Bkfmx Nedkgwhmflmimkt Kg. Vgpbes E`nptmrT>Y1 Bktrgfuetbgk > .> Surpgsm > .: Lhgssnry > .5 Gvmrvbmw go Fgeuimkt E`nptmrTY1 Bktrgfuetbgk g! E"# : .> Bktrgfuetbgk : .: Imnkbkl go go egurbmr smrvbems : .5 Uegpm : . !bi go prg"met# : .$ %bsbgk stntmimkt# : .& G'"metbvm E`nptmrT$Y1 Srg%met Shnkkbkl 5 .> ()m sgotwnrm prgemss 5 .: sgotwnrm prgemss igfmh 5 .5 (mni Utrueturm 5 . Fmhbvmrn'hms nkf Ibhmstgkms 5 .$ Lnktt e)nrt E`nptmrT&Y1 "g!twnrm 'm(ubrmimkts "pmeb!bentbgk .> *gw m+bstbkl systmi wgr, .: -bibtntbgk go m+bstbkl systmi .5 Srgpgsmf Uystmi Bt/s !fvnktnlms . 3mubrmimkts Upmebobentbgk .$ Gt)mr gkouketbgknh 3mubrmimkts .& mnsb'bhbty Utufy .6 Utn,m)ghfmr E`nptmrT)Y1 "*stmi Nknh*sbs $ .> net=bkfbkl (me)kbums $ .: Bktmrvbmw ?umstbgkknbrm $.5 $.5 Uni Uniphm phm Bktmr ktmrvb vbmw mw ?ums umstbgks bgks 3mh 3mhntmf ntmf (gpbes pbes
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$ . ! sniphm ?umstbgkknbrm $.$ $.$ !etb !etbvb vbty ty Fmp Fmpmk mkfm fmke kebm bms< s< !etbv etbvbt bty y kmtw kmtwgr gr, , nkf nkf !et !etbv bvbt bty y (b (bimhb imhbkm km $ .& 0sm 2nsm fbnlrni $ .6 !etbvbty fbnlrni $ .1 Umumkem fbnlrni $ .4 2hnss Fbnlrni $.>8 9ktbty 3m 3mhntbgks)bp Fbn Fbnlrni E`nptmrT+Y1 Biphmimktntbgk & .> Bktrgfuetbgk & .: 2gksbfmrntbgks & .5 Biphmimktntbgk E`nptmrT,Y1 Egkstruetbgk - mphg*imkt Egksbfmrntbgks 6 .> 2gksbfmrntbgks 6 .: (mstbkl 6 .5 Biphmimktntbgk 6 . Sgst Bi Biphmimktntbgk nk nkf In Inbktmknkem 2)nptmr;17# bseussbgk nkf Egkehusbgk 1 .> Fbseussbgk 1 .: 2gkehusbgk 1 .5 uturm wgr, 'm!mrmkems - Egkehusbgk
E`nptmr T>Y Bktrgfuetbgk />.>3 Surpgsm ()bs Ugotwnrm 3mubrmimkts Upmebobentbgk CU3UN fgeuimkt wbhh prgvbfm n fmtnbhmf fmserbptbgk go t)m stmps< p)nsms nkf fmsblk kmemssnry ogr t)m 2gurbmr Uystmi Inknlmimkt C2UIN. ()bs U3U fgeuimkt wbhh nhhgw ogr n egiphmtm ukfmrstnkfbkl< go w)nt bs tg 'm m+pmetmf go t)m 2UI tg 'm egkstruetmf. ! ehmnr ukfmrstnkfbkl go t)m 2UI nkf bts/ ouketbgknhbty wbhh nhhgw ogr t)m egrrmet sgotwnrm systmi tg 'm fmvmhgpmf ogr t)m usmrs go t)m sgotwnrm< nkf wbhh 'm usmf ogr t)m fmvmhgpimkt go t)m outurm stnlms go t)m prg"met. prg"met. ()bs ()bs U3U fgeuim fgeuimkt kt wbhh wbhh prgvbf prgvbfmm t)m ogukfntb ogukfntbgk gk ogr t)m prg"me prg"met. t. rgi rgi t)bs t)bs U3U fgeuimkt< t)m 2UI enk 'm fmsblkmf< egkstruetmf< nkf obknhhy biphmimktmf nkf tmstmf. ()bs U3U fgeuimkt wbhh 'm usmf 'y t)m sgotwnrm mklbkmmrs ogr )mhpbkl nkf wgr,bkl sbfm='y=sbfm wbt) t)m systmi nknhysts w)bhm egkstruetbkl t)m 2UI< nkf t)m 2gurbmr mkf usmrs. ()m sgotwnrm mklbkmmrs wbhh nhsg usm t)m U3U fgeuimkt tg ouhhy ukfmrstnkf t)m m+pmetntbgks go t)bs 2UI< tg egkstruet t)m npprgprbntm sgotwnrm. ()m 2gurbmr mkf usmrs wbhh 'm n'hm tg usm t)bs U3U fgeuimkt ns n JtmstE< tg smm bo t)m sgotwnrm mklbkmmrs nkf systmi nknhysts wbhh 'm n'hm tg egkstruet t)m systmi neegrfbkl t)mbr m+pmetntbgks. Bo bt bs kgt tg t)mbr m+pmetntbgks< t)mk t)m mkf usmrs enk spmeboy )gw bt bs kgt tg t)mbr hb,bkl< nkf t)m sgotwnrm mklbkmmrs wbhh e)nklm t)m U3U fgeuimkt nkf uhtbintmhy t)m sgotwnrm< tg obt t)m mkf usmrs/ kmmfs.
/>.3 hgssnr* 2 UI U3U Ugotwnrm
Ugot Ugotwn wnrm rm 9klb 9klbkm kmmr mrbk bkl l
2gurbmr Uystmi Inknlmimkt Ugotwnrm 3mubrmimkts Upmebobentbgk Ugotwnrm bs bs n lmkmrbe tm tmri og ogr gr grlnkbmf eg eghhmetbgks go go eg egiputmr fn fntn nkf bkstr bkstruet uetbgk bgks< s< gotmk gotmk 'rg,mk 'rg,mk bktg bktg twg in"gr in"gr entmlgr entmlgrbms bms## systm systmi i sgotwn sgotwnrm rm t)nt t)nt prgvbf prgvbfms ms t)m 'nsbe 'nsbe kgk=tns kgk=tns,=s ,=spme pmebob bobee ouketb ouketbgks gks go t)m egip egiput utmr mr<< nkf nkf npph npphbe bent ntbg bgk k sgot sgotwn wnrm rm<< w)be w)be) ) bs usmf usmf 'y usmr usmrss tg neegiphbs) spmebobe tns,s. ()m ()m egip egiput utmr mr sebm sebmke kemm fbse fbsebp bphb hbkm km egke egkemr mrkm kmf f wbt) wbt) fmvmhg fmvmhgpb pbkl kl hnrl hnrlmm npphben npphbentb tbgks gks.. Ugotwn Ugotwnrm rm mklbkmmr mklbkmmrbkl bkl egvmrs egvmrs kgt gkhy gkhy t)m tme)kb tme)kbenh enh
U3U fgeuim uimkt
Uyst Uystmi miss !kn !knhy hyssbs
Uystmis Fmsblk
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Bkog Bkogri rint ntbg bgk k Uyst Uystmi mi
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nspmets go 'ubhfbkl sgotwnrm systmis< 'ut nhsg inknlmimkt bssums< sue) ns fbrmetbkl prglrniibkl tmnis< se)mfuhbkl< nkf 'uflmtbkl. ! U3U fg fgeuim uimkt< n rmubrmimkts sp spmebobentb ntbgk og ogr n sgotwnrm sy systmi< mi< bs n egiphmtm egiphmtm fmserbptbgk fmserbptbgk go t)m 'm)nvbgr go n systmi systmi tg 'm fmvmhgpmf nkf iny bkehufm n smt go usm ensms t)nt fmserb'm bktmrnetbgks t)m usmrs wbhh )nvm wbt) t)m sgotwnrm. ()m sgotwnrm rmubrmimkts spmebobentbgk fgeuimkt mkhbsts nhh kmemssnry rmubrmimkts t)nt nrm rmubrmf ogr t)m prg"met fmvmhgpimkt. C>N C>N !kn !knhy hyb bkl kl bk bk fmt fmtnbh nbh t)m t)m egi egipgkm pgkmkt ktss nkf nkf rmu rmubbrmi rmimkt mkts go n syst systmi mi.. C:N !knhybkl bk fmtnbh t)m bkogrintbgk kmmfs go nk grlnkbntbgk< t)m e)nrnet e)nrnetmrb mrbstb stbes es nkf egipgkm egipgkmkts kts go prmsmk prmsmkthy thy utbhb utbhbmf mf bkogri bkogrintb ntbgk gk systm systmis is<< nkf t)m ouketb ouketbgkn gknhh rmubr rmubrmim mimkts kts go prgpgs prgpgsmf mf bkogri bkogrintb ntbgk gk systmis. Fmebfbkl )gw n prgpgsmf bkogrintbgk systmi wbhh immt t)m bkogrintbgk kmmfs go mkf usmrs. Bkehufms hglbenh nkf p)ysbenh fmsblk netbvbtbms< nkf usmr bktmronem< fntn< nkf prgemss fmsblk netbvbtbms t)nt prgfuem systmi spmebobentbgks t)nt sntbsoy t)m systmi rmubrmimkts fmvmhgpmf bk t)m systmis nknhysbs stnlm. ! prg"met in inknlmimkt tm tmri og ogr t)m u unktbobn'hm lg lggfs gr sm smrvbems t) t)nt wbhh 'm prgvbfmf upgk t)m egiphmtbgk go n prg"met. Fmhbvmrn'hms enk 'm tnklb'hm tnklb'hm gr bktnklb'hm bktnklb'hm pnrts go t)m fmvmhgpimkt fmvmhgpimkt prgemss< prgemss< nkf nrm gotmk spmebobmf ouketbgks gr e)nrnetmrbstbes go t)m prg"met. !ky pmrsgk< w)g bs kgt n fmvmhgpmr< 'ut )ns n prgpmr rghm wbt) bktmrmst< bk t)m prg"met. ! lrnp)benh rm rmprmsmktntbgk bk bk w) w)be) sy syi'ghs nr nrm us usmf tg tg rm rmprmsmkt gpmrn gpmrntb tbgk gks< s< fntn< fntn< ohgw ohgw<< hglb hglbe< e< mubp mubpim imkt kt<< nkf nkf sg gk. ! prgl prglrn rni i ohgwe) ohgwe)nrt nrt bhhus bhhustr trntm ntmss t)m struet strueturm urm nkf smumk smumkem em go gpmrntb gpmrntbgks gks go n prglrni< w)bhm n systmi ohgwe)nrt bhhustrntms t)m egipgkmkts nkf ohgws go bkogrintbgk systmis. Uyst Uystmi mi ohg ohgwe we)n )nrt rt rmpr rmprms msmk mkts ts n lrn lrnp) p)be be fbnl fbnlrn rnii iibk bkl l tgg tgghh usm usmf f tg tg s)g s)gw w t)m ohgw go bkogrintbgk prgemssbkl netbvbtbms ns fntn nrm prgemssmf 'y pmgphm nkf fmvbems. Inkn Inknlb lbkl kl t)m t)m neeg neegip iphb hbs)i s)imk mktt go nk bko bkogr grin intb tbgk gk syst systmi mi fmvmh fmvmhgp gpim imkt kt prg"met neegrfbkl tg n spmebobe prg"met phnk< bk grfmr t)nt n prg"met bs egip egiphm hmtm tmf f gk tbim tbim<< nkf nkf wbt) wbt)bk bk bts bts 'ufl 'uflmt mt<< nkf immt immtss bts bts fmsbl fmsblk k g'"metbvms. C>N C>N ! smt smt go pmgp pmgphm hm<< prgemf prgemfur urms ms<< nkf rms rmsgu gure rems ms t)nt t)nt eghhm eghhmet ets< s< trn trnks ksog ogri ris< s< nkf fbssmibkntms bkogrintbgk bk nk grlnkbntbgk. C:N ! systmi t)nt neempts fntn rmsgurems ns bkput nkf prgemssms t)mi bktg bkogrintbgk prgfuets ns gutput. Smrtnbkbkl tg m+ m +phgrntgry im i mt)gfs go g o pr p rg'hmi sg s ghvbkl bk b k w) w )be) sghutbgks nrm fbsegvmrmf 'y mvnhuntbgk go t)m prglrmss infm tgwnrf t)m obknh rmsuht. Bt bs nk m+phgrntgry trbnh=nkf=mrrgr npprgne) lubfmf 'y ruhms go t)ui'. Gppgsbtm go nhlgrbt)ibe. Fntn ig igfmhb mhbkl fm fmobkms pr prbinry fn fntn g' g'"mets< egi egipg pgssbtbgk go mmnne) fnt fntnn g'"met< g'"met< nkf nttrb'utms nttrb'utms go t)m g'"met< g'"met< rmhntbgks) rmhntbgks)bps bps 'mtwmmk mne) g'"met nkf gt)mr g'"mets nkf 'mtwmmk g'"mets nkf t)m prgemssms.
/>.$3 :5mr5bmw g! geuimkt 2)nptmr ;>7 fmserb'ms t)m purpgsm nkf segpm go t)bs U3U fgeuimkt< nkf bts egktrb'utbgk gk t)m gvmrnhh sgotwnrm mklbkmmrbkl prg"met. Bt nhsg bkehufms n smetbgk< w)mrm sgim bipgrtnkt ,mywgrfs< usmf t)rgul)gut t)bs fgeuimkt< nrm fmobkmf. ()us< t)bs e)nptmr ouhobhhs t)m kmmfs go bktrgfuetgry fbseussbgks. 2)nptmr ;:7 fmserb'ms t)m imnkbkl< segpm nkf nbi go t)m egurbmr systmi prg"met. Bt nhsg bkehufms n'gut t)m vbsbgk nkf g'"metbvm go g o t)bs systmi. 2)nptmr ;57 fbseussms n'gut t)m phnk ogr npprgne)bkl t)m prg"met. *mrm< t)m igfmh tg 'm usmf tg fmvmhgp t)m sgotwnrm bs lmkmrnhhy fbseussmf. Ugim fbseussbgks n'gut t)m strueturm go t)m tmni nhgkl wbt) t)m se)mfuhm go fmhbvmrn'hms wbt) Lnktt e)nrt nrm nhsg egvmrmf bk t)bs e)nptmr. 2)nptmr ;7 fbseussms n'gut t)m egrm egipgkmkts rmhntmf wbt) Ugotwnrm 3mubrmimkts Upmebobentbgk CU3UN. CU3UN. *mrm< *mrm< t)m prmsmk prmsmktt gr t)m m+bstb m+bstbkl kl systmi systmi bs egipnr egipnrmf mf wbt) wbt) t)m prgpgs prgpgsmf mf systm systmi. i. ()m rmubrmimkts nrm spmebobmf bk lmkmrnh. -ntmr bk t)m e)nptmr< sgim fbseussbgks n'gut t)m fboomrmkt stn,m)ghfmrs go t)m sgotwnrm systmi nrm nhsg bkehufmf. 2)nptmr ;$7 fmserb'ms n'gut t)m nknhysbs p)nsm go t)m prg"met. Bt bkehufms sgim lmkmrnh tme)kbums t)nt enk 'm usmf tg obkf onets n'gut t)m sgotwnrm systmi vmry mnsbhy bk t)m egktm+t go t)bs prg"met. -ntmr bk t)m e)nptmr< fboomrmkt 0I- fbnlrnis rmhntmf wbt) t)m nknhysbs p)nsm< sue) ns Jusm=ensm fbnlrnisE< Jnetbvbty fbnlrnisE< Jsmumkem fbnlrnisE< J2hnss FbnlrniE nkf sg gk nrm bhhustrntmf. 2)nptmr ;&7 fmserb'ms bk fmtnbh n'gut biphmimkt p)nsm. 2)nptmr ;67 fbseussms n'gut t)m egkstruetbgk nkf fmphgyimkt egksbfmrntbgks. ()m fboomrmkt typms go tmstbkl t)nt s)guhf 'm pmrogrimf gk t)m sgotwnrm systmi nrm t)mgrmtbenhhy fbseussmf )mrm. -ntmr bk t)m e)nptmr< sgim fbseussbgks n'gut biphmimktntbgk< pgst biphmimktntbgk nkf inbktmknkem nrm nhsg )mhf bk s)grt.
2)nptmr ;17 fbseuss n'gut fmfuetbgk nkf outurm wg r, go t)m prg"met.
E`nptmr TY Bktrgfuetbgk g! E"# /.>3 Bktrgfuetbgk Bk igfmrk nlm< ns tbim bkermnsm< kmmfs rmubrmimkts go t)m pmrsgk nrm nhsg bkermnsmf. ()my wnkt igrm onebhbty try tg fg t)mbr tns, ube,hy wbt)bk tbim. Mbt)bk t)m eguktry< t)m t)bkls enk 'm bipgrtmf t)rgul) pgst smrvbem. *gwmvmr< bt egksuims t)m tbim sgimtbims prg'hmi go fninlm gr ibssbkl geeur. ()m egurbmr smrvbem bs gkm go t)m sghutbgks go t)msm prg'hmis. Bt bs usmf tg smkf sgim t)bkls tg nk y pmrsgk wbt)bk tbim. ()m egurbmr egipnky )ns kui'mr go 'rnke)ms< w)be) nrm sprmnf gvmr t)m eguktry. Ug t)nt w)mk pmrsgk wnkts tg smkf t)bkls t)mk )m )ns tg egktnet nt kmnrmst egurbmr smrvbem 'rnke). ()m egurbmr egipnky egipnky ermntm ermntmss t)m se)mfuh se)mfuhmm lbvms lbvms bktmrk bktmrknhO nhOm+t m+tmrk mrknh nh smrvbe smrvbems. ms. ()m egurbm egurbmrr smrvbe smrvbemm wgr, wgr, ns fmstbkntbgk goobem gr sgurem goobem. ()m sgurem goobem 'rnke) rmembvms t)m grfmr imnks egksblkimkts smkfs bt tg t)m fmstbkntbgk egurbmr 'rnke). ()m eg ipnky )ns emrtnbk ruhms neegrfbkl tg t)m wmbl)t. 0sbkl t)m egurbmr smrvbem pmrsgk enk mnsbhy smkf )bsO)mr pnremh tg gt)mr pmrsgk bk t)m pnrtbeuhnr fmstbkntbgk wbt)bk t)m tbim. gw fnys< $8 go egipnkbms go t)m wgrhf usms t)m smrvbems go vnrbgus egurbmr egipnky.
/.3 #mnkbkl g! egurbmr smr5bems 2gurbmr smrvbems imnks nky smrvbems prgvbfmf tg n eustgimr< 'y n egurbmr nlmkey bk rmhntbgk tg fggr=tg=fggr trnkspgrtntbgk go tbim smksbtbvm fgeuimkts< lggfs gr nrtbehms. J2gu J2gurb rbmr mr nlmk nlmkey ey imnks mnks n egii egiimr mreb ebnh nh egke egkemr mrk k mkln mklnlm lmf f bk t)m t)m fggr fggr=t =tg= g=fg fggr gr trnkspgrtntbgk go tbim smksbtbvm fgeuimkts< lggfs gr nrtbehms< utbhbbkl t)m smrvbems go pmrsgk< mbt)mr fbrmethy gr bkfbrmethy< bkfbrmethy< tg enrry gr neegipnky sue) lggfs< fgeuimkts gr nrtbehms.E
(:.5) Uegpm ()bs prg"met prgvbfms t)m onebhbty tg nhh usmrs tg smkf nkf rmembvm t)m egurbmr. ()my enk lmt t)m bkogrintbgk go t)m stntus go t)m egurbmr. Uystmi fmvmhgpimkt bs nhsg egksbfmrmf ns n prgemss 'ne,mf 'y mklbkmmrbkl npprgne). 2gurbmr nlmkey bs egksbfmrmf ns nk m+pnksbgk go 'usbkmss rmhntbgks. Bt
egktrb'utms n hgt 'y prgvbfbkl ube, onst smrvbems go smkfbkl fgeuimkts hmttmrs Cogrinh bkogrinh 'gt)N tg 'usbkmss ns bt mkn'hms nky 'usbkmss tg ohgurbs). ohgurbs). ()bs prg"met bs ogr gkhy Fgimstbe Fgimstbe 2gurbmr Inknlmimkt. Inknlmimkt. Bk t)bs prg"met wm gkhy ogeus gk 2hbmkt Inknlmimkt nkf Inknlmimkt nkf pnrtbnhhy 9iphgymm Inknlmimkt .
/.&3 Nbi g! prg%met ()m inbk nbi go t)m prg"met bs tg fmvmhgp nk npphbentbgk systmi t)nt imnkt tg pnrtbnhhy egiput egiputmrb mrbm m t)m wgr, wgr, pmrogr pmrogrimf imf 'y t)m fmpnrt fmpnrtimk imkt. t. ()m in"gr in"gr ouketb ouketbgk gk nrm eghhme eghhmetb tbkl kl bkogrintbgk n'gut egurbmr nlmkey. nlmke y.
/.)3 6bsbgk stntmimkt J@mbkl t)m 'mst nt ermntbkl t)m sghutbgk t)nt sbiphboy ygur systmiE.
/.+3 :=%metb5m M)mk wm )nvm nhrmnfy mktmrmf t)m :>st emktury< wm iny kgt noogrf tg hbstmk wgrfs hb,m Ugrry< Ibsrgutbkl< 2gkousbgk< -ntm fmhbvmrbms< hgss go Sne,mts< g=rmspgksm< g ommf'ne, mte. Mm )nvm trbmf tg in,m nhh t)msm ibss )nppmkbkl ommh phmnsurm tg egurbmrs. ()m inbk g'"met go t)bs prg"met bs lbvmk 'mhgw# >. ()m inbk g'"met go t)bs prg"met bs t)nt bt onebhbtntm usmr tg egiiukbentm bk n onstmr inkkmr bk egipnrbsgk go inkunh systmi. ()rgul) t)bs systmi< t)m stntus go t)m egurbmr enk 'm ,kgwk mnsbhy w)mrmns bk inkunh systmi bt bs fboobeuht. :. (g prgpgsm prgpgsm nhh bk gkm systmi t)nt bkehufm 'gt) trne,bkl 2gurbmr Uystmi. 5. (g fmvmhgp n sgotwnrm sghutbgk ogr egurbmr smrvbem systmi t)nt prgvbfm 'mst smrvbem< mrrgr ormm nkf hnst hgklmr. . (g stufy stufy t)mbr eurrmkt bkogrintbgk systmi nkf bfmktboy )gw 'usbkmss prgemssms )nkfhm 'y nk bkogrintbgk tme)kghgly sghutbgk.
E`nptmr T$Y Srg%met Shnkkbkl /$.>3 V`m sg!twnrm prgemss ! prgemss bs n eghhmetbgk go netbvbtbms< netbgks< nkf tns,s t)nt nrm pmrogrimf w)mk sgim wgr, prgfuet bs tg 'm ermntmf. Bk nffbtbgk< n sgotwnrm prgemss bs n smt go netbvbtbms t)nt hmnfs tg t)m prgfuetbgk go n sgotwnrm prgfuet. ()msm netbvbtbms iny bkvghvm t)m fmvmhgpimkt go sgotwnrm orgi sernte) bk n stnkfnrf stnkfnrf prglrniibkl prglrniibkl hnklunlm hnklunlm hb,m nvn gr 2O2AA. 2O2AA. !ht)gul) !ht)gul) t)mrm nrm inky sgotwnrm prgemssms< prgemssms< sgim oukfnimktnh netbvbtbms nrm egiigk tg nhh sgotwnrm prgemssms#
D Upmebobentbgk = w)nt t)m systmi s)guhf fg nkf bts fmvmhgpimkt 2gkstrnbkts. D Fmvmhgpimkt = prgfuetbgk go t)m sgotwnrm systmi. D %nhbfntbgk %nhbfntbgk = e)me,bkl t)nt t)m sgotwnrm bs w) w)nt nt t)m eustgimr wnkts. D 9vghutbgk = e)nklbkl t)m sgotwnrm bk rmspgksm tg e)nklbkl Fminkfs.
/$.3 "g!twnrm prgemss igfmh ! sbiphbobmf sbiphbobmf rmprmsmktntbgk go n sgotwnrm prgemss< prmsmktmf orgi n spmebobe pmrspmetbvm. Ugim prgemss igfmh nrm# D Mntmronhh igfmh D Bkermimktnh Srgemss Igfmhs D ()m Upbrnh Igfmh D 9vghutbgknry Srgemss Igfmhs *gwmvmr< wm e)ggsm t)m Mntmr igfmh. Ug 2gurbmr Uystmi Inknlmimkts 'nsmf gk -bkmnr Umumktbnh Igfmh CMntmronhh CMntmronhh IgfmhN 'menusm go t)m oghhgwbkl rmnsgks# ♯
Bk t)m t)m wntm wntmro ronh nhhh igfm igfmh< h< sgot sgotwn wnrm rm fmvmh fmvmhgp gpim imkt kt bs sphb sphbtt up bktg bktg n kui'm kui'mrr go bkfmpmkfmkt stmps. 9ne) stmp bs wmhh fmobkmf.
♯
Bt prgvbfms n ornimwgr, ogr n fmvmhgpimkt. ()m wntmronhh igfmh snys kgt)bkl n'gut w)nt imt)gfs nrm usmf nt nky go bts stnlms.
♯
!hh rmubrmimkts ogr t)m systmi )nvm 'mmk m+phbebthy stntmf nt t)m 'mlbkkbkl. ()mrm bs vmry hbtthm segpm go usmr fmrbvntbgk orgi eurrmkt rmubrmimkts.
♯
()mrm bs kg igfuhnr strueturm ns t)mrm bs gkhy gkm tmni egksbstbkl go "ust ogur imi'mrs tg fmvmhgp t)m systmi nkf fg nhh rmhntmf tns, tg t)m systmi.
blurm# Mntmronhh Igfmh
/$.$3 Vmni "trueturm Ugotwn Ugotwnrm rm fmvmhgp fmvmhgpmrs mrs smhfgi smhfgi wgr, wgr, nhgkm. nhgkm. Igrm Igrm egiigk egiigkhy hy<< smvmrn smvmrnhh fmvmhgp fmvmhgpmrs mrs s)nrm s)nrm nk goob goobem< em< wgr,bkl gk fboomrmkt prg"mets gr eghhn'grntbkl gk hnrlmr prg"mets. ()mrmogrm< sgotwnrm fmvmhgpimkt bs mssmktbnhhy n sgebnh netbvbty. ()m prbkebphms go tmnis# (wg in"gr nspmets go tmni netbvbty nrm# >. ()m egiiukbentbgk 'mtwmmk t)m pmgphm bk t)m tmni :. Fmebfbkl w)g fgms w)nt wgr,. Gur systmi )ns Fmigerntbe Fmemktrnhbmf CFFN tmni strueturm< ns t)mrm bs kg pmrinkmkt tmni hmnfmr. Srg'hmi go t)m systmi bs sghvmf 'y fbseussbgk nigkl t)m obvm imi'mrs nkf fmebsbgks gk prg'hmis nkf npprgne) nrm infm 'y lrgup egksmksus.
/$.&3 mhb5mrn=hms nkf #bhmstgkms Srg"met phnkkbkl bs egkemrkmf wbt) bfmktboybkl t)m ne tbvbtbms Ibhmstgkms nkf fmhbvmrn'hms prgfuemf 'y n prg"met. @menusm sgotwnrm bs bktnklb'hm< t)bs bkogrintbgk enk gkhy 'm prgvbfmf ns rmpgrts nkf fgeuimkts t)nt fmserb'm t)m stntm go t)m Ugotwnrm 'mbkl fmvmhgpmf. Mbt)gut t)bs bkogrintbgk< bt bs bipgssb'hm tg nssmss )gw wmhh t)m wgr, bs prglrmssbkl. ! ibhmstgkm bs rmeglkbn'hm mkf=pgbkt go n sgotwnrm prgemss netbvbty. !t mne) ibhmstgkm< t)mrm s)guhf 'm n ogrinh gutput< sue) ns n rmpgrt< t)nt enk 'm prmsmktmf tg inknlmimkt. Ibhmstgkm rmpgrts kmmf kgt 'm hnrlm fgeuimkts. ! fmhbvmrn'hm bs n prg"met rmsuht t)nt bs fmhbvmrmf tg t)m eustgimr. Bt bs usunhhy fmhbvmrmf nt t)m mkf go sgim in"gr prg"met p)nsm sue) ns spmebobentbgk gr fmsblk.
/$.)3 NKVV E?N'V ghhgwbkl Lnktt e)nrt enk nssbst gur lrgup tg ,mmp trne, go tbim nkf 'm nwnrm go t)m se)mfuhms go fmhbvmrn'hms#
Vnsd
Netb5bt* =* 5
Iny = >5
ukm = >5
> : 5 $ & 6 1 4
Srgpgsnh
'm(ubrmim kts "pmeb!bentb gk
#gfmhhbkl1 Nknh*sbs
#gfmhhbkl1 msblk
Srmsmktntbg k
> 8
> >
uhy = >5 > :
> 5
>
!ulust = >5 > $
> &
> 6
> 1
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Umptmi'mr = >5 : 8
: >
: :
: 5
:
E`nptmr T&Y "g!twnrm 'm(ubrmimkts "pmeb!bentbgk /&.>3 ?gw mxbstbkl s*stmi wgrd Fmserbptbgk go t)m mvmkt=ohgw go prmsmkt systmi bs pgbktmf gut 'mhgw# >. 2hbmkt lg tg t)m kmnrmst egurbmr 'rnke) goobem nkf eghhmet bkogrintbgk n'gut t)m fmstbkntbgk 'rnke) goobem. :. ()mk ehbmkt enheuhntm t)m egst ogr smkfbkl egurbmr. 5. gw ehbmkt obhh t)m ogri. ()m Fmtnbhs bkehufmf bk t)m ogri nrm •
uhh knim go smkfmr
•
Umkfmr ig'bhm kg
•
Umkfmr ouhh nffrmss.
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Imktbgk t)m fmstbkntbgk 'rnke) goobem
•
Imktbgk t)bs egurbmr ogr )gim fmhbvmry gr kgt.
•
uhh knim go 3membvmr
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3membvmr ig'bhm kg.
•
3membvmr ouhh nffrmss.
. gw 2ustgimr wbhh )nkf gvmr )bs gr )mr lggf tg t)m 'rnke). $. Bo mvmryt)bkl bs g,ny wny 'bhh bs prbktmf gut. Bt egktnbks nhh t)m bkogrintbgk tg bfmktboy t)m fmhbvmry .
&. ()mk t)m fntn ogr n pnrtbeuhnr egurbmr inbktnbkmf bk n prgpmr obhm. ! pmrsgk suiinrbms nhh t)m fntn go t)m egurbmr bk n rmlbstmr< t)bs wgr, rmubrm n )bl)=hmvmh go nttmktbgk sbkem bt )ns tg 'm tn,mk enrm t)nt kg wrbkl mktry lgms bktg t)m rmlbstmr.
/&.3 0bibtntbgk g! mxbstbkl s*stmi >. ()mrm )nvm kg trne,bkl systmi tg ,kgw t)m eurrmkt hgentbgk ogr egurbmr.
:. Inkunh fntn mktry. 5. Fntn iny hgst gr fninlm . !ky uknut)grbmf pmrsgk enk neemss egkobfmktbnh fntn. $. !ky bkogrintbgk enkkgt 'm mnsbhy smnre)mf. &. 3mfukfnkey go fntn. 6. Igrm tbim egksuibkl. 1. Bkneeurney bk trnksnetbgks. 4. Uhgw prgemssbkl. >8. !hh egkkmetbgk 'mtwmmk 2gurbmr 2gipnky nkf ehbmkt bs ig'bhm 'nsmf.
/&.$3 Srgpgsmf "*stmi - Bt2s Nf5nktnlms !otmr n fmtnbhmf stufy go t)m m+bstbkl systmi< bt bs mvbfmkt t)nt bs fgms kgt ouhobhh t)m g'"metbvm go t)m grln grlnkb kbn ntb tbgk. gk. (g in,m in,m t)m t)m g'"m g'"met etbv bvmm pgss pgssb' b'hm hm ogr ogr t)m t)m grln grlnkb kbnt ntbg bgk< k< bt bs rmu rmubr brmf mf tg )nvm )nvm n egiputmrbmf bkogrintbgk systmi wbt) t)m )mhp go w)be) nhh tns,s enk 'm prgemssmf igrm neeurntmhy nkf ube,hy. (g ne)bmvm t)bs< bt bs kmemssnry tg fmsblk nkf fmvmhgp n kmw systmi. Srgpgsmf systmi bs 'mbkl fmsblkmf bk sue) n wny t)nt inky usmrs enk )nvm n vbmw wbt) t)m systmi sbiuhtnkmgushy. sbiuhtnkmgushy. Bt in,ms moometbvm nkf pmromet utbhbntbgk go inkpgwmr nkf rmsgurems. @y kmw systmi ehbmkt lmt n trne,bkl kg Cw)be) bs t)m 'nr egfm gr ?3 egfmN nkf pnsswgrf 'y t)bs trne, )bs egurbmr. !hsg< !hsg< lmt upfntm bkogrintbgk 'y 9=inbh gr UIU. mw systmi )ns oghhgwbkl nfvnktnlm#
:khbkm trnedbkl s*stmi # ! smkfmr enk trne, t)m egurbmr nkf bfmktbobmf t)m hgentbgk.
ns* tg lmt 4rnke` g!!bem bk!g # ! knvblntgr enk s)gw nhh 'rnke) goobem bkog vbn wm'pnlm sg
bt bs kgt kmemssnry tg lg 'rnke) goobem ogr fmstbkntbgk 'rnke) goobem bkog.
ns* egipnrbsgk # nvblntgr enk enheuhntm t)m egst nkf mnsbhy egipnrm gt)mr egurbmr smrvbem.
Bk!grintbgk neemss # ! knvblntgr mnsbhy enk lmt bkog n'gut egipnky nkf gt)mr hb,m hgst
egurbmr.
:khbkm e`nt rggi # 0smr enk e)nt wbt) egipnky t)rgul) gkhbkm e)nt rggi.
4m upfntm# 2hbmkt lmt nhh upfntm vbn 9inbh gr UIU n'gut egurbmr m.l.< w)mt)mr pne,mt bs
fmhbvmrmf< pmkfbkl gr rmturkmf tg t)m ehbmkt mte.
ns* 'mfbrmet # 2hbmkt enk mnsbhy rmfbrmet t)m egurbmr.
ns* bk inbktnbkbkl bk!grintbgk1 Utnoo enk 'm mnsbhy upfntm bkogrintbgk n'gut n spmebobe
egurbmr usbkl 'nr egfm rmnfmr gr ?3 egfm rmnfmr.
'gutbkl Bk!grintbgk1 ! Umkfmr enk smm t)m nhh rgutbkl bkogrintbgk nkf mstbintmf fntm go
fmhbvmry.
8smr sntbs!netbgk1 ()m systmi bs sue) t)nt bs stnkfs up tg t)m usmr m+pmetntbgks hb,m mnsy nkf
onstmr rmtrbmvnh go bkogrintbgk.
"n!mt*1 ()m systmi wbhh 'm neemssb'hm 'y gkhy t)m nut)grbmf usmrs. !s bkogrintbgk< 'mbkl t)m
igst eruebnh ogr t)m grlnkbntbgk< t)mk t)m snomty go bkogrintbgk bs bipgrtntbgk.
?bl`h* neeurntm1 rmsgurems 'mbkl usmf 'y t)m systmi wbhh 'm egipntb'hm wbt) t)m hntmst
tme)kghglbms nvnbhn'hm bk t)m inr,mt< ns prgpgsmf systmi usms )bl)hy tme)kbenhhy egipntb'hm rmsgurems< t)mrm wbhh 'm vmry hmss wmnr nkf tmnr.
0mss 0mss tbim egksuib egksuibkl1 kl1 wgr, enrrbmf gut 'y t)m stnoo nt vnrbgus stnlms wbhh 'm hmss tbim
egksuibkl
/&.&3 'm(ubrmimkts "pmeb!bentbgk
Fmvmhgpimkt (gghs# (gghs# g rgkt 9kf# %bsunh %bsunh 2H 9ktmrprbsm 9fbtbgk C!US.9(N C!US.9(N @ne, 9kf# Ibergsgot Ibergsgot Goobem Goobem !eemss !eemss :886 gr )bl)mr g
Umrvmr 9kf# S-!(G3I# Mbkfgws S smvmr gr )bl)mr g *nrfwnrm spmebobentbgk# g > L* C+1& gr +&N Srgemssgr# Imigry# > L@ Fbs, Upne Upnem# m# > (@ (@ Cbk Cbk nffb nffbtb tbgk gk tg t)m t)m fbs fbs, , spn spnem em rmu rmubr brmf mf 'y t)m t)m GOU GOUNN Fbs,
()msm nrm t)m ibkbiui systmi rmubrmimkts nkf wbhh suppgrt rukkbkl t)gusnkfs go "g's pmr fny.
@nr egfm 3mnfmr gr ?3 egfm 3mnfmr. 2hbmkt 9kf# Ugotwnrm spmebobentbgk# g
Igbhhn brmog+ >8.8 gr )bl)mr CmubvnhmktN *nrfwnrm spmebobentbgk# • !ky fmvbem t)nt suppgrts n'gvm 'rgwsmr •
g
/&.)3 :t`mr Kgk!uketbgknh 'm(ubrmimkts "n!mt* 'm(ubrmimkts1 mw systmi bs snom tg usm. Bts usnlm wbhh kgt prgvbfm nky fninlm gr nky typm go hgss tg t)m systmis nhrmnfy bk usm. Bk nffbtbgk< t)m smeurbty igfmh bs prmpnrmf rmlnrfbkl t)m snomty go Fntn'nsm sg t)nt fntn bs kgt hgst bk ensm go nky fninlm tg t)m systmi.
"meurbt* 'm(ubrmimkts1 Umeurb Umeurbty ty go t)m systmi systmi s)nhh s)nhh 'm fmobkb fmobkbtmh tmhy y 'm inbkt inbktnbk nbkmf mf t)rgul t)rgul) ) t)m pnsswg pnsswgrf rf systm systmi. i. 9ne) 9ne) miphgymm go mvmry 'rnke) goobem wbhh kmmf tg 'm nut)mktbentmf wbt) n hglbk bf nkf pnsswgrf. !ky miphgymm enkkgt e)nklm t)m systmi fntm tg in,m prg+y prmsmktntbgk go ygursmho.
"g!twnrm 9unhbt* Nttrb=utms Gur prgpgsmf systmi s)nhh prgvbfm n nutgintm sgotwnrm prgfuet ogr t)m fboomrmkt fmpnrtimkt go t)m egurbmr egipnky. ()m systmi wbhh 'm )bl)hy !fnptn'hm< !vnbhn'hm< !vnbhn'hm< nkf Sgrtn'hm.
/&.+3 ;mnsb=bhbt* "tuf*
9vmry sgotwnrm prg"met 'mlbks wbt) n "uflimkt ns tg w)mt)mr t)m prg"met bs vnhun'hm gr kgt. ()bs bs enhhmf n omnsb'bhbty stufy. Ugimtbims t)bs nssmssimkt bs enrrbmf gut bk n fmtnbhmf nkf systmintbe ons)bgk. Ugotwnrm omnsb'bhbty )ns t)rmm sghbf fbimksbgks# (me)kbenh mnsb'bhbty (me)kbenh Gpmrntbgknh omnsb'bhbty 2gst='mkmobt nknhysbsC9egkgibe mnsb'bhbtyN @mogrm 'mlbkkbkl n prg"met< t)mrm bs n eruebnh fmebsbgk t)nt iust 'm infm# Bs t)m prgpgsnh tme)kbenhhy omnsb'hmK ()nt bs< wbhh t)m tme)kghgly netunhhy wgr,K ()m nkswmr go t)m n'gvm umstbgk bs# J()bs prg"met bs tme)kbenhhy omnsb'hm. Bt sueemssouhhy sntbsobms t)m usmrs/ 'nsbe rmubrmimkts. ()m tgghs nkf npphbentbgk sgotwnrm/s usmf bk t)bs prg"met nrm vmry pgpuhnr nkf mnsbhy nvnbhn'hm nergss t)m wgrhfE. !US. !US.9( prgvbf prgvbfms ms n egiphm egiphmtm tm mkvbrgk mkvbrgkimk imktt ogr 'ubhfb 'ubhfbkl< kl< fmphgyb fmphgybkl kl nkf rukkbk rukkbkl l .9( .9( Mm' !pphbentbgks.
Ugim go t)m igst lmkmrnh nfvnktnlms go !US.9( !US.9( nrm hbstmf 'mhgw bs s)grt#
9nsm go Fmvmhgpimkt Ubiphbobmf pnlm fmvmhgpimkt igfmh g Igfuhnr< wmhh=onetgrmf< m+tmksb'hm nre)btmeturm g Uupmrbgr fm'ullbkl nkf trnebkl suppgrt g Smrogrinkem< Uenhn'bhbty< 3mhbn'bhbty 2gipbhmf< kgt bktmrprmtmf g 3be) 2ne)bkl Uuppgrt g Mm' Mm ' ogri senhn'hm smssbgk stntm g !utgintbenhhy fmtmets nkf rmegvmrs orgi mrrgrs g 9nsm go Fmphgyimkt nkf 2gkoblurntbgk g g kmmf tg 'rbkl fgwk wm' smrvmr I- 2gkoblurntbgk obhms g ()m ()m .9( .9( rni rnimwg mwgr, r, prgv prgvbf bfms ms n omnt omntur urm= m=rb rbe) e) npph npphbe bent ntbg bgk k mkvb mkvbrg rgki kimk mkt< t< sbip sbiphb hbob obmf mf
fmvmhgpimkt nkf mnsy bktmlrntbgk 'mtwmmk n kui'mrs go fboomrmkt fmvmhgpimkt hnklunlms. @nr egfm rmnfmr kgw n fny bs bt kgt n vmry m+pmksbvm m+pmk sbvm tme)kghgly.
:pmrntbgknh !mnsb=bhbt*1
()m systmi wbhh )nvm mnsy tg ukfmrstnkf bktmronem ogr fboomrmkt igfuhms. Bt fgms kgt rmubrm nky prglrniibkl s,bhh tg usm t)m systmi. !otmr n hbtthm trnbkbkl< t)m usmrs wbhh 'm n'hm tg wgr, wbt) bt nt mnsm.
Egst7=mkm!bt nknh*sbs /egkgibe ;mnsb=bhbt*31 Igkmy prgvbfms t)m rmnfy=infm imtrbe ogr imnsurbkl vnhum. ()bs ,bkf go bkvmstblntbgk bs enhhmf bkvmstimkt npprnbsnh gr n egst='mkmobt nknhysbs. ()m grlnkbntbgk m+pmets n rmturk gk bkvmstimkt. Bk t)bs npprgne)< twg unktbtbms nrm enheuhntmf# >. ()m egst go prgvbfbkl t)m systmi :. ()m igkmy snvmf gr ermntmf 'y usbkl t)m systmi t)m 'mkmobt.
Bo t)m 'mkmobt bs lrmntmr t)nk t)m egst< t)m systmi bs wgrt)w)bhm gt)mrwbsm< bt bs kgt. Bo t)mrm bs sgim gt)mr wny go neegiphbs)bkl t)m snim tns,< w)be) iny 'm inkunhhy< t)mk bt bs kmemssnry tg egipnrm t)m twg egsts. M)be)mvmr tme)kbum lbvms t)m sinhhmr egst bs t)m gkm tg smhmet< bo t)m 'mkmobt bs lrmntmr t)nk t)m egst. Mbt) mne) go t)msm erbtmrbn< wm enk nssgebntm n egst< t)gul) ogr sgim bt bs hmss mnsy# ^ egst tg 'uy mubpimkt< prbkebpnhhy t)m )nrfwnrm ^ egst tg fmvmhgp t)m sgotwnrm ^ egst go trnbkbkl ^ egst go hgst wgr, furbkl swbte)gvmr ^ egst tg inbktnbk t)m systmi ^ egst tg rmpnbr t)m mubpimkt bk t)m mvmkt go onbhurm ^ egst go hgst wgr, bk t)m mvmkt go onbhurm ^ egst tg uplrnfm< bk t)m mvmkt go e)nklmf rmubrmimkts. Bk ()bs prg"met< bt nhsg rmubrms t)m snhnry strueturm go t)m miphgymms. Mm eguhf kgt inknlm tg lmt t)gsm fntn ogr sgim uknvgbfn'hm rmnsgks. !t t)bs hmvmh< t)m prg"met iny 'm enhhmf n fmig prg"met nt fms,tgp hmvmh. Uue) stufy enk 'm infm w)mk t)m prg"met nfvnkems tg n )bl)mr hmvmh.
/&.,3 "tndm`ghfmr "tndm`ghfmr
Utn,m)ghfmr rmomrs tg nky pmrsgk< w)g bs kgt n fmvmhgpmr< 'ut )ns n prgpmr rghm wbt) bktmrmst< bk t)m prg"met. Utn,m)ghfmrs ogr t)m prgpgsmf systmi nrm ns oghhgws#
Inknlmr go t)m @rnke)# *m enk prgvbfm fmtnbhs n'gut t)m gvmrvbmw go egipnky ukfmr n sbklhm rggo. Ubkem t)m g wgr,n'bhbty go stnoo wbhh 'm bkermnsm nkf t)m gwkmr wbhh lmt 'mkmobts orgi bt.
!fibkbstrntgr# *m wbhh neemss t)m M)ghm sgotwnrm. g
0smr# g
()my wbhh neemss sgim pnrt go t)m systmi. s ystmi.
Utnoo# g
()my wbhh neemss sgim pnrt go t)m sgotwnrm.
E`nptmr T)Y
"*stmi Nknh*sbs /).>3 ;net7;bkfbkl Vme`kb(ums net=obkfbkl tme)kbums nrm m+trmimhy bipgrtnkt 'menusm t)msm nrm t)m onets 'nsmf gk w)be) nknhysts enk gr s)guhf 'ubhf t)m systmi t)nt egiprbsms go n orbmkfhy mkvbrgkimkt ogr t)m mkf usmr tg wgr, wbt). ()bs bs t)m rmnsgk w)y w) y onet=obkfbkl bs nk bipgrtnkt netbvbty. netbvbty. Ugim go t)m igst sbiphm nkf usmouh onet obkfbkl tme)kbums t)nt enk gr s)guhf 'm oghhgwmf nrm pgbktmf gut 'mhgw# Bktmrvbmw ?umstbgkknbrm. Fgeuimkt Uniphbkl CFmtnbhmf m+nibkntbgk go e)me,bkl=bk gut< 'bhhbkl ogris nkf gt)mr
rmhntmf fgeuimktsN. Mgr, Ubtm G'smrvntbgk.
/).3 Bktmr5bmw - 9umstbgkknbrm 9umstbgkknbrm ()bs bs egksbfmrmf ns gkm go t)m 'mst onet obkfbkl tme)kbums. ()bs bkehufms fbrmet bktmrnetbgk wbt) t)m eustgimr. Bt bs egksbfmrmf ns t)m 'mst tme)kbum< 'menusm bt bs t)m gkhy wny t)m usmr enk rmvmnh t)m fmtnbhs onets n'gut )bs pnst< prmsmkt m+pmetmf wgr,bkl< rmubrmimkts< tme)kghglbms< fmsmrtbgks tg nknhysts. ()bs bs t)m bkogrintbgk< w)be) lbvms us t)m fmserbptbgk g o t)m systmi< wm )nvm tg biphmimkt gur hglbe gur gwk bfmns in,m t)bs fmserbptbgk tg turk tg n rmnhbty< tg wgr, ns n rmnh igfuhm< w)be) t)m usmr fmsbrms. Bk t)m oghhgwbkl omw pnlms< sgim m+niphm< strueturmf bktmrvbmw nkf umstbgkknbrm sniphm fgeuimkts nrm lbvmk. ()msm fgeuimkts )nvm 'mmk usmf gr enk 'm usmf< fbrmethy gr ns n igfmh< ogr lnt)mrbkl fntn ukfmr t)m egktm+t go t)bs prg"met.
/).$3 "niphm Bktmr5bmw 9umstbgks - 'mhntmf Vgpbes Vgpbes •
N=gut Egurbmr egipnk*1
>N :N 5N N $N
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2gurb 2gurbmr mr egi egipn pnky ky ni nim# m# 2gipnk 2gipnky y -gent -gentbg bgk# k# Inkn Inknlm lmrr nim nim## Inknl Inknlmr mr 2gkt 2gktne nett ui'm ui'mr# r# Bktm Bktmrv rvbm bmw w (bimO bimOFn Fntm tm##
V`m >st smr5bem /;rgi <`gi - <`nt3C n smkfmr rmemb5ms w`mk `mJs`m egimsJnrrb5msJbk(ubrms nt t`m =rnke` g!!bem. 9umstbgks ;rgi N "mkfmr2s Sgbkt :! 6bmw1 >N :N 5N N $N
*gw smkfmr smkfmr egktnet egktnet 'rnke) 'rnke) goobem goobem nkf lmt lmt bkog bkog n'gut fmstb fmstbkntbgk kntbgkKK *gw trne trne, , t)m egurbmr egurbmr nkf nkf lmt lmt upfntm upfntm.. *gw iue) iue) bs t)m t)m egst tg tg smkf n egurbmr egurbmr neegrfbkl neegrfbkl tg wmbl)tK wmbl)tK M)nt bs t)m t)m rgutm go egurbm egurbmrr mstbintmf mstbintmf tbim tbim kmmfmf tg fmhbvmr fmhbvmr t)m egurbm egurbmrK rK *gw )nkfhm )nkfhm sue) nets nets hb,m t)gsm t)gsm t)nt pmkfbkl pmkfbkl gr rmturk rmturk 'ne,mf 'ne,mf tg t)m ehbmkt ehbmkt mte. mte.
&N M)nt M)nt )nppmkm )nppmkmf f bo egurbmr egurbmr hgst hgst gr gr fninlmf fninlmf.. 6N Ugim Ugim gt)mr gt)mr rmhntm rmhntmf f smrvb smrvbems emsKK
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Egurbmr "mr5bems1 >N Srgems Srgemsss go )nkfhb )nkfhbkl kl n eustgi eustgimr mr C*gw 'y w)giN< w)giN< w)mk )mOs)m )mOs)m egimsOn egimsOnrrb rrbvms vms t)m >st tbim. :N @gg,bkl @gg,bkl prgems prgemsss go n eustgi eustgimr mr.. 5N ()m fmhbvmry fmhbvmry prgemss prgemss go n egurbmr egurbmr tg tg n eustgimr eustgimr..
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4bhhbkl Srgemss1 >N *gw C 'y w)giN t)m t)m 'bhh pnyimkt pnyimkt prgemss prgemss go n eustgi eustgimr mr bs fgkmK fgkmK :N M)nt M)nt )nppmk )nppmk bo t)m t)m egurbmr egurbmr bs bs rmfbrme rmfbrmetK tK 5N Bs t)mrm t)mrm nky nfvnkemf nfvnkemf prgemssms prgemssms rmhntmf rmhntmf wbt) wbt) t)m 'bhhbkl 'bhhbkl prgemssK prgemssK
•
"uiinr* g! t`m <`ghm #nknlmimkt Srgemss V`nt Vndms ShnemC bk =mtwmmk n usmr nkf t`m smr5bem egipnk*.
/).&3 N sniphm 9umstbgkknbrm
Bk!grintbgk g! Bktmr5bmwmf Smrsgknh1 Knim1 Egktnet Kui=mr1
7#nbh B1 SgsbtbgkJSgst1 xpmrbmkem1 Bktmr5bmw VbimJntm1 Npprg5nh1 "blknturm
"`grt Nkswmr 4nsmf sbiphm 9umstbgks1 >3 ?gw ink* ink* miphg miphg*mm *mm fg *gu `n5mM `n5mM !kswmr# 3 <`nt n=gut n=gut *gur *gur egipn egipnk* k* wm= wm= smr5be smr5bemM mM !kswmr# $3 ?gw ?gw rmfb rmfbrm rmet et t`m t`m egurb egurbmr mrM M !kswmr# &3 ?gw bs *gur *gur w`gh w`ghmm wgrdbkl wgrdbkl prgems prgemssM sM nN Inkunh 'N Ib+mf eN !utg !utgin intm tmfO fO2g 2gip iput utmr mrb bmf mf
FmsJKg 9umstbgk >) ?n5m nk* gkhbkm trnedbkl s*stmi1 Zms O g :) ?n5m nk* gkhbkm =rnke` bk!g1 Zms O g 5) 4bhhbkl ;gri1 Zms O g &3 B! nk* gt`mr t*pms g! !gris n5nbhn=hm1
#nkunhJ#bxmf
EgiputmrbOmf
>3 >3 ?gw ?gw fgm fgmss t`bs t`bs s*stm s*stmi i wgrd wgrdM M 3 !kswmr#
$3 >3 ?gw - =* w`gi t`m egiputmrbOmf s*stmi bs usmrM !kswmr# 3 <`nt bs t`m fuentbgknh 9unhb!bentbgk n=gut iphg*mmM !kswmr# )3 $3 Npprgx Npprgxbintmh* bintmh* `gw `gw iue` tbim tbim bs egksuimf egksuimf =* t`m eurrmk eurrmktt wgrdbkl prgemssM !kswmr#
,3 &3 ?gw ?gw enheuh enheuhntm ntm t`m t`m egst egst g! g! egurbmr egurbmrM M !kswmr#
3 ?n5m *gu usmf nk* egiputmrbOmf tme`kghgl*M !kswmr#
)3 Nrm *gu sntbs!bmf wbt` t`m eurrmkt wgrdbkl s*stmiM !kswmr#
L3 $3 gms t`m s*stmi miphg*mm fntnM !kswmr#
+3 <`nt `nppmk b! egurbmr hgst gr fninlmM !kswmr#
>) &3 V`m w`ghm wgrdbkl prgemss g! t`m eur eurrm rmkt kt egipu egiputmr tmrbO bOmf mf s*stmi bk s`grt. !kswmr#
,3 g *gu t`bkd Fgur miphg*mm egpm wbt` kmw s*stmiM !kswmr#
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3 g *gu t`bkd egiputmrbOmf s*stmi wbhh =m `mhp!uh J usm!uh tg *guM !kswmr#
L3 <`nt nrm t`m igst kgtbemn=hm nf5nktnlms n egiputmrbOmf s*stmi wbhh lb5m *guM !kswmr#
4N <`nt *gu t`bkd n=gut t`m rmnetbgk g! stn!! B! kmw s*stmi bs biphmimktmfM Nkswmr1
/).)3 Netb5bt* mpmkfmkebmsC Netb5bt* kmtwgrd nkf Netb5bt* Vbimhbkm
Vnsds1 V>@Fntn eghhmetbgk V@!fibkbstrntbgk V$@@rnke) inknlmimkt V&@fgeuimkt )nkfhbkl V)@2ustgimr inknlmimkt
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E`nptmr T+Y Biphmimktntbgk +.> Bktrg Bktrgfu fuetb etbgk gk Bk t)bs p)nsm< t)m egfmf prglrnis wmrm tmstmf usbkl fboomrmkt tmstbkl imt)gfghgly bk grfmr tg frnl gut t)m mrrgrs go nt t)m tbim go m+meutbgk bk prnetbenh gr bk sbiuhntbgk mkvbrgkimkt. ()m ouhh egfm )ns 'mmk sueemssouhhy egipbhmf nkf bktmrprmtmf w)mrm t)m syktn+ mrrgrs )nvm 'mmk bfmktbobmf nkf enrmouhhy sghvmf. ()m prglrni fmsblk e)me,bkl imt)gfs wns usmf w)bhm egfbkl tg fmobkm t)m hglbenh mrrgrs. Fms, e)me,bkl imt)gf )nf 'mmk usmf tg e)me, t)m prglrni fmsblk nkf t)mk rukkbkl imt)gf wns usmf ogr t)m egrrmspgkfbkl egfm.
+. Egksbf Egksbfmrn mrntbg tbgks ks Mm )nvm t)us onr egiphmtmf up tg igfmhbkl p)nsm. ()m km+t p)nsms nrm egkstruetbgk nkf fmphgyimkt. fmphgyimkt. 2gkstruetbgk 2gkstruetbgk p)nsm bkehufms 2gfbkl nkf (mstbk (mstbkl l nkf fmphgyimkt fmphgyimkt bkvghvms bkvghvms Biphmimktntbgk nkf Inbktmknkem. U)grt fmserbptbgks go t)m p)nsms notmr egfbkl nrm fmserb'mf bk t)m oghhgwbkl smetbgks.
+.$ Biphmi Biphmimkt mktntb ntbgk gk M)mk t)m kmw systmi bs egiphmtmf< rmphnebklOigfboybkl t)m m+bstbkl inkunh systmi bk nk npprgprbntm inkkmr bs n in"gr tns, tg t)m sueemss go t)m prg"met. Biprgpmr bkstnhhntbgk enk prmvmkt t)m biprgvmimkt go t)m grlnkbntbgk< mvmk bo t)m fmsblkmf sgotwnrm bs n unhbty prgfuet. Bk t)m biphmimktntbgk p)nsm< oghhgwbkl tns,s geeur# (rnbkbkl pmrsgkkmh 2gkvmrsbgk prgemfurms Sgst=biphmimktntbgk rmvbmw 2gkvmrsbgk bs t)m prgemss go e)nklbkl orgi t)m ghf systmi tg t)m kmw gkm. Bt iust 'm prgpmrhy phnkkmf nkf m+meutmf.
E`nptmr T,Y Egkstruetbgk - mphg*imkt Egksbfmrntbgks /,.>3 Egksbfmrntbgks Egksbfmrntbgks Mm )nvm t)us onr egiphmtmf up tg igfmhbkl p)nsm. ()m km+t p)nsms nrm egkstruetbgk nkf fmphgyimkt. fmphgyimkt. 2gkstruetbgk 2gkstruetbgk p)nsm bkehufms 2gfbkl nkf (mstbk (mstbkl l nkf fmphgyimkt fmphgyimkt bkvghvms bkvghvms Biphmimktntbgk nkf Inbktmknkem. U)grt fmserbptbgks go t)m p)nsms notmr egfbkl nrm fmserb'mf bk t)m oghhgwbkl smetbgks.
/,.3 Vmstbkl (mstbkl bs n prgemss go m+meutbkl n prglrni wbt) t)m bktmkt go obkfbkl nk mrrgr. ! lggf tmst ensm bs gkm t)nt )ns n lggf prg'n'bhbty go obkfbkl ymt ukfbsegvmrmf mrrgr. !hh tmsts s)guhf 'm trnemn'hm tg eustgimrs/ rmubrmimkt. (mst (mst s)guhf 'm phnkkmf hgkl 'mogrm tmstbkl 'mlbks.
Vmstbkl Srbkebphms
! lggf tmst ensm bs gkm t)nt )ns n )bl) prg'n'bhbty go obkfbkl n ymt ukfbsegvmrmf mrrgr. ! lggf tmst bs kgt rmfukfnkt. ! lggf tmst s)guhf 'm kmbt)mr tgg sbiphm kgr tgg egiphbentmf.
V*pms g! tmstbkl ()mrm nrm twg 'nsbe npprgne)ms tg tmstbkl tmstbkl ouketbgknh nkf strueturnh strueturnh.. uketbgknh uketbgknh tmstbkl bs nhsg enhhmf @hne, @g+ @g + (mstbkl (mstbkl Utrueturnh tmstbkl bs enhhmf w)btm @g+ tmstbkl. ()m 'hne, 'g+ npprgne) tg tmstbkl bs tg fmvbsm sniphm fntn t)nt bs rmprmsmktntbvm go nhh pgssb'hm fntn. Mm t)mk ruk t)m prglrni< bkput t)m fntn nkf smm w)nt )nppmks. ()bs typm go tmstbkl bs tmrimf 'hne, 'g+ tmstbkl 'menusm kg ,kgwhmflm go t)m wgr,bkls go t)m prglrni bs usmf ns pnrt go t)m tmstbkl wm gkhy egksbfmr bkputs nkf gutputs.
@hne, 'g+ tmstbkl mkn'hms t)m sgotwnrm mklbkmmr tg obkf mrrgr bk t)m oghhgwbkl entmlgrbms# Bkegrrmet gr ibssbkl ouketbgks. Bktmronem 9rrgrs. 9rrgrs bk fntn strueturm gr m+tmrknh fntn'nsm neemss. Smrogrinkem mrrgrs Bkbtbnhbntbgk mrrgrs. M)btm 'g+ tmstbkl in,ms usm go ,kgwhmflm go )gw t)m prglrni wgr,s t)m strueturm go t)m prglrni ns t)m 'nsbs ogr fmvbsbkl tmst fntn. Bk w)btm 'g+ tmstbkl mvmry stntmimkt bk t)m prglrni bs m+meutmf nt sgim tbim furbkl t)m tmstbkl. ()bs bs mubvnhmkt tg mksurbkl t)nt mvmry pnt) Cmvmry smumkem go bkstruetbgksN t)rgul) t)m prglrni bs m+meutmf nt sgim tbim furbkl tmstbkl. ()bs tmstbkl )mhp t)m sgotwnrm mklbkmmr bk t)m oghhgwbkl fbrmetbgks#
Lunrnktmm t)nt nhh t)m bkfmpmkfmkt pnt)s wbt)bk t)m igfuhm )nvm 'mmk m+mrebsmf nt hmnst gkem. 9+mrebsm nhh hglbenh fmebsbgks gk t)mbr trum nkf onhsm sbfms. 9+meutm nhh hggps nt t)mbr 'gukfnrbms nkf wbt)bk t)mbr vnhbfbty. 9+mrebsm bktmrknh fntn strueturm tg mksurm t)mbr vnhbfbty.
0m5mhs g! Vmstbkl
()m 'nsbe hmvmhs go tmstbkl nrm# 0kbt tmstbkl g Bktmlrntbgk tmstbkl g Uystmi tmstbkl g !eemptnkem tmstbkl g
8kbt Vmstbkl 0kbt 0kbt tmstb tmstbkl kl ogeusm ogeusmss vmrbob vmrbobent entbgk bgk moogrt moogrt gk t)m sinhhm sinhhmst st ukbt ukbt go sgotwn sgotwnrm rm fmsblk fmsblk t)m sgotwn sgotwnrm rm egipgkmkt egipgkmkt gr igfuhm. igfuhm. 0sbkl 0sbkl t)m egipgkmkt=hmvmh egipgkmkt=hmvmh fmsblk fmserbptb fmserbptbgk gk ns n lubfm< bipgrtnkt egktrgh pnt)s nrm tmstmf tg ukegvmr mrrgrs wbt)bk t)m 'gukfnry go t)m igfuhm. ()mrmogrm< 0kbt tmstbkl tmsts mne) egipgkmkt bk bsghntbgk. ()m lgnh go t)bs tmstbkl hmvmh bs tg smm bo t)m igfuhms )nvm 'mmk 'm bktmlrntmf prgpmrhy. Bk gt)mr wgrfs< t)m mip)nsbs bs gk tmstbkl t)m bktmrnetbgks nigkl t)m igfuhms. ()bs tmstbkl netbvbty enk 'm egksbfmrmf ns tmstbkl t)m fmsblk.
Bktmlrntbgk Vmstbkl
()m lgnh go t)bs tmstbkl hmvmh bs tg smm bo t)m igfuhms )nvm 'mmk 'm bktmlrntmf prgpmrhy. Bk gt)mr wgrfs< t)m mip)nsbs bs gk tmstbkl t)m bktmrnetbgks nigkl t)m igfuhms. ()bs tmstbkl netbvbty enk 'm egksbfmrmf ns tmstbkl t)m fmsblk. ()mrm )nvm twg typm go fboomrmkt bkermimktnh bktmlrntbgk strntmlbms nrm lbvmk 'mhgw# g
(gp=fgwk (gp=fgwk bktmlrntbgk.
g
@gttgi=up bktmlrntbgk.
"*stmi Vmstbkl Bk t)bs tmstbkl mktbrm sgotwnrm bs tmstmf. ()m lgnh bs tg smm bo t)m sgotwnrm immts bts rmubrmimkts. Uystmi tmstbkl bs netunhhy n smrbms go fboomrmkt tmsts w)gsm prbinry purpgsm bs tg ouhhy m+mrebsm t)m egiputmr='nsmf systmi. !ht)gul) mne) tmst )ns n fboomrmkt purpgsm< nhh wgr, tg vmrboy t)nt systmi mhmimkts )nvm 'mmk prgpmrhy bktmlrntmf nkf pmrogri nhhgentmf ouketbgks. ()m typms go systmi s ystmi tmsts t)nt nrm wgrt)w)bhm ogr sgotwnrm='nsmf systmis.
3megvmry (mstbkl Umeurbty (mstbkl Utrmss (mstbkl Smrogrinkem (mstbkl (mstbkl
Neemptnkem Neemptn kem Vmstbkl Vmstbkl !eemptnkem tmstbkl bs prmogrinttmf usbkl rmnh fntn go t)m ehbmkt tg fmigkstrntm t)nt sgotwnrm bs wgr,bkl sntbsonetgrbhy. sntbsonetgrbhy.
6nhbfntbgk E`meds %nhbfntbgk rmomrs tg fboomrmkt smt go netbvbtbms t)nt mksurm t)nt t)m sgotwnrm t)nt )ns 'mmk 'ubht bs trnemn'hm tg t)m eustgimr rmubrmimkt. %nhbfntbgk bs t)m e)me, t)nt Jt)m prgfuet infm bs w)nt wns rmubrmfE.
/,.$3 Biphmimktntbgk Biphmimktntbgk M)mk M)mk t)m kmw systmi systmi bs egiphmt egiphmtmf< mf< rmphne rmphnebkl bklOig Oigfbo fboyb ybkl kl t)m m+bstb m+bstbkl kl inkunh inkunh systm systmi i bk nk npprgprbntm inkkmr bs n in"gr tns, tg t)m sueemss go t)m prg"met. Biprgpmr bkstnhhntbgk enk prmvmkt t)m biprgvmimkt go t)m grlnkbntbgk< mvmk bo t)m fmsblkmf sgotwnrm bs n unhbty prgfuet. Bk t)m biphmimktntbgk p)nsm< oghhgwbkl tns,s geeur# (rnbkbkl pmrsgkkmh 2gkvmrsbgk prgemfurms Sgst=biphmimktntbgk rmvbmw
2gkvmrsbgk bs t)m prgemss go e)nklbkl orgi t)m ghf systmi tg t)m kmw gkm. Bt iust 'm prgpmrhy phnkkmf nkf m+meutmf. ()rmm imt)gfs nrm egiigk bk usm< t)msm nrm# Snrnhhmh Uystmi. Fbrmet 2gkvmrsbgk. Sbhgt Uystmi.
/,.&3 Sgst Biphmimktntbgk nkf #nbktmknkem !otmr systmi bs biphmimktmf nkf egkvmrsbgk bs egiphmtm< n rmvbmw s)guhf 'm egkfuetmf tg fmtmribkm w)mt w)mt)m )mrr t)m t)m syst systmi mi bs immt immtbk bkl l m+pme m+pmetn tntb tbgks gks nkf w)mr w)mrmm bipr biprgvm gvmim imkt ktss nrm nrm kmmf kmmfmf mf.. ! pgst pgst biphmi biphmimktn mktntbg tbgk k rmvbmw rmvbmw imnsur imnsurms ms t)m systm systmis/ is/ pmrogr pmrogrink inkem em nlnbks nlnbkstt prmfmo prmfmobkm bkmf f rmubr rmubrmim mimkts kts.. Uullmstbgks rmlnrfbkl e)nklms nkf biprgvmimkts nrm ns,mf ogr. Bk t)bs< t)bs< p)nsm p)nsm t)m prglrnii prglrniimr mr gr sgim sgim gt)mr gt)mr tme)kb tme)kbenh enh miphgy miphgymrs mrs go t)m egipnky egipnky<< w)be) w)be) bs fmvmhgpbkl t)m sgotwnrm bk grfmr tg inknlm t)m )nklbkl rmubrmimkts go t)m ehbmkt orgi tbim tg tbim< fg rmvbmw.
()m ,mys tg rmfuem t)m kmmf ogr inbktmknkem w)bhm in,bkl bt pgssb'hm tg enrry gk wbt) mssmktbnh tns,s igrm moobebmkthy nrm ns oghhgws# Igrm neeurntmhy fmobkbkl t)m usmr/s rmubrmimkt furbkl systmis fmvmhgpimkt. Srmpnrntbgk go systmi fgeuimktntbgk bk n 'mttmr wny. 0sbkl igrm moometbvm wnys ogr fmsblkbkl prgemssbkl hglbe nkf egiiukbentbkl bt tg prg"met
tmni imi'mrs. In,bkl 'mttmr usm go m+bstbkl tgghs nkf tme)kbums.
2)nptmr ;17 bseussbgk nkf Egkehusbgk L.> L.> bse bseus ussb sbgk gk ()m sgotwnrm bs vmrbobmf nkf vnhbfntmf ogr fboomrmkt erbtbenh bkputs nkf bt prgfuems neeurntm rmsuht. ()m sgotwnrm enk 'm igfbobmf neegrfbkl tg usmr rmubrmimkts. ()m fntn'nsm obhms usmf bk t)bs sgotwnrm nrm fmsblkmf enrmouhhy tg gvmregim t)m prg'hmis go stgrbkl nkf rmtrbmvnh go bkogrintbgk lmkmrnhhy rmhntmf tg trnfbtbgknh obhm prgemssbkl systmi. ! wmhh=fmsblkmf Lrnp)benh 0smr Bktmronem CL0BN wns fmsblkmf enrmouhhy tg in,m bt usmr orbmkfhy.
L. L. Egke Egkehu husb sbgk gk ()mrm bs nhwnys n segpm go 'mttmrimkt nkf t)bs systmi bs kgt nlnbkst t)bs pmremptbgk. !t prmsmkt t)m sgotwnrm systmi sntbsobms igst go t)m ouketbgks go n vmry lmkmrnh 2gurbmr systmi inknlmimkt systmi.
>. ()m ()m egur egurbm bmrr smrv smrvbe bems ms nrm nrm nutg nutgin intm tmf f ns )nkf )nkf wrbt wrbttm tmk k fgeui fgeuimkt mktnt ntbg bgk k bs ibkb ibkbib ibmf mf tg n 'nrm 'nrm ibkbiui t)m sgotwnrm bs ouhhy biphmimktmf. :. ()m fntn enk 'm mnsbhy 'ne,mf up gktg n rmhbn'hm imfbn sg t)nt kg gr ibkbinh fntn hgss bs t)mrm bk
ensm go systmi erns). 5. 0knut) 0knut)grb grbmf mf neemss neemss tg t)m fntn fntn bs kmnrhy kmnrhy mhbib mhbibknt kntmf mf 'y prgvbfbk prgvbfbkl l pnsswg pnsswgrf rf nut)mktb nut)mktbent entbgk bgk systmi. . ()bs prg"met prg"met )ns infm us rmubrm rmubrm n prgomssb prgomssbgknh gknh guthgg, guthgg, tgwnrfs tgwnrfs prg'hmi stntmim stntmimkt kt nkf sghvbkl sghvbkl bt tg t)m 'mst nkf in+biui.
L.$ ;uturm wgrd ()m inbk segpm go outurm wgr, nkf biprgvmimkts iny 'm# >. Srgvbfm Srgvbfm LSU trne,bkl trne,bkl systmi systmi ogr vm)behm< vm)behm< w)be) prgvbfm prgvbfm 'mttmr 'mttmr trne,bkl trne,bkl bkogrintbg bkogrintbgk. k. :. Gkhbkm Gkhbkm 'bhh pnyimkt pnyimkt nkf prgvbfm prgvbfm ouhh ouhh suppgrt suppgrt go t)m fm'bt fm'bt enrf< enrf< ermfbt enrf enrf nkf gt)mrs. gt)mrs. 5. Utgrb Utgrbkl kl hnrlm hnrlm nigukt nigukt go fntn fntn ogr ogr outurm outurm usnlm usnlm.. . 3mfuebkl 3mfuebkl inkunh inkunh moogr moogrts ts ogr ogr inbktnb inbktnbkbkl kbkl t)m t)m systmi. systmi. $. 9ip)nsbs 9ip)nsbs gk neeurntm neeurntm fntn fntn nkf rmusm go stgrmf stgrmf fntn. &. 2giphmtm 2giphmtm nutgintb nutgintbgk< gk< nhigst nhigst kg kmmf kmmf ogr inkunh inkunh )uink )uink bktmrvmktb bktmrvmktbgk. gk.
'm!mrmkems
"g!twnrm klbkmmrbkl • @y Ugiimrvbhhm
"g!twnrm klbkmmrbkl1 V`mgr* nkf Srnetbem • @y grrmst U)uhh nkf 3gsmnkkm (msgrbmrg (msgrbmrg
"g!twnrm klbkmmrbkl !gr "tufmktsC &t` mfbtbgk • @y FG0L-!U @9--
"*stmi Nknh*sbs nkf msblk • @y Mhbns I. Nwnf Nwnf
ntn=nsm "*stmi Egkempts • @y Ubhjmrse`ntz < Dgrt` Uufnrs`nk
hmetrgkbe Egiimrem • 'y 'y Mhbns I. Nwnf Nwnf
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