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Data Analysis Core Competencies
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Data Da ta Analys ysiis Te Tech chn niques
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D es esc ri ript iv e St at at is ti tic s
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PART 4 : Data Analys nalys is Core Core Com Competen petenc c ies Documents
Section 21:
Fishbon is hbone e ( Cause-and ause-a nd-- Effect) Diagram
Sheet Music
CONTENTS
Overview In tro du cti on
PAGE
3
Steps and Procedures 1
Assem Assem ble a Team to Carry Out the the Di ag rammi ng P ro ce ss
2
Ident Ide ntify ify and Clearly learly Stat State e the the Ne Nee ed
Figure 1: Bas ic Structure of a Fis Fis hbone Diagram Figure 2: Categorica l Patterns for a Typical cal Production Process
Pu rpo se s o f Fi sh sh bo ne Di ag ag ram
3
Advantages and Limitations of Fi sh bo ne Di ag ram
5
Figure 4: Affinity Diagram Example
3
Figure 3: Advantages and Limi tations tations of Fishbone Di agram agram
Draw the Structur St ructure e of a Fi Fi shbone Diagram Figure 5: Fishbo ne Diagram Example (Phases 1 and 2)
4
Identify Id entify M ajor ajor Ca Cause use Ca Catego tegorri es and Connect Connect T hem hem t o the Backb B ackbone one of th e Fi sh
5
Brains Brain stor to rm C Cau aus ses for fo r Eac Ea ch of the M ajor Ca Catego tegorri es
6
Place Pla ce Each Brain Brains stor to rm ed Ca Cause use i n Its It s Appropriate Cate Catego go ry Figure 6: Fishbo ne Diagram Example (Phase 3)
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Ident Ide ntify ify Poten otentia tiall Not Root Caus Ca uses es Useful useful
8
Ge
l Dis
ion of the the Fishb ishb
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PART 4: Data Analysis Analysis Core Competencies Co mpetencies FISHBONE ( CAUS CAUSE E-AN -A ND-EFFE D- EFFECT CT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
OVERVIEW
Figure 21.1: 21.1 : Ba Basic sic Structure Structure of a Fishbone Diagram Diagram
Cause Cause (factors)
Effect
Figure 21.2: 21. 2: Categor Categorical ical Patterns Patterns for a Typical Production Producti on Process Process
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Operat or
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compe FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT OVERVIEW
Introduction
Figure 21.1 shows the basi c structure structure of a Fishbone Diagram.
The Fi shbone Diagr iag ram is an a n easy easy to t o use and effective cause-an tec te chniqu hni que e developed developed by Kaoru Kaoru Ishik Ishi kawa (1982) 1982 ). It is i s also referred to “Isi “Isi kawa diagram” or a “characteri “characteri sti cs di di agram agram ”, referring referring to t o i ts use in i denti denti fying the caus cau ses of var va ri ous quali quality ty characteris haracteri stics, including prob (Ozeki (Ozeki & As A saka, 199 1990). 0).
The late Dr. Ishik Ishi kawa was a quality expert expert who used used this thi s di di agra strateg trat eg y to he hell p Japanese Japanese business pers pe rson onnel nel in organizi organizi ng those fac i nfluen nfluenc ce a busine busine ss or manufacturing pr proce oces ss. Th e diag diagra ram m has a and an effect effect -- proble problem m or opportun opportunii ty -- si de. It graphi graphi cally represen represen caus cau ses of a relate ela ted d need need or o r problem.
Figure 21.2 shows a Fishbone Diagram Diagram with s tandard tandard categorical patterns for a typical typical production production process.
On th t he effect side of the d diag iagrram, the the effect effect under analys anal ysii s ca a current work probl probl em that needs to be be corrected or o r a des de si red qualit characteristic. On the cause side of o f the diagram are the fa ctors to rs that the th e sta stated ted effect or charac chara cter te ri sti c. Categoric ategori cal examples of some some of th factors fa ctors are equi equi pm pment, ent, peo p eople ple,, envi envi ronment, material material s, and proc pro cedure stren gth of the technique technique lies lie s in usi usi ng a diagr diag ram to analyze causal rel i n struc structu turred ways wa ys focu focus sing atte a ttention ntion beyond sym sympto ptom m s to root root,, or pri caus cau ses (Swanson (Swanson,, 1995).
Purposes of Fishbone Diagram
The Fi shbone Diagr iag ram techni techni que was originally de dev veloped fo the th e factors factors that influence the the proce proces ss of devel devel opi opi ng quality products i t can be used as a tool tool for analyzing infor info atio relat rethis lated ed needs a Sign uprm to ation votenon titleto a needs and selecti ele cting ng alternative i nterven nterventi tion ons s for performan performanc ce improvement. improvement. Useful Not useful these th ese ways, ways, the Fis Fi shbone Diagram Diagram wi ll help to generate ideas about t possible es of p blems and identify the compon ts i n the process process tha
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PART 4: Data D ata Analysis Analysis Core Competencies FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Figure 21 .3: Adva Advant ntages ages and Limitations Limitations of Fishbon Fis hbone e Diagram*
OVERVIEW
Advantage Advantage s of Fi Fi shbone Diagram Diagra m
Fishbone Diagramming iagramming is adaptable to analyzing analyz ing causes causes of problem v ariety ariety of settings. settings. It has been used use d successf successfull ully y in business business and indu
Groups find the method method enjoyable. enjoyable. They can usually usually com c omplete plete the w a session lasting 1 to 2 hours.
There is a st s trong sense sense of involv involv em ement ent in resol res olving ving problem pr oblems s and in ownership of results.
Facilitators Facilitators need little little traini tr aining ng to implement implement the procedure. pr ocedure.
No special s pecial equipment equipment is needed.
The technique re r esults in a graphic repres represe entation of of the relati r elation onships ships exist ex ist betw betw een effects effects and their causes. causes.
Limitations of Fishbone Diagram
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Useful Not useful A lthough groups groups c an quickl quic kly y determ determine inepotential cause caus es, Fishbone Diagramming iagramming does not usuall us ually y clari clar if y seque sequ ence nc es of cau c aus s es.
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compet FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT OVERVIEW
Adva Adva ntages ntages and a nd Limitations of Fishbone Fishbone Diag
Fishbone Fishbone Diagram ☺
Advantages Limitations
Identifying Id entifying the prima prima ry or root root causes of a probl pro blem em can be diff dif fi cult The Th e Fi Fi shbone Diagr Diag ram proces proce ss i s useful. usef ul. It has ha s advantages advan tages and so limita tion tions s, and a needs need s anal analys ystt mu st be familiar familia r wi wi th these these pr p ri or to em the th e technique. technique.
Before Be fore incorpo incorporrating ati ng the infor info rmation into a maj maj or needs needs anal anal ysi ysi resul resul ts of m ore ore than one Fi shbone Di agramming agramming anal anal ysi ysi s usi usi ng differe comparable groups group s, should be made m ade and compared compared in o rder rder to ensure validity validit y and relia reliabi bilility ty of the results.
Furt Further her Readings ead ings
Arcaro Arca ro,, J. S. (1995). Qual Qual ity in i n education: An implem implem ent entati ation on han handboo dboo Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie. Swanso Swa nson, n, R. C. (1995) 1995 ). The T he qua qualility ty improvement improvement h handb andboo ook k: Tea T eam mg to tool t ools s and and techniques technique s. Del ray Beach, FL: St. S t. Luci Luci e.
Witkin, B. R., Altschuld, J. W. (1995). Planning and conducting needs asse asse ssm ent: en t: A prac pra ctical guide. Tho T housand usand Oaks, Oaks, CA: Sage.
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Competencies FISHBONE ( CA CAU US E-AND -A ND-- EFFECT EFFECT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION STEP STEP S AND PROCEDURES
Figure 21.4: 21.4 : Completed Example of an Affinity Affinity Diagram
Perform Performa ance Pr Pr oblem oblem : Too many man y burrs on calipers calipers res resultin ulting g in high rates rates of o f caliper aliper disca discard rd..
High Caliper Discard
Environment Issues
Problems with Machinery and/or Equipment
Shop floor is too small
Poor use of space
Operator Error
Problems with Materials
Methods no t Appropriate
Old machi nes
No time to practice doing the job
Alloy mixture not constant
Grinder Grinder is too fast
No regular maintenance
Borrowed from other assembl assembl y lines
Sand forms are rough
Debur tool is Debur too short to reach inside
Unreliable fork-lift
Task better for a left handed a worker
Belt from the Scrap metal grinder is too is poor quality Sign up to vote on this title fast
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compe FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT STEPS AND PROCEDURES
Us ing Fis Fis hbone hbone Diagramming iagramming in Nee eeds ds Analysis
It yi elds a cause-and-ef cause-and-efffect diagr diag ram wh whii ch ident i dentii fies fie s poss possii ble cau probl pro blem em (need) (need) or barriers to actualizing a bus bu sines ine ss opportunity opportunit y.
The structured tructured way in wh whii ch a Fi shbone Di agram agram i s developed developed us us categories of causes often leads le ads to the identification of root caus au ses.
It i s a relatively relativel y easy easy way to take t ake an an ini n-depth depth look l ook at an expres expre ssed n seek out probable causes and contributing factors.
USE THE FOLL F OLLOWING OWING 9 STEPS TO CARR CARRY Y OUT A FISHBONE DIAGRAM
1 It may be useful to review the brainstorming guideli nes nes on page 22.6 or Section 19 on the Affinity Di agram. agram.
Assembl Assem ble e a Team Team to t o Carry Out the the Diagra iagr amming mm ing P
1-1
Identify Ident ify and s select elect team eam partic participa ipants nts that hat:: Have ex e xpert pe rtii se and experience related to the identified nee Rep Represe resent nt various groups and perspe perspective ctives s impacted impac ted by ne credible by managers and an d workers workers who are Are viewed a s credible impacted b y the the need being bei ng addressed addressed
1-2
Arrange for fo r a team meeti mee ting. ng. Allow up to 3 hours for eac ea ch diagram to be com com pleted
1-3
Brief Brief the the team team as to the purpos urpSign oses es meet i ntitle g and and expla explain in t upof to the votemeeti on this procedures to be followed. Useful Not useful
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PART 4: Data D ata Analysis Analysis Core Competencies FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION STEPS STEPS AND PROCEDURES
Phase 1
Figu Fig ure 21. 21.5: 5: Fishbone Fishbo ne Dia Diag gram Ex Ex ample (Phase (Phases s 1 and an d 2)
Perf ormance ormanc e Prob Problem lem:: Too many many burrs bur rs on c alipers res res ulting in high rates of c cali aliper per disc disc ard.
High caliper disca disc ard
c b a u m T l i r r a o p s n o e o y r s n
Phase 2 Sign up to vote on this title
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compe FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT STEPS AND PROCEDURES
3
Dr aw the the Structure Structure of a Fishbone Diagra iagr am
3-1
Use Use flipc fli pch hart sheet, sheet, butcher utcher paper, aper, or a la rge rge wh while board board (pa pref pre ferable because because the diagra di agram m can be moved and saved).
3-2
Write the the nee need in a box box at the the right side side of of the pap paper er (in (in the “ of the fish”).
3-3
Draw Draw a line line acros across s the middle middle of th the e paper paper (th (the e “spine “spine of of the f connected connected to its head). Prov Pro vi de enough spa spac ce to diagram caus au sal fac fa ctors to rs and and their relationships in handwriting that is legible Diagra Di agram m symmetry and and the t he shape shape of the the fish are NOT pr cons con siderations iderations -- realistic realistic infor inf ormat matii on that t hat is i s clear clear in mean and easily interpreted are the goals
4
Figure 21.5 presents a Fishbone Diagram Diagram example example (Phases 1 and 2).
Identify Iden tify M ajor ajor Cause C ause Categor Categoriies and Conn C onnect ect Them Them Backbon ack bone e of o f the Fis Fis h
4-1
Have the group group list list c categ ategories ories of factors factors caus causing ing the need ( The se will il l serve as headings of the major majo r bones of the fi They should be logical and inclusive
4-2
Check the the lis listt agains againstt the follow following ing sta stand ndard ard patterns atterns:: Typical production process categories Machi Machi nes -- facilities and equ equii pm pmen entt M ethods -- how work work gets ge ts done Materi Materi al s --- components components or raw raw materi materi als People -- the human human factor Sign up to vote on this title Typical service process categories Useful Not useful Policies -- higher-l higher-l evel evel decisi decisi on rules Proced Pro cedure ures s -- steps te ps in a task task
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PART 4: Data D ata Analysis Analysis Core Competencies FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION STEPS STEPS AND PROCEDURES
Figure 21.6: 21.6 : Fishbone Fishbone Diag Dia gram Example Example (Phase (Phase 3)
Phase 3
High caliper discard
Mac hine
Operator
P o o r Compan Com pany y Owned equi pment pment t r a N U i n o n r i Shop Shop floor flo or too sma s mallll r e n e l i g g a b u l P a o l o r e f r m o u r a i s e k - l n t i f o f e n t s a n p a c e c e
Alloy mi mi x no nott e xact
Material
Borrowed from other lines temporarily Left Left handed
t a s Debu f Deburr t ool ool t oo s hort hort o o t r e Belt too fast n d i r C G s o l l
Method
m a e c l l t i o n t r Sign up to votea y on t o this title o
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compe FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT STEPS AND PROCEDURES
5
Figure 21.6 presents a Fishbone Diagram example (Phase 3).
Br ainstorm ainstorm Causes C auses for Each of the the M ajor Categor Categoriies
5-1
Use Use the major caus cause e cate categor gories ies as cat catalys alysts ts for ana analysis lysis..
5-2
Ask Ask: What in the the “mat “materi eria als” ls” cate categ gory is causing causing... ...? ?
5-3 5-3
Repeat Rep eat step step 5-2 5-2 for each ach ma majjor cate categ gory. ory.
5-4 5-4
For each iden identi tifi fie ed c caus ause, e, ASK: ASK: Why does i t happen? happen? What could happen?
6
Place Each Br ainstormed ainstormed Cause in Its Appr Appr opr opr iate C
6-1
Draw Draw as many many bo bones, sub-b sub-bo ones, nes, and and sub-s sub-sub-b ub-bo ones as nece reflect ref lect the rel rel ations ation ships hip s of of related cause cause factors. factors. Each maj maj or caus cau se may have h ave subub -bones bone s a and nd even even sub-s ub -sub ub--bones bone s.
6-2
Labe Labell each each bon bone e and and sub-bo ub-bone ne a and nd draw the h hea ead d of an arr the th e end end of ea ch bone to to indicate its contribution to the “bi “bi gg whi ch it i t impacts. impacts.
6-3
Li st c causes auses rela rela ted to multip multiple le bones bones in all appro appropr pria ia te loca locatio tio
6-4
Check agains gainstt the needs analysis nalysis data data to to be certa certain that that a allll ca sub-causes have been identified.
6-5
Review Review th the diagr diagra am to see see iiff i t needs restructur restructuring ing -- make make ch group gro up consensus consensus is reac rea ched.
7 7-1
Sign up to vote on this title Identify Iden tify Pote Pote ntial Root Root Causes Useful Not useful
Have the the tea team discus iscuss s factors factors that stron strongly gly aff affect ect a factor. factor. Cau Caus ses that are a re repeated on the diagram are often ones t
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PART 4: Data D ata Analysis Analysis Core Competencies FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT)) D DIAGRAM IAGRAM
NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION STEPS STEPS AND PROCEDURES
Figure 21.7 : Fishbone Dia Diag gram Complete Completed d Example (Phase (Phase 4)
Phase Phase 4
Perform Perform ance Pr oblem oblem : Created: Participants: Method:
Too many many burrs burr s on cali c alipers pers resulting in high rates of caliper discard. discard. April 2, 1998 Manufacturing Quality Team Plant 1: G. Smith, R. Lee, A. Jones, S. Perkins, and F. Beck Brainstorming session to identify major causes of perform perfor mance problem. roblem. Data analysis analys is using using a Fis Fis hbone Diagram process. process .
High caliper discard
Mac hine
Oper ator
P o o r Compan Com pany y Owned equi pment pment t r a N U i n o n i Shop Shop floor flo or too sma s mallll r e n r e g l i g a b P u l o l a r o r e f m o u r s e a i k - l n t i f o f e n t s a n p
Sign up to vote on this title Borrowed from other
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PART 4: Data Analysis Core Compet FISHBONE (CAUSE-AND (C AUSE-AND-- EFFECT EFFECT STEPS AND PROCEDURES
8 8-1 8-1
Discus Discuss s the com complete leted fishb fishbon one e diagr diagra am. Select Sel ect the the most m ost im im portan portan t sub sub-f -factors actors that contribute to to t main causal factors in tervention(s) to meet mee t the need or the business Suggest int opportunity
8-2
Have the the group group compar compare e and contras ontrastt the the findings findings re reflected flected Fis Fi shbone Di agram agram wi th thei r overall overall j udgments udgments about the need its causes.
9 Figure 21.7 presents a completed Fishbone shbone Diagram example (Phase 4).
See Section 7 on Reporting Reporting Results
General Gener al Dis Dis cussion of the t he Fis Fis hbone hbone Diagram iagram
Logistical Lo gistical and and Follow Follow Up Ac Activit tivitiies
9-1 9-1
Re-do Re-do the the diagr diagra am to make make it grap graphica hically appe appea aling. ling.
9-2 9-2
Write in inform nformatio ation n deta detaiiling: ing: id entification of the nee need d The identification Date of creation Participants How and why it was created
9-3 9-3
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