Testing of Hypothesis Hypothesis: A statistical hypothesis is an assumption that we make about a population parameter, which may or may not be true concerning one or more variables. According to Pr...
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RMK CH 5 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN UMA SEKARAN
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INTRODUCTION TO H YPOTHESIS TESTING 10.1 HYPOTHESIS TESTING Hypothesis Hypothesis testing testing is the oper opera ation tion of deciding whether or not a data set obtained for a rando rando sap! sap!e e s"ppor s"pports ts or fai!s fai!s to s"ppor s"pportt a par partic" tic"!a !arr h#po h#poth thes esis is$$ % hypothesis is an assertion or con&ect"re abo"t a paraeter's( of a pop"!a pop"!atio tion) n) it a# a!so a!so concer concern n with with the t#pe* t#pe* nat"re of the pop"!ation* or distrib"tiona! for of characteristics of interest$ STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING +Y THE CRITIC%, -%,UE -%, UE %PPRO%CH .( /or"!ate th the n" n"!! h# h#pothesis an and th the a!ternati0e h#pothesis$ 1( Set the !e0e! of signi2cance of si3e α$ 4( Se!ect the appropriate test statistic$ 5( Estab!ish the critica! region$ 6( Cop"te the 0a!"e of the test statistic$ 7( Decision8 Re&ect Ho if the 0a!"e of test statistic be!ongs to the critica! region$ not re&ec e&ectt H o if the 0a!"e 0a!"e of the the test test Do not stat statis isti tics cs does does not not be!o be!ong ng to the the crit critic ica! a! region$ 9( Conc!"sion$ STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING +Y THE P:-%,UE %PPRO%CH % p-value is the sa!!est signi2cance !e0e! at which a n"!! h#pothesis a# be re&ected$ .( /or"!ate th the n" n"!! h# h#pothesis an and th the a!ternati0e h#pothesis$ 1( Set the !e0e! of signi2cance of si3e α$ 4( Se!ect the appropriate test statistic$ 5( Cop"te the 0a!"e of the test statistic$ 6( Deterine the p;0a!"e of the test statistic$ 7( Decision8 Re&ect H o if the p;0a!"e is !ess than α$ Do not re&ect H o if the p;0a!"e is greater 'or e<"a!( than α$ 9( Conc!"sion$ 10.2 TYPES OF HYPOTHESES . Null hypothesis!
H 0
" represents a theor#
that has been p"t forward* either beca"se it is be!ie0ed to be tr"e or beca"se it is "sed as a basis for arg"ent$ This assertion is he!d as tr"e "nti! "nti! there there is s"= s"=cie cient nt statis statistic tica! a! e0iden e0idence ce to conc!"de conc!"de otherwise otherwise$$ It stat states es that that ther there e is no di>erence between a paraeter's( and a speci2c 0a!"e$ #. lte$native lte$native hypothesis! hypothesis!
H A
or
H 1
"
an assertion of a!! sit"ations not co0ered b# the n"!! h#pothesis$ It states that there is a precise
di>erence between a paraeter's( and a speci2c 0a!"e$ E%&P'ES( State State the n"!! n"!! h#poth h#pothesi esis s and the a!ter a!terna nati0 ti0e e h#pothesis to be "sed$ 'Note8 The e<"a! sign "st be in the the n"!! n"!! h#po h#poth thes esis is** regar egard! d!es ess s of the the stateent$( .$ New soft softwar ware e is being integ integra rated ted into into the teaching of a co"rse with the hope that it wi!! he!p to ipro ipro0e 0e the o0era o0era!! !! a0era a0erage ge score score for this this co"r co"rse se$$ The The hist histor oric ica! a! a0er a0erag age e scor score e for for this this co"rse is 91$ 1$ % rea! estate agent c!ais that the a0erage pric price e for for hoe hoes s in a cert certai ain n s"bd s"bdi0 i0is isio ion n is ?.6@*@@@$ Yo" be!ie0e that the a0erage price is !owe !owerr$ Yo" p!an p!an to test test his his c!ai c!ai b# taAi taAing ng a rando sap!e of the prices of the hoes in the s"bdi0ision) for"!ate for"!ate the set of h#potheses$ 4$ %n ad0e ad0ert rtis ise een entt on the the T- c!ai c!ais s that that a certain brand of tire has an a0erage !ifetie of 6@*@@@ i!es$ S"ppose #o" p!an to test this c!ai b# taAing a sap!e of tires and p"tting the on test$ Bhat is the correct set of h#potheses to set "p 10.) 10.) POS POSSI#' SI#'E E O*T+ O*T+O& O&ES ES OF OF HYPOTHESIS TEST Tr"e Tr"e state of the n"!! Statisti,al h#pothesis e,ision Ho is is tr"e Ho is fa!se ERROR Correct Re&ect Ho T#pe T#pe I decision Do not re&ect Correct ERROR Ho decision T#pe T#pe II - probabi!it# of coitting a t#pe I error : area of the critica! region : a!so ca!!ed the !e0e! of signi2cance : probabi!it# of coitting a t#pe II error Notes( % type I e$$o$ wi!! e$$o$ wi!! be coitted when the tr"e n"!! h#pothesis is re&ected$ % type II e$$o$ is e$$o$ is coitted when a fa!se n"!! h#pothesis is not re&ected$ 10. TYPES OF TEST . One One taile taile/ / test( test( h#pothesi h#pothesis s where where the one:sided$ 'Ha8 or ( #. To taile/ taile/ test test8 h#pothesi h#pothesis s where where the two:sided$ 'Ha8 ≠ (
% test test of an# statist statistica ica!! a!terna a!ternati0e ti0e h#pothesis h#pothesis is
% test test of an# an# stat statis isti tica ca!! a!terna a!ternati0e ti0e h#pothesis h#pothesis is
10. EFINITION OF SO&E TE&S
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INTRODUCTION TO H YPOTHESIS TESTING
Test statisti, ; a sap!e statistic cop"ted fro the data$ The 0a!"e of the test statistic is "sed in deterining whether or not the n"!! h#pothesis is re&ected$ +$iti,al o$ $e3e,tion $egion ; a range of test statistic 0a!"es for which the n"!! h#pothesis sho"!d be re&ected$ This range of 0a!"es wi!! indicate that there is a signi2cant or !arge
eno"gh di>erence between the h#pothesi3ed paraeter 0a!"e and the corresponding point estiate for the paraeter$ +$iti,al value ;2rst 0a!"e in the critica! region$ The set of 0a!"es that are not in the critica! region is ca!!ed the region of acceptance 'noncritica! or non:re&ection($
