Bio-based Adsorbents: Potential Candidates for Wastewater Treatment
BioResources Research Group Faculty of Science & Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Wastewater Treatment
Various methods/technologies: coagulation, chemical oxidation, ozonation, nano-filtration, precipitation, ionexchange, etc. Adsorption: Adsorption: ability to separate a wide range of chemical compounds, easy operational procedures, and facilitation of recovery of costly organic and . Contaminants: cids, bases, toxic organic and inorganic dissolved solids and colors, !ye stuffs, heavy metals, and effluents. Activated carbon " carbon " used as adsorbent for centuries #high surface area to volume ratio$. %io-based %io-based adsorbent adsorbentss " low cost, cost, abundan abundantly tly available, regeneration/reuse.
Biomass Resources
Kenaf • ast growing plant #' mths to harvest, ' meters tall$ • * ton dried stems per hectare • Contains bast and core fibres. & '(-)* + high fibres length & sed for highend composite products Bast & 0*-0( + short fibres & limited strength which goes as water absorbing materials and animal bedding
Kenaf Core
Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH
• 3enerally, 1* tons of C45 will be generated to produce one ton of dry cocoa beans • 6alaysian Cocoa %oard, '**,***
Cocoa pod 1).21 +
produced in *1* ',***,*** tons of C45. • tilized as animal feed and renewable energy source by combustion
7eed 1*.8' +
≈
!il Palm "mpt# $ruit Bunc% $ibres
• 6alaysia is one of the largest palm oil exporter • * million tons of empty fruit bunch #9%$ are produced yearly. • raditionally used as boiler burning material, organic fertilizer, composite board and pac;aging materials.
&odifications • 4hysical and chemical approaches • 4hysical "
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., et al.. 2010. Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using alkaline-treated kenaf core fibres. Adsorption Science and Technology 28: 337-386
Calculated "'uilibrium Constants for t%e orption of Cu()) )ons onto Kenaf Core $ibres at *+ oC
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., et al.. 2010. Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using alkaline-treated kenaf core fibres. Adsorption Science and Technology 28: 337-386
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., et al.. 2010. Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using alkaline-treated kenaf core fibres. Adsorption Science and Technology 28: 337-386
&odifications • Chemical approach " al;aline treatment
&odifications • Chemical approaches " chemical modifications Tertiary amines, 25%
H2N−(CH2CH2N)x −(CH2CH2NH)y CH2CH2NH2 Secondary
H3C COOH −∆H2O
H3C COOH
Primary , 25%
amines,
OH OH OH OH OH
OH OH OH OH OH
CA-TREATED
PEI-TREATED
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., S. Zakaria, Mohd Jani, S., Ayob, M.K. Chee, K.L., Khiew, P.S., Chiu, W.S. 2011. Citric acid modified kenaf core fibres for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology 102: 7237-7243 Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., Khiew, P.S. 2013. Cationic and anionic modifications of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. Bioresource Technology 128: 571-577
&odifications • Chemical approach " chemical modifications
150 ) 100 V m ( l 50 a i t n 0 e t o 2 p -50 a t e Z-100
-150
EFB Raw 4
6
8
10
EFB-CA EFB-PEI
pH
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., Khiew, P.S. 2013. Cationic and anionic modifications of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. Bioresource Technology 128: 571-577
,#e Adsorption (METHYLENE BLUE)
MB before & after adsorption
(PHENOL RED)
PR before & after adsorption
C!&PA)!. Adsorbent
Temperature #oC$
/an0muir model Q*
b
R=
r
*
1*'.1
*.*
*.*11*
*.88)
)*
1>.
*.*2
*.*'(*
*.888
0*
12134
*.1*1
*.*0'*
*.88)
*
12'.'
*.11>
*.*2)
*.>00
MB adsorption
Kenaf-CA
CPH-.a!H
.
"$B-CA
0*
15135
*.28
*.*11>
*.>)(
*
0>.0
*.*0
*.*(1
*.82>
)*
>0.)
*.10
*.**
*.88(
0*
1+231
*.1*'
*.*'1)
*.82(
*
1*>.2
*.*(
*.1122
*.8)'
)*
1'.(
*.*1)
*.18')
*.8((
0*
16537
*.*01
*.*(10
*.8*0
PR adsorption
"$B-P")
e0eneration 120
100 ) % ( y 80 t i c a p a c 60 n i t p r o 40 s d A
MB
20
0 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 5th Cycle 6th Cycle th Cycle
Sajab, M.S., Chia, C.H., Zakaria, S., Khiew, P.S. 2013. Cationic and anionic modifications of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. Bioresource Technology 128: 571-577
Fixed--Bed Column Adsorption Fixed
Discolouration of POME
(a) POME, (b) EFB-PEI adsorbed POME, (c) Anaerobic-treated POME and (d) EFB-PEI adsorbed anaerobic POME.
Graphene Oxide (GO) • Graphene, a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are packed in honeycomb crystal lattice. • Attracted massive amount of attention since its discovery at 2004. • GO - chemically modified graphene ith o!ygen functionali"ed groups such as epo!ide, hydro!yl, carbo!yl # carbonyl. g y y rop c - e sperse n so u on or mo ca on an • applications
&a0netic 8rap%ene !9ide
%&ast adsorption e'uilibrium
MB
MB + GO
e0enerated Cellulose Containin0 8rap%ene !9ide
e0enerated Cellulose &embrane Cellulose dissolution and regeneration
High porous structure
Antibacterial Regenerated hitosan Beads
E. coli
S. aureus
S. aureus
Antibacterial results ($pread plate)
ontrol
B
B!GO
B!Ag"#
B!AgGO
E. coli
ontrol
B $ample
B!GO
B!Ag"#
S. aureus
CB
−
CB-#$
−
E. coli
!e e""ect
−
!e e""ect
!e e""ect
−
!e e""ect
CB-A%&P
'!e (nh()(t(*n
'!e (nh()(t(*n
CB-A%#$
'!e (nh()(t(*n
'!e (nh()(t(*n
B!AgGO
Thank you
