivity) ÷ Frequencyve hicle where: L = length in meters W = width in meters Qtytable = Periodic Maintenance Task Table unit rateactivity = maintenance unit price analysis Frequency = benchmark of traffic volume in terms of v.u. as shown in Periodic Maintenance Task Table
Maintenance Cost Sample of Summary Routine Maintenance Unit Cost Routine Maintenance Unit Cost Road Segment Economic Financial a. Vegetation control P 5,312.58/kmP 6,498.57/kmb. Cleaning and repair culverts 4,880.19/km 7,055.90/kmc. Replace, clean and repair traffic signs 5,384.64/km 6, 667.53/kmd. Clearing side ditches 10,813.92/km 13,250.68/km Total per annum P 26,391.34/km P 33,472.67/km Routine Maintenance Unit Cost Bridge Segment Economic Financial a. Concrete bridge P 568.79/l.m. P 721.41/l.m. b. Steel bridge 3,714.14/l.m. 4,710.72/l.m.
Maintenance Cost Sample of Summary of Periodic Maintenance Unit Cost Maintenance Tasks Unit Cost Economic 1. Gravel ( Surface ) P 481.87/m3 2. Regrade and Reshape a. Carriageway 5.14/m2 b. Shoulder 15.41/m2 3. AC Resurfacing ( 3 cm.) 94.36/m2 4. AC Overlay ( 5 cm. ) 135.51/m2 5. Replacement of Failed Bay a. t = 230 mm 2,527.25/m2 b. t = 200 mm 2,197.69/m2 6. Repair of Cracks/Joints 18,066.78/m2 7. Patching and Pothole Repair a. Pothole Repair ( Gravel ) 498.56/m3 b. Pothole Repair (AC) 494.06/m2 c. Sealing and Patching (AC) 510.81/m2 8. Road Stripping (painted lines) 48.53/m Financial P 579.45/m3 6.29/m2 18.87/m2 113.28/m2 162.25/m2 3,089.00/m2 2,686.20/m2 22,123.42/m2 598.08/m3 597.05/m2 617.50/m2 57.48/m
Maintenance Cost Sample of Summary Maintenance Cost Summary of Maintenance Costs Maintenance Category Road Type Routine Periodic Economic Financial Economic Financial Gravel Roads (5.0m roadway) 49,521.08 61,286.05 737.36a 896.59a AC with gravel shoulders a. 0.5+6.1+0.5 31,210.03 39,267.13 80.05a 96.33a b. 1.0+6.1+1.0 36,028.73 45,061.58 100.55a 121.40a c. 1.5+6.1+1.5 40,847.42 50,856.03 121.06a 146.47a d. 3.0+6.7+3.0 55,303.51 68,239.39 186.01a 225.81a PCC with gravel shoulders a. 0.5+6.1+0.5 t = 230 mm31,210.03 39,267.13 62.77a 75.81a t = 200 mm 31,210.03 39,267.13 62.12a 75.01a b. 1.0+6.1+1.0 t = 230 mm36,028.73 45,061.58 83.27a 100.88a t = 200 mm 36,028.73 45,061.58 82.62a 100.08a c. 1.5+6.1+1.5 t = 230 mm40,847.42 50,856.03 103.77a 125.95a t = 200 mm 40,847.42 50,856.03 103.12a 125.15a d. 3.0+6.7+3.0 t = 230 mm55,303.51 68,239.39 166.34a 202.43a t = 200 mm 55,303.51 68,239.39 165.69a 201.63a Note: a = vehicle unit, v.u.
Sample of Work Unit in HDM-4 Sample of Work Unit in HDM-4
Summary of Cost used Summary of Cost used
