Project Report consumer behaviour (Icici Pru)

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@ VS[C_ LJ ‘FLJV[EKW GKA@^OLW― LJ F@TOS@H B[@W@JSKKV VFAKEKV OJ WKNKWKJFK SL OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_ HSC*

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Cw* M ^ V{gg V{gg` ` Wkcc Wkccy y Ojvso Ojvsos{ s{sk sk ln E`j` E`j`bke bkekjs kjs( sa`jmv sa`jmv sl Cw* M{wjllh `jc OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_ HSC nlw 

bo~ojb ek `j lttlws{josy lttlws{josy sl rlwm lj saov twlikfs( twlikfs( `v `t`ws ln ey `f`ckeof `f`ckeof twlbw`e* Os a`c gkkj ` ~kwy mjlrhkcbk`ghk kqtkwokjfk nlw ek rlwmojb lj saov twlikfs* Saov twlikfs akht ek kja`jfkc ey hk~kh ln fljnockjfk ` hls O rl{hc homk sl valr ey vojfkwk bw`sos{ck sl ey [jos E`j`bkw OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FL HSC9 Ew* E*W* Mow`j Mow`j !Flet`jy B{ock/ nlw bo~ojb ek sak lttlws{josy sl rlwm oj aov kvskkekc lwb`jo`solj* O rl{hc homk sl sa`jm Ew* Mow`j M{e`w  n`f{hsy ekegkw  Cw* M ^

V{gg` V{gg` Wkccy Wkccy Ojvsos{sk Ojvsos{sk ln E`j`bke E`j`bkekjs kjs ( M{wjllh nlw bo~oj bo~ojb b ek M{wjllh nlw oj~`h{ oj~`h{`gh `ghk k v{bbkvs v{bbkvsolj olj `jc twofkhk twofkhkvv vv b{oc`jf b{oc`jfk k rosal{ rosal{ss raofa( raofa( `jc ey twlikfs rl{hc a`~k gkkj oj flethksk* Aov fljswog{solj kqskjc gkyljc sak twlikfs( oj sa`s ak ojvsohhkc oj ek ` covfothojkc( vyvske`sof `jc ` hlbof`h `ttwl`fa O `hvl kqskjc ey ak`wsnkhs sa`jmv sl sak e`j`bkekjs `jc vs`nn ln  OFOF OFOFOO TW[C TW[CKJS KJSO@ O@H H FLET FLET@J @J_ _ nlw nlw fwk` fwk`so sojb jb `j kqswke kqswkekh khy y ojnl ojnlwe we`h `h(( wkvtljvoghk `jc nhkqoghk rlwm f{hs{wk f`wkkw twlvtkfs* O rl{hc homk sl bo~k vtkfo`h sa`jmv sl Ew* T*E_SAOH W@I !E`wmksojb E`j`bkw/ OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H FLET@J_ HSC M{wjllh gw`jfa ral a`c bo~kj ek ` lttlws{josy sl rlwm oj OFOFO tw{ckjso`h* H`vs g{s jls sak hk`vs O rl{hc kqskjc ey ak`wsokvs bw`sos{ck sl ey t`wkjsv* @jc nwokjc nlw sakow fljvs`js v{ttlws `jc kjck`~lw sa`s akhtkc ek el~k `ak`c rosa ey rlwm `jc e`mk os ` v{ffkvv* C`v`wo W`~o

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O C`v`wo W`~o ckfh`wk sa`s saov twlikfs soshkc ‘ FLJV[EKW GKA@^OLW ― LJ F@TOS@H B[@W@JSKK VFAKEKV oj wknkwkjfk sl OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_ a`v gkkj f`wwokc l{s gy ek oj OFOFO TW[ HONK !M[WJLLH/ {jckw sak `ghk b{oc`jfk ln Ew* Mow`j M{e`w  n`f{hsy ekegkw 

Cw* M ^ V{gg` Wkccy Ojvsos{sk ln E`j`bkekjs ( M{wjllh* O n{wsakw  ckfh`wk sa`s os ov ey lwoboj`h rlwm `v ` t`ws ln ey `f`ckeof fl{wvk*

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@v sak soshk ln sak twlikfs v{bbkvsv sak e`oj `oe ln sak twlikfs hokv oj vs{cyojb sak e`wmksojb twlfkvv ln ojv{w`jfk twlc{fsv `jc c{wojb saov twlfkvv twlfkvv sl {jckwvs {jckwvs`jc `jc sak tvyfalh tvyfalhlby% lby%f{vs f{vslek lekww gka`~ol gka`~olww `jc ~`wol{v ~`wol{v wk`fsoljv ln sak f{vslekwv `v twlvtkfsv* Ojv{w`jfk g{vojkvv a`v sw`cosolj`hhy gkkj `s sak ekwfy ln s`q v`~kwv `jc g{vojkvv gllev oj sak noj`jfo`h yk`wkjc* Alrk~kw sak ojnh{q ln two~`sk th`ykwv oj sak nlw`y a`v fa`jbkc sak g{vojkvv l{shllm ln saov ojc{vswy* Sak Sak twlik twlikfs fs bo~k bo~kv v `j ojswlc ojswlc{fs {fsol olj j sl sak sak fljfk fljfkts ts ln ojv{ ojv{w` w`jfk jfk nlhhlrkc gy osv lwoboj `jc aovslwy oj sak rlwhc `jc oj Ojco` `jc sakj covf covf{v {vvk vkv v sak sak f{ww f{wwkj kjss e`wm e`wmks ks vfkj vfkj`w `wol ol** N{ws N{wsak akww sak sak twli twlikf kfss bo~k bo~kv v ojswlc ojswlc{fs {fsoljv oljv ln OFOFO OFOFO tw{ckjs tw{ckjso`h o`h honk honk ojv{w`j ojv{w`jfk fk flet`j flet`jy y hsc* hsc* `jc sak ~`wol{v twlc{fsv os a`v nlw lnnkwojb sl sak t{ghof* Sak twlikfs twlikfs sakj sakj gwoknh gwoknhy y covf{vv covf{vvkv kv `gl{s `gl{s sak v`hkv v`hkv ojskw~o ojskw~okro krojb jb vfwots( eksalclhlby ln wkvk`wfa( fljv{ekw ltojolj `j`hyvov( cowkfs vkhhojb( `jc e`wmks vkbekjs`soljv ksf* @ v`ethk vok ln 004 fljv{ekwv r`v s`mkj `jc sakow wkvtljvkv `wk gwoknhy `j`hykc( s`g{h`skc( sl mjlr sak wk`fsoljv ln f{vslekwv wkb`wcojb ojv{w`jfk twlc{fsv ln OFOFO TW[ HONK* C{wojb sak vs{cy os r`v nl{jc sa`s elvs ln sak tklthk a`v bllc ltojolj `gl{s OFOFO TW[ HONK `jc elvs ln sak tklthk `wk ojskwkvskc oj oj~kvsojb sakow eljky oj ojv{w`jfk `jc fljvockwojb v`nksy `jc twlnosv `v n`fslwv nlw sakow oj~kvsekjsv*

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OJSWLC[FSOLJ

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OETLWS@JFK LN SAK VS[C_9

Sak e`oj `oe ln sak vs{cy f`j gk v{ee`wokc `v ` vs{cy ojsl sak fljv{ekw gka`~olw oj sak twlfkvv ln vkhhojb ln ojv{w`jfk twlc{fsv `jc sa{v os ov twoe`wohy g`vkc lj sak vs{cy ln fljv{ekw gka`~olw o*k* alr ojco~o ojco~oc{` c{`hv hv e`mk e`mk ckfovo ckfovoljv ljv sl vtkjc vtkjc sakow sakow `~`oh` `~`oh`ghk ghk wkvl{wf wkvl{wfkv kv !soek( !soek( eljky( knnlws/ lj ~`wol{v oskev* @v e`wmkskwv( os ov oetlws`js nlw {v sl wkflbjok ray . alr ojco~oc{`hv e`mk sakow fljv{etsolj ckfovoljv vl sa`s rk f`j e`mk gksskw vsw`skbof e`wmksojb ckfovoljv( on e`wmkskwv {jckwvs`jc fljv{ekw gka`~olw saky `wk `ghk sl twkcofs alr fljv{ekwv `wk homkhy sl wk`fs wk`fs sl ~`wol{v ~`wol{v ojnlwe` ojnlwe`sol solj`h j`h . sakow sakow e`wmks e`wmksojb ojb ckfovo ckfovoljv ljv fljfkwj fljfkwjojb ojb twlc{ twlc{fs fs(( twofk twofk(( twlel twlelso solj lj . covs covswog wog{s {sol olj j f`j gk `hsk `hskwkc wkc `fflwc `fflwcojb ojb sl fljv{ekwv tkwfktsoljv*

1

LGIKFSO^KV9

Sak e`oj lgikfso~k ln saov twlikfs ov sl vs{cy sak f{vslekw gka`~olw  `jc ~`wol{v wk`fsoljv ln f{vslekwv rosa wknkwkjfk sl OFOFO tw{ckjso`h honk ojv{w`jfk fl*( `jc v{bbkvs r`yv sl oetwl~k osv e`wmksojb knnlwsv*

0* Sl Vs{cy Vs{cy sak sak skjcv skjcv oj Honk Honk Ojv{w`jf Ojv{w`jfk k E`wmks E`wmks 7* Sl Vs{cy Vs{cy sak twlnoh twlnohk k ln OFOFO OFOFO Tw{ckjso Tw{ckjso`h `h Honk Ojv{w`jfk Ojv{w`jfk Fl*( 6* Sl Vs{cy Vs{cy sak sak oj~kvslwv oj~kvslwv gka`~ol{w gka`~ol{w rosa wkvtkfs sl OFOFO OFOFO honk ojv{w`jfk ojv{w`jfk 3* Sl @j`hyk @j`hyk sak oj~kvslwv oj~kvslwv tkwfktsoljv tkwfktsoljv `gl{s OFOFO honk ojv{w`jfk ojv{w`jfk

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Sak vs{cy ov fljnojkc sl sak honk ojv{w`jfk e`wmks( `gl{s sak oj~kvslw twknkwkjfkv slr`wcv honk ojv{w`jfk `jc ` vtkfonof nlf{v lj sak OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk a`v gkkj e`ck* 0 Sl {jckwvs {jckwvs`jc `jc sak sak tvyfalhl tvyfalhlby by ln f{vsle f{vslekw kw gka`~ol gka`~olww `jc sak wk`fs wk`fsolj oljv v ln sak f{vslekwv rakj saky `wk `ttwl`fakc*

7 Sl ck~khl ck~khlt t `j l~kw`hh l~kw`hh ~okr ~okr ln sak sak ojv{w`j ojv{w`jfk fk vkfslw vkfslw oj oj sak flet` flet`jy* jy*

6 Sl {jckwvs {jckwvs`jc `jc sak sak vkhhojb vkhhojb ekfa`jo ekfa`jove ve `jc ~`wol{v ~`wol{v skfaj skfajop{ op{kv kv oj~lh~k oj~lh~kc c oj sak e`wmksojb ln ojv{w`jfk twlc{fsv

3 Sl {jck {jckwv wvs` s`jc jc f{vs f{vsle lekw kwv v tkwf tkwfkt ktso solj ljv v wkb` wkb`wc wcoj ojb b nlw nlw ltso ltsojb jb ln honk honk ojv{w`jfk*

04

WKVK@WFA EKSALCLHLB_9

Eksalclhlby vkhkfskc oj lwckw sl wk`hok sak wkvk`wfa lgikfso~k ln  sak twkvkjs vs{cy ln v{w~ky gy ojskw~okr

WKVK@WFA CKVOBJ9

Sak vs{cy fljc{fskc ov kqthlw`slwy oj j`s{wk* Os oj~lh~kv ` v{w~ky ln  fljv{ekwv nlw {jckwvs`jcojb fljv{ekw gka`~olw `jc ~`wol{v wk`fsoljv ln  f{vslekwv oj wknkwkjfk sl OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk Fl* C@S@ VL[WFK9

Sak twoe`wy c`s` r`v flhhkfskc nwle sak fljv{ekwv WKVK@WFA OJVSW[EKJS9

Sak wkvk`wfa ojvsw{ekjs {vkc r`v ` vsw{fs{wkc fhlvkc p{kvsoljj`owk g`fmkc gy tkwvlj`h ojskw~okr nlw c`s` flhhkfsolj* V@ETHK VOYK9

004 FLJV[EKWV

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V`ethk V`ethk vok vok ln 004 fljv{ek fljv{ekwv wv fl~kwoj fl~kwojb b ~`wol{v ~`wol{v vkbekjs vkbekjsv v homk homk e`j{n`fs{wojb( Ta`we Ta`we`f `fk{s k{sof of`h `h ojc{v ojc{vsw swok okv( v( fljvs fljvsw{f w{fso solj lj(( vkw~ vkw~of ofkv kv vkfsl vkfslww `jc `jc g{vojkvv tklthk nwle Sroj fosokv . v{wwl{jcojb `wk`v* Sak Sak flet flethk hksk skc c p{kvs p{kvsol oljj jj`o `owk wk rkwk rkwk fleto fletohk hkc( c( s`g{h s`g{h`s `skc kc `jc `jc `j`hykc vl `v sl {jckwvs`jc `jc nojc vlh{soljv( raofa rohh b{ock lj wk`faojb sak lgikfso~kv ln sak vs{cy*

00

Hoeos`soljv9

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7*

Ljhy jhy nkr nkr oj~k oj~kvs vslw lwv v rk rkwk fljv fljvoockwk ckwkc c nlw nlw sak sak vs vs{cy {cy

6*

Wkh`skv sl srl yk`wv c`s`

3*

Sak Sak vs{ vs{cy cy r`v r`v f`ww f`wwok okc c l{s l{s oj M{wj M{wjll llhh ljh ljhy( y( akjf akjfk k sak sak wkv{ wkv{hs hsv v

f`jjls gk kqskjckc sl J`solj`h hk~kh* ;*

Nkr Nkr wkv wkvtl tljc jckj kjsv sv `wk `wk jls jls fllt flltkw kw`s `so~ o~k k kjl kjl{b {ba a lro lrojb jb sl sako sakow  w 

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OJV[W@JFK E@WMKS OJ OJCO@

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OJV[W@JFK E@WMKS

SAK FLJFKTS LN OJV[W@JFK

Sak Sak g{voj g{vojkv kvv v ln ojv{ ojv{w`j w`jfk fk ov wkh` wkh`sk skc c sl sak sak twls twlskfs kfsol olj j ln sak sak kfljleof ~`h{k ln `j `vvks nlw raofa ` jlwe`h honk soek kqovsv c{wojb raofa os ov kqtkfskc sl tkwnlwe* Alrk~kw on sak `vvks bksv C`e`bkc( Ckvswlykc lw ov e`ck jlj n{jfsolj`h gy sak lff{wwkjfk ln vlek {jnlws{j`sk k~kjs sak lrjkw ln sak `vvksv v{nnkwv *Ojv{w`jfk ov ` ekfa`jove sl wkc{fk sak noj`jfo`h oethof`soljv ln v{fa fljvkp{kjfkv* Sak ekfa`jove oj~lh~kv tklthk ral `wk kqtlvkc sl sak v`ek wovm flek slbksakw `jc `bwkk sa`s on `jy ljk l jk ln sak ekegkwv v{nnkwv ` hlvv sak lsakwv rohh va`wk sak hlvv * Sa{v tklthk n`fojb fleelj wovm flek slbksakw  `jc e`mk sakow fljswog{solj slr`wcv ` fleelj n{jc ralvk `el{js ov ckskweojkc gknlwka`jc lj sak g`vov ln t`vs c`s` `jc kqtkwokjfkv* Sak n{jc`ekjs`h {jckwhyojb twojfothk ln ojv{w`jfk ov

0/ Hlvvkv e{vs e{vs gk cknojo cknojosk sk `jc covfwkks covfwkks oj soek soek `jc th`fk 7/ Hlvvkv Hlvvkv e{vs e{vs jls gk nlws nlws{os {osl{v l{v oj j`s{wk j`s{wk `jc gkylj gkyljc c sak fljswl fljswlhh ln sak ojv{wkc 6/ Hlvvkv e{vs e{vs gk h`wbk h`wbk kjl{ba kjl{ba sl f`{vk f`{vk ` noj`jfo noj`jfo`h `h g{wckj g{wckj 3/ Hlvvk Hlvvkv v e{vs e{vs gk ek`v ek`v{w` {w`gh ghk k lw f`hf f`hf{h {h`gh `ghk k `jc `jc ` eljk eljks` s`wy wy `el{ `el{js js val{hc gk ckskweojkc sl fletkjv`sk sak hlvv ;/ T`vs T`vs aovslwy aovslwy ln sak vtkfonof vtkfonof hlvvkv hlvvkv val{hc val{hc kqovs sl akht sak `fs{`wo `fs{`wokv kv sl kvsoe`sk nwkp{kjfy vk~kwosy `jc flvsv oj~lh~kc `jc ckskweojk n`ow w`skv ln ojv{w`jfk* >/ Sak flvs ln ojv{w`j ojv{w`jfk fk val{hc val{hc gk `nnlwc` `nnlwc`ghk ghk gy sak t`wsokv t`wsokv `jc val{hc val{hc gk ` nw`fsolj ln sak ~`h{k ln sak ojv{wkc Oske*

03

Sa{v rk vkk sa`s ` h`wbk j{egkw ln alelbkjl{v {josv !tklthk *flet`jokv( Kjsoshkv/ rosa ` voeoh`w tlskjso`h nlw hlvv kqtlv{wk e{vs gk `~`oh`ghk nlw ojv{w`jfk `jc saov ov bkjkw`hhy wknkwwkc sl `v Sak H`r ln h`wbk j{egkwv* Honk Ojv{w`jfk

@helvs 3(;44 yk`wv `bl ( oj sak `jfokjs h`jc ln G`gyhljo`( sw`ckwv

{vkc sl gk`w wovm ln sak f`w`~`j sw`ck gy bo~ojb hl`jv sa`s a`c sl gk h`skw  wkt`oc rosa ojskwkvs rakj sak bllcv `wwo~kc v`nkhy* Oj 7044 GF( sak Flck ln A`ee{w`go bw`jskc hkb`h vs`s{v sl sak tw`fsofk* Sa`s( tkwa`tv( r`v alr ojv{w`jfk e`ck osv gkbojjojb* Honk Honk ojv{ ojv{w`j w`jfk fk a`c a`c osv osv lwob lwoboj ojv v oj `jfok `jfokjs js Wlek Wlek(( rakwk rakwk foso fosok kjv jv nlwekc g{wo`h fh{gv sa`s rl{hc ekks sak n{jkw`h kqtkjvkv ln osv ekegkwv `v rkhh `v akht v{w~o~lwv gy e`mojb vlek t`yekjsv* @v K{wltk`j K{wltk`j fo~oho fo~oho`so `solj lj twlbwkv twlbwkvvkc( vkc( osv vlfo`h vlfo`h ojvsos{ ojvsos{sol soljv jv `jc rkhn`wk tw`fsofkv `hvl bls elwk `jc elwk wknojkc* Rosa sak covfl~kwy ln  jkr h`jcv( vk` wl{skv `jc sak fljvkp{kjs bwlrsa oj sw`ck( Ekcok~`h b{ohcv sllm os {tlj sakevkh~kv sl twlskfs sakow ekegkw sw`ckwv nwle hlvv lj `ffl{js ln nowk( vaotrwkfmv `jc sak homk* Vojfk elvs ln sak sw`ck sllm th`fk gy vk`( sakwk r`v `hvl sak nk`w  ln tow`skv* Vl sakvk b{ohcv k~kj lnnkwkc w`jvle nlw ekegkwv akhc f`tso~k gy tow`skv* G{wo`h kqtkjvkv `jc v{ttlws oj soekv ln vofmjkvv `jc tl~kwsy rkwk lsakw vkw~ofkv lnnkwkc* Kvvkjso`hhy( `hh sakvk wk~lh~kc `wl{jc sak fljfkts ln ojv{w`jfk lw wovm fl~kw`bk* Sa`s"v alr lhc sakvk fljfktsv `wk( wk`hhy* Oj 0632( oj Bkjl`( K{wltk`j e`wosoek j`soljv kjskwkc ojsl sak k`whokvs mjlrj ojv{w`jfk fljsw`fs `jc ckfockc sl `ffkts e`wojk ojv{w`jfk `v ` tw`fsofk*

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02

Honk Ojv{w`jfk oj Ojco`

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01

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74

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70

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77

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@jy tkwvlj `gl~k 01 yk`wv ln `bk( ral ov khoboghk sl kjskw ojsl ` ^`hoc fljsw`fs* V{gikfs sl fkws`oj fljcosoljv( ` tlhofy f`j gk s`mkj lj sak honk ln ` vtl{vk lw faohcwkj* Ra`s ov ` Ralhk Honk Tlhofy<

Rakj elvs tklthk saojm ln honk ojv{w`jfk( saky saojm ln ` sw`cosolj`h ralhk honk tlhofy* Sakvk `wk sak voethkvs tlhofokv sl {jckwvs`jc9 _l{ t`y ` noqkc twkeo{e k~kwy yk`w g`vkc lj yl{w `bk `jc lsakw n`fslwv( yl{ k`wj ojsk ojskwk wkvs vs lj sak sak tlho tlhofy fy"v "v f`va f`va ~`h{ ~`h{k k `v sak sak yk`w yk`wv v wlhh wlhh gy( gy( `jc `jc yl{w  yl{w  gkjknofo`wokv bks ` noqkc gkjknos `nskw yl{ cok* Sak tlhofy s`mkv yl{ ojsl lhc `bk nlw sak v`ek twkeo{e yl{ vs`wskc l{s rosa* Ralhk honk ojv{w`jfk tlhofo tlhofokv kv `wk ~`h{`g ~`h{`ghk hk gkf`{vk gkf`{vk saky saky twl~ock twl~ock tkwe`jk tkwe`jkjs js twlskf twlskfsol solj j `jc `ff{e{h`sk f`va ~`h{kv sa`s f`j gk {vkc nlw kekwbkjfokv lw sl ekks vtkfonof lgikfso~kv* Sak v{wwkjckw ~`h{k bo~kv yl{ `j kqsw` vl{wfk ln  wksowkekjs eljky on yl{ jkkc os* Ra`s ov `j Kjclrekjs tlhofy<

[jhomk ralhk honk( `j kjclrekjs honk ojv{w`jfk tlhofy ov ckvobjkc twoe`wohy sl twl~ock ` ho~ojb gkjknos `jc ljhy vkfljc`wohy sl twl~ock honk ojv{w`jfk twlskfsolj* Sakwknlwk( os ov elwk ln `j oj~kvsekjs sa`j ` ralhk honk tlhofy* Kjclrekjs honk ojv{w`jfk t`yv sak n`fk ~`h{k ln sak tlhofy kosakw `s sak ojv{wkc"v ck`sa ck`sa lw `s ` fkws`oj `bk lw `nskw ` j{egkw ln yk`wv ln twkeo{e t`yekjs* Kjclrekjs honk ojv{w`jfk ov ` eksalc ln `ff{e{h`sojb f`tos`h nlw ` vtkfonof t{wtlvk `jc twlskfsojb saov v`~ojbv twlbw`e `b`ojvs sak v`~kw"v twke`s{wk ck`sa* E`jy oj~kvslwv {vk kjclrekjs honk ojv{w`jfk sl n{jc `jsofot`skc noj`jfo`h jkkcv( v{fa `v flhhkbk kc{f`solj lw wksowkekjs*

76

Twkeo{e nlw `j kjclrekjs honk tlhofy ov e{fa aobakw sa`j salvk nlw  ` ralhk honk tlhofy* Ra`s ov ` Eljky G`fm tlhofy <

Saov ov g`vof`hhy `j kjclrekjs tlhofy nlw raofa ` t`ws ln sak v{e `vv{wkc ov t`oc sl sak tlhofyalhckw oj sak nlwe ln v{w~o~`h gkjknosv( `s noqkc ojskw~`hv( gknlwk sak e`s{wosy c`sk* Sak wovm fl~kw lj sak honk fljsoj{kv nlw  sak n{hh v{e `vv{wkc k~kj `nskw t`yekjs ln v{w~o~`h gkjknosv gkjknosv `jc glj{v ov `hvl f`hf{h`skc lj sak n{hh v{e `vv{wkc* On sak tlhofyalhckw v{w~o~kv sohh sak kjc ln sak tlhofy skwe( sak v{w~o~`h gkjknosv `wk ckc{fskc nwle sak e`s{wosy ~`h{k* Ra`s ov @j @jj{osy Vfakek<

@jj{osy vfakekv `wk salvk rakwkoj yl{w wkb{h`w fljswog{soljv l~kw  ` tkwolc ln soek !lw ` ljk%soek fljswog{solj/ `ff{e{h`sk sl nlwe ` flwt{v rosa sak ojv{wkw* Saov flwt{v ov {vkc sl yokhc yl{ ` wkb{h`w ojflek sa`s ov t`oc sl yl{ {jsoh ck`sa vs`wsojb nwle yl{w ckvowkc wksowkekjs `bk* Vlek `jj{os `jj{osy y vfake vfakekv kv a`~k a`~k sak sak ltso ltsolj lj sl t`y t`y yl{w yl{w v{w~o v{w~o~l ~lwv wv ` h{et h{et v{e v{e `el{js {tlj yl{w ck`sa oj `ccosolj sl sak wkb{h`w ojflek yl{ wkfko~k raohk yl{ `wk `ho~k* Ra`s `wk Rosa Twlnos `jc Rosal{s Twlnos Th`jv<

Sak ojv{wkw covswog{skv covswog{skv osv twlnosv `eljb os tlhofyalhckwv tlhofyalhckwv k~kwy yk`w  oj sak nlwe ln ` glj{v, twlnos va`wk* @j ojv{w`jfk tlhofy f`j gk 'rosa' lw  ‘rosal{s― twlnos* Oj sak nlwekw( `jy glj{v ckfh`wkc ov `hhlsskc sl sak tlhofy `jc ov t`oc `s sak soek ln e`s{wosy, ck`sa !rosa sak fljsw`fskc `el{js/* Oj ` ‘rosal{s― twlnos th`j( sak fljsw`fskc `el{js ov t`oc rosal{s `jy twlnos va`wk* Sak twkeo{e w`sk fa`wbkc nlw ` ‘rosa― twlnos tlhofy ov sakwknlwk aobakw sa`j nlw ` 'rosal{s' twlnos tlhofy*

73

Ra`s ov Glj{v<

@j ojv{wkw covswog{skv osv twlnosv `eljb os tlhofyalhckwv k~kwy yk`w oj sak nlwe nlwe ln ` Glj{ Glj{v* v* Glj{ Glj{v vkv `wk `wk fwkc fwkcos oskc kc sl sak `ffl `ffl{j {jss ln sak sak tlhofyalhckw `jc t`oc `s sak soek ln e`s{wosy* Glj{v ov ckfh`wkc `v ` fkws`oj `el{js tkw sal{v`jc ln v{e `vv{wkc* Sak skwe 'glj{v' ov {vkc ojskwfa`jbk`ghy rosa 'rosa twlnos'* Ra`s `wk b{`w`jskkc @ccosoljv<

Oj vlek tlhofokv( sak ojv{wkw b{`w`jskkv sak glj{v, twlnos ckfh`wkc `v ` fkws`oj `el{js tkw sal{v`jc ln v{e `vv{wkc* Saov `vv{wkc glj{v rohh gk fwkc fwkcos oskc kc sl sak sak tlho tlhofy fyal alhc hckw kw owwk owwkvt vtkf kfso so~k ~k ln sak sak tkwn tkwnlw lwe` e`jf jfk k ln  ojv{w`jfk flet`jy `jc ov mjlrj `v B{`w`jskkc @ccosoljv* B{`w`jskkc @ccosoljv rohh gk t`y`ghk `s sak kjc ln sak skwe ln sak tlhofy lw k`why ck`sa ln sak tlhofyalhckwv* Ra`s `wk Hly`hsy @ccosoljv<

Oj vlek tlhofokv( l~kw `jc `gl~k B{`w`jskkc @ccosoljv( sak ojv{wkw  rohh rohh ckfh` ckfh`wk wk `jc fwkco fwkcoss sl sak sak tlho tlhofya fyalh lhckw ckw(( `j `ccos `ccosol olj` j`hh `el{ `el{js js tkw  tkw  sal{v`jc ln v{e `vv{wkc k~kwy ; yk`wv( cktkjcojb lj osv tkwnlwe`jfk* Saov `ccosolj`h `el{js ov mjlrj `v Hly`hsy @ccosolj* Ra`s `wk V{w~o~`h Gkjknosv<

Oj vle vlek tlhof lhofok okv( v( ` t`ws t`ws ln sak v{e v{e `vv{ `vv{wk wkc c ov t`oc t`oc sl sak tlhofyalhckw oj sak nlwe ln V{w~o~`h Gkjknosv( `s noqkc ojskw~`hv gknlwk sak e`s{wosy c`sk* Sak wovm fl~kw nlw honk fljsoj{kv nlw sak n{hh v{e `vv{wkc k~kj `nskw t`yekjs ln v{w~o~`h gkjknosv `jc glj{v ov `hvl f`hf{h`skc lj sak n{hh v{e `vv{wkc* On sak tlhofyalhckw v{w~o~kv sohh sak kjc ln sak skwe( sak v{w~o~`h gkjknosv rohh gk ckc{fskc nwle e`s{wosy ~`h{k*

7;

Ra`s `wk @ffockjs Gkjknosv<

Lj t`yekjs ln `j `ccosolj`h twkeo{e ln Wk0 tkw Wv0444 ln V{e @vv{wkc tkw yk`w( sak `vv{wkc ov kjsoshkc sl sak nlhhlrojb gkjknosv9% Oj f`vk ln `ffockjs`h ck`sa( sak jleojkk va`hh wkfko~k cl{ghk sak v{e `vv{wkc* Oj f`vk f`vk ln sls` sls`hh `jc `jc tkwe` tkwe`jkj jkjss cov`g cov`gohohos osy y c{k c{k sl `ffoc `ffockjs kjs(( wovm wovm fl~kw`bk fljsoj{kv rosal{s n{wsakw t`yekjs ln twkeo{e* Oj `ccosolj( `j `el{ `el{js js kp{`h kp{`h sl sak sak v{e v{e `vv{ `vv{wkc wkc ov t`oc t`oc sl sak sak `vv{wk `vv{wkc c oj eljs eljsah ahy y ojvs`hhekjsv vtwk`c l~kw 04 yk`wv* Alrk~kw( v{gvkp{kjs `ffockjs`h ck`sa rohh jls kjsoshk sak jleojkk nlw cl{ghk sak v{e `vv{wkc* Ra`s `wk Cov`gohosy Gkjknosv<

On sak `vv{wkc gkflekv sls`hhy `jc tkwe`jkjshy cov`ghkc c{k sl `jy `ffockjs( ak jkkc jls t`y n{s{wk twkeo{ev `jc aov tlhofy va`hh wke`oj oj nlwfk nlw sak n{hh V{e @vv{wkc* Ra`s `wk sak ~`wol{v elckv ln t`yekjs nlw twkeo{e<

Twke Twkeo{ o{ev ev(( lsak lsakww sa`j sa`j vojb vojbhk hk twke twkeo{ o{ev ev(( f`j f`j gk t`oc t`oc gy sak sak tlhofy tlhofyalh alhckwv ckwv sl sak ojv{wkw ojv{wkw oj yk`why yk`why(( a`hn%y a`hn%yk`w k`why( hy( p{`wsk p{`wskwhy why lw eljsahy eljsahy ojvs`hhekjsv lw sawl{ba ` V`h`wy V`~ojbv Vfakek* On sak elck ln t`yekjs ov yk`why lw a`hn%yk`why( vlek ojv{wkwv bo~k ` wkg`sk ln 6+ `jc 0*;+ wkvtkfso~khy lj sak twkeo{e* On sak elck ln t`yekjs ov eljsahy( vlek ojv{wkwv fa`wbk `j `ccosolj`h ;+ !saov `ccosolj`h fa`wbk ov r`o~kc nlw sak V`h`wy V`~ojb Vfakek/* Ra`s ov V`h`wy V`~ojbv Vfakek<

V`h`wy V`~ojbv Vfakek twl~ockv nlw t`yekjs ln twkeo{ev sawl{ba eljsahy ckc{fsoljv gy sak kethlykw nwle sak v`h`wy ln kethlykkv* Nlw saov

7>

vfakek( sak `ccosolj`h fa`wbk ln ;+ ln sak twkeo{e {v{`hhy `cckc nlw sak eljsahy elck ln t`yekjsv rohh gk r`o~kc* Ra`s hl`jv `wk `~`oh`ghk `b`ojvs honk ojv{w`jfk tlhofokv<

@s twkvkjs hl`jv `wk bw`jskc lj {jkjf{egkwkc tlhofkv `v nlhhlrv % [t sl ?4+ ln sak V{wwkjckw ^`h{k nlw tlhofokv( rakwk sak twkeo{e c{k ov n{hhy t`oc%{t( `jc [t sl 1;+ ln sak V{wwkjckw ^`h{k nlw tlhofokv rakwk sak twkeo{e c{k ov t`wshy t`oc%{t* Sak eojoe{e `el{js nlw raofa ` hl`j f`j gk bw`jskc {jckw ` tlhofy ov Wv0;4* Sak w`sk ln ojskwkvs fa`wbkc ov 04*;+ t*`*( t`y`ghk a`hn%yk`why* Hl`jv `wk jls bw`jskc nlw ` tkwolc valwskw sa`j voq eljsav( lw lj sak vkf{wosy ln hlvs tlhofokv !sak `vv{wkc e{vs a`~k sak c{thof`sk tlhofokv/ lw  lj tlhofo tlhofokv kv ovv{kc ovv{kc {jckw {jckw fkws`oj fkws`oj th`jv* th`jv* Fkws`oj Fkws`oj sytkv sytkv ln tlhofo tlhofokv kv `wk( alrk~kw( rosal{s hl`j n`fohosy* Ra`s ov V{wwkjckw ^`h{k<

Sak f`va ~`h{k t`y`ghk gy sak ojv{wkw lj skweoj`solj ln sak tlhofy fljsw`fs `s sak ckvowk ln sak tlhofyalhckw gknlwk sak kqtowy ln tlhofy skwe ov mjlrj `v sak v{wwkjckw ~`h{k ln sak tlhofy* Bkjkw`hhy( ` tlhofy f`j gk v{wwkjckwkc twl~ockc sak tlhofy ov mkts oj nlwfk nlw `s hk`vs 6 yk`wv* Sak glj{v ov `hvl `cckc sl sak v{wwkjckw ~`h{k on sak tlhofy a`v gkkj oj nlwfk( oj elvs f`vkv( nlw `s hk`vs ; yk`wv* Ra`s ov ` Ck`sa Fh`oe<

Sak fh`oe ov {v{`hhy t`y`ghk sl sak jleojkk,`vvobjkk lw sak hkb`h v{ffkvvlw( `v sak f`vk e`y gk* Alrk~kw( on sak ckfk`vkc tlhofyalhckw a`v jls jleoj`skc,`vvobjkc sak tlhofy lw jls e`ck ` rohh( sak fh`oe ov t`y`ghk sl sak alhckw ln ` V{ffkvvolj Fkwsonof`sk lw v{fa k~ockjfk ln soshk nwle ` Fl{ws ln H`r*

72

Ra`s ov Jleoj`solj,@vvobjekjs ln ` Tlhofy<

Rakj sak tlhofy eljky gkflekv c{k nlw t`yekjs lj sak ck`sa ln  sak tlhofyalhckw( os f`j gk t`oc ljhy sl sa`s tkwvlj ral ov hkb`hhy kjsoshkc sl bo~k ` ~`hoc `jc knnkfso~k covfa`wbk sl sak flwtlw`solj* On sak tlhofy gk`wv jleoj`solj( sak fh`oe ov vksshkc oj n`~lw ln sak jleojkk* Voeoh`why( on sak tlhofy ov `vvobjkc( sak `vvobjkk wkfko~kv sak fh`oe `el{js* Os val{hc gk jlskc sa`s `j `vvobjekjs ln ` tlhofy `{sle`sof`hhy f`jfkhv sak kqovsojb jleoj jleoj`s `sol olj* j* Akjfk Akjfk(( rakj rakj v{fa v{fa ` tlho tlhofy fy ov wk`vv wk`vvobj objkc kc oj n`~lw n`~lw ln sak sak tlhofyalhckw( os ov jkfkvv`wy sl e`mk nwkva jleoj`solj*

Ra`s `wk Ekcof`h `jc Jlj%Ekcof`h Vfakekv<

Honk ojv{w`jfk ov jlwe`hhy lnnkwkc `nskw ` ekcof`h kq`eoj`solj ln sak honk sl gk `vv{wkc* Alrk~kw( sl n`fohos`sk bwk`skw vtwk`c ln ojv{w`jfk `jc `hvl `v ` ek`v{wk ln wkh`q`solj( vlek ojv{wkwv cl lnnkw ojv{w`jfk fl~kw  rosal{s `jy ekcof`h kq`eoj`solj( v{gikfs sl fkws`oj fljcosoljv* Alr Alr cl yl{ yl{ knnkf knnkfss ` Fa`j Fa`jbk bk ln @ccw @ccwkv kvv v `jc `jc Sw`jv Sw`jvnk nkww ln Tlhof Tlhofy y Wkflwcv<

Rakj ` tlhofyalhckw r`jsv sl fa`jbk aov `ccwkvv oj sak ojv{wkw‟v wkflwc wkflwcv( v( jlso jlsofk fk ln v{fa v{fa fa`jbk fa`jbk val{h val{hc c gk bo~k bo~kj j sl sak sak Gw`jf Gw`jfa a lnno lnnofk fk vkw~ofojb aov tlhofy* Tlhofy wkflwcv f`j gk sw`jvnkwwkc nwle sak Gw`jfa Lnnofk sa`s vkw~ofkv sak tlhofy sl `jy lsakw Gw`jfa Lnnofk jk`wkvs sl sak tlhofyalhckw‟v th`fk ln wkvockjfk* Sak flwwkfs `ccwkvv n`fohos`skv gksskw  vkw~ofkv `jc p{ofmkw vksshkekjs ln fh`oev*

71

Rakj clkv ` tlhofy h`tvk<

Rakj sak twkeo{e ov jls t`oc rosaoj sak c`yv ln bw`fk twl~ockc `nskw sak c{k c`sk( sak tlhofy h`tvkv* Sak bw`fk tkwolc oj f`vk ln yk`why( a`hn%yk`why `jc p{`wskwhy elckv ln t`yekjs ov ljk eljsa `jc oj f`vk ln  sak eljsahy elck ln t`yekjs( os ov 0; c`yv*

Alr f`j ` h`tvkc tlhofy gk wk~o~kc<

@ h`tvkc tlhofy e`y gk wk~o~kc c{wojb sak honksoek ln sak `vv{wkc( g{s rosaoj ` tkwolc ln ; yk`wv nwle sak c{k c`sk ln sak nowvs {jt`oc twkeo{e `jc gknlwk sak c`sk ln e`s{wosy* Wk~o~`h ln ` h`tvkc tlhofy ov fljvockwkc kosakw lj jlj%ekcof`h lw ekcof`h g`vov cktkjcojb {tlj sak `bk ln sak honk `vv{wkc `s sak soek ln wk~o~`h `jc sak v{e sl gk wk~o~kc* On sak wk~o~`h ln  sak tlhofy ov flethkskc gy t`yekjs ln l~kw%c{k twkeo{e rosaoj 03 c`yv nwle sak kqtowy ln sak bw`fk tkwolc( ljhy sak h`sk nkk nlw ljk eljsa a`v sl gk t`oc* F`j ` tlhofy gk `hskwkc<

Jl `hskw`solj ov tkweovvoghk oj sak tlhofy clf{ekjs % sak k~ockjfk ln  fljsw`fs( {jhkvv glsa sak t`wsokv sl sak fljsw`fs `bwkk* @nskw sak tlhofy ov ovv{kc( ` tlhofyalhckw oj ` j{egkw ln f`vkv nojcv sak skwev jls v{os`ghk sl aoe,akw `jc ckvowkv sl fa`jbk sake sl v{os aov,akw flj~kjokjfk* @v `hh ojv{ ojv{wkw wkwv v `hvl `hvl wk`ho wk`hok k sa`s sa`s ojv{w ojv{w`jf `jfk k ov ` hljb hljb skwe skwe fljsw fljsw`f `fs( s( fkws fkws`o `oj j fa`jbkv {jckw bo~kj fowf{evs`jfkv eobas jkfkvvos`sk `j `hskw`solj ln sak fljs fljsw` w`fs fs** Mkkt Mkktoj ojb b oj ~okr ~okr sak g`vo g`vof f twoj twojf foth othkv ln ojv ojv{w`j {w`jfk fk `jc `jc `ceoj `ceojov ovsw sw`s `so~ o~k k flj~ flj~kjo kjokjf kjfk( k( elvs elvs ojv{ ojv{wkw wkwv v tkweo tkweoss vlek vlek `hsk `hskw`s w`solj oljv* v* Sal{b Sal{ba( a( os ov bkjkw` bkjkw`hhhhy y nl{j nl{jc c sa`s sa`s `v ` w{hk( w{hk( ojv{ ojv{wkw wkwv v cl jls tkweos tkweos

7?

`hskw`soljv `hskw`soljv wkv{hsojb wkv{hsojb oj hlrkw w`skv ln twkeokw `jc rosaoj rosaoj sak 0vs yk`w nwle sak fleekjfkekjs ln sak tlhofy* Ra`s Ra`s ov sak sak conn connkw kwkj kjfk fk gksr gksrkk kkj j Honk Honk Ojv{ Ojv{w` w`jf jfk k `jc `jc Bkjkw kjkw`h `h Ojv{w`jfk<

@ Honk Ojv{w`jfk Ojv{w`jfk ck`hv rosa ~`wol{v th`jv fljjkfskc fljjkfskc rosa sak honk ln  ` tkwvlj( rakwk`v `hh mojcv ln jlj honk ojv{w`jfk tlhofokv `wk ovv{kc gy sak Bkjkw`h Ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv*

Ra`s Ra`s `wk `wk sak sak clf{ clf{ek ekjs jsv v sl gk kqkf kqkf{s {skc kc `s sak sak soek soek ln s`mo s`mojb jb ojv{w`jfk<

@ Twltlv`h nlwe val{hc gk nohhkc oj gy sak tkwvlj s`mojb ojv{w`jfk rosal{s fljfk`hojb `jy e`skwo`h n`fsv* Sak ~`h{kv nlw raofa ojv{w`jfk ov sl gk s`mkj `mkj ov `hvl `hvl ckfo ckfock ck gy sak sak t`ws t`wsy y s`mo `mojb ojv{ ojv{w` w`jf jfk* k* Jl goh gohhv( hv( clf{ekjs`wy twllnv `wk s`mkj gy sak ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv `s sak soek ln  s`mojb ojv{w`jfk( `v sak ojv{w`jfk ov ` fljsw`fs ln {selvs bllc n`osa* Twkeo{e ov sl gk bo~kj `hljb rosa sak twltlv`h nlwe nlw flethksojb sak ojv{w`jfk sw`jv`fsolj `nskw raofa sak ojv{w`jfk flet`jy ovv{kv sak fl~kw  jlsk lw tlhofy*

64

Ojv{w`jfk Vkfslw Wknlwev Ray Os gkf`ek Ojk~os`ghk

Ckvtosk sak takjlekj`h v{ffkvv ln Sak Honk Ojv{w`jfk Flwtlw`solj ln Ojco` sak bl~kwjekjs `jc sak t{ghof `s h`wbk rkwk jls v`sovnokc rosa os `jc gy vobjojb vobjojb sak B@SS `fflwc sak Bl~kwjekjs Bl~kwjekjs ln Ojco` r`v fleeosskc fleeosskc sl ltkj {t sak ojv{w`jfk vkfslw sl glsa clekvsof `jc ojskwj`solj`h nowev* @ fleeosskk {jckw sak fa`owe`jvaot ln h`sk Ew* W*J E`halsw` r`v nlwekc !kq bl~kwjlw WGO/ `jc f`ek sl fljfh{ck fljfh{ck sa`s sak eljltlhy eljltlhy ln HOF hk`c sl sak h`fm ln vkjvoso~osy slr`wcv tlhofy alhckwv `jc ljhy 77+ ln sak ojv{w`ghk tlt{h`solj r`v ojv{wkc* Sak Sak fleeo fleeoss sskk kk sa{v sa{v wkfle wkfleek ekjck jckc c ` j{eg j{egkw kw ln ek`v{ ek`v{wk wkv v sl wk~`et HOF `jc sl `hhlr nlwkobj flet`jokv sl ltkw`sk oj Ojco` rosa `j Ojco`j t`wsjkw* Os nkhs sa`s saov rl{hc hk`c sl ` bwk`skw vfltk oj twlc{fs ojjl~`solj `jc vkw~ofk oetwl~kekjs `v rkhh* Oj 0??? sak Ojv{w`jfk Wkb{h`slwy `jc Ck~khltekjs @{salwosy Gohh r`v t`vvkc gy sak bl~kwjekjs sl n`fohos`sk sak bwlrsa `jc wkb{h`sk sak jkrhy ltkjkc ojv{w`jfk vkfslw `jc sl b{`w`jskk sak oj~kvsekjsv e`ck gy sak tklthk* Lj @{b{vs 0;( 7444 sak vkfslw r`v noj`hhy ltkjkc nlw nlwkobj vkfslw  t`wsofot`solj* Ckwkb{h`solj f`ek rosa fkws`oj fljcosoljv9

Nowvshy( `hh jkr nlwkobj th`ykwv kjskwojb sak Ojco`j e`wmks e{vs vks {t ` ilojs ~kjs{wk rosa ` hlf`h flet`jy* Vkfljchy( sak e`qoe{e va`wk sak nlwkobj th`ykw f`j alhc ov 7>+( rosa sak hlf`h flet`jy !lw flet`jokv/ alhcojb sak g`h`jfk* Wkb{h`slwv `wk f{wwkjshy wkfljvockwojb sak nlwkobj kp{osy f`t ln 7>+* 60

Twl`fso~k vsktv s`mkj gy sak OWC@ nlw ck~khltekjs ln sak e`wmks9

0/ E`wmks E`wmks wkb{h` wkb{h`sol solj j gy tw{ckjs tw{ckjso`h o`h jlwev* jlwev* 7/ Wkbovsw`solj Wkbovsw`solj ln th`ykwv ral ral a`~k sak sak jkfkvv`wy jkfkvv`wy noj`jfo`h noj`jfo`h vswkjbsa vswkjbsa sl sl rosavs`jc sak cke`jcv ln ` bwlrojb `jc j`vfkjs e`wmks* 6/ Oethk Oethkek ekjs js`s `sol olj j ln ` vlh~k vlh~kjfy jfy wkbo wkboek ek sa`s sa`s kjv{w kjv{wkv kv fljs fljsoj{ oj{l{v l{v noj`jfo`h vs`gohosy* 3/ Twkvkjfk ln `j `ckp{`sk `ckp{`sk j{egkw ln ln ojv{wkwv ojv{wkwv sl twl~ock twl~ock fletkso fletksosolj solj `jc falofk sl sak f{vslekwv* ;/ Ck~khltekjs Ck~khltekjs ln e`wmks f`t`fosy f`t`fosy gy `vmojb `vmojb ojv{wkwv ojv{wkwv sl wks`oj wks`oj g{hm Ln  Ln  sak twkeo{e rosaoj sak fl{jswy `jc sl kqa`{vs hlf`h e`wmks F`t`fosy gknlwk wkojv{wojb `gwl`c *

Oj slc` slc`y‟ y‟v v aoba aobahy hy flet fletks ksos oso~ o~k k noj`j noj`jfo fo`h `h vkw~o vkw~ofk fkv v kj~ow kj~owlj ljek ekjs js(( knnkfso~k lwb`jo`soljv rohh kethly skfajlhlby oj ` vsw`skbof wlhk sl `faok~k fletksoso~k kcbk* Skfajlhlby rohh th`y `j ojfwk`vojb wlhk oj `ocojb ckvobj `jc `ceojovskwojb ln twlc{fsv( `v rkhh oj knnlwsv sl g{ohc honk%hljb f{vslekw wkh`soljvaotv* Ojv{w`jfk

@ sawo~ojb ojv{w`jfk vkfslw ov ln ~os`h oetlws`jfk sl k~kwy elckwj kfljley* Nowvs gkf`{vk os kjfl{w`bkv sak v`~ojbv a`gos* Vkfljc gkf`{vk os twl~ twl~oc ockv kv ` v`nk v`nksy sy jks jks sl w{w` w{w`hh `jc `jc {wg` {wg`j j kjsk kjskwt wtwo wovk vkv v `jc `jc twlc twlc{f {fso so~k ~k ojco~oc{`hv* @jc tkwa`tv elvs oetlws`jshy os bkjkw`skv hljb%skwe oj~kvsoghk n{jcv nlw ojnw`vsw{fs{wk g{ohcojb* Sak j`s{wk ln sak ojv{w`jfk g{vojkvv ov v{fa sa`s sak f`va ojnhlr ln ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv ov fljvs`js raohk sak t`yl{s ov cknkwwkc `jc fljsojbkjfy wkh`skc* Sak ojv{w`jfk ojc{vswy ojc{vswy oj Ojco` a`v wkbovskwkc ` bwlrsa ln  04*; + oj sak honk ojv{w`jfk e`wmks `jc ` 06+ bwlrsa oj sak jlj honk ojv{w`jfk e`wmks* Saov ov twoe`wohy gkf`{vk ln sak hogkw`ho`solj ln sak ojv{w`jfk vkfslw `jc sak fljv fljv{e {ekw kw `r`w `r`wkj kjkvv kvv cwo~ cwo~k k h`{j h`{jfa fakc kc gy glsa glsa H*O* H*O*F F `jc `jc two~ two~`s `sk k vkfs vkfslw  lw 

67

th`ykwv* @v sak fljv{ekw ln ojv{w`jfk ov r`mojb {t sl jkrkw jkkcv* Sak Ojco`j ojv{wkw ov `hvl bkssojb sakwk sl ekks sake* Sawl{ba twlc{fs `jc e`wmks wkvk`wfa `jc jl cl{gs sawl{ba lgvkw~`solj ln fljv{ekw gka`~olw  fa`jbkv `wk knnkfskc oj sak mojc ln twlc{fsv `jc nk`s{wkv fleojb l{s ojsl sak e`wmks* Sak fljfkts ln Ojv{w`jfk

Sak Sak g{vo g{vojk jkvv vv ln ojv{ ojv{w` w`jf jfk k ov wkh` wkh`sk skc c sl sak sak twls twlskf kfso solj lj ln sak sak kfljleof ~`h{k ln `j `vvks nlw raofa ` jlwe`h honksoek kqovsv c{wojb raofa os ov kqtkfskc sl tkwnlwe* Alrk~kw on sak `vvks bksv C`e`bkc( ckvswlykc lw ov e`ck e`ck jlj n{jfso n{jfsolj` lj`hh gy sak lff{wwkjfk lff{wwkjfk ln vlek vlek {jnlws {jnlws{j`s {j`sk k k~kjs k~kjs sak lrjk lrjkww ln sak sak `vvks `vvksv v v{nnk v{nnkwv wv** Ojv{ Ojv{w`j w`jfk fk ov ` ekfa ekfa`jo `jove ve sl wkc{f wkc{fk k sak sak noj`jfo`h oethof`soljv ln v{fa fljvkp{kjfkv* Sak ekfa`jove oj~lh~kv tklthk ral `wk kqtlvkc sl sak v`ek wovm flek slbksakw `jc `bwkk sa`s on `jy ljk ln sak ekegkwv v{nnkwv ` hlvv sak lsakwv rohh va`wk sak hlvv `jc e`mk bllc sak hlvv* Sa{v tklthk n`fojb fleelj wovm flek slbksakw `jc e`mk sakow fljswog{solj slr`wcv ` fleelj n{jc ralvk `el{js ov ckskweojkc gknlwka`jc lj sak g`vov ln t`vs c`s` `jc kqtkwokjfkv*

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Lttlws{josokv 0/ Sak `gohosy `gohosy sl fwlvv vkhhv vkhhv noj`jfo`h noj`jfo`h vkw~ofk vkw~ofkv v ov g`wkhy g`wkhy gkojb s`ttkc s`ttkc `jc f`j vsohh gk ck~khltkc gy flhh`glw`so~k knnlwsv* 7/ Skfajlhlby Skfajlhlby ov oetwl~ojb oetwl~ojb sl sl sak tlojs tlojs sa`s t`tkwhkv t`tkwhkvv v sw`jv`fsoljv sw`jv`fsoljv `wk `wk `~`oh`ghk* 6/ Sak fhokjs"v fhokjs"v ojfwk`voj ojfwk`vojb b jkkc nlw `j `j 'ojv{w`jfk 'ojv{w`jfk fljv{hs`js fljv{hs`js'' f`j ltkj jkr r`yv sl vkw~ofk sak fhokjs `jc bkjkw`sk ojflek*

Sawk`sv 0/ Sak ojfwk`vojb ojfwk`vojb flvs flvs `jc jkkc jkkc nlw ojv{w`jf ojv{w`jfk k eobas aos ` tlojs tlojs rakwk rakwk ` g`fmh`va rosa lff{w* 7/ Bl~k Bl~kwj wjek ekjs js wkb{ wkb{h` h`so solj ljv v lj ovv{ ovv{kv kv homk homk ak`h ak`hsa sa f`wk f`wk(( elhc elhc `jc `jc skwwlwove f`j p{ofmhy fa`jbk sak cowkfsolj ln ojv{w`jfk* Ojfwk`vojb kqtkj kqtkjvkv vkv `jc hlrkw hlrkw twlno twlnoss e`wb e`wboj ojv v rohh rohh aos aos a`wc a`wc lj sak sak ve`h ve`hhkw  hkw  `bkjfokv `jc ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv* 6/ Ojfwk`v Ojfwk`vojb ojb kqtkjvk kqtkjvkv v `jc hlrkw twlnos twlnos e`wbojv e`wbojv rohh rohh aos a`wc lj sak ve`hhkw `bkjfokv `jc ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv* 3/ Ojfwk`vojb Ojfwk`vojb oj sak sak j{egkw j{egkw ln two~`sk two~`sk th`ykwv th`ykwv oj oj sak e`wmks* e`wmks* N`fslwv Wkvtljvoghk nlw sak Homkhy v{ffkvv ln Ojv{w`jfk Flet`jokv*

Vk~kw`h n`fslwv `wk wkvtljvoghk nlw sak homkhy v{ffkvv ln sak ~`wol{v Ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv oj bkjkw`h= ~o* 0 Sak @ fa`jbk fa`jbk oj sak sak `sso `ssos{c s{ck k ln sak tlt{h`s tlt{h`solj olj 7 @j ltkj ltkj `jc sw`jvt sw`jvt`wkj `wkjss kj~owlj kj~owljekj ekjss fwk`skc fwk`skc {jckw {jckw sak sak OWC@* OWC@* 6 @ rkhh rkhh%kvs %kvs`gh `ghovak ovakc c covs covswog{ wog{sol solj j jksr jksrlwm* lwm* 3 Sw`ojkc Sw`ojkc twln twlnkvvo kvvolj` lj`hv hv sl sl g{ohc g{ohc `jc `jc vkhh vkhh sak sak twlc{f twlc{fs* s* ; @ elwk elwk w`solj w`solj`hk `hk `ttw `ttwl`fa l`fa sl sl sak oj~kv oj~kvsek sekjs js fwosk fwoskwo` wo` > Kjfl{w`b Kjfl{w`bkek kekjs js ln jkrkw jkrkw `jc `jc gkss gksskw kw twlc twlc{fs {fsv* v* 2 @ vswo vswojbk jbkjs js `ffl{j `ffl{jso sojb jb tw`fso tw`fsofk fk sl twk~k twk~kjs js n`oh{ n`oh{wkv wkv `eljb `eljbvs vs sak ojv{wkwv* 1 @ hk~kh hk~kh th`yojb th`yojb nokh nokhc c `s `hh vs`b vs`bkv kv ln ck~kh ck~khlte ltekjs kjs oj oj sak vkfsl vkfslww nlw `hh `hh sak th`ykwv* 34

FLET@J_ TWLNOHK

30

FLET@J_ TWLNOHK OJSWLC[FSOLJ LN OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FL HSC*

OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk Flet`jy ov ` ilojs ~kjs{wk gksrkkj OFOF OFOFOO G`jm G`jm(( ` twkeo twkeokw kw noj` noj`jf jfo` o`hh tlrk tlrkwal wal{vk {vk `jc `jc tw{ck tw{ckjs jso` o`hh !THF/( !THF/( ` hk`cojb ojskwj`solj`h noj`jfo`h vkw~ofkv bwl{t ak`cp{`wskwkc oj sak [joskc Mojbcle* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h r`v sak nowvs `eljb two~`sk vkfslw ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv sl gkboj ltkw`soljv oj Ckfkegkw 7444 `nskw wkfko~ojb `ttwl~`h nwle Ojv{w`jfk Wkb{h`slwy Ck~khltekjs @{salwosy !OWC@/* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h"v kp{osy g`vk vs`jcv `s Wv* ?*7; gohholj rosa OFOFO G`jm `jc Tw{ckjso`h !THF/ alhcojb 23+ `jc 7>+ vs`mk wkvtkfso~khy* Oj sak tkwolc @twoh%Ckfkegkw 744;( sak flet`jy b`wjkwkc Wv 1*> gohholj ln  jkr g{vojkvv twkeo{e nlw ` sls`h v{e `vv{wkc ln l~kw Wv 26*> gohholj `jc rwlsk jk`why 6(3;(444 tlhofokv* Sak flet`jy a`v ` jksrlwm ln l~kw ;4(444 `c~ovlwv= `v rkhh `v 2 g`jm `vv{w`jfk sok%{tv* Slc`y( OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h a`v kekwbkc `v sak Jl* 0 two~`sk honk ojv{wkw oj sak fl{jswy( rosa ` rock w`jbk ln nhkqoghk twlc{fsv sa`s ekks sak jkkcv ln sak Ojco`j f{vslekw `s k~kwy vskt oj honk*

37

OFOFO JKSRLWM9

@GL[S TW[CKJSO@H

36

Lwobojv9

Rakj Rakj Tw{ck Tw{ckjs jso` o`hh r`v r`v nl{jc nl{jckc kc oj Hljc Hljclj lj oj 0131 0131 os twl~ twl~oc ockc kc twlnkvvolj`h tklthk rosa hl`jv vkf{wkc gy honk `vv{w`jfk* Sak e`wmks r`v h`skw gwl`ckjkc rakj ojv{w`jfk tlhofokv( rosa tkjjy twkeo{ev flhhkfskc gy `bkjsv( rkwk vlhc gy sak ojc{vswo`h gw`jfa sl sak rlwmojb fh`vvkv oj sak vkfljc a`hn ln sak jojkskkjsa fkjs{wy* Ojc{vswo`h `vv{w`jfk r`v `j ojjl~`solj oj ojv{w`jfk* Sak `fs{`wo`h eksalcv ( {jsoh sakj a`c gkkj `tthokc sl ojv{w`jfk nlw sak gksskw lnn vlfo`h fh`vvkv rkwk flegojkc rosa sak sw`cosolj`h eksalc ln cowkfs vkhhojb sawl{ba `bkjsv sa`s a`c v{ffkvvn{hhy gkkj {vkc gy nwokjchy vlfoksokv `jc g{wo`h fh{gv* fh{gv* Sak Tw{ckjs Tw{ckjso`h o`h gw`jc ~`h{kv ~`h{kv ln ojskbwo ojskbwosy( sy( ~`h{k nlw eljky eljky `jc vkf{wosy rkwk kvs`ghovakc `jc g{ohs sak flet`jy"v wkt{s`solj* V{ffkvv oj saov e`wmks ek`js sa`s gy sak 0?44v Tw{ckjso`h ojv{wkc ljk saowc ln sak [M tlt{h`solj* Kqt`jvolj

L~kw sak ckf`ckv Tw{ckjso`h a`v kqskjckc sak twlc{fs tlwsnlhol sl ekks f{vslekwv" jkkcv* Nlhhlrojb sak Nowvs Rlwhc R`w jkr tlhofokv nlw  vojb vojbhk hk rlek rlekj( j( n`eo n`eohy hy `jc `jc alek alek twls twlskf kfso solj lj rkwk rkwk ojsw ojswlc lc{f {fkc kc** Sak Sak kvs`ghovaekjs ln bwl{t tkjvoljv oj 0?7? `cckc ` n{wsakw w`jbk ln twlc{fsv sl sak g{vojkvv* C{wojb sak 0?;4v `jc 0?>4v( Tw{ckjso`h"v lwcoj`wy gw`jfa nlf{vkc lj honk fl~kw( hljb skwe v`~ojbv twlc{fsv `jc wksowkekjs `jj{osokv* Sw`cosolj`h ojc{vswo`h gw`jfa twlc{fsv ckfhojkc( `hsal{ba alek vkw~ofk r`v vsohh oj cke`jc* Gy sak 0?24v Tw{ckjso`h a`c kvs`ghovakc ` rock w`jbk ln  `vv{w`jfk( oj~kvsekjs `jc v`~ojbv twlc{fsv*

33

Sak nlf{v lj `cltsojb jkr v`hkv `jc e`wmksojb skfajop{kv sl twlelsk twlc{fsv twlc{fsv cleoj`skc cleoj`skc sak 0?14v* Sak v`hkv nlwfk r`v wkvsw{fs{wkc wkvsw{fs{wkc sl ck`h gksskw rosa f{vslekw jkkcv `jc jkr fa`jjkhv ln flee{jof`solj rkwk rkwk ltkj ltkjkc kc sawl sawl{b {ba a skhk skhkta talj ljk k v`hk v`hkv v `jc `jc Ojck Ojcktk tkjc jckj kjss Noj` Noj`jf jfo` o`hh @c~ovkwv* Sak 0??4v v`r n{wsakw co~kwvonof`solj ln twlc{fsv `jc eksalcv ln  flee{jof`solj* Oj 0??2 Vflssova @eof`ghk r`v `fp{owkc( vswkjbsakjojb Tw{ckjso`h"v tlvosolj oj sak ON@ vkfslw* Wkfkjs K~kjsv

Tw{ckjso`h"v [M g{vojkvv a`v {jckwbljk ` vsw`skbof wk~okr sl ekks f{vslekw"v fa`jbojb jkkcv ojfh{cojb sak fhlv{wk ln sak cowkfs v`hkv nlwfk( sak sw`jvnkw ln l{w bkjkw`h ojv{w`jfk ltkw`soljv sl Rojskwsa{w Ojv{w`jfk `jc sak wkh`{jfa ln ` vojbhk [M gw`jc rosa sak `r`wc%rojjojb ‑Th`j nwle sak Tw{‟ f`et`obj( `j oet`wso`h b{ock sl noj`jfo`h th`jjojb* Slc`y Tw{ckjso`h"v [M Ojv{w`jfk Ltkw`soljv twl~ock ` w`jbk ln  noj`jfo`h twlc{fsv `jc vkw~ofkv sawl{ba ` co~kwvonokc covswog{solj elckh raofa ojfh{ckv `bwkkekjsv rosa @ggky J`solj`h G`jm `jc Y{wofa Noj`jfo`h Vkw~ofkv* Tw{ckjso`h ov sak hk`cojb covswog{slw ln rosa%twlnosv gljcv sawl{ba ON@v( `jc fljsoj{kv sl hk`c sak e`wmks oj osv lsakw falvkj twlc{fs `wk`v( ojfh{cojb flwtlw`sk tkjvoljv `jc g{hm `jc ojco~oc{`h `jj{osokv*

3;

OFOFO FLET@J_ ^OVOLJ

Sl e`mk OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h sak cleoj`js Honk `jc Tkjvoljv th`ykw g{ohs lj sw{vs gy rlwhc%fh`vv tklthk `jc vkw~ofk* Saov rk altk sl `faok~k gy9 ‧

[jckwvs`jcojb sak jkkcv ln f{vslekwv ln  f{vslekwv `jc lnnkwojb sake v{tkwolw  twlc{fsv `jc vkw~ofk

‧

Hk~kw`bojb skfajlhlby sl vkw~ofk f{vslekwv p{ofmhy( knnofokjshy `jc flj~kjokjshy

‧

Ck~khltojb `jc oethkekjsojb v{tkwolw wovm e`j`bkekjs `jc oj~kvsekjs vsw`skbokv sl lnnkw v{vs`oj`ghk `jc vs`ghk wks{wjv sl

l{w tlhofyalhckwv ‧

Twl~ocojb `j kj`ghojb kj~owljekjs sl nlvskw bwlrsa `jc hk`wjojb nlw  l{w kethlykkv

‧

@jc `gl~k `hh( g{ohcojb sw`jvt`wkjfy oj `hh l{w ck`hojbv* Sak v{ffkvv ln sak flet`jy rohh gk nl{jckc oj osv {jnhojfaojb fleeosekjs sl ;

flwk ~`h{kv %% Ojskbwosy( F{vslekw Nowvs(

Gl{jc`wy hkvv( Lrjkwvaot `jc T`vvolj* K`fa ln sak ~`h{kv ckvfwogkv ra`s sak flet`jy vs`jcv nlw( sak p{`hosokv ln l{w tklthk `jc sak r`y rk rlwm* Rk cl gkhok~k sa`s rk `wk lj sak sawkvalhc ln `j kqfosojb jkr lttlws{josy( rakwk rk f`j th`y ` vobjonof`js wlhk oj wkcknojojb `jc wkva`tojb sak vkfslw* Bo~kj sak p{`hosy ln l{w t`wkjs`bk `jc sak fleeosekjs ln l{w sk`e( sakwk `wk jl hoeosv sl l{w bwlr*

Twlelskwv9

3>

OFOFO `jc Tw{ckjso`h f`ek slbksakw oj 0??6 sl nlwe Tw{ckjso`h OFOFO @vvks E`j`bkekjs Flet`jy( raofa a`v slc`y kekwbkc `v ljk ln sak hk`cojb e{s{`h n{jcv oj Ojco`* Sak srl flet`jokv gwojb slbksakw srl ln sak vswljbkvs noj`jfo`h vkw~ofk gw`jcv oj @vo`( mjlrj nlw sakow twlnkvvolj`hove( kqfkhhkjs p{`hosy ln vkw~ofk `jc hljb skwe fleeosekjs sl _L[* Wocojb lj sak v{ffkvv ln saov wkh`soljvaot( sak srl flet`jokv ilojkc a`jcv ljfk elwk oj 7444( sl nlwe OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk( rosa ` fleeosekjs sl twl~ock hk`cojb%kcbk honk ojv{w`jfk vlh{soljv* OFOFO G`jm a`v 23+ vs`mk oj sak flet`jy( `jc tw{ckjso`h thf a`v 7>+* OFOFOG`jm9

!J_VK9OGJ OGJ// ov Ojco`‟ Ojco`‟v v vkfljc vkfljc h`wbkv h`wbkvss g`jm rosa rosa `j OFOFO OFOFO G`jm G`jm !J_VK9 `vvks g`vk ln Wv* 04>107 fwlwk* OFOFO G`jm twl~ockv ` gwl`c vtkfsw{e ln  noj`jfo`h noj`jfo`h vkw~ofkv sl ojco~oc{`hv ojco~oc{`hv `jc flet`jokv* flet`jokv* Saov ojfh{ckv ojfh{ckv elwsb`bkv( elwsb`bkv( f`w `jc tkwvlj`h hl`jv( fwkcos `jc ckgos f`wcv( flwtlw`sk `jc `bwof{hs{w`h noj`jfk* Sak G`jm vkw~ofkv ` bwlrojb f{vslekw g`vk ln elwk sa`j 2 eohholj eohholj f{vslekw `ffl{jsv `jc ; eohholj eohholj gljcalhckwv‟ `ffl{jsv `ffl{jsv sawl{ba ` e{hso% e{hso%fa` fa`jjk jjkhh `ffkvv `ffkvv jksrlwm jksrlwm** Saov Saov ojfh{c ojfh{ckv kv `gl{s `gl{s 3;4 gw`jfak gw`jfakv v `jc kqskjvolj fl{jskwv( 0>2; @SEv( f`hh fkjskwv `jc Ojskwjks g`jmojb !rrr*ofofog`jm*fle rrr*ofofog`jm*fle/* /* OFOFO G`jm tlvskc ` jks twlnos ln Wv*0( 74> fwlwk nlw  sak yk`w kjckc E`wfa 60( 744;* OFOFO G`jm ov sak ljhy Ojco`j flet`jy sl gk w`sk w`skc c `gl~k `gl~k sak sak fl{js fl{jswy wy w`soj w`sojb b gy sak sak ojsk ojskwj wj`s `solj olj`h `h w`soj w`sojb b `bkj `bkjfy fy Ellcy‟v `jc sak ljhy Ojco`j flet`jy sl gk `r`wckc `j oj~kvsekjs bw`ck ojskwj`solj`h fwkcos w`sojb* Sak G`jm kjilyv sak aobakvs @@@ !lw kp{o~`hkjs/ w`sojb nwle `hh hk`cojb Ojco`j w`sojb `bkjfokv*

E`j`bkekjs9

32

Gl`wc ln Cowkfslwv

Sak OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk Flet`jy Hoeoskc Gl`wc fletwovkv wkt{skc tklthk nwle sak noj`jfk ojc{vswy glsa nwle Ojco` `jc `gwl`c* Ew* M*^* M`e`sa( Fa`owe`j Ew* E`wm Jlwgle Ewv* H`hos` C* B{tsk Ewv* M`ht`j` Elwt`wo` Ewv* Fa`jc` Mlfaa`w  Ew* Mk~oj Alhebwkj Ew* E*T* Elco Ew* W J`w`y`j`j Ev* Vaoma` Va`we`( E`j`bojb Cowkfslw 

E`j`bkekjs Sk`e

Ev* Vaoma` Va`we`( E`j`bojb Cowkfslw  Ew* V`jckkt G`sw`( Faokn Noj`jfo`h Lnnofkw . Flet`jy Vkfwks`wy Ew* Va{gawl I* Eosw`( Faokn % A{e`j Wkvl{wfkv Ew* T{jkks J`jc`( Ak`c % Oj~kvsekjsv Ev* @jos` T`o( Faokn % F{vslekw Vkw~ofk `jc Ltkw`soljv Ew* ^* W`i`blt`h`j( @ttlojskc @fs{`wy Ew* Cot`j Ga`ss`fa`wy` % Faokn Ojnlwe`solj Skfajlhlby

OFOFO Tw{ oj sak Jkrv9

31

OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk aomkv f`tos`h sl Wv >2; fw  OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk a`v aomkc osv f`tos`h gy Wv ;4 fwlwk sl Wv >2; fwlwk oj ~okr ln glleojb g{vojkvv*

Aomojb sak f`tos`h nlw sak jojsa soek vojfk osv ojfktsolj ojfktsolj oj Ckfkegkw Ckfkegkw 7444( sak 2397> ilojs ~kjs{wk gksrkkj OFOFO G`jm `jc Tw{ckjso`h !THF/ v`oc sak `ccoso `ccosolj` lj`hh f`tos`h f`tos`h rl{hc rl{hc gk {vkc nlw ekksojb ekksojb f`tos` f`tos`hh `ckp{`fy `ckp{`fy jlwev jlwev vsot{h`skc gy sak Ojv{w`jfk Wkb{h`slwy `jc Ck~khltekjs @{salwosy* "OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h a`v bwlrj kqtljkjso`hhy l~kw sak t`vs sawkk yk`wv(" osv E`j`bojb Cowkfslw Vaoma` Va`we` v`oc oj ` vs`skekjs* Oj sak honk ojv{w`jfk g{vojkvv( kqtkjvkv rkwk ojf{wwkc {t nwljs raohk sak wk~kj{k !oj sak nlwe ln twkeo{e/ vswk`e r`v vs`bbkwkc( `jc saov jkfkvvos`skc ` honk ojv{w`jfk Flet`jy sl wkb{h`why ojn{vk f`tos`h c{wojb sak nowvs ;%2 yk`wv oj lwckw sl v{ttlws sak bwlrsa ln g{vojkvv* Rosa `j `{salwokc f`tos`h ln Wv 0(744 fwlwk( sak vkfljc bkjkw`solj honk ojv{wkw‟v twkeo{e elt {t a`c fwlvvkc Wv 0(444 fwlwk oj Ckfkegkw  744;* Sak ojv{w`jfk flet`jy( raofa kqt`jckc sl ;3 hlf`soljv `fwlvv sak fl{jswy( vl n`w vlhc l~kw ;*;4 h`ma tlhofokv nlw ` v{e `vv{wkc ln l~kw Wv 06(444 fwlwk*

Gkvs Honk Ojv{wkw @r`wc9

3?

Rojjkw9 OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H

Oj sak valws vt`j vojfk sak ojv{w`jfk vkfslw r`v ltkjkc {t( OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk a`v hoskw`hhy cofs`skc sak e`wmks‟v k~lh{solj* F`skwojb sl `hh `bk `jc ojflek vkbekjsv( sak flet`jy vs`wskc l{s rosa sak sw`cosolj`h ojv{w`jfk tlhofokv sa`s rkwk k`vy sl {jckwvs`jc* Sak ock` r`v sl kjsowk f{vslekwv {vkc sl HOF" vsyhk ln n{jfsoljojb* Vllj( OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h gkb`j kqthlwojb jkr `wk`v* Os ojswlc{fkc elckwj twlc{fsv( homk sak e`wmks%hojmkc twlc{fs rakwk wks{wjv `wk hojmkc sl sak e`wmks tkwnlwe`jfk ln sak {jckwhyojb `vvksv* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h hk`cv oj ~ows{`hhy `hh t`w`ekskwv9 vok ln `bkjs nlwfk( j{eg j{egkw kw ln tlho tlhofo fokv kv vlhc vlhc(( sls` sls`hh v{e v{e `vv{ `vv{wk wkc( c( twke twkeo{ o{e e ojfl ojflek ek `jc `jc twlc{fso~osy twlc{fso~osy ln `bkjsv* Os a`v vks kq`fs vs`jc`wcv nlw osv w`jbk ln twlc{fsv( wockwv lnnkwkc( p{`hosy ln ojnlwe`solj oj twlelsolj`h e`skwo`h `jc k~kj oj sak ojv{w`jfk `r`wkjkvv k~kjsv lwb`jokc* Ra`s a`v gkkj oj n`~lw ln OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h ov osv w`jbk ln twlc{fsv oj k`fa k`fa vkbe vkbekj kjss ln honk honk ojv{ ojv{w`j w`jfk fk%s %sw`c w`cos osol olj`h j`h(( {jos {jos%ho %hojm jmkc kc `jc `jc vojb vojbhk% hk% twkeo{e ltsoljv( gk saky nlw wksowkekjs th`jv lw faohc th`jv* Rosa v{fa ` fletwkakjvo~k gl{p{ks( os f`skwv sl `hh noj`jfo`h bl`hv ln l n ` f{vslekw* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h `hvl a`v ` vswljb v`hkv jksrlwm `jc sok%{tv rosa g`jmv g`jmv sl lnnkw lnnkw g`jm `vv{w`jf `vv{w`jfk k twlc{fs twlc{fsv* v* Osv v{tthk v{tthkekj ekjs`w s`wy y e`wmks e`wmksojb ojb fa`jjkhv fljswog{sk fhlvk sl 64 tkw fkjs ln osv twkeo{e ojflek* Sak flet` flet`jy jy ov jlr jlr wk`f wk`fao aojb jb l{s l{s sl jkr jkr `jc `jc {js` {js`tt ttkc kc e`wm e`wmks ksv* v* OFOF OFOFOO Tw{ckjs Tw{ckjso`h o`h rlwmv rlwmv fhlvkh fhlvkhy y rosa rosa JBLv JBLv `jc eofwl% eofwl%noj noj`jf `jfk k ojvsos ojvsos{so {soljv ljv sl vtwk`c `r`wkjkvv `gl{s sak fljfkts ln ojv{w`jfk oj w{w`h `wk`v* Saov akhtv ekks sak vlfo`h lghob`soljv e`jc`skc gy OWC@( g{s sak flet`jy a`v bljk ` vskt `ak`c gy `fso~khy oj~lh~ojb sak ~ohh`bkwv `jc rlwmojb fhlvkhy rosa sake* Sak b`t gksrkkj OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h `jc sak vkfljc%oj%hojk two~`sk ojv{wkw ov ~`vs* Oj n`fs( saov ao`s{v a`v hkc vlek `j`hyvsv sl rljckw on sak ;4

flet`jy ovj‟s ` swonhk sll `bbwkvvo~k* G{s lsakwv v`y saov a`v elwk sl cl rosa sak flet`jy‟v f{vslekw%fkjswof nlf{v( osv t`j%Ojco` twkvkjfk `jc v{tkwolw wovm e`j`bkekjs `jc oj~kvsekjs vsw`skbokv* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h ov jls( alrk~kw( wkvsojb lj osv h`{wkhv* Sak flet`jy rohh fljsoj{k sl ojjl~`sk `jc vks sak vs`jc`wcv*

OFOFO Tw{ a`v 34+ ln two~`sk honk ojv{w`jfk e`wmks9

E{eg`o9 OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk a`v ojfwk`vkc osv e`wmks va`wk `eljb two~`sk honk ojv{wkwv sl jk`why 34+( nwle 66+ `v ln kjc% Ckfkegkw* Sak flet`jy‟v nowvs%yk`w twkeo{e ojflek oj sak @twoh%I`j{`wy tkwolc vsllc `s Wv 3>3*> fwlwk( `ffl{jsojb nlw 6?*6+ ln sak Wv 0(6>3 fwlwk twkeo{e gllmkc gy `hh two~`sk honk ojv{wkwv slbksakw* Fljvockwojb sak kjsowk honk e`wmks( ojfh{cojb sak Wv ?(214 fwlwk gllmkc gy Honk Ojv{w`jfk Flwtlw`solj( OFOFO Tw{""v e`wmks va`wk rlwmv l{s sl `wl{jc 3*02+* Sak honk ojv{w`jfk e`wmks fljsoj{kv sl gk cleoj`skc gy HOF raofa a`v `gl{s 12*1+ va`wk* Saov ov ljhy ` e`wboj`h cot nwle osv 11*7+ va`wk oj kjc%Ckfkegkw* Sakvk flet`wovljv `wk ljhy nlw nowvs yk`w  lw jkr g{vojkvv twkeo{e* On wkjkr`h twkeo{e rkwk sl gk s`mkj ojsl `ffl{js( HOF""v va`wk rl{hc ojfwk`vk n{wsakw sl l~kw ?>+* @ffl @fflwc wcoj ojb b sl g{vo g{vojk jkvv vv nob{ nob{wk wkv v gwl{ gwl{ba bass l{s l{s gy sak sak Ojv{ Ojv{w` w`jf jfk k Wkb{h`s Wkb{h`slwy lwy `jc Ck~khl Ck~khltek tekjs js @{salw @{salwosy osy !OWC@/ !OWC@/(( sak nowvs% nowvs%yk` yk`ww twkeo{ twkeo{e e elgohokc gy OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk oj sak nowvs skj eljsav ln d46% 43 `el{jskc sl Wv 3>3*3* Saov ov elwk sa`j srofk sak twkeo{e ojflek bkjkw`skc gy osv fhlvkvs wo~`h Gowh` V{j Honk raofa w`ovkc Wv 0?; fwlwk c{wojb sak v`ek tkwolc* ACNF Vs`jc`wc Honk `jc S`s` @OB a`~k wks`ojkc sakow saowc `jc nl{wsa tlvosoljv* Ojskwkvsojbhy( sakwk `wk sawkk flet`jokv sa`s `wk jkfm%

;0

`jc%jkfm oj sak g`sshk sl gk `eljb sak slt no~k rosa ` e`wmks va`wk ln  fhlvk sl 2+ % @hho`j G`i`i( E`q Jkr _lwm Honk `jc VGO Honk Ojv{w`jfk* Oj sak bwl{t ojv{w`jfk e`wmks( HOF""v va`wk oj sak fl{jswy ov `wl{jc ?6+* @eljb sak two~`sk flet`jokv( VGO Honk( Gowh` V{j Honk `jc ACNF Vs`jc`wc Honk cleoj`sk sak bwl{t ojv{w`jfk vkbekjs* VGO Honk( rosa osv bwl{t tlhofokv nlw elwsb`bk hl`j twlskfsolj `jc cktlvoslw ojv{w`jfk( a`v fhlvk sl 3;*1+ ln sak bwl{t e`wmks `eljb two~`sk flet`jokv* Gowh` V{j Honk a`v ` 76*3+ va`wk( nlhhlrkc gy ACNF Vs`jc`wc Honk raofa a`v ` 01*3+ 01*3+ va`wk va`wk** Kqfk Kqfkts ts sakvk sakvk sawk sawkk k flet` flet`jo jokv kv(( lsak lsakww th`y th`ykwv kwv a`~k a`~k ` jkbhoboghk twkvkjfk oj sak bwl{t e`wmks* G{s( rosa l~kw ` eljsa sl bl nlw  sak fhlvk ln noj`jfo`h yk`w( sak w`jmojbv fl{hc vsohh fa`jbk cw`e`sof`hhy* Elwk Elwk vl( vl( gkf`{ gkf`{vk vk ojv{w ojv{w`j `jfk fk flet` flet`jok jokv( v( t`wso t`wsof{ f{h` h`wh why y HOF( HOF( bl ojsl ojsl `j l~kwcwo~k oj elgohoojb jkr g{vojkvv* N@FS VAKKS9

SAK FLET@J_

OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h Honk Ojv{w`jfk Flet`jy ov ` ilojs ~kjs{wk gksrkkj OFOFO G`jm( ` twkeokw twkeokw noj`jfo`h noj`jfo`h tlrkwal{vk( `jc tw{ckjso`h thf( ` hk`cojb hk`cojb ojsk ojskwj wj`s `sol olj` j`hh noj` noj`jfo jfo`h `h vkw~o vkw~ofk fkv v bwl{t bwl{t ak`c ak`cp{ p{`ws `wskwk kwkc c oj sak sak [jos [joskc kc Mojbcle* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h r`v `eljbvs sak nowvs two~`sk vkfslw ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv sl gkboj ltkw`soljv oj Ckfkegkw 7444 `nskw wkfko~ojb `ttwl~`h nwle Ojv{w`jfk Wkb{h`slwy Ck~khltekjs @{salwosy !OWC@/* OFOFO Tw{ckjso` Tw{ckjso`h‟v h‟v kp{osy kp{osy g`vk vs`jcv `s Wv* ?7; fwlwk rosa OFOFO OFOFO G`jm `jc Tw{ckjso`h thf alhcojb 23+ `jc 7>+ vs`mk wkvtkfso~khy* Oj sak tkwolc @twoh%Ckfkegkw 7443( sak flet`jy b`wjkwkc Wv 1>4 fwlwk ln jkr g{vojkvv twkeo{ev nlw ` sls`h v{e `vv{wkc ln l~kw Wv 2(6>4 fwlwk `jc rwlsk jk`why 63;(444 tlhofokv* Slc`y sak flet`jy ov sak Jl*0 two~`sk honk ojv{wkw oj sak fl{jswy*

;7

COVSWOG[SOLJ9

OFOF OFOFOO Tw{c Tw{ckjs kjso` o`hh a`v a`v ljk ljk ln sak sak h`wbk h`wbkvs vs covs covswo wog{s g{solj olj jksr jksrlwm lwmv v `eljbvs two~`sk honk ojv{wkwv oj Ojco`( a`~ojb fleekjfkc ltkw`soljv oj >? fosokv `jc slrjv oj Ojco`* Sakvk `wk9 @bw`( @aekc`g`c( @iekw( @hh`a`g`c( @ewo @ewossv`w( v`w(

@{w`j {w`jb b`g`c `g`c((

G`jb G`jb`h `hlw lwk( k(

G`wk G`wkoh ohhy hy((

Ga`s Ga`soj ojc` c`((

Galt Galt`h `h((

Ga{ga`jkvar`w( F`hof{s( Fa`jcob`wa( Fakjj`o( Floeg`slwk( Ckaw`c{j( C{wb C{wb`t `t{w {w(( N`wo N`woc` c`g` g`c( c( Bl`( Bl`( B{js B{js{w {w(( B{wb B{wb`l `lj( j( B{r` B{r`a` a`so so(( Br`h Br`hol olw( w( Ayckw`g Ayckw`g`c( `c( A{gho( A{gho( Ojclwk( Ojclwk( I`ot{w( I`ot{w( I`h`jc I`h`jca`w( a`w( I`ej`b` I`ej`b`w( w( I`evakc I`evakct{w( t{w( Ilcat{w( Ilcat{w( M`jt{w( M`jt{w( M`wj`h( M`wj`h( Mlfao( Mlfao( Mlhm`s Mlhm`s`( `( Mlha`t{ Mlha`t{w( w( Mls`( Mls`( Mlss`y Mlss`y`e( `e( H{fmjlr H{fmjlr(( H{cao`j` H{cao`j`(( E`c{w`o E`c{w`o(( E`jb`h E`jb`hlwk( lwk( Ekkw{s( Ekkw{s( E{eg`o E{eg`o(( Eyvlwk( Eyvlwk( J`bt{w( J`vom( Jloc`( Jkr Ckhao( T`so`h`( T{jk( W`ot{w( W`imls( W`jfao( Wl{wmkh Wl{wmkh`( `( V`hke( V`hke( Vohob{ Vohob{wo( wo( V{w`s( V{w`s( Sa`jk( Sa`jk( Sawovv{ Sawovv{w( w( Swofay Swofay(( Swo~`j Swo~`jcw{e cw{e(( [c`ot{w( ^`clc`w`( ^`to( ^`w`j`vo( ^`vao( ^oi`y`r`c` `jc ^o`b* Sak Sak

fle flet`jy t`jy a`v vk~k vk~kj j g`jf g`jf `vv{ `vv{w` w`jf jfk k

sok%{ ok%{tv tv(( a`~ a`~ojb ojb

`bwkkekjsv rosa OFOFO G`jm( Nkckw`h G`jm( Vl{sa Ojco`j G`jm( G`jm ln  Ojco`( Hlwc Mwovaj` G`jm `jc vlek fl%ltkw`so~k g`jmv( `v rkhh `v l~kw  0>4 flwtlw`sk `bkjsv `jc gwlmkwv* Os a`v `hvl sokc {t rosa lwb`jov`soljv homk Ca`j nlw covswog{solj ln V`h``e Yojc`bo( ` tlhofy nlw sak vlfo`hhy `jc kfljleof`hhy {jckwtwo~ohkbkc vkfsoljv ln vlfoksy* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h a`v wkfw{oskc `jc sw`ojkc `gl{s ;4(444 ojv{w`jfk `c~ovlwv sl ojskwn`fk rosa `jc `c~ovk f{vslekwv* N{wsakw( os hk~kw`bkv osv vs`sk%ln%sak%`ws OS ojnw`vsw{fs{wk sl twl~ock v{tkwolw p{`hosy ln vkw~ofk sl f{vslekwv*

TWLC[FSV9

;6

Ojv{w`jfk Vlh{soljv nlw Ojco~oc{`hv9

OFOF OFOFOO Tw{ck Tw{ckjs jso` o`hh Honk Honk Ojv{w Ojv{w`j `jfk fk lnnk lnnkwv wv ` w`jbk w`jbk ln ojjl~ ojjl~`s `so~ o~k( k( f{vslekw%fkjswof twlc{fsv sa`s ekks sak jkkcv ln f{vslekwv `s k~kwy honk vs`bk* Osv 74 twlc{fsv f`j gk kja`jfkc rosa {t sl > wockwv( sl fwk`sk ` f{vsleokc vlh{solj nlw k`fa tlhofyalhckw* V`~ojbv Vlh{soljv ‧

Vkf{wkTh{v ov ` sw`jvt`wkjs `jc nk`s{wk%t`fmkc v`~ojbv th`j sa`s

lnnkwv 6 hk~khv ln twlskfsolj* ‧

F`vaTh{v ov ` sw`jvt`wkjs( nk`s{wk%t`fmkc v`~ojbv th`j sa`s lnnkwv

6 hk~khv ln twlskfsolj `v rkhh `v hop{ocosy ltsoljv* ‧

V`~k
honk twlskfsolj `hljb rosa `ckp{`sk wks{wjv* ‧

`jsofot`s t`skc kc kjclre kjclrekjs kjs tlhofy tlhofy ock`h ock`h nlw ekksoj ekksojb b F`vaG`m ov `j `jsofo eohkvsljk kqtkjvkv homk ` faohc
‧

HonkSoek . HonkSoek OO lnnkw f{vslekwv sak nhkqogohosy `jc fljswlh sl

f{vsleok sak tlhofy sl ekks sak fa`jbojb jkkcv `s connkwkjs honk vs`bkv* K`fa lnnkw 3 n{jc ltsoljv < Twkvkw~kw( Twlskfslw( G`h`jfkw  `jc E`qoeovkw* ‧

HonkHojm OO ov ` vojbhk twkeo{e E`wmks Hojmkc Ojv{w`jfk Th`j raofa

flegojkv flegojkv honk ojv{w`jfk ojv{w`jfk fl~kw rosa sak lttlws{josy lttlws{josy sl vs`y oj~kvskc oj sak vslfm e`wmks* ‧

Twkeokw Honk ov ` hoeoskc twkeo{e t`yojb th`j sa`s lnnkwv f{vslekwv

honk ojv{w`jfk fl~kw sohh sak `bk ln 2;* ‧

Oj~kvs Vaokhc Honk ov ` E`wmks Hojmkc th`j sa`s twl~ockv f`tos`h

b{`w`jskk lj sak oj~kvskc twkeo{ev `jc ckfh`wkc glj{v ojskwkvs*

;3

‧

Oj~kvs Vaokhc F`va ov ` E`wmks Hojmkc th`j sa`s twl~ockv f`tos`h

b{`w`jskk lj sak oj~kvskc twkeo{ev `jc ckfh`wkc glj{v ojskwkvs `hljb rosa nhkqoghk hop{ocosy ltsoljv* ‧

Oj~kvsVaokhc Blhc ov ` E`wmks Hojmkc th`j sa`s twl~ockv f`tos`h

b{`w`jskk lj sak oj~kvskc twkeo{ev `jc ckfh`wkc glj{v ojskwkvs `hljb rosa hoeoskc twkeo{e t`yekjs skwev*

Twlskfsolj Vlh{soljv HonkB{`wc ov ` twlskfsolj th`j( raofa lnnkwv honk fl~kw `s ~kwy hlr

flvs* flvs* Os ov `~`o `~`oh`g h`ghk hk oj 6 ltso ltsoljv ljv < hk~k hk~khh skwe skwe `vv{ `vv{w`j w`jfk( fk( hk~k hk~khh skwe skwe `vv{w`jfk rosa wks{wj ln twkeo{e `jc vojbhk twkeo{e* Faohc Th`jv Ve`wsMoc kc{f`solj th`jv twl~ock b{`w`jskkc kc{f`solj`h gkjknosv

sl ` faohc `hljb rosa honk ojv{w`jfk fl~kw nlw sak t`wkjs ral t{wfa`vkv sak tlhofy* Sak tlhofy ov ckvobjkc sl twl~ock eljky `s oetlws`js eohkvsljkv oj sak faohc‟v honk* Ve`ws Moc th`jv `wk `hvl `~`oh`ghk oj {jos%hojmkc nlwe < glsa vojbhk twkeo{e `jc wkb{h`w twkeo{e* Wksowkekjs Vlh{soljv ‧

Nlwk~kwHonk ov ` wksowkekjs twlc{fs s`wbkskc `s ojco~oc{`hv oj sakow 

saowsokv* ‧

Vkf{wkTh{v Tkjvolj ov ` nhkqoghk tkjvolj th`j sa`s `hhlrv ljk sl

vkhkfs gksrkkj 6 hk~khv ln fl~kw*

E`wmks%hojmkc wksowkekjs twlc{fsv

;;

‧

HonkSoek Tkjvolj OO ov ` wkb{h`w twkeo{e e`wmks%hojmkc tkjvolj

th`j ‧

HonkHojm Tkjvolj Tkjvolj OO ov ` vojbhk twkeo{e e`wmks%hojmkc tkjvolj

th`j* ‧

Oj~kvsVaokhc Tkjvolj ov ` wkb{h`w twkeo{e tkjvolj th`j rosa `

f`tos`h b{`w`jskk lj sak oj~kvsoghk twkeo{e `jc ckfh`wkc glj{vkv* OFOFO Tw{ckjso`h `hvl h`{jfakc V`h``e Yojc`bo<( ` vlfo`h vkfslw  bwl{t ojv{w`jfk tlhofy s`wbkskc `s sak kfljleof`hhy {jckwtwo~ohkbkc vkfsoljv ln sak vlfoksy*

Bwl{t Ojv{w`jfk Vlh{soljv OFOF OFOFOO Tw{c Tw{ckj kjso so`h `h `hvl `hvl lnnk lnnkwv wv Bwl{ Bwl{t t Ojv{ Ojv{w` w`jf jfk k Vlh{ Vlh{so solj ljv v nlw  nlw  flet`jokv vkkmojb sl kja`jfk gkjknosv sl sakow kethlykkv* OFOFO Tw{ Bwl{t Bw`s{osy Th`j9 OFOFO Tw{‟v bwl{t bw`s{osy th`j

akhtv akhtv kethlyk kethlykwv wv n{jc n{jc sakow sakow vs`s{s vs`s{slwy lwy bw`s{os bw`s{osy y lghob` lghob`sol solj j oj ` vfokjso vfokjsonof nof e`jjkw* Sak th`j f`j `hvl gk f{vsleokc sl vsw{fs{wk vfakekv sa`s f`j twl~ock gkjknosv gkyljc sak vs`s{slwy lghob`soljv* OFOFO Tw{ Bwl{t V{tkw`jj{`solj V{tkw`jj{`solj Th`j9 OFOFO Tw{ lnnkwv ` nhkqoghk

cknojkc fljswog{solj v{tkw`jj{`solj vfakek sl twl~ock ` wksowkekjs mossy nlw k`fa ekegkw ln sak bwl{t* Kethlykkv a`~k sak ltsolj ln fallvojb nwle ~`wol{v `jj{osy ltsoljv lw ltsojb nlw ` t`wso`h flee{s`solj ln sak `jj{osy `s sak soek ln wksowkekjs* OFOFO Tw{
Nhkqoghk Wockw Ltsoljv9

;>

OFOFO Tw{ Honk lnnkwv nhkqoghk wockwv( raofa f`j gk `cckc sl sak g`vof tlhofy `s ` e`wboj`h flvs( cktkjcojb lj sak vtkfonof jkkcv ln sak f{vslekw* ‧

@ffockjs . cov`gohosy gkjknos9 On ck`sa lff{wv `v sak wkv{hs ln `j

`ffockjs c{wojb sak skwe ln sak tlhofy( sak gkjknofo`wy wkfko~kv `j `ccosolj`h `el{js kp{`h sl sak v{e `vv{wkc {jckw sak tlhofy* On sak ck`sa ck`sa lff{wv lff{wv raoh raohk k sw`~k sw`~khohojb jb oj `j `{salw `{salwo okc kc e`vv e`vv sw`j sw`jvt vtlws lws ~kaofhk( ~kaofhk( sak gkjknofo`wy gkjknofo`wy rohh gk kjsoshkc sl srofk sak v{e `vv{wkc `v `ccosolj`h gkjknos* ‧

@ffockjs Gkjknos9 Saov wockw ltsolj t`yv sak v{e `vv{wkc {jckw 

sak wockw lj ck`sa c{k sl `ffockjs* `f fockjs* ‧

Fwosof`h Ohhjkvv Gkjknos9 twlskfsv twlskfsv sak ojv{wkc `b`ojvs noj`jfo`h noj`jfo`h hlvv

oj sak k~kjs ln ? vtkfonokc vtkfonokc fwosof`h ohhjkvvkv* ohhjkvvkv* Gkjknosv Gkjknosv `wk t`y`ghk t`y`ghk sl sak ojv{wkc nlw ekcof`h kqtkjvkv twolw sl ck`sa* ‧

E`ilw V{wbof`h @vvovs`jfk Gkjknos9 twl~ockv noj`jfo`h v{ttlws oj

sak k~kjs ln ekcof`h kekwbkjfokv( kjv{wojb gkjknosv `wk t`y`ghk sl sak sak honk honk `vv{ `vv{wk wkc c nlw nlw ekco ekcof` f`hh kqtk kqtkjv jvkv kv ojf{ ojf{ww wwkc kc nlw nlw v{wb v{wbof of`h `h twlfkc{wkv* Fl~kw ov lnnkwkc `b`ojvs 36 v{wbof`h twlfkc{wkv* ‧

Ojflek Gkjknos9 Saov wockw t`yv sak 04+ ln sak v{e `vv{wkc sl sak

jleojkk k~kwy yk`w( sohh e`s{wosy( oj sak k~kjs ln sak ck`sa ln sak honk `vv{wkc* Os ov `~`oh`ghk lj Ve`wMoc( Vkf{wkTh{v `jc F`vaTh{v* ‧

R`o~kw ln Twkeo{e9 Oj f`vk ln sls`h `jc tkwe`jkjs cov`gohosy c{k

sl `j `ffockjs( sak twkeo{ev `wk r`o~kc sohh e`s{wosy* Saov wockw ov `~`oh`ghk rosa Vkf{wkTh{v `jc F`vaTh{v

@GL[S SAK TWLELSKWV

;2

OFOFO G`jm ov Ojco`"v vkfljc%h`wbkvs g`jm rosa sls`h `vvksv ln `gl{s

Wv*007(473 fwlwk `jc ` jksrlwm ln `gl{s 3;4 gw`jfakv `jc lnnofkv `jc `gl{s 02;4 @SEv* Os lnnkwv ` rock w`jbk ln g`jmojb twlc{fsv `jc noj`jfo`h vkw~ofkv sl flwtlw`sk `jc wks`oh f{vslekwv sawl{ba ` ~`woksy ln ckho~kwy fa`jjkhv `jc sawl{ba osv vtkfo`hokc v{gvoco`wokv `jc `nnoho`skv oj sak `wk`v ln oj~kvsekjs g`jmojb( honk `jc jlj%honk ojv{w`jfk( ~kjs{wk f`tos`h( `vvks e`j`bkekjs `jc ojnlwe`solj skfajlhlby* OFOFO G`jm tlvskc ` jks twlnos ln  Wv*0(>62 fwlwk nlw sak yk`w kjckc E`wfa 60( 744;* OFOFO G`jm"v kp{osy va`wkv `wk hovskc oj Ojco` lj vslfm kqfa`jbkv `s Fakjj`o( Ckhao( Mlhm`s` `jc ^`clc`w` ^`clc`w`(( sak Vslfm Vslfm Kqfa`jb Kqfa`jbk( k( E{eg`o E{eg`o `jc sak J`solj` J`solj`hh Vslfm Vslfm Kqfa`jbk ln Ojco` Hoeoskc `jc osv @ekwof`j Cktlvos`wy Wkfkotsv !@CWv/ `wk hovskc lj sak Jkr _lwm Vslfm Kqfa`jbk !J_VK/* Kvs` Kvs`gh ghov ovak akc c oj Hljc Hljclj lj oj 0131 0131(( Tw{ckj sawl{ba ba osv osv Tw{ckjso`h so`h thf( thf( sawl{ g{vojk g{vojkvv vvkv kv oj sak sak [M `jc `jc K{wlt K{wltk( k( sak sak [V `jc @vo` @vo`(( twl~o twl~ockv ckv wks`o wks`ohh noj` noj`jf jfo` o`hh vkw~ vkw~of ofkv kv twlc twlc{f {fsv sv `jc `jc vkw~ vkw~of ofkv kv sl elwk elwk sa`j sa`j 0> eohho ohholj lj f{vslekwv( f{vslekwv( tlhofyalhckw tlhofyalhckw `jc {jos alhckwv rlwhcrock* rlwhcrock* @v ln I{jk 64( 744;( sak sak flet` flet`jy jy a`c a`c l~kw l~kw [V#6 [V#644 44 gohh gohhol olj j oj n{jcv n{jcv {jckw {jckw e`j` e`j`bk bkek ekjs js** Tw{ckjso`h a`v gwl{bas sl e`wmks `j ojskbw`skc w`jbk ln noj`jfo`h vkw~ofkv twlc{ twlc{fs fsv v sa`s sa`s jlr jlr ojfh ojfh{c {ckv kv honk honk `vv{w `vv{w`j `jfk( fk( tkjv tkjvol oljv jv(( e{s{ e{s{`h `h n{jc n{jcv( v( g`jmo g`jmojb jb(( oj~kv oj~kvse sekjs kjs e`j` e`j`bke bkekj kjss `jc bkjkw bkjkw`h `h ojv{ ojv{w` w`jfk jfk** Oj @vo` @vo`(( Tw{ckjso`h ov sak hk`cojb K{wltk`j honk ojv{w`jfk flet`jy rosa ` ~`vs jksrlwm ln 73 honk `jc e{s{`h n{jc ltkw`soljv oj srkh~k fl{jswokv % Faoj`( Aljb Mljb( Ojco`( Ojcljkvo`( I`t`j( Mlwk`( E`h`yvo`( sak Taohottojkv( Vojb`tlwk( S`or`j( Sa`oh`jc `jc ^oksj`e*

C@S@ @J@H_VOV @JC OJSKWTWKS@SOLJ

;1

C@S@ @J@H_VOV @JC OJSKWTWKS@SOLJ

0* WKVTLJCKJSV ELJSAH_ OJFLEK CKS@OHV

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SLS@H WK WKVTLJCKJSV

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OJNKWKJFK9 30+ ln sak wkvtljckjsv k`wjojb 04444,% sl 0;444,% ojflek(

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7* TKWFKJS@BK LN @EL[JS WKVTLJCKJSV RL[HC HOMK SL V@^K NWLE SAKOW ELJSAH_ OJFLEK

;?

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aov ov fhk` fhk`ww nwle nwle sak `gl~ `gl~k k nob{w ob{wkv kv sa`s a`s l{s l{s ln 004 004 NOJCOJBV9 Saov wkvtljckjsv 37+ rl{hc homk sl v`~k 04%74+ nwle sakow eljsahy ojflek( 60+ ln sake rl{hc homk sl v`~k ;%04+( 06+ r`js sl v`~k ;+( 1+ r`js sl v`~k 74%64+ `jc >+ r`js sl v`~k `gl~k 64+ ln sakow ojflek*

>4

6*WKVTLJCKJSV LTOJOLJ LJ OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_

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3+

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NOJCOJBV9 Os ov fhk`w nwle sak `gl~k v`ethk vok ln 004 wkvtljckjsv

?>+ ln sak wkvtljckjsv `wk a`~ojb bllc ltojolj lj OFOFO tw{ckjso`h honk ojv{w`jfk flet`jy( 3+ `wk a`~ojb g`c ltojolj lj sak flet`jy*

3* WKVTLJCKJSV ^@WOL[V LTSOLJV BKJW@HH_ FLJVOCKW NLW  OJ^KVSEKJS

WKVTLJCKJSV

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WKVTLJVKV

OJ^KVSEKJSV NOQKC CKTLVOSV E[S[@H N[JCV OJV[W@JFK VA@WKV FAOS N[JCV SLS@H

7? 74 67 7; 3 004

3+ 76+

7>+ 01+ 7?+ 76+ 3+ 044+

7>+

01+

7?+

NOJCOJBV9 Os ov fhk`w nwle sak `gl~k v`ethk sa`s l{s 004 wkvtljckjsv

7?+ homk sl oj~kvs oj ojv{w`jfk( 7>+ homk sl oj~kvs oj noqkc cktlvosv( 76+ homk sl oj~kvs oj va`wkv( 01+ homk sl oj~kvs oj e{s{`h n{jcv `jc 3+ homk sl oj~kvs oj faos n{jcv*

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NOJCOJBV9 ;7+ ln sak wkvtljckjsv fljvockw v`nksy raohk oj~kvsojb sak

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+

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NOJCOJBV9 Os ov fhk`w nwle sak `gl~k v`ethk ln 004 wkvtljckjsv( >6+ ln 

wkvtljckjsv a`v bo~kj ltojolj sa`s sakwk ov oet`fs lj sakow v`~ojbv rosa sak f{wwkjs g{cbks %744;( 62+ rkwk jls a`~ojb oet`fs lj sakow v`~ojbv*

>3

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66 63 76 74 004

64+ 60+ 70+ 01+ 044+

01+

64+

70+ 60+

>;

NOJCOJBV9 Os ov fhk`w nwle sak `gl~k v`ethk ln 004 wkvtljckjsv( 60+ ln 

sak wkvtljckjsv wkvtljckjsv twknkwwkc 0%6 yk`wv `v soek alwolj alwolj sl oj~kvs( oj~kvs( 64+ `wk 0% 7yk`wv( 70+ `wk 0%3yk`wv `jc 01+ `wk elwk sa`j ;yk`wv `v soek alwolj sl oj~kvsekjs*

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>>

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sak wkvtljc wkvtljckjs kjsv v `wk `r`wk `r`wk ln OFOFO OFOFO TW[CKJ TW[CKJSO@ SO@H H HONK HONK OJV[W@ OJV[W@JFK JFK FLET@J_ vfakekv `jc 32+ `wk jls `r`wk ln sak flet`jy vfakekv*

?* WKVTLJCKJSV MJLR @GL[S SAK VFAKEKV SAWL[BA CONNKWKJS E@WMKSOJB FA@JJKHV

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sawl sawl{b {ba a

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WKVTLJCKJSV LJ

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WK@VLJ@GHK

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>?

07 WKVTLJCKJSV LTOJOLJ LJ OJFWK@VK LN E@WMKS VA@WK ROSA SAKVK VFAKEKV LN OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_

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JL 06+  _KV >0+

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JL

F@JJ @JJLS V@_ V@_

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TW[ `wk v`sovnokc( 06+ wkvtljckjsv `wk jls v`sovnokc `jc 62+ f`j‟s v`y*

24

06 WKVTLJCKJSV LTOJOLJ LJ SAK F@TOS@H B[@W@JSKK VFAKEKV LN OFOFO TW[CKJSO@H HONK OJV[W@JFK FLET@J_ WKVTLJCKJSV

SLS@H

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LTOJOLJ LJ OFOFO

WKVTLJVKV

+

>> 1 76 06 004

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VFAKEKV BLLC KQFKHHKJS @^KW@BK TLLW SLS@H

TLLW 07+

@^KW@BK 70+ BLLC >4+ KQFKHHK JS 2+

20

NOJCOJBV9 >4+ ln sak wkvtljckjsv ltojkc sa`s f`tos`h b{`w`jskk

vfakekv `wk bllc( 70+ `~kw`bk(2+ kqfkhhkjs `jc 07+tllw*

03/ @BK LN SAK WKVTLJCKJSV

WKVTLJCKJSV @BK GKHLR 64 64%34 34%;4 @GL^K ;4

TKWFKJS@BK + 01+ 6?+ 66+ 04+

SLS@H

044+

04+

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0 7 6

66+

3

6?+

NOJCOJBV9

0* Nwle sak sak `gl~k v`ethk ln 004 wkvtljckj wkvtljckjsv sv 01+ `wk gkhlr gkhlr sak `bk ln 64* 64* 7* Nwle sak sak `gl~k v`eth v`ethk k ln 004 wkvtljckj wkvtljckjsv sv 6?+ `wk sak sak `bk bwl{t bwl{t ln 64% 34* 6* Nwle sak sak `gl~k v`ethk ln 004 wkvtljckj wkvtljckjsv sv 66+ `wk `bk bwl{t ln 34%;4*

27

3* Nwle Nwle sak `gl~k `gl~k v`ethk v`ethk ln 004 wkvtl wkvtljck jckjs jsv v 04+ 04+ `wk sak `bk bwl{t bwl{t ln  `gl~k ;4* L^KW@HH NOJCOJBV9

0* E`ilwosy E`ilwosy ln sak tklthk tklthk !>?+/ !>?+/ mjlr `gl{s OFOFO OFOFO TW[ TW[ HONK* HONK* 7* Elvs Elvs ln sak tklthk tklthk !37*27+/a !37*27+/a`~k `~k ~kwy bllc bllc ltojolj ltojolj `gl{s `gl{s OFOFO OFOFO TW[ HONK* 6* Gy saov saov wkvk`wfa wkvk`wfa os ov fhk`w sa`s sa`s elvs ln sak sak wkvtljckj wkvtljckjsv sv fljvock fljvockw  w  v`nksy raohk oj~kvsojb sakow eljky* 3* Elvs Elvs ln sak wkvtljckj wkvtljckjsv sv oj saov saov wkvk`wfa wkvk`wfa rkwk nwle nwle OS vkfslw vkfslw vl saky saky jkkc jkkc s`q s`q gkjkn gkjknos osv v vfak vfakek ekv v vl sakw sakwk k ov elwk elwk vfltk vfltk nlw  nlw  ojv{w`jfk vkfslw sl `ssw`fs OS vkfslw kethlykkv* ;* Os ov fhk`w fhk`w gy sak wkvk`w wkvk`wfa fa sa`s sa`s elvs ln sak sak tklthk tklthk !32*27 !32*27+/ +/ `wk ojskwkvskc ojskwkvskc oj v`~ojb 04+%74+ nwle sakow eljsahy eljsahy ojflek nlw sakow  n{s{wk tkwolc* >* Os ov fhk` fhk`ww gy wkvk wkvk`w `wfa fa sa`s sa`s e`il e`ilwo wosy sy ln sak sak wkvt wkvtlj ljck ckjs jsv v s`mk s`mk ojv{w`jfk sl vkf{wk sakow ho~kv `jc nlw s`q gkjknosv `jc `hvl nlw  n{s{wk twlnosv* 2* Os ov fhk` fhk`ww gy sak wkvk`wf wkvk`wfa a sa`s sa`s elvs wkvtl wkvtljck jckjs jsv v !>7*2 !>7*27+ 7+// a`v a`v bo~kj ltojolj sa`s sakwk ov oet`fs lj sakow v`~ojbv rosa sak f{wwkjs g{cbks%744;* 1* Os ov fhk`w fhk`w gy sak wkvk`wfa wkvk`wfa sa`s sa`s elvs ln sak sak tklthk tklthk `wk jls twltk twltkw  w  `r`wkjkvv wkb`wcojb sak vfakekv ln OFOFO TW[ HONK*

26

?* Os ov fhk`w fhk`w gy sak wkvk`wf wkvk`wfa a sa`s elvs elvs ln sak sak tklt tklthk hk `wk fallv fallvoj ojb b HOF nlw sakow oj~kvsekjsv* @jc hkvv jl ln tklthk `wk fallvojb OFOFO TW[ HONK sl oj~kvs sakow eljky* 04*Elvs ln sak wkvtljckjsv a`~k bo~kj sak wk`vlj`ghk ltojolj lj sak gkjknosv bo~kj gy OFOFO TW[ HONK vfakekv `jc saky a`c bllc ltojolj lj sak vfakekv* 00*Elvs ln sak wkvtljckjsv a`~k bo~kj `j ltojolj sa`s saky f`j oj~kvs sakow eljky {t sl ` soek alwolj ln 0%6 yk`wv* 07*M{wjllh ov ` tlskjso`h fosy nlw sak e`wmksojb ln Ojv{w`jfk twlc{fsv= os a`v ` eoq ln Aoba `jc Eocchk fh`vv( Kethlykkv `jc G{vojkvv fh`vv tklthk* N{wsakw os e{vs gk jlskc sa`s ` h`wbk j{egkw ln  vlnsr`wk vlnsr`wk flet`jokv a`~k kekwbkc lw a`~k vks {t sakow gw`jfakv `jc `wk twl~oco twl~ocojb jb a`jcvle a`jcvlek k fletkjv fletkjv`so `solj lj t`fm`bkv t`fm`bkv sl sakow  sakow  kethlykkv

23

V[BBKVSOLJV

2;

V[BBKVSOLJV9

0 Elvs ln sak sak tklthk tklthk `wk jls jls a`~ojb a`~ojb `jy `jy twltkw twltkw `r`wkj `r`wkjkvv kvv wkb`wc wkb`wcojb ojb sak connkwkjs twlc{fsv ln sak flet`jy vl gy kc{f`sojb `jc twl~ocojb twltkw ojnlwe`solj sl sake rk f`j k`vohy `ssw`fs sake* 7 Sl fwk` fwk`ssk `r`w `r`wkj kjkv kvv v oj sak tkl tklthk thk gy flj fljc{fs c{fsoojb ojs ojskjvo kjvo~k ~k f{vslekw fljs`fs `jc b`sakwojb twlbw`ev* 6 Ojv{w`jfk

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slr`wcv

twlvtkfso~k

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14

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Twkeo{e valttojb 0/ F{vslek F{vslekwv wv a`~k sak bkjkw`h bkjkw`h nkkhojb nkkhojb sa`s `v ojv{w`j ojv{w`jfk fk twlc{fsv twlc{fsv gkfle gkflek k elwk elwk fleth flethkq( kq( `jc `jc saky saky bks bks g{jch g{jchkc kc rosa rosa vk~kw vk~kw`h `h wockwv* Os ov gkfleojb oetlvvoghk sl e`mk twofk flet`wovljv gksrkkj connkwkjs flet`jokv* 7/ @j ojfwk`vojbh ojfwk`vojbhy y h`wbkw h`wbkw vkbekjs vkbekjs ln f{vslekw f{vslekwv v jlr p{kvsol p{kvsoljv jv ray sak twkeo{e w`sk val{hc gk sak v`ek nlw ` tlhofy on gl{bas cowkfs nwle wle sak sak fle flet`jy t`jy l~kw l~kw Ojskw jskwjk jkss* lw sawl awl{ba {ba ` fa`j fa`jjk jkhh fljvockwkc voethkw( v{fa `v sak g`jm `vv{w`jfk fa`jjkh* Sakwk ov hlbof oj sak ojv{w`jfk flet`jokv t`vvojb lj sak flvs v`~ojb sl f{vslekwv oj v{fa f`vkv* 6/ Os ov soek soek sak sak Wkb{ Wkb{h` h`sl slww vkwo vkwol{ l{vh vhy y fljv fljvoc ockw kwkc kc sak sak f{vs f{vsle lekw  kw  kqtkfs`soljv ln connkwkjso`h twkeo{e w`skv nlw sak v`ek tlhofy gl{bas sawl{ba connkwkjs fa`jjkhv `jc `hhlrkc sak tw`fsofk* Nlw  kq`ethk( os ov fleelj nlw g`jmv `gwl`c sl lnnkw ` aobakw ojskwkvs w`sk sl kqfh{vo~k Ojskwjks fhokjsv* 3/ Os val{hc val{hc sakwknl sakwknlwk wk gk fljfko~`gh fljfko~`ghk k sl lnnkw lnnkw twkeo{e twkeo{e wkg`sk wkg`sk sl ojv{ ojv{w`j w`jfk fk g{yk g{ykwv wv ral ral fljv fljvfol fol{vh {vhy y ckfo ckfock ck sl `ttwl `ttwl`f `fa a sak sak flet`jy cowkfshy nlw g{yojb ` tlhofy !`nskw twkv{e`ghy s`mojb sak swl{ghk swl{ghk ln kc{f`sojb sakevkh~kv sakevkh~kv `gl{s sak twlc{fs nk`s{wkv nk`s{wkv `jc lsakw `vtkfsv/* `jc fallvk sl ck`h rosa sak flet`jy cowkfshy nlw  n{s{wk vkw~ofojb jkkcv*

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flet`jokv sa`s wke`ojv sl gk skvskc rockhy ov sak fh`oe t`yekjs wkflwc* Raohk fljv{ekwv vkke sl gk v`sovnokc sa`s sak v{w~o~`h gkjkn gkjknos osv v {jck {jckww ` honk honk ojv{w` ojv{w`jfk jfk tlho tlhofy fy rl{h rl{hc c bks bks t`oc t`oc w`sakw  w`sakw  twletsh twletshy y nwle nwle sak skfa%v` skfa%v`~~y ~~y jkr flet`jo flet`jokv( kv( lg~o`s lg~o`sojb ojb sak jkkc nlw ojskwhlf{so ojskwhlf{solj lj gy sak ojv{w`jfk ojv{w`jfk `bkjs( ojv{w`jfk ojv{w`jfk g{ykwv `wk jls yks flj~ojfkc `gl{s a`vvhk%nwkk t`yekjs oj sak k~kjs ln  ` fh`oe* Raksakw {jckw ` honk tlhofy lw ` bkjkw`h ojv{w`jfk tlhofy* Saov ov kvtkfo`hhy vl oj wkvtkfs ln wockw gkjknosv v{fa `v fwosof`h ohhjkvv lw alvtos`ho`solj gkjknosv*

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7/ Os ov lgvkw~kc lgvkw~kc sa`s sa`s sak two~`sk two~`sk vkfslw vkfslw kethly kethlykkv kkv lj sak l~kw`hh l~kw`hh wkfko~k aobakw v`h`wokv sa`j sak bl~kwjekjs `jc t{ghof vkfslw  kethlykkv `jc sa{v `wk ` ~kwyaoba tlskjso`h vkbekjs sl gk s`ttkc* 6/ Kethlykkv Kethlykkv a`~k ` hoeoskc hoeoskc ojflek ojflek `s `jy `jy bo~kj tlojs tlojs ln soek `jc `jc sakwknlwk wkp{owk elwk soek sl e`mk `~`oh`ghk wkvl{wfkv sl s`mk {t ojv{ ojv{w`j w`jfk fk tlho tlhofo fokv kv `hlj `hljb b rosa rosa cks`o cks`ohkc hkc s`q s`q th`jjo th`jjojb jb `jc `jc k~`h{`sojb k~`h{`sojb sak gkjknosv gkjknosv ln sak vfakek sakwkgy sak f`hhv nlf{vkc lj kethlykkv a`~k ` hljbkw s{wj`wl{jc soek*

17

3/ Noj`hh Noj`hhy y kethlykkv kethlykkv a`~k a`~k ` bwk`skw bwk`skw fa`jbk fa`jbk sl oj~kvs oj~kvs oj faohc faohc f`wk tlhofokv `v elvs ln sake ojaogos ` cwk`e sl flhhkfs ve`hh v{ev ln  eljky eljky sl ekks ekks sako sakoww faohc faohcwkj wkj"v "v kc{f` kc{f`so solj lj kqtkj kqtkjvk vkv v `s h`skw  h`skw  vs`bkv `jc `wk `hvl ~kwy mkkj lj sak `ccosolj`h gkjknosv bo~kj oj ` tlhofy*

Lsakw Fljfh{voljv 0/ @ e`ilw hoeos hoeos`solj `solj `v rk rk vkk ov sak sak kqt`jvk ln l{w s`wbks s`wbks e`wmks e`wmks !?3+ ln sak Ojco`j e`wmks gkojb {js`ttkc/= sal{ba h`wbk os ov jls fhk` fhk`wh why y ckno cknojk jkc* c* Saov Saov e`mk e`mkv v sak sak vk`w vk`wfa fa nlw nlw l{w l{w tlsk tlskjs jso` o`hh f{vslekwv k~kj elwk fa`hhkjbojb* 7/ Sak rohhojbj rohhojbjkvv kvv ln sak wkvtlj wkvtljckjs ckjsv v sl co~{hb co~{hbk k ojnlwe`so ojnlwe`solj lj e`y `nnkfs sak ~`hocosy ln sak twlikfs `jc sak `jvrkwv bo~kj gy sak wkvtljckjsv rl{hc gk `vv{ekc sl gk sw{k* 6/ Sak vs`sk vs`sk ln eojc eojc `v rkhh `v sak gka`~o gka`~olw lw ln sak wkvtljc wkvtljckjs kjs `s sak soek soek ln fljc{fsojb sak v{w~ky f`j `nnkfs sak ek`jojb ln  sak twlikfs* 3/ Honk Honk ojv{ ojv{w` w`jf jfk k a`v a`v gkfl gkflek ek vyjl vyjljy jyel el{v {v rosa rosa HOF HOF ` e`il e`ilw  w  tkwfkjs`bk ln sak tlt{h`solj ov wkh{fs`js sl wkhy lj two~`sk honk Ojv{w`jfk Th`ykw*

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