كتاب 1 الرسم الهندسي



‫א‬‫א‬ 173

 

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬? ??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

 W‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،K? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

1

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L .1

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2 K‫א‬‫א‬ .3

   ٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KW‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Data Show .1   .2

   W‫א‬‫א‬

 E111F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    -1-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  1.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (I.S.O.)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.1   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 DRAWING SHEETS‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  A‫א‬ (DIN6771) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KA4 A3 ،A2 ،A1،A0

A5 ‫א‬(1.1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 . ‫א‬ A6 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1:1000_1:500_1:200_1:100_1:50_1:20_1:10_1:5_1:2.5‫א‬

 K‫א‬10:1_5:1_2:1‫א‬

-2-

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

(mm) ‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ 1189x841 841x594 594x420 420x297 297x210

‫رﻣﺰ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬ A0ِ A1 A2 A3 A4

‫م‬ 1 2 3 4 5

(1.1) 

 

 

 TRIANGLES ‫ א‬ J  60‫א‬‫א‬45‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

T‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 300mm200mm‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(2.1)‫א‬K‫א‬

  (2.1) 

 

 COMPASS‫ א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ، K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(3.1)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DESCRIPTIVE GEOMERY) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(FREE FORM SURCACES)

-3-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

  (3.1) 

 

 TEMPLATESE‫א‬F‫ א‬ J K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬(4.1) ‫א‬K(CIRCLETEMPLATE)‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

  (4.1) 

-4-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 PENCILS‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬(PENCILS)  W‫א‬

 (WOODPENCILS)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.1‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(SHARPENING)

 K‫א‬

‫א‬ (MECHANICAL PENCILS)‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 6.1‫א‬



 

(6.1)

 

    

(5.1)

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(H_Hardness)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B)‫א‬‫א‬،  

 KB7K‫א‬

-5-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 RUBBER/ERASERS‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(7.1)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

(7.1)  

 PROTRACTOR‫ א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K(8.1)‫א‬



 (8.1)  -6-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 DRAWING BOARD AND T-SQUARE(T)‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

T‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A3

T ‫א‬‫א‬(9.1)‫א‬‫א‬KA4‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  

 

   

(9.1) 

 BILL of MATERIAL‫א‬  J DIN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ .6771

‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K(PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬10.1  KDIN 6771‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

-7-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬

 

(10.1)   LINES TYPES‫א‬‫א‬3.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K(WIREFRAME MODELING)‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K(11.1)‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  

-8-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

DIMENSIONING‫א‬4.1 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(ISO 1101)(ANSIY14.5M_94) ‫( و‬ASME Y14.5.1) I.S.O‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  (ASME Y14.41-2003)  K‫א‬‫א‬

 

K

(11.1)  -9-

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

2

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(Orthogonal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ Projectional Views)

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3

   ٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 12W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Data Show .1   .2

   W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E111F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 10 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬1.2 (DIN5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(2.2)‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1.2)‫א‬  K‫א‬

 



(2.2) 

 

(1.2) 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬2.2 ‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(4.2)(3.2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬(4.2)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬  

 (3.2)







 (4.2)



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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

W  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K،‫א‬  ‫א‬3.2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(5.2)‫א‬

 (5.2)



 

 SECTIONING‫א‬4.2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬،  

 W(6.2)‫א‬‫א‬  

- 13 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫א‬  J

.‫א‬‫א‬90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J .  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  J .‫א‬

( ‫)أ‬

 



(‫)ب‬

 

- 14 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(‫)ت‬

 

 



(‫)ث‬



(‫)ج‬

 

 

   

- 15 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(‫)خ‬

 

 





(‫)د‬

 

(6.2)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.4.2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K 

‫א‬ (7.2) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 16 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   



  (7.2) ‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (8.2) ‫א‬  

 

(8.2)  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9.2 ‫א‬  W‫א‬  

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬545‫א‬ ‫א‬  .(10.2)‫א‬560530‫א‬‫א‬545 - 17 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

(10.2) 

(9.2)   

  - 18 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K1  10.2‫א‬

 

 

 

 (10.2)

- 19 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬.2  11.2

 

 

(11.2)  - 20 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.3 (12.2)

 

 

- 21 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

(12.2)  - 22 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (13.2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 



- 23 -





 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 





 

(13.2)   

‫א‬ ‫א‬     A-A ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫ א‬.5

 .(14.2)‫א‬

 

 



  

  - 24 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   



 

 

 

 

- 25 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  (14.2) 

- 26 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1:2‫א‬.6

K1:2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.7

  - 27 -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2 ‫א‬ .3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .4

   ٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬

Data Show .1   .2

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E111F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 27 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 FASTENERS‫א‬

1.3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 BOLTED JOINTS‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬

 

.((1.3)‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.M20x2.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.(2.5) ‫א‬ (M20)   



 

  (1.3) 

- 28 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫ א‬

.(2.3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9     ‫א‬  ،     (2d) ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9

،(0.7 x d) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (r = 1.5 x d)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

K(r = 1.25 x d)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2.3)

- 29 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (NUTS)‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

9

‫א‬‫א‬(3.3)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (0.8 d )‫א‬



K(r = s ) ‫א‬   K       (3.3) ‫א‬     .(3.3) ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    :(3.3) - 30 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

9

 K‫א‬(4.3) ‫א‬

 

 :(4.3)  

 THREADED FASTENERE‫א‬F‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ،E‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (WASHERS)‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(THREAD)‫א‬ • K

‫א‬‫א‬ : (MAJOR DIAMETER)‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

- 31 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ :(MINOR DIAMETER) ‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:(PITCH)‫• א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(PITCH DIMETER)‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:(CREST)‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬:(ROOT)‫א‬ • K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:(DEPTH)‫א‬ •

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:(LEAD) ‫א‬

•

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(RIGHT-HAND THREAD)‫א‬‫א‬ • K(LEFT-HAND THREAD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(SINGLE THREAD)‫א‬‫• א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K(5.3)‫א‬

 

  (5.3)

       :(MULTIPLE THREAD)  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬ K‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ - 32 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

 K  (6.3)

  (6.3)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 

 W(ISO METRIC THREAD)‫א‬‫ א‬o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(7.3)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (7.3) 

- 33 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (UNIFIED THREAD) ‫א‬‫א‬

o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(8.3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  (8.3)   (SQUARE THREAD)‫א‬‫ א‬o

 (9.3)‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  (9.3)   (TRAPEZOIDAL THREAD) ‫א‬‫ א‬o

.(10.3)‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 34 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 (10.3)   (BUTTRESS THREAD) ‫א‬‫א‬

o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.(11.3)‫א‬  

  (11.3)  SPRINGS‫א‬‫א‬2.3  (ELASTIC ENERGY)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،_ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 35 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

.(12. 3F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺿﻌﻂ‬

‫ﻟﻮي‬

‫ﺷﺪ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(12.3)   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SPRINGS COMPRESSION‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K ‫א‬

 SPRING EXTENSION‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(13. 3)‫א‬

- 36 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬ :(13.3) 

 



SPRINGS‫א‬‫א‬1.2.3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬(14.3)

- 37 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 



 

 

‫א‬‫א‬ :(14.3) 

- 38 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬15.3)‫א‬.E§1.2.3  F‫א‬  

  

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬ :(15.3)  - 39 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

BEARINGS‫א‬3.3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E  ‫א‬FK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (16.3) ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

   :(16.3)   BEARINGS CLASSES‫א‬‫א‬1.3.3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W(17.3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ - 40 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬

 

 

 (17.3)   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(18.3) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

 K(19.3)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬EF  

 (19.3) 

- 41 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 











 

(18.3)   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E20.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1

E21.3F‫א‬‫א‬ (2

E22.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ (3

 (20.3)  - 42 -

 



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(21.3) 

(22.3)

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  :(23.3)  - 43 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬  :(24.3) 

‫א‬‫א‬  :(25.3)   GEARS‫א‬

4.3

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬

 K(SLIPPING)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ - 44 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  NOMENCLTURE‫א‬‫א‬1.4.3 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

 W

SPUR GEARS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬

   (GEAR) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (PINION) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .26.3‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 



‫א‬‫א‬:(26.3)  - 45 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 HELICAL GEARS ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K27.3‫א‬(INVOLUTE HELICOID)

K ‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 





‫א‬‫א‬ :(27.3)   INVOLUTE PINION AND RACK‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K90‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 46 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ .(WORM GEARING)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  28.3 ‫א‬  .‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 

 

   :(28.3)  BEVEL GEARS‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(GENERATED)   ‫א‬‫א‬(CAST)‫א‬(MILLED)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬29.3 - 47 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 



W(29.3)  ‫א‬‫א‬2.4.3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(30.3) ‫א‬

  (30.3) 

W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(PITCH CIRCLE_r)‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(CIRCULAR PITCH_p)‫ א‬

(TOOL THICKNESS_t)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (WIDTH OF SPACE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 48 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

K(Z)‫א‬ (d)‫א‬‫א‬W(MODULE_m)‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(ADDENDUM_a)‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W(DEDUNDUM_b) ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ (ht)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(DEDUNDUM IRCLE) ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (ADDENDUM CIRCLE)‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(CLEARANCE CIRCLE)‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(CLEARANCE_c)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W(BASE CIRCLE_rb)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W(PRESSURE LINE_Φ)  ‫א‬ K(20=Φ)‫א‬  :‫א‬‫א‬ m=

d Z

ω1 r Z = 2 = 2 ω2 r1 Z1

t=

 

π.d p= = π.m Z

rb = r.cosΦ c = b−a

p 2

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (1.3)W

- 49 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (Φ=20, Φ=25)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K2.3

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 a=m

a

b=1.25m

b

2.25m

 E‫א‬‫א‬Fht

m/2

t

0.25m

E‫א‬‫א‬F

Npinion=18 Φ=20

for

Npinion=12  Φ=25

for

‫א‬

 Npinion + Ngear = 36



‫א‬

c

‫א‬

(Npinion)‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

for Φ=20  

Npinion + Ngear = 24 for Φ=25 

  (Φ=20, Φ=25)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: (2.3)   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬32.331.3‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 50 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  COMPUTER AIDED  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ENGINEERING

   ‫א‬: (31.3) 

   

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬: (32.3) 

- 51 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ OA0, OA1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.1 OA2, etc A1B1, A2B2 , A3B3etc. ‫א‬‫א‬A1 ‫ א‬.2

   A2B2   A1A0  ‫א‬   A1B1   A1A0   ‫א‬  .3 KKK‫א‬A3B3A1A0 ‫א‬

‫א‬ B4  B1 ‫א‬‫ א‬.4 W‫א‬  K(1800rev.mn-1/1200rev.mn-1) ‫א‬  ω1 r2 150‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100   ω = r = 1.5 .1 2 1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(m=12mm)(Z=30) (Z=18) ،  .2 K‫א‬ 3:2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

d1 = mZ1 = 12(18) = 216mm   d 2 = mZ 2 = 12(30) = 360mm ((d1+d2)/2)=288‫א‬ .3 ‫א‬KO2O1‫א‬ d2 ‫ و‬d1‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4 (PICH POINT)‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .5 K ‫א‬‫א‬(DRIVER) ‫א‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺧ ﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎس اﻷﻓﻘ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى‬.Φ=20‫א‬cd ‫א‬ P‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬

O2 ‫ و‬O1 ‫ﻣﺮآﺰهﻤﺎ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.6 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .7 - 52 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

    ‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1  ‫؟‬‫א‬

 

M20x3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2

- 53 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 3

 

  W‫א‬‫א‬.4

P =2.6 mm ‫ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬D=7.5mm ‫ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬Lo=12.5mm ‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﺤﺮ‬ d =1mm ‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬  W‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ 

- 54 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.5 1:1

  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬.6

‫ ؟‬5mm‫א‬‫א‬3mm‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬





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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.7  (ω1=1150 rev/mn)‫א‬،(m=3.5mm) (Z1=21) 

 (ω2 =690 rev/mn)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.8

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.9

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.10  ‫؟‬m=5mmФ=20‫א‬ Z= 24 - 56 -

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .5

   ٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KW‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Data Show .1   .2

   W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E111F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 1.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(SHAPE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

(GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GEOMETRY) (G.D&T:GEOMETRIC ‫وﻳﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد واﻟﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING)  ‫א‬2.4  1.2.4  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EXTENSION LINESE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

(1/3)‫א‬‫א‬1.4‫א‬K

 ‫א‬   (2H)          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬ (1‫ـ‬2mm)

 K(2mm)

 

  ‫א‬ :(1.4)  

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 DIMENSION LINE‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬‫א‬ E±F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(2H)‫א‬

.2.4‫א‬

 

 



 (2.4) 

 LEADER‫ א‬

 ‫א‬/‫א‬        ‫א‬      

 K(3.4 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(3.4)   - 59 -



  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ARROWHEADS‫ א‬ K.    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4.4 ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K

 

(4.4) 

  ‫א‬2.2.4

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬

 K5.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(5.4) 

- 60 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (6.4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (6.4)   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (7.4)‫א‬‫א‬

 

(7.4)  

- 61 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E8.4F

(8.4) 



 K(9.4)‫א‬‫א‬

(9.4)   K‫א‬

 

(10.4)DIMENSIONING OF PRISMS ‫א‬

- 62 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 





(10.4)



(11.4)SYMMETRICAL OBJECT ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(11.4) 

 (12.4) LOCATION DIMENSIONING‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 63 -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

(12.4)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K13.4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬

 

(13.4) 

 (Holes EQ.SP.Ø5) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

14.4‫א‬

- 64 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 (14.4)  ANGLE DIMENSIONING‫א‬‫א‬

.EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 (DEGREE, RADIAN, GRAD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 15.4‫א‬

 

 (15.4)  

L _LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .16.4‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫_א‬

- 65 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 







()

 ()

- 66 -

K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 





()

 ‫א‬‫)ت( א‬،L (‫)ب‬،L (‫ )أ‬:(16.4)   SECTION DIMENSIONING ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬، K‫א‬   K17.4‫א‬

 

(17.4) 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 OTHERS FEATURES ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   :(CHAMFER) ‫ א‬9 )‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .(18.4

 

 (18.4) 

  (19.4)‫א‬ :(NECK)‫ א‬9

 

(19.4) 

‫א‬ :(TAPER)‫א‬‫א‬ 9 .‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 20.4‫א‬

 

()

- 68 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

()

‫א‬EF ‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬:(20.4) 

- 69 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .1 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 

 

 

 

- 70 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

.2

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 

 





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

.3

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 

 - 71 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 









 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .4 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 - 72 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   

 

          - 73 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES‫א‬‫א‬3.4    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .(REPRODUCIBILITY)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

DIMENSIONAL AND GEOMETRIC ‫א‬(±)‫א‬‫ א‬

 

TOLERANCES/DEVIATIONS) (SURFACE ROUGHNESS)‫א‬

(MECHANICAL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PROPERTIES)

‫א‬       ‫א‬ (‫)א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،.‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (TOLERANCE RANGE) ‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W (21.4‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ UNILATERAL‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   BILATERAL ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    LIMIT FORM ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ - 74 -



 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬:(21.4)   1.3.4

 E22.4 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WBASIC SIZE‫א‬‫א‬[1]

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:DEVIATION‫א‬‫[ א‬2]

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  :UPPER DEVIATION ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫[ א‬3] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  :LOWER DEVIATION ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫[ א‬4] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 75 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ :FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATION ‫א‬ ‫א‬ [5] ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ (TOLERACE ZONE) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WTOLERANCE ‫א‬  [6] ‫א‬‫א‬

 :INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADE (I.T.) ‫א‬  [7] L‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (FIT) ‫א‬ :HOLE BASIS SYSTEM ‫א‬  [8] ‫א‬‫א‬

 (FIT) ‫א‬ :SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM ‫א‬ [9] ‫א‬‫א‬

  F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :NOMONAL SIZE‫א‬‫[ א‬10] E25

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:ACTUAL SIZE‫א‬‫[ א‬11] ‫א‬WZERO LINE ‫א‬‫[ א‬12]

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WALLOWANCE‫[ א‬13]

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

IT16IT0‫א‬K(I.Tnumbers)  1.4‫א‬‫א‬IT11 IT6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

W(FUNDAMENTAL DEVIATONS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ א‬‫( א‬5)‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬

(TOLERANCE ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ أن א‬22.4

.22.4‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ZONE)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

  ‫א‬:(22.4) 

- 77 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: (1.4) - 78 -

K



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬   

‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 K(23.4

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ A_B_C_CD_D_E_EF_F_G_H_JS_J_K_M_N_P_R_S T_U_V_X_Y_Z_ZA_ZB_ZC

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ a_b_c_cd_d_e_ef_f_g_h_js_j_k_m_n_p_r_s t_u_v_x_y_z_za_zb_zc

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    (A) ‫א‬ 

 Kzca‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(ZC)‫א‬   MATING PARTS and FITS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.3.4

‫א‬    EF        (FIT) ‫א‬‫א‬

،.(SHAFT AND BEARING) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (SHAFT AND PULLY) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     KE  F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

(2) ،CLEARANCE_ (1) W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

     .TRANSITION_‫א‬ (3) ،NTERFERENCE_‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 79 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

holes

shafts

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W23.4

- 80 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ :(24.4)  W(CLEARANCE FIT)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         

‫א‬‫א‬ K(BEARINGS) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 24.4.

 W(INTERFERENCE FIT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K        ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 24.4‫א‬  

 W(TRANSITION FIT)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

- 81 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF

 24.4.‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  BASIC HOLE/SHAFT SYSTEMS‫א‬‫א‬3.3.4

BASIC HOLE )‫א‬ (1W25.4‫א‬‫א‬



   (2 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    (SYSTEM

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (BASIC SHAFT SYSTEM) ‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬



  ‫א‬ (DRILL) ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BASIC SHAFT SYSTEM)‫א‬



 (REAMERS) ‫א‬ (DRILLS) ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(25.4)  - 82 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

FIT SELECTION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4KK43  ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

   K  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    KK‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

H11/c11

 ‫א‬

‫א‬  (Loose Running Fit) 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ H9/d9

‫א‬‫א‬Fit)   (Clause Running Fit) 

H8/f7

 (Sliding Fit)  ‫א‬L   L ELocational TransitionF

H7/n6

 ELocational TransitionF ‫א‬   

H7/s6 H7/u6

 

‫א‬‫א‬

H7/h6 H7/k6

H7/p6



(Free Running   ‫א‬   

 ‫א‬ (Locational

 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬  

‫א‬Interference) ELF  (Medium Drive)  ‫א‬  (Force Fit)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : (2.4) - 83 -

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ø30H11c11 9

 

Ø30H7k6‫ א‬9

Ø30H7p6‫א‬ 9 (Hole/Shaft Dimensions)‫א‬L‫א‬

 

(Large Hole/Small Shaft)L (Small Hole/Large Shaft)L

 (Min./Max. Clearance/Interference)‫א‬L

        

- 84 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 

  - 85 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  - 86 -

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  - 87 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬4.4  (LOCATION)‫א‬  (PROFILE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬               ‫א‬

‫א‬، K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫( א‬±I.T.)‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 .§ 3.4‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  G:GEOMETRIC D:DIMENSIONING &T :TOLERANCING  

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

FORM DEVIATION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WSTRAIGHTNESS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 





- 88 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

    ‫א‬‫א‬    WFLATNESS ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCIRCULARITY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 

  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    WCYLINDRICITY ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  - 89 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

PROFILE DEVIATION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬WPROFILE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  ORIENTATION‫א‬‫א‬

  EF  ‫א‬    W PARALLELISM ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 L 

 

 

- 90 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬    W PERPENDICULARITY‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ANGULARITY ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  LOCATION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W POSITION ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

- 91 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

    WCONCENTRICITY, COAXIALITY ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K

 

 

  - 92 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

SYMMETRY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬W SYMMETRY‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L

RUNOUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WRunout/Total RunoutHL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 SURFACE ROUGHNESS‫א‬‫א‬5.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬      .(26.4 )‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

EKKK__F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KKKK‫א‬

 

- 93 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬:(26.4) 

 

(ROUGHNESS) ?‫?א‬‫א‬

 (PEAKS)‫א‬‫א‬  (Ra)‫א‬ 

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     (27.4 ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (VALLEYS)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(MEAN LINE)‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬:(27.4) 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



  ‫א‬   BEARINGS ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3.4 ‫א‬



  ‫א‬ (12) (1) (N ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WK‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬    EF        

K‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : (3.4)

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

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬:(28.4) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : (4.4)     ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    (5mm)  ‫א‬     ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 28.4‫א‬K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .29.4 - 96 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬1.5.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬.4.4‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E30.4F‫א‬ K‫א‬ K31.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K1

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(29.4)  K2  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ :(30.4)  - 97 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

(31.4) 

 

 NON CONVENTIONAL METHODS6.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ §6.4‫א‬



(WELDING)‫א‬ 3.4‫א‬

W،‫א‬(RIVETING) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬   ‫א‬    (WELDING) ‫א‬    K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FILLER)

 

 W‫א‬L WELDING) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (PRESSURE WELDINGF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (SPOT

- 98 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬   (NO PRESSURE WELDING) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   WELDINGF ‫א‬  ،(ARC WELDING) ‫א‬  ،(GAS WELDING)

 K(FLASH WELDING)‫א‬‫א‬(RESISTANCE

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (WEIDING JOINTS)‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (BUTT JOINTS)  J

 (CORNER JOINTS)‫א‬  J

 

(TEE JOINTS) T  J

 (EDGE JOINTS)  J (LAP JOINTS)‫א‬  J

 

(32.4) 

   33.4 ‫א‬    ‫א‬           K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(33.4)  - 99 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

(WELDING SYMBOL)     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (34.4‫א‬‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(34.4) 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ .(RIVETS)‫א‬‫א‬

 WE35.4F‫א‬

 (ROUND HEAD)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

  (COUNTER SINK)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

  (TOP CSK ROUND)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K   (CROWNED) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K (FLAT)‫א‬‫ א‬K

 

(35.4)  - 100 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

    ‫א‬     ‫א‬   

 .36.4.‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W36.4

 

 MANUFACTURING FEATURES7.4 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ (GROOVE) ‫א‬L‫א‬  :RECESS OR NECK ‫ א‬

 

 (NECK) ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ :(CHAMFER) ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬

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 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(THREADS) ‫א‬‫ א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

   (M) ‫א‬  .(mm)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ :M20×2.5 W

‫א‬‫א‬F M20×2.5 37.4‫א‬ K(2.5mm)‫א‬،(ν20mm)

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W37.4

- 102 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 38.4‫א‬‫א‬(M20×2.5-6H7g)‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W38.4 (BLIND)W(MACHINED HOLES)‫ א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(THROUGH)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ :(COUNTERBORED HOLE) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

  - 103 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ :(COUNTERSUNK HOLE )  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(SPOTFACED HOLE)  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

- 104 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.1

 

 

 

 

- 105 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2  

  - 106 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

    - 107 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬.4  

 

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.5  

 

        - 108 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬  .3:1   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.6  ‫؟‬‫א‬

- 109 -

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

5

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4

   ٪100‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

Data Show .1   .2

   W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E111F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 110 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬1.5  (EXECUTIVE DRAWING)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬2.5 K  L  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬

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 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 W1.5  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ،  E2.5‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 2.5

 

‫א‬‫א‬   3.5‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 3.5  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬4.5

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬W4.5

 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ 1.2.5  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  L  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  .1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ .2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K .3  K‫א‬‫א‬ .4

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.5‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

 

 

 5.5‫א‬ ‫א‬2.2.5 (FUNCTIONAL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬REQUIREMENTS)  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(NON AMBIGUITY)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BILL of MATERIAL)‫א‬‫א‬  6.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

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 10

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  9 

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 8

       

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 7

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 6

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 5

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 3

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 2

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 

 

 

 1

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

DIN

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W

 

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 

 

 

 W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 

 

 W‫ א‬ W‫א‬

 ‫א‬

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

B.O.M_BILL of MATERIALW6.5‫א‬ - 116 -

               

       

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 E7.5F‫א‬‫א‬6.5‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 BILL of MATERIAL‫א‬W7.5‫א‬

‫א‬3.2.5 V_TAIL SLIDE8.5‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J  KEF1

‫א‬ KF ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 117 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

   8.5‫א‬  

2KV_TAIL SLIDE9.5‫א‬

 EF

 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 118 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 9.5‫א‬  

‫א‬ 10.5‫א‬W  J   

 

10.5‫א‬ - 119 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 10.5‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 

 

 KKK

 

 37

 2

 

 20,12

 

 8

 

 37

 2

 

 8،45

 

 7

 

 43

 1

 

 40,35

 

 6

 

 

 1

 

 4

 

 5

 

 43

 1

 

 25,25

 

 4

 

 

 2

 

 6

 ‫א‬

 3

 

 37

 1

 

 30,35,85

 ‫א‬

 2

 

 37

 1

 

20,85,105

 ‫א‬

 1

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

DIN

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W

 

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 

 

 W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   W‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 KKK

 ‫א‬

   

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 WE11.5‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬

1,2,4,6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1,2,4,6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- 120 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 KB-BA-A

 

(6)‫א‬ - 121 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

E1F‫א‬

 KE4F‫א‬

- 122 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 E2F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W11.5‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬3.5 (FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ .(ASSEMBLY PROCESS ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PLANNING)

‫א‬‫א‬ (SUB-ASSEMBLIES)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 123 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

‫א‬‫א‬ _§2.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

.12.5

W12.5‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬13.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 124 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬W13.5‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(EXPLODED ASSEMBLIES)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K14.5‫א‬‫א‬

 

W14.5‫א‬ - 125 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬

(ASSEMBLY BILL  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

15.5‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬of MATERIAL) K  

 

W15.5‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.3.5 ‫א‬‫א‬

 :E16.5‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ .1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ .2  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K .4

 K‫א‬‫א‬ .5 K‫א‬ .6

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J  K

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K 17.5‫א‬  

  - 128 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W16.5‫א‬

   

 

 

  8.8

  2

 

 

 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

6

 

St 60-2 K

4

 

 

 

5

 

8.8

2

 

 

 

4

 

St 50-2

1

 

 

 

3

 

 

 USt 37-2

2

 

 

 

2

 

USt 37-2

1

 

 

 

1  ‫א‬

     W‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

DIN

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W

 

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 

 

 W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

 K‫א‬W17.5‫א‬ - 129 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬2.3.5 L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬، 

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬18.5EF

 

 K: 18.5‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.1

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 130 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 (H)K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3  W

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬،‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫؟‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .5

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 131 -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  W‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 18.5‫א‬  K20mm‫א‬ 55mm

E4‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  E3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E1‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬ C 60 H‫א‬E2‫א‬F‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   

        - 132 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

     W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.1

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫ א‬.2  KE‫א‬F

 W1‫ א‬9 K  J

 K  J 

 W2‫א‬ 9  K  J

 K  J 

- 133 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   

 

 1

 934

M6x16

 

5

 

 

 1

939

M8x35

 

4

 

St 37

 1

125

A10.5

 

3

 

 GG30

 1

 147

 F1.95x47x30

 

2

 

 GG30

1

147

F1.135x47x30

 ‫א‬

1

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

DIN

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W

 

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 

 

 W‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   W‫א‬  

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 134 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

   

K1:3‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.5 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 135 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.6  KE‫א‬F

K‫א‬1‫ א‬ J

2‫א‬  J   K‫א‬

- 136 -

 

‫א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ 173‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫وردة‬

‫‪A5.3‬‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫ذراع ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ آﺮوﻳﺔ‬

‫‪B100‬‬

‫‪6337‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫وردة‬

‫‪B13‬‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪St‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺑﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﻊ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺑﺮأس ﻣﺠﻮف‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻠﻮﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻮﺷﻮرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬

‫‪2x16x30‬‬ ‫‪M6x20‬‬ ‫‪M5x15‬‬ ‫‪M12‬‬

‫‪2098‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪912‬‬ ‫‪934‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻذ ﻧﻮاﺑﺾ‬ ‫‪St 50 k‬‬ ‫‪12.9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪St 44-2‬‬ ‫‪St 44-2‬‬ ‫‪St 44-2‬‬ ‫‪St 44-2‬‬ ‫‪St 44-2‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬

‫‪DIN‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬

‫اﻟﺨﺎم‬

‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫‪- 137 -‬‬

‫‪St‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻇﺎت‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

K1:2‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.7                                      W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.8 ‫؟‬8 ,10‫א‬ •

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؟‬‫א‬‫• א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F1 , 2 , 4 , 12‫א‬‫א‬ •  .2 ‫א‬‫א‬ •

- 138 -

‫א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ 173‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺗﺮس‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻏﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ إﺣﻜﺎم‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﻞ آﺮﻳﺎت ﺗﺠﺎوﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎء‬

‫‪1013‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮب‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺑﻮر اﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ إﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮة ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻲ‬

‫‪1013‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻏﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬

‫‪1013‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬

‫‪DIN‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪:‬‬

‫‪- 139 -‬‬

‫‪GGG‬‬‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪8.8‬‬

‫‪St 37‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪St50‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪8.8‬‬ ‫‪St 60‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫رﺳﻤﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪GG-30‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎم‬

‫‪Z=39,‬‬ ‫‪m=3‬‬

‫‪Ø‬‬ ‫‪85x15‬‬

‫‪St 60 K‬‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪80x37‬‬ ‫‪Ø‬‬ ‫‪45x196‬‬ ‫‪Ø‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‪:‬‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.9  K‫א‬  J

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫؟‬4‫א‬  J 

!‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬



 K‫א‬  J

       

- 140 -

‫א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ 173‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫أﺻﺒﻊ ﻣﻠﻮﻟﺐ‬

‫‪M 6x8‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺑﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ‬

‫‪3.2x40x120‬‬

‫‪2098‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫‪6x15‬‬

‫‪1850‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻏﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ‬

‫‪M10x18‬‬ ‫‪M8‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ دﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪر‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس‪:‬‬

‫اﻷزواج‬

‫‪705‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5.8‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪65 Si 7‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪G-CuSn‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪8.8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪74 Ba‬‬ ‫‪/250‬‬ ‫‪CK 45 KV‬‬ ‫‪G-AISi 12‬‬ ‫‪G-AISi 12‬‬ ‫‪G-AISi 12‬‬ ‫‪G-AISi 12‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎم‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5936‬‬

‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪St‬‬

‫‪DIN‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫رﺳﻤﻪ‪:‬‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪- 141 -‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‪:‬‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

    - 142 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   

  - 143 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

  - 144 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  - 145 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   

 

- 146 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

  - 147 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   

  - 148 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

- 149 -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.1 1985،E‫א‬F،??

،? ?‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.2 1985،E‫א‬F‫א‬

?‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.3

 1985،E‫א‬F،?

4. Mechanical Engineering Design (Seventh Edition), Joseph Shigley, Charles Mischke and Richard Budynas, McGraw Hill Co., 2004 5. Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual (12 Edition), Michael R. Linderburg, Professional Publicationd, Inc., 2006

6. 7. 8. 9.

http://drawsketch.about.com/od/technicaldrawing/ http://machinedesign.com/channel/basics-of-design-engineering http://www.tec-ease.com/gdt-tips.htm http://www.google.com/Top/Science/Technology/Mechanical_Engineering/ Design

10. http://www.efunda.com

 

 ‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

.....................................................................................

   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 2................................................................................ 1.1  2....................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.1  8............................................... LINES TYPES‫א‬‫א‬3.1 8......................................................….. DIMENSIONS ‫א‬

4.1

   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 11............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬1.2  12.............................................................................. ‫א‬2.2  13................................................................‫א‬3.2  13.............................................................SECTIONING ‫ א‬4.2  16..............................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.4.2 19................................................................................... 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 27.......................................................FASTENERS ‫א‬ 1.4  35.................................................................SPRINGS ‫א‬‫א‬2.3 37.........................................SPRINGS ‫א‬‫א‬1.2.3

 40...............................................................BEARINGS ‫א‬3.3

 ‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

   40................BEARINGS CLASSES   ‫א‬‫א‬1.3.3  44...................................................................GEARS ‫א‬

4.4

 45.......................NOMENCLTURE  ‫א‬‫א‬1.4.3  48.....................................‫א‬‫א‬2.4.3 K53...................................................................................

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

59.........................................................................  1.4 59............................................................................. ‫א‬ 2.4  59......................................................1.2.4  61.........................................................‫א‬2.2.4  70....................................................................................    74..................... DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES ‫א‬‫ א‬3.4  75................................................ 1.3.4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫اﻷﺟﺰاء א‬  

2.3.4

79...................................... MATING PARTS and FITS ‫א‬‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ א‬

3.3.4

82..............................BASIC HOLE/SHAFT SYSTEMS 83.........................FIT SELECTION‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4.3.4

 ‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫ א‬4.4  88................................................GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES ‫א‬‫א‬ 5.4  98.....................................................SURFACE ROUGHNESS  97 ................................................. ‫א‬ 1.5.4  6.4  98........................................NON CONVENTIONAL METHODS 7.4  101.................................................MANUFACTURING FEATURES

105..................................................................................

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

111.............................................‫א‬‫ א‬  1.5

111.................................................................‫א‬‫א‬ 2.5 114................................................‫א‬ 1.2.6 115................................................................‫א‬ 2.2.5 117........................................‫א‬ 3.2.5 123......................................................................‫א‬‫א‬

3.5

127.......................................‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 1.3.5 132 ...............................................‫א‬‫א‬ 2.3.5 133........................................................................................

 ‫א‬

 173

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 142.............................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  150KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

كتاب 1 الرسم الهندسي

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