215911799 Japanese Vocabulary

Japanese Vocabulary related to Calendar Month Week  Month

day of a week 

Gatsu/ Gestu January #oubi Ichigatsu February Shyuu $eek  Nigatsu March  Nichiyoubi Sun%ay Sangatsu April Getsuyoubi Mon%ay Shigatsu May Kaiyoubi &ues%ay Gogatsu June Suiyoubi $e%nes%ay Rokugatsu July Mokuyoubi &hurs%ay  Nanagatsu/ Shichigatsu August Fri%ay Hachigatsu September Kinyoubi Satur%ay Kugatsu "oyoubi Jyugatsu ctober Jyuichigatsu  No!ember Jyunigatsu "ecember  Vocabulary related to family & Relations

Vocabulary for Colors

haha'kaasan ' Mother (hichi'tousan ' Father Sobo'baasan ' Gran%mother So)u'*iisan ' Gran%)ather Imouto'Imoutosan ' #ounger Sister touto'toutosan ' #ounger +rother Ani'niisan ' ,l%er +rother Ane'neesan ' ,l%er Sister Musume'Musumesan ' "uaghter Musuko'Musukosan ' Son *i'*isan' -ncle ba'basan' Aunt &suma'kusan' $i)e tto 'Goshyu*in' Husban%

Iro . (olor Akai . Re% Aoi . +lue Shiroi . $hite Kuroi . +lack Kiiroi . #ello (hyairo . +ron Haiiro ' Grey "ai%aiiro . range Mi%ori . Green Kimi%ori . 0ight Green Mi1uiro . 0ight +lue Murasaki . 2urple Momoiro ' 2ink

Vocabulary for Direction or Location

-shiro . +ehin% (hikai . Nearby #oko . Si%e &ooi . Far Masuugu . Straight Higashi . ,ast  Nishi . $est Minami . South Kita . North

-e . -p Shita . "on Koko . Here Soko . &here Asoko . &hat o!er there Migi . Right Hi%ari . 0e)t &onari . +esi%es3 Ne4t to Mae . Front

Vocabulary for Food

Ryori . )oo% Shyoku*i . Meal Gohan . (ooke% Rice/ Meal Asagohan . +reak)ast Hirugohan . 0unch +angohan . "inner Vocabulary related to Rooms

"ai%okoro . Kitchen Ima . 0i!ing room Shinshitsu . +e%room Heya . Room Genkan . ,ntrance

Vocabulary related to ime

&okei . $atch Ji . 6clock/ Hour Jihan . Hal) an Hour Jikan . &ime "uration Fun/+un/2un . Minutes Gogo . p7m Go1en . a7m Asa . Morning

#asai . 5egetable Ku%amono . Fruits &oriniku . (hicken +utaniku . 2ork Gyuniku . +ee) Gyunyu . Milk &abemono . ,atables  Nomimono . "rinkables &oire . +athroom Kabe . $all &en*ou . (eiling  Nia . Gar%en #uka . Floor Ma%o . $in%o

Hiru . A)ternoon +an . ,!ening #oru . Night Kesa . &o%ay Morning Ashita . &omorro Kyou . &o%ay Kinou . #ester%ay Assatte . "ay a)ter tomorro totoi . "ay be)ore yester%ay

Vocabulary related to Weather

Vocabulary related to Vehicle

&enki . (limate #ouhou . Forecast Hare . Sunny Kumori . (lou%y n%o . &emperature #uki . Sno Ame . Rain Kaminari . &hun%er Kiri . Fog Ka1e . $in% Arashi . Storm

"enshya . &rain Shinkansen . +ullet &rain Jitensha . +icycle Sanrinsha . &rycycle Kuruma ' (ar Ji%ousha . (ar &akushi . &a4i otobai . Motorcycle (hikatetsu . Subay Hikouki . Airplane Fune . Ship Kisha . Steam &rain Hansen . Sailing +oat

Vocabulary related to famili & Relations

Ko%omo . (hil% Ryoushin . 2arents Ka1oku . Family Kyou%ai . siblings Shinseki . Relati!es Itoko . (ousin

Vocabulary for the seasons

Shiki . Four Seasons o) Japan Haru . Spring  Natsu . Summer Aki . Autumn Fuyu . $inter 

Vocabulary for !ody "arts Japanese Vocabulary for Dates

Kara%a .+o%y Me . ,ye Atama . Hea% Mimi . ,ar Kami . Hair #ubi . Finger Kao . Face Mayu . ,yebro Hitai . Forehea% Mabuta . ,yeli% Mastuge . ,yelash Kuchi . Mounth Hana . Nose Ha . &eeth Kuchibiru . 0ip  No%o . &hroat Shita . &ongue Ago . Ja Kata . Shoul%er -%e . Arm Kubi . Neck &e . Han% Hi*i ' ,lbo &sume . Nail Mune . (hest naka . Stomach Senaka . +ack Hi1a . Knee Ashikubi . Anckle Ashi . Foot3 0eg Kakato . Heel &sumashi . &oe

 Nichi . "ay/ "ate &suitachi . 8st Futsuka . 9n% Mikka . :r% #okka . ;th Itsuka . th #ouka . ?th Kokonoka . @th &ooka . 8th Jyuuichinichi . 88th Jyuuninichi . 89th Jyuusannichi . 8:th Jyuuyokka . 8;th Jyuugonichi . 8th Jyuuhachinichi . 8?th Jyuukunichi . 8@th Hatsuka . 9th  Ni*yuuichinichi . 98st  Ni*yuuninichi . 99n%  Ni*yuusannichi . 9:r%  Ni*yuuyokka . 9;th  Ni*yuugonichi . 9th  Ni*yuuhachinichi . 9?th  Ni*yuukunichi . 9@th

San*yuunichi . :th San*yuuichinichi . :8st

"oubutsu . Animals &ori . +ir%s  Neko . (at Inu . "og +uta . 2ig Kaba . Hippopotamus  Ne1umi . Mouse Bou . ,lephant Hitsu*i . Sheep Kirin . Gira))e

Kuma . +ear Kitsune . Fo4 Raion . 0ion okami . $ol) Saru . Monkey Raku%a . (amel Shika . %eer Risu . SCuirrel &ora . &iger Shimauma . Bebra -shi . (o -ma . Horse -sagi . Rabbit #agi goat Sakana . Fish

Vocabulary for

Hisho . Secretary

Japanese Vocabulary for #nimals

Isha . "octor Sensei . &eacher Kenchikuka . Architect ,n*inia . ,ngineer "aiku . (arpenter Gei*utsuka . Artist Kokku . (he) Ginkouin . +anker Shouboushi . Fireman  Noumin . Farmer Jaanarisuto . Journalist Kaishain . ))ice ,mployee Ryoushi . Fisherman +engoshi . 0ayer Koumuin . Go!ernment ,mployee Kango)u . Female Nurse Kyou*u . 2ro)essor Gaka . 2ainter Sei*ika . 2olitician Sarariman . Salarie% ,mployee Keikan . 2olice man Kagakusha . Scientist Shashinka . 2hotographer Gakusei . Stu%ent Sakka . $riter &enin . Store (lerk Misein . Shopkeeper

Demonstrati$e "ronouns Kore Dko'reE &his Sore Dso'reE &hat Are Da'reE &hat o!er there • • •

• • •

Kore is use% )or things in your territory7 In other or%s3 things3 hich you can see3 touch an% )eel3 are in%icate% by this  pronoun7 Sore is use% )or things in other6s territory7 In other or%s3 things3 hich you cannot touch but are near an% can be seen clearly are in%icate% by this  pronoun7 Are is use% )or things outsi%e both your territories7 In other or%s3 things3 hich cannot be touche% an% may be seen at a !ery )ar %istance or may not be seen but the person has knole%ge o) its e4istence are shon by this pronoun7 "o you get the i%ea I) you %o3 you can un%erstan% hose eating tako Dta'ko octopusE3 ho6s eating ika Di'ka sCupi%E3 an% ho6s eating ebi De'bi shrimpE at the restaurant in the )olloing %ialogue Sore a ika %esu ka7 DIs that sCui%E Iie3 kore a tako %esu7 Sore a ika %esu ka7 DNo3 this one is octopus7 Is that sCui%E Hai3 kore a ika %esu7 D#es this is sCui%7E

Ko/no/ sono/ Ano are knon as "emonstrati!e nouns7 &he basic %i))erence beteen the use o) Kore/ Sore/ Are an% Kono/ Sono/ Ano is as )ollos •

•

Kono/ Sono/ Ano is use% to hen e talk about a particular thing or ob*ect7 It gi!es importance to only 8 thing7 $hereas3 Kore/ Sore/ Are is use% to point out things7 It is use% hen e talk about ob*ects in a generali1e% ay7 0ook at the )olloing e4ample Kore a hon %esu7 D&his is a  book7E Kono hon a nihongo no %esu7 D&his book is o) Japanese language7E

In the )irst sentence3 e are pointing out a book7 Here e are not speci)ying anything else about the  book or in other or%s3 e are not gi!ing any importance to the book7 n the other han%3 in the secon% statement e are speci)ying that the  book is o) Japanese language only7 •

Jya3 are an nan %esu ka7 Dk then3 hat is that o!er thereE Are a ebi %esu7 D&hat o!er there is shrimp7E

Kono Dko'noE &his Sono Dso'noE &hat Ano Da'noE &hat o!er there

•

Kore/ Sore/ Are is use% only hen e are talking about some ob*ect or thing7 n the other han%3 Kono/ Sono/ Ano is use% )or both people an% ob*ects7 Kore/ Sore/ Are is imme%iately )olloe% by either a or ga  particle7 Kono/ Sono/ Ano is )olloe% by a common noun7

For e4ample •

•

Kore a kuruma %esu7 D&his is a car7E

•

Kono kuruma a akai %esu7 D&his is a re% car7E

Verb %ru #nd #ru &o tell someone that you ha!e or possess something3 use the !erbs iru Dee'rooE an% aru Dah'rooE7 +oth mean to e4ist3 hich shos possession in Japanese7 #ou choose the !erb accor%ing to hether the item you possess is animate or inanimate Iru shos possession o) animate items3 such as people an% animals7 Aru is )or inanimate items3 such as books3 money3 plants3 an% houses7 • •

So I ha!e a boy)rien% is $atashi a boi)uren%o ga iru Dah'tah'shee ah bohh'ee')oo' rehn'%oh gah ee'rooE3 hich literally means As )or me3 a boy)rien% e4ists7 Similarly3 Alison has money is Alison a okane ga aru Dah'ree'sohn ah oh'kah'neh gah ah'rooE3 hich literally means As )or Alison3 money e4ists7 $hen speaking in a polite/neutral conte4t3 use the polite )orm o) these !erbs3 imasu Dee' mah'sooE an% arimasu Dah'ree'mah'sooE3 both o) hich are con*ugate% here7 Iru is a ru' !erb3 but aru is slightly irregular pay close attention to the negati!e )orm7 Form

"ronunciation

iru

ee'roo

inai

ee'nah'ee

i

ee

ite

ee'teh

Form

"ronunciation

aru

ah'roo

nai

nah'ee

ari

ah'ree

atte

aht'teh

Here are a )e e4amples o) ha!ing an% not ha!ing • • •

•

ima 'a arimasen(  Dhee'mah gah ah'ree'mah'sehn I %ont ha!e )ree time7E "etto 'a imasu(  Dpeht'toh gah ee'mah'soo I ha!e a pet7E Watashi wa kyodai 'a imasen(  Dah'tah'shee I ah kyohh'%ah'ee gah ee'mah' sehn I %ont ha!e siblings7E Chichi wa o)kane 'a arimasu(  Dchee'chee ah oh'kah'neh gah ah'ree'mah'soo My )ather has 8 money7E

alkin' about your re'ular acti$ities

&o e4press that you %o something regularly ' run3 play tennis3 go to ork3 an% so on ' use the !erb that e4presses the acti!ity an% the !erb iru Dee'roo to e4istE3 in that or%er7 Make sure to con*ugate the !erb that e4presses ihe action in the te')orm7 DSee (hapter 9 )or %etails oil the te')orm7E #ou can lea!e the !erb iru as it is or put it in the polite )orm3 imasu Dee'mah'sooE7 For e4ample3 you can combine the !erbs hashiru Dhah'shee'roo to runE an% iru to get hashitte iru Dhah'sheet'teh ee'rooE or hashitte imasu Dhah'sheet'teh ee'mah'sooE7 +oth  phrases mean that someone runs regularly3 sort o) like saying3 I run an% e4ist e!ery %ay7 +e care)ul hashitte iru can also be interprete% as Im in the mi%%le o) running7 $hich meaning the phrase takes on %epen%s on the conte4t7 I) you say mainichi Dmah'ee'nee' chee e!ery %ayE be)ore saying hashitte imasu3 you ob!iously mean a regular acti!ity I run e!ery %ay7 I) you say ima Dee'mah noE3 you mean Im in the mi%%le o) running no7 &he )olloing sentences e4press regular actions •

•

•

•

*en wa mainichi pi+a o tabete imasu(  Dkehn ah mah'ee'nee'chee pee'1ah oh tah'beh'teh ee'mah'soo Ken eats pi11a e!ery %ay7E ,tdto wa kyonen kara dai'aku ni itte imasu( Doh'tohh'toh ah kyoh'nehn kah' rah %ah'ee'gah'koo nee eet'teh ee'mah'soo My younger brother has been going to college since last year7E ,tosan wa itsumo nete iru yo(  Doh'tohh'sahn ah ee'tsoo'moh neh'teh ee'roo yoh My %a% is alays sleeping7E -hu.in wa maishu tenisu o shite imasu(  Dshoo'*een ah mah'ee'shooo teh'nee' soo oh shee'teh ee'mah'soo My husban% plays tennis e!ery eek7E

/i$in' out your contact information

A)ter chatting ith someone3 you may ant to contact him or her7 belo table lists the in)ormation you may ant to collect7 Contact %nformation Japanese

"ronunciation

ranslation

 *usho

*ooo'shoh

a%%ress

%ena bango

%ehn'ah bahn'gohh

phone number  

%enshi meru a%oresu

%ehn'shee mehh'roo ah'%oh'reh'soo

e'mail a%%ress

)akkusu bango

)ahk'koo'soo bahn'gohh

)a4 number  

,4changing meishi Dmehh'shee business car%sE is also a goo% i%ea7 &hese phrases are use)ul hen e4changing contact in)ormation

•

•

• •

•

•

Denshi meru de renraku shimasu(  D%ehn'shee mehh'roo %eh rehn'rah'koo shee' mah'soo Ill contact you !ia e'mail7E Denwa ban'o wa nan desu fca(  D%ehn'ah bahn'gohh ah nahn %eh'soo kah $hats your telephone numberE Denwa o shite kudasai(  D%ehn'ah oh shee'teh koo'%ah'sah'ee 2lease call me7E Jusho o oshiete kudasai(  D*ooo'shoh oh oh'shee'eh'teh koo'%ah'sah'ee 2lease tell me your a%%ress7E *ore wa watashi no meishi desu(  Dkoh'reh ah ah'tah'shee noh mehh'shee %eh'soo &his is my business car%7E 0okattara1 renraku kudasai(  Dyoh'kaht'tah'rah3 rehn'rah'koo koo'%ah'sah'ee Get in touch i) you like7E

2se ,f Verb Desu 0ike the ,nglish !erb to be3 %esu D%eh'sooE e4presses the i%entity or state o) people an % things7 "esu is use% in a construction3  a # %esu D ah # %eh'soo  is #E7 Instea% o) saying  is #3 the Japanese say  # is7 &he particle a DahE is the topic particle %iscusse% earlier in this chapter7 "esu )ollos either a noun or an a%*ecti!e7 For e4ample3 toto a gakuse %esu Doh'tohh' toh ah gah'koo'sehh %eh'sooE means My little brother is a stu%ent7 $atashi a genki %esu Dah'tah'shee ah gehn'kee %eh'sooE means I am )ine7 No you kno hy many Japanese sentences en% in %esu7 (on*ugation'ise3 %esu %oesnt look like any other !erb7 &he reason is that %esu %i%nt start out as a stan%'alone !erb7 It as the combination o) the particle %e3 the !erb aru Dah' roo to e4istE3 an% the polite su))i4 'masu7 &he table belo shos the patterns o) %esu7 &o help you see the point3 I use the same noun gakuse Dgah'koo'sehh stu%entE in each e4ample7

Formal Form of 3oun "lus Desu Japanese

"ronunciation

ranslation

gakusei %esu

gah'koo'sehh %eh'soo

is a stu%ent

gakusei *a arimasen

gah'koo'sehh *ah ah'ree'mah'sehn

isnt a stu%ent

gakusei %eshita

gah'koo'sehh %eh'shee'tah

as a stu%ent

gakusei *a arimasen %eshita

gah'koo'sehh *ah ah'ree'mah'sehn %eh' asnt a shee'tah stu%ent

%nformal Form of 3oun "lus Desu

Japanese

2ronunciation

&ranslation

gakusei %a

gah'koo'sehh %ah

is a stu%ent

gakusei *anai

gah'koo'sehh *ah nah'ee

isnt a stu%ent

gakusei %atta

gah'koo'sehh %aht'tah

as a stu%ent

gakusei *a nakatta

gah'koo'sehh *ah nah'kaht'tah

asnt a stu%ent

Ja D*ahE3 hich you see in the negati!e )orms in the abo!e &ables3 is the contraction o) %ea D%eh'ahE7Most Japanese people use *a in e!ery%ay con!ersation3 but they use %ea occasionally7 +e prepare% to hear either one7 Makin' "olite43eutral Verb Forms tabeni 5ru67eat8

miru5ru67watch8 nomu5u67drink8

tabe

mi

nomi

A))irmati!e 2resent tabemasu

mimasu

nomimasu

 Negati!e 2resent

tabemasen

mimasen

nomimasen

A))irmati!e 2ast

tabemashita

mimashita

nomimashita

 Negati!e 2ast

tabemasen %eshita mimasen %eshita

Stem

nomimasen %eshita

Common Verb -uffi9es Meanin'4Function -uffi9

:9ample

ranslation

-uffi9es that Follow "lain4%nformal Forms

shoul%

'beki %esu

taberu' beki %esu

8 shoul% eat7

 probability

'%esho

taberu'%esho

Ill probably eat7

 possibility

'kamo shiremasen

taberu' kamo shiremasen

8 might eat7

'hito

taberu'hito

the person ho eats

 because

'kara

taberu'kara

because 8 eat

noun'maker

'koto

taberu'koto

the act o) eating

things

'mono

taberu'mono

things to eat

time

'toki

taberu'toki

hen 8 eat

intention

'tsumori %esu

taberu'tsumori %esu

8 plan to eat7

 person

-uffi9es that Follow -tem Forms

hile

'nagara

tabe'nagara

hile eating

 purpose

'ni

tabe'ni

in or%er to eat

%i))iculty

'nikui

tabe'nikui

Its har% to eat7

o!er%oing

'sugiru

tabe'sugiru

8 o!ereat7

%esire

'tai

tabe'tai

8 ant to eat7

-uffi9es that Follow e)forms

%oing a )a!or

'ageru

tabete'ageru

8 eat )or you7

 present per)ect

'aru

tabete'aru

8 ha!e eaten7

 present progressi!e

'iru

tabete'iru

8 am eating7

reCuesting

'ku%asai

tabete'ku%asai

2lease eat7

attempt

'miru

tabete'miru

Ill try to eat7

completion

'shimau

tabete'shimau

I )inish eating7

Japanese Vowel -ounds Letter "ronunciation :n'lish Word :9ample with the -ound

a

a

aa

obasan Do'ba'san auntE

a

a

'

obaasan Do'ba'san gran%motherE

e

ee

be%

Seto Dse'to a city in JapanE

e

ehh

'

seto Dseh'to pupilE

i

i

)eet

o*isan Do'*i'sanuncleE

ii

ii

'

o*isan Do'*i'i'san gran%)ather  



o

%ome

tori Dto'ri bir%E



oo

'

tori Dto'o'ri streetE

u

u

)oot

yuki Dyu'ki snoE

u

uu

'

yuiki Dyu'i'ki courageE

In Japanese3 any to !oels can appear ne4t to each other in a or%7 #ou may hear them as one !oel soun%3 but to the Japanese3 they soun% like to !oels7 For e4ample3 ai Dah' ee lo!eE soun%s like one !oel ' the ,nglish i Das in eyeE ' but to the Japanese3 its actually to !oels3 not one7 &he or% koi Dkoh'ee carpE soun%s like the one'syllable ,nglish or% coy3 but in Japanese3 koi is a to'syllable or%7 &able belo lists some other common !oel combinations7 Some o) them may soun% a)ully similar to you3 but Japanese speakers hea r them %i))erently7 &ry saying them alou% so that you can hear the %i))erences7 Vowel Combinations Vowel Combination

"ronunciation

ranslation

Ai

a'i

lo!e

Mae

ma'e

)ront

Ao

a'o

blue

Au

a'u

meet

-e

u'e

up

Koi

ko'i

carp

Koe

ko'e

!oice

&he !oels i DeeE an% u DooE come out as a hisper hene!er they )all beteen the consonant soun%s ch3 h3 k3 p3 s3 sh3 t3 an% ts or hene!er a or% en%s in this consonant' !oel combination7 $hat %o those consonants ha!e in common &heyre hat linguists call !oiceless3 meaning that they %ont make your !ocal cor%s !ibrate7 2ut your han% o!er your !ocal cor%s an% say a !oiceless consonant like the k soun%7 &hen say a !oice% consonant like the g soun%7 Words with Whispered Vowels Japanese

"ronunciation

ranslation

Suketo

Su'Ke'to

skating

Kusai

Ku'Sa'i

stinky

Ashita

A'Shi'ta

tommoro

So %esu

so'%u'su

thats right

Words without Whispered Vowels

Japanese

"ronunciation

ranslation

Sugoi

Su'go'i

ama1ing o

Kuni

Ku'ni

country

Kagu

Ka'gu

)urniture

Consonant sounds

Fortunately3 most Japanese consonants are pronounce% as they are in ,nglish7 &able  belo %escribes the soun%s that you nee% to pay attention to7 Japanese Consonants Different from :n'lish Consonant Description of the -ound

:9amples

r

Here you tap your tounge on the roo) o) your mouth *ust once ' almost like an ,nglish )'somehere beteen an ) an% an h soun%7

raku%a Dra'ku'%a camelE toca Dtoh' rah tigerE tori Dtoh'ree bir%E

) 

Fu*isan D)oo'*ee' A much so)ter soun% than the ,nglish )' sahn Mt7 Fu*iE somehere beteen an ) an% an h soun%7 to)u Dtohh')oo Make the soun% by bringing your lips close  bean cur%E )u)u to each other an% gently bloing air D)u')u marrie% through them7 coupleE

ts

&he combination is har% to pronounce at the beginning o) a or%3 as in tsunami3 although its easy anyhere else7 &ry saying the or% cats in your hea% an% then saying tsunami7

tsunami Dtsoo'nah' mee ti%al a!eE tsuki Dtsu'ki the moonE

ry

&he combination o) ran% yis %i))icult to  pronounce hen it occurs be)ore the !oel o7 &ry saying ri DreeE an% then yo DyohE7 Repeat many times an% gra%ually increase the spee% until you can pronounce the to soun%s simultaneously7 Remember that the rsoun%s almost like a %m ,nglish7

ryo Dryohh %ormitoryE ryokan Dryo'kan Japanese' style innE

0ike most other languages3 Japanese has %ouble consonants7 #ou pronounce these %ouble consonants ' pp3 tt3 kk3 an% ss ' as single consonants prece%e% by a brie) pause7 (heck out the )olloing e4amples •

kekkon  Dkehk'kohn marriageE

• • •

kippu Dkeep'poo ticketsE kitte Dkeet'teh stampsE massu'u Dmahs'soo'goo straightE

•

"articles "article

ranslation

gaDgahE

No ,nglish Speci)ies the sub*ect o) the eCui!alent sentence

Jon ga kita7DJohn gah kee'tah John came7E

oDohE

No ,nglish Speci)ies the %irect ob*ect eCui!alent o) the sentence

Mari ga Jon o sasotta7 Dmah'reee gah John oh sah'soht'tah Mary in!ite% John7E

kara )rom Dkah'rahE ma%e Dmah' %ehE

until

ni DneeE

to3 on3 at

/eneral Function

:9ample

Speci)ies the starting point o) the action

Ku'*i kara benkyo shita7 Dkoo'*ee kah'rah behn'kyohh shee'tah I stu%ie% )rom @7E

Speci)ies the en%ing point o) the action

San'*i ma%e benkyo shita7 Dsahn'*ee mah'%eh behn'kyohh shee'tah I stu%ie% until :7E

Speci)ies the target o) the action

 Nihon ni itta7 Dnee'hohn nee eet'tah I ent to Japan7E &okyo ni tsuita7 Dtohh'kyohh nee tsoo'ee'tah I arri!e% at &okyo7E

niDneeE

to3 on3 at

Speci)ies the time o) the e!ent San'*i ni tsuita7

Dsahn'*ee nee tsoo'ee'tah I arri!e% at :7E

e DehE

to3 toar%

Speci)ies the %irection o) the action

&okyo e itta7 Dtohh'kyohh eh eet' tah 8 entto &okyo7E

%e D%ehE in3 by3 ith3 Speci)ies ho the action at takes place in%icates the location3manner3 or  backgroun% con%ition o) the action

+osuton %e benkyo shita7 Dboh'soo' tohn %e behn'kyohh shee'tah I stu%ie% in +oston7E &akush& %e itta7 Dtah'koo sheee %eh eet'tah I entthere by ta4i7E Foku %e tabeta7 D)ohh'koo %eh tah'beh'tah I ate ith a )ork7E

noDnohE

s

(reates a possessi!e phrase Marl no hon Dmah'reee noh hohn or mo%i)ier phrase Marys bookE Nihongo no hon Dnee' hon'goh noh hohn A Japanese language bookE

to DtohE

an%

0ists items

Sushi to sashimi o tabeta7 Dsoo'shee

toh sah'shee'mee oh tah'beh'tah 8 ate sushi an% sashimi7E to DtohE

ith

Speci)ies an item ith the same status as the sub*ect

Jon ga Marl to utatta7 DJohn gah mah'reee toh oo'taht'tah John sang ith Mary7E

kaDkahE

or

0ists choices

Sushi ka sashimi otaberu7 Dsoo'shee kahsah'shee'mee oh tah'beh'roo I ill eat sushi or sashimi7E

onto 7Realty8

Say honto Dhohn'tohhE to con)irm hat you *ust hear%7 Suppose your colleague tells you that shes marrying your boss7 Respon% to the nes by saying honto7 #ou can use honto in a lot o) situations because unbelie!able things happen e!ery %ay7 #1 so desu ka 7Realty8

Say a3 so %esu ka Dahh3 sohh %eh'soo kahE e!ery time your con!ersational partner  pro!i%es a ne piece o) in)ormation7 +e sure to no% as you say this e4pression7 I) you talk casually ith a Japanese person3 you may use this phrase 9 times in an hour7 Mochiron 7,f course;8

-se this a%!erb hen youre 8 percent con)i%ent in your opinion7 I) you ere a marrie% man3 ho oul% you anser this Cuestion )rom your i)e $oul% you marry me i) you ha% a chance to %o it all o!er again "ont think about it *ust say mochiron Dmoh'chee' rohnE7 #1 yokatta 7,h1 'ood8

Say a3 yokatta Dahh3 yoh'kaht'tahE e!ery time you )eel like saying $hat a relie) or h3 goo%7 I) youre a orrier3 you may say it ten times a %ay7 yatta 7% did it;8

Say yatta Dyaht'tahE hen you accomplish something big or recei!e a great opportunity7 2assing a %i))icult test3 getting the *ob you ante%3 or inning the lottery all Cuali)y as yatta material7


Ben1en D1ehn'1ehnE is the phrase o) %enial7 Suppose someone asks you3 Am I %isturbing you I) she isnt bothering you3 say 1en1en an% shake your hea%7 3ani 7What=8

Say nani Dnah'neeE hen you %ont hear or un%erstan% hat the other person sai%7 #ou can also say nani hen you cant belie!e or %ont like hat you hear7 ,oshiyo 7What shall % do=8

Say %oshiyo D%ohh'shee'yohhE hen youre in a panic an% ha!e no i%ea hat to %o7 #ou can repeat it o!er an% o!er hile you try to think o) a solution7 #1 bikkurishita 7What a surprise;8

Say a3 bikkurishita Dahh3 beek'koo'ree'shee'tahE hen youre !ery surprise%7 ylappari 7% knew it Would happen8

Sometimes you ha!e a !ague suspicion that something ill happen3 an% then it actually happens7 At times like that3 say yappari Dyahp'pah'reeE7