MiCOMho P443 and P445 High Performance Distance Protection
Sam Sambasivan Calvin Vo
Sept 2005
MiCOMho Introduction
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> MiCOMho P443
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MiCOMho Introduction MiCOMho MiCOMho P443 P443
High performance distance
protection
Universal mho characteristics
Quadrilateral characteristics for short lines/cables, and where boosting of resistive fault coverage is required
Sub cycle - no excuses (P443) Advanced protection and control
within one device
Includes directional comparison and DEF schemes
Simple to set and test Easy set option
3
> MiCOMho P443
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MiCOM Protection Portfolio
P900
Frequency Protection Relays
P800
Autoreclose, Breaker Fail ...
P700
Busbar Protection Schemes
P600
Transformer Protection Relays
P500
Line Differential and Unit Schemes
P400
Distance Protection Relays
P300
Generator Protection Relays
P200
Universal Motor Protection Relay
P100
Feeder Management Relays
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 4
> MiCOMho P443
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MiCOMho P443: Subcycle Transmission Network Protection Subcycle tripping, single pole settable - no excuses
Trip time includes contact closure time
Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection Mho and quadrilateral characteristics freely selectable
for phase and ground faults “Setting-free” power swing blocking
No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application
Additional main protection: DEF and delta directional
comparison
Deltas - fast signal send for channel-aided schemes
Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:
InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links
InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber f iber
P443 - 80TE modular case for binary I/O up to 24/32. 5
> MiCOMho P443
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P443: Subcycle Tripping Performance
40
Typical Operating Time P445 P443 - Fast: General Purpose: 0.7 to 1 cycle 1 to 1.3 cycle
30 Performance: Subcycle up to 75% Reach
20
P443
10
0
50%
70% 80% 90%
Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5 6
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 6
MiCOMho P445: Distribution / Subtransmission Protection Three pole tripping typically 1 to 1.3 cycle
Successor to popular Optimho and Quadramho ranges
Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection Mho or quadrilateral characteristics settable for ground
faults, mho phase characteristics. characteristics . “Setting-free” power swing blocking
No blinders or starter zones to set - universal application
Additional main protection: DEF Optional InterMiCOM interface for teleprotection:
InterMiCOM EIA (RS) 232 typically for MODEM links
InterMiCOM64 for 56/64kBits/s digital links or direct fiber f iber
P445 - specially designed for retrofit applications
7
40TE (8” width) replaces vertical mount relays
60TE models offer more binary I/O, up to 16/16
> MiCOMho P443
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P445: Tripping Performance
40
Typical Operating Time P445 P443 - Fast: General Purpose: 0.7 to 1 cycle 1 to 1.3 cycle (price premium)
30
20
P445
10
0
50%
70% 80% 90%
Example Timing Contour, 60Hz, SIR = 5 8
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 8
P443 and P445 I/O and Comparison Table
P443 A B P445 A B C
Case
Optos
Contacts
80TE
16
24
80TE
24
32
40TE
8
8
60TE
12
12
60TE
16
16
Distance
DEF
Delta Schemes
Subcycle… • Phase: Mho and Quad • Gnd: Mho & Q
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 to 1.3 cycle… • Phase: Mho • Ground: Mho and Quadrilateral
Yes
A versatile versatile range: from simple retrofit to EHV 9
> MiCOMho P443
Yes Yes
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 9
Protection & Control: List of Main Features CONFIGURATION
*
Distance
21P/N/78
Supervision
Direc Dire ction tiona a l E/ E/ F
67N
Fa ult Loc Loca a tor
Direc Di rectiona tiona l Comp Overcurrent N eg Sequenc Sequence e O/ C Broken Conductor Earth Fault Res esidual idual O/ V N VD Thermal Overlo Overloa ad Volt Protection CB Fa Fa il
10
CONFIGURATION
> MiCOMho P443
I/ V
*
50/51/67 46/67 46BC 67N 59N 49
CTS/VTS
System Checks Auto- Re clos lose e
25 79
Dis Di sturb Re corde r Com omm m iss issio ion n Tes Tests ts Control Inputs Direct Access InterMiCOM
Teleprot
27/59 50BF
*
P443 only, not P445 10
Distance Elements
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MiCOMho Introduction
P443/P445 Use Superimposed Current
Compares pre-faulted system Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings Provides secure phase selection for complex fault
conditions Sensitive to any fault type
Proven Delta Techniques 12
> MiCOMho P443
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Faulted = Unfaulted + Superimposed Prefault
Fault
Current:i rly
=
i mem + ir
= Superimposed
Proven Delta Techniques 13
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 13
Superimposed Components - Simple Theory No Change!
AB
Change!
BC
Change!
CA
2 cycle window
1 Cycle Comparison
1 Cycle Comparison
Ground Fault, Phase C
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Distance Zones Mho Characteristics
Z3 Zp Z2
Available for Phase and Ground Protection (21P and 21G) Three independent Forward
zones
Z1
Z1, Z2, Z3 (Z3 optional reverse offset)
One Reverse zone Z4 Programmable Fwd/Rev
zone
Zone p
Z4
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 15
> MiCOMho P443
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P443 Trip Times (60Hz)
Speed: Sub-cycle Technology
P443 Zone 1 Trip min. 12 ms Zone 1 Trip max. 16.5 ms
SUB CYCLE SIR < 30
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 16
> MiCOMho P443
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Use of the Load Blinder to Avoid Load Encroachment Trips Z
X
Blinder Angle
Load Area
R
Blinder Impedance Setting
Blinder Allows Stability Notch around Load 17
> MiCOMho P443
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Removal of Load Blinder For Faults Z
X
Characteristic Expansion
Rf
Load Area
R
Blinder disappears for volts below V<
Better Resisitive Coverage on Fault Inception 18
> MiCOMho P443
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Quadrilateral Characteristics Z3 (reverse offset)
Z2
Available for Phase and Ground Protection (21P and 21G) Independently selectable
Z1
eg. Mho phase + quad ground fault
Ground faults only in P445
Zp (if reverse looking) Z4
(Directional line shown simplified) 19
> MiCOMho P443
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Setting Applied for Phase Fault Detection A-B Zone 1 shown:
IA - IB
ZS
Z1 Ph Line Phase Reach
VS
VAB
Xab
R1 Ph / 2
Fault
Z1 ph Z1 R1ph/2
Positive Sequence Model Rab
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 20
> MiCOMho P443
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Setting Applied for Ground Fault Detection A-N Zone 1 shown:
IA
ZS
Z1 Gnd IA
Line Ground Reach VA
VS
kZn x Z1 Gnd
IN
R1 Gnd
Fault
Line Residual Reach Xab
Z1 ph Group Loop Model
Z1 R1Gnd/(1+Kn)
Rab
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 21
> MiCOMho P443
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Negating Under / Overreach Effects of Infeed Ground Faults: During a single phase to ground fault the Negative Phase
Sequence current is approximately in phase with the fault arc current The reactance line of the Ground Quad Elements is
polarized from Negative Sequence Current Under and overreach effects are minimized dynamically
Phase Faults: A downwards tilt can be implemented on the reactance
line Removes the chance of a spurious trip 22
> MiCOMho P443
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Preventing Zone - 1 Overreach Quadrilateral Characteristic Prefault power export B
A IA E A
IB IF
R
R jX B
F
EB
RF X Allow reactance
line to tilt down A
R
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 23
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Preventing Zone - 2/3 Underreach Quadrilateral Characteristic Prefault power import B
A IA
E
IB RF
R A
EB
jX B X Allow reactance
RF A
line to tilt up R
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 24
> MiCOMho P443
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Easy Setting of Distance Protection Zones (1)
*
GROUP 1 LIN E PARAM PARAME ETE TER RS Line Length
GROUP 1 D I STAN CE SE SETUP Setting M ode
Line Im pe da nc nce e
Digita l Filter Filter
Line Angle
CV T Filt Filte e rs
Residua l Comp
SIR Setting
Res esidua idua l Angle Angl e
Load Blinders
M utual Comp M utu utua a l Angle
*
Protected Line
Trip Mode
CVT and high SIR?
Load / B Imp eda nc nce e Loa d/ B Angle
Mutual cut-off (k) Phase Rotation
Loa d Blinder V <
ABC CBA
Distance Polarising
* 25
> MiCOMho P443
Long Line?
% Memory?
P443 only, not P445 25
Easy Setting of Distance Protection Zones (2) GROUP 1 LI N E PARAM PARAME ETE TER RS Line Leng th
GROUP 1 D I STAN TANC CE EL ELEM EN TS PHAS PHA SE DIS DI STAN TANC CE
Line I mpe da nc nce e
Z1 Pha se Reac Rea ch
Line Angle
Z1 Pha se Angle
Re sid idua ua l Comp
GROUND DISTANCE
Res esidua idua l Ang le
Z1 Ground Rea Rea ch
M utual Comp
Z1 Ground Angle Angle
%
Z1 Res esidua idua l Comp Comp
Mutual Angle Mutual cut-off (k) Phase Rotation
Easy Set Mode: Automatic Reach Conversion
Z1 Residual Angle
Trip Mode
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 26
> MiCOMho P443
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Distance Polarizing
A distance relay needs secure voltage polarizing to
ensure:
Immunity to CVT transient t ransient effects - correct forward/reverse reaction for close-in faults
Characteristic expansion for mho elements to boost resistive fault coverage
Cross-polarizing from unfaulted phases where memory is unavailable
Maintained optimum polarizing, even throughout power swings
Open book policy :
The P443/P445 meets all of these t hese stringent requirements
Fine tuned from in-house and customer simulator experience 27
> MiCOMho P443
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Power Swing Blocking
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> MiCOMho P443
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Power Swing Blocking
A power swing will result in continuous change of
current Continuous output from the relay superimposed current
element can be used to block for a power swing Using this method the relay is able to operate for faults
occurring during a power swing All detection relies on delta elements with adaptive
thresholds - nothing for the user to set!
“Setting-Free” Power Swing / Out of Step 29
> MiCOMho P443
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Power Swing, Summary (1) Locus of power swing Load area ∆I
Power swings are detected by continuous superimposed
current presence - “∆I”. Swings are detected much earlier than for conventional
devices - where the locus must cross into a band which surrounds the trip characteristics. characteristics. No PSB start-up zone, no blinders (or load encroachment
issues), no timers to set… “setting-free”. “Setting-Free” Power Swing / Out of Step 30
> MiCOMho P443
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Power Swing, Summary (2)
Fault Inception
Continuous I During Swing
Minimal I Present
Relay trips for all faults occurring during a power swing. The power swing block is removed instantly for an
unbalanced fault, on reselection by the phase selectors. In the unlikely event of a 3 phase fault, a step change in
∆I resets the block. block. 31
> MiCOMho P443
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Pilot / Aided Schemes
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Channel Options for Aided Schemes, Permissive and Blocking GROUP 1 D I RECTI TIO O N AL FN D EF SETTI TTIN N GS
GROUP 1 DIRECTIONAL FN DELTA DIRECTION
GROUP 1 D I STAN CE SCH EM ES AIDED SCHEME 1
Delta Sta tus Aided 1 Dist dly
D EF Pola ri ris sin ing g
Delta Char Angle tReversal Guard
D EF Cha r Angle Ang le
Delta De lta V Fwd Fwd WI Single Pole Trip
DEF VNpol Set
Delta V Rev Rev WI V< Thres hreshold hold
DEF V2pol Set
Delta I Fwd WI Trip Dela y
DEF Threshold
Delta I Rev
Directional Ground 67N • IN> faults • Sensitive
Directional Wave/Compar. • LFDC delta ….(P443 only)
All IEC and ANSI/IEEE Scheme Types 33
> MiCOMho P443
Distance Aided 21PILOT • PUR.. POR • WI.. block
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 33
Directional Ground Fault
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Directional Ground Fault Protection (DEF) High resistance ground faults Instantaneous or time delayed IEC and IEEE curves Single or three pole tripping in aided scheme
ZA0398 35
> MiCOMho P443
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DEF Directional Security
Negative Sequence polarizing not affected by:
Zero sequence mutual coupling
Standing zero sequence
May be used in parallel line applications
Use of Healthy Phase polarizing is very secure:
Calculates -3V0 direction from the two unfaulted phases
No need for current polarizing even when 3V 0 or V2 are negligible
“Virtual Current” Polarizing 36
> MiCOMho P443
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Differentiating Factor - Virtual Current Polarizing of Aided DEF
All traditional DEF protection (ground fault pilot protection scheme) relied on sufficient polarizing voltage to make a directional decision. decision. If this were not available, current polarizing from an extra CT input would be needed. “Virtual Current Polarizing” Polarizing” ensures correct directional polarizing, even with no residual voltage generated, and without an extra CT input.
Market Leading Technology 37
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 37
Healthy Phase (Zero Sequence) Polarizing A FAULT
Va Va
Vc
Vb
Vb
(P443/P445 and LFZR) Can cover faults with no Vres Phase selector removes Va “Residual” = Vb + Vc Always a voltage -Vres
Ia
Vb Voltage set: No fault
(All relays pre-LFZR) Typical A-N fault: A phase voltage falls Result… Vres -Vres is OK to directionalize
Vc
Vres Va Ia
Vc “V residual”
Virtual Current: to Calculate a pseudo (-Vres) 38
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 38
DEF Backup Overcurrent Protection 51P/51N/67 Four stages of directional/non-directional phase
overcurrent protection
I>1 and I>2 IDMT or definite time
I>3 and I>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Four stages of directional/non-directional earth fault
protection
IN>1 and IN>2 IDMT or definite time
IN>3 and IN>4 definite time (t=0, instantaneous)
Directional decision polarized from VN or V2, allowing use of open delta VTs
I>
and IN> elements can be enabled permanently, or on channel failure
39
> MiCOMho P443
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Backup Overcurrent Protection 51P/51N/67 IDMT Curves IEC Curves Operating Time (s) 1000
100
IEC SI IEC VI IEC EI IEC LTS
IEEE Curves Operating Time (s) 100
US MI US VI US EI US I US SI
10
10
1 1
0.1
0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is) 40
> MiCOMho P443
1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is) 40
Fault and Disturbance Records
Postfault
Prefault
Analog channels Digital channels Sample 48 times per cycle 2.4kHz Resolution at 50Hz
MiCOM S1 saves file in the COMTRADE format for advanced fault diagnostics
Fault location:
41
> MiCOMho P443
Distance to fault
V and I measurements
41
Distance to Fault Locator P443 Offers additional Mutual Current Compensation
16%
3.8
16km10miles Mho MiCOMho MiCO
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> MiCOMho P443
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Programmable Scheme Logic Px40 relays contain powerful PSL, for customizing
protection and control functionality where required
An internal programmable logic controller, set via MiCOM S1
Comprises AND, OR, PROGRAMMABLE, MAJORITY, NOT, NAND and NOR gate functions.
Internal timers for sequencing, and general delays
Permits latching of output contacts and LEDs
Use for extra protection functions such as Trip Circuit
Supervision, and customized control (eg. Interlocking).
No inherent delay, designed to avoid “race” problems 43
> MiCOMho P443
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MiCOM Px4x Platform Communication Interface Scope of Communication Interfaces (Future)
Courier Measurements Status Controls Records Fault Location Disturbances Settings Peer - Peer
DNP3
X X X
IEC103 61850
X X
• Public • Private • Not supported by protocol 44
> MiCOMho P443
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Easy Set, and Easy Test: “Static Test” Commissioning Setting Many secondary injection test sets are not designed to simulate a real dynamic fault. To allow all test sets to be used with the relay there is a “Static Test Mode” in the commissioning menu
Bypasses delta phase selection Reverts to simple (non-delta) directional line Cross polarizing replaces memory
No need to change test sets 45
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 45
MiCOM P443 Summary (1) High performance distance protection
Universal mho characteristics
Quadrilateral characteristics for short lines/cables, and where boosting of resistive fault coverage is required
Sub cycle - no excuses
Includes output contact
Even in capacitor VT applications
Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options From the same family as successful predecessors:
LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 11500 relays installed since since 1989
SHNB Micromho: Micromho: Over 2500 installed installed since since 1983 1983
P443 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology MiCOMho mixes
Proven design pedigree 46
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 46
MiCOM P443 Summary (2)
Fast fault clearance for optimum network stability and voltage
profile management Versatile characteristics shaped for stability under all load flows -
load blinders defend the system in severe contingencies Advanced protection and control within one device
Possible universal HV/EHV protection solution: distance or directional comparison
Simple to set and test
Easy set option
Static test mode
Customer benefits 47
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 47
MiCOM P445 Summary Small case size - perfect for retrofitting in existing panels and
cubicles Easy selection of aided schemes and backup options From the same family as successful predecessors:
LFZP Optimho: Over 11500 11500 relays relays installed since 1989 1989
SHPM Quadramho: Quadramho: Over 6400 6400 installed installed since 1984
P445 MiCOMho mixes experience with proven new technology MiCOMho mixes
Simple to set and test
Easy set option
Static test mode
Customer benefits 48
> MiCOMho P443
Mho MiCOMho MiCO 48
