Traffic Management
Traffic Management Learning objective: Demonstrate the safety management and strategies • Demonstrate the accident prevention strategies and various diagnosis framework • Learning outcome: At the end of this lecture, successful students will be able to: Recognize existing safety management and strategies in Malaysia • dentify the method for accident reduction • Recognize accident prevention strategies • dentify various diagnosis framework • 1.0
Introduction
!raffic !raffic management techni"ues are designed to deal with both stationary and moving vehicle, and the pedestrian# !he techni"ues are primarily concerned with the following a$
Reducing accidents#
b$
Minimizing vehicle%pedestrian interactions#
c$
!he !he cont contro roll of stand standin ing g vehi vehicl cles es,, e#g# e#g# by by rest restri rict ctio ion n of wait waitin ing, g, loa loadi ding ng and and unloading, and stopping#
d$
!he !he contr control ol of of movi moving ng vehi vehicl cles es to to redu reduce ce conf confli lict ctss and and to eas easee traf traffi ficc flow flow,, e#g# by one way streets, tidal flow schemes, banning of turning movements, and the utilization of automatic traffic signals and signs#
2.0
Facts of Accident
!he results of many studies into motor cyclist associated accidents have resulted in the following conclusions:
a$ !he personal personal in&ury in&ury accident accident rate rate of solo motor motor cycles cycles is about about ' times times the rate rate of cars# b$ !he risk of a motor cyclist being killed per mile travelled travelled is about () times that of the chance of a car driver being killed# c$ *inety *inety seven percent percent of the the casualties casualties which which occur occur as a result result of collisio collisions ns between motor cycles and motor vehicles are the motor cyclists#
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d$ !he risk of death or serious in&ury to a pillion passenger is about percent greater than the risk to the driver# e$ Motor cyclists with less than six months- experience have about twice as many accidents per head and per mile as those with more experience# f$ Most of the motor cyclists who are killed, and many of those who are in&ured, receive head in&uries# Meanwhile, the ratio of road accidents in darkness to those in daylight is about +# to ( in dry weather and about . to ' in wet weather# !his is also related to the effects of good street lighting# /rom research, good street lighting reduced the average fre"uency of in&ury accidents in darkness by about .)0#
3.0
Accident Reduction
Road Research 1aboratory has carried out a most intensive programme of research to find out methods of reducing the fre"uency and number of accidents, and of facilitating traffic flow#
/ollowing are typical methods of accident reduction# a$ mprovement of ntersections 2ne of the most fruitful applications of traffic management lies in the improvement of highway intersections# !his is mainly because very often minor improvements can be carried out without affecting the layout and design of the highway as a whole, but yet may reduce accidents and improve highway safety beyond all proportion to their costs#
b$ mprovement of driver characteristics !he most complex and least understood of every road problem is the human one# Repeated studies indicate that errors of &udgement are important factors in over 3) percent of all highway accidents# /ollowing are some of the factors affecting driver characteristics: •
4ision 5 good vision is a prere"uisite of safe driving since it accelerates the process of perception%reaction to traffic situations#
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•
4isual acuity 5 ability to focus "uickly and to see clearly without a blur#
•
/atigue 5 the effect of fatigue brought on by prolonged driving, poor living conditions and extreme anxieties#
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*ight vision 5 ability to see under low illumination, see against headlight glare and distinguish between various colours at night#
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Depth perception 5 skill which re"uires good tea mwork of both eyes to enable the driver to &udge relative distances and to locate ob&ects correctly in space#
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Alcoholic drinks 5 alcohol has very noticeable effects on driver behaviour# t lowers the mental and physical efficiency by producing slow and undependable responses#
•
Driver training 5 drivers shall be trained and educated to eliminate bad driving habits, which might lead to undesirable reactions#
c$ 6ngineering counter measure /ollowing are four strategies for road accident reduction through the use of engineering counter measure:
i$ 7lackspot Approach
dentify the sites with higher than average number of accidents 8blackspot$
dentify a pattern occurred and common factors that caused the pattern
dentify appropriate treatment
ii$ Mass Action 9lan
nvolve application of a remedy to locations with common accident problems
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/or example, to reduce wet skidding related accidents, a new formulation to the road surface texture is re"uired at certain locations
iii$ Route 7ased Measure
nvolve application of a remedy along a route with a higher accident rate
/or example, to reduce motorcycles related accidents, an exclusive motorcycle lane is provided along a route
iv$ Area ide Measure
!ake into account all factors that affect road safety including the distribution of traffic over the road network
A complete and combination of various strategies for road safety in a region
4.0
Identifying and Prioritizing Accidents
Accident and casualty analysis is a complex procedure because the factors affecting accident occurrence are numerous and not independent# deally, the direction that a comprehensive accident analysis takes will be led by accident data# 6xperienced road safety engineers will carry out the analysis# !hey will understand the importance of different types of result and be able to identify and balance conflicting levels of accident risk# n practice, the basic approach for urban and rural accident analysis can both be summarized in the following steps# i$ 1ook at in&ury accident data for the relevant area for a period of three to five years# 9lot the locations of accidents on maps# !his can be done with a ;< system or an accident analysis package, initially distinguishing killed and seriously in&ured 8=<$, child accidents and>or other vulnerable groups separately#
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ii$ 6xamine accident patterns in terms of type, contributory factors and location, considering accident numbers and rates for each class of road# iii$ dentify any significant changes in accident trends and factors overtime# iv$ dentify existing road safety devices available in the locations of accidents# v$ ?hecking on road geometry design in the locations of accidents# vi$ /or each road in the area, tabulate the results# vii$9rioritize roads for further investigation and treatment# t may be helpful to tabulate the results of the analysis, to assess the relative seriousness of problems to help prioritize them# !his will be particularly useful in identifying overall problems, such as speeding, skidding or bend accidents# t may provide &ustification for a mass action treatment# !he information used on accident rates during the prioritization process will vary, depending on the situation and the "uantity and reliability of exposure data# !he use of more than one type of accident analysis approach will often be appropriate# hen ranking problems, a balanced assessment of all the data has to be achieved based on: i$ Accident rate ii$ *umber of accidents iii$ year, accidents>vehicle%km$# f the values for a particular road exceed the relevant intervention levels, then select that road for more detailed analysis and subse"uent treatment# 2ver time, most of the worst accident problem sites have been cured# Accidents now tend to be spread more evenly across whole areas# /or this reason, mass action, route action or area action remedial treatments may be preferable to treatments at a few specific sites# !he treatments selected may be chosen to tackle one or more particular types of accident, rather than all accidents# 1ow cost
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measures may make these other approaches &ust as cost%effective as the traditional site%specific approach# n addition, some accident problems may be tackled more effectively through enforcement, training and publicity than by engineering alone# 5.0
Pedestrian Accidents
n the year of +3@), the following pedestrian accident statistics were recorded: a$ (,(+' pedestrians were in&ured in road accidents# !hese accounted for approximately twenty percent of all highway casualties# b$ /our percent of the pedestrian casualties were fatalities# c$ 2ver 3) percent of the pedestrian casualties happened in built%up areas# d$ 2ver ) percent of the pedestrian fatalities occurred in rural areas# e$ Approximately 3' percent of the pedestrian casualties happened on the carriageway, the remaining @ percent occurring on footpaths and refuges# f$ 9edestrian accidents were highest on trunk roads and lowest on unclassified roads# g$ ( percent of the pedestrian casualties occurred during day%light#
5.1
Management Measures of Pedestrian Accidents
Most pedestrian management measures are aimed at segregating the pedestrians from the vehicular traffic# hen complete physical segregation is not possible, controls are aimed at restricting pedestrian movement on the carriageway to particular locations, and if possible, during particular times# ?ommon management measures are as follows: a$ 9edestrian channelization b$ 9edestrian signals c$ 9edestrian crossings •
•
Bebra crossing
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