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SUMMARY Similar to other East European and Mediterranean countries, the sub-sector of medicinal and aromatic plants in Republic of Macedonia is dominated by traditional wild collection, as far as the production side. Since ancient times, wild collected medicinal and aromatic plants have always been an integral part of the local traditional medical treatment. The demand for products from this sector increases constantly, not only by the domestic market, but by the export market as well. For the rural population, wild plant collection means additional income generation, that could be provided through collection of wild plants for sale. In the past, wild collection was mainly characterized by an uncontrolled and unsustainable exploitation of the biodiversity. The present situation is not much improved due to the fact that the existing legislation is not applied efficiently by the authorities. Therefore, the national heritage of rare plant species is endangered. Training of collectors is an imperative and precondition of a sustainable and controlled collection of medicinal and aromatic plants. It is of great importance that every company, especially certified in organic production, organizes permanent training of its collectors during the whole year. The realization of the publication "Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - manual and monographs for collectors according to the principles of organic production" is the first step into the forthcoming activities jointly supported by GTZ Agro Promotion Project - Skopje and SIPPO (Swiss Import Promotion Program) oriented toward the following: - Training of trainers and local collectors in GWCP (Good Wild Collecting Practice); - Training of companies in GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice); - Support of income generation for rural populations; - Raising public awareness for sustainability aspects; and - Promotion of bio-certification process. This handbook consists of 2 parts: general part and plant monographs. The general part outlines the main information that collectors should know about collection, post harvesting treatment, packaging, storage and documentation. The part with monographs consists of 53 plant monographs. 7
Besides plant description, each monograph consists of 1-3 photographs of plants in their natural setting, botanical survey and/or a photograph of a dried plant. Special emphasis is given to the details about the characteristics of the collection areas, plant parts harvested, time period of collection, harvesting tools and method as well as to the post collection treatment. Special thanks to the representatives of GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) from Bosnia and Herzegovina for encouraging and supporting the GTZ Agro Promotion Project - Skopje and SIPPO to use and revise the already prepared Bosnian version of the manual with monographs of medicinal and aromatic plants for the collectors.
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2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Achillea millefolium SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWDQDJODYRFYHWQLUDV WHQLMD Asteraceae (Compositae). 3UHWVWDYXYD EXMQR SRYH`HJR GL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVR NR GR cm VR SRO]HaNL UD] JUDQHWUL]RP .RUHQRYLRWVLVWHPHSRO]HaNLL VLOQR UD]YLHQ SUL]HPQR H RGU YHQHW 6WHEORWR H HGQRVWDYQR YR JRU QLRW GHO UD]JUDQHWR SRNULHQR VR UHWNL YROQHVWL YODNQD LOL VNRURJRORSRERMDaHVWRVPH_R FUYHQR /LVWRYLWH VH L]GROCHQR HOLS WLaQLQDL]PHQLaQRVHUDVSRUHGHQLQDVWHEORWRGYRMQRLOLWURM QRSHUHVWRGHOHQL,PDDWLQWHQ]LYQD]HOHQDERMD9RGROQLRWGHO QD VWHEORWR OLVWRYLWH LPDDW GU^NL D YR JRUQLRW GHO VH ODQFH WRYLGQLVHGHaNLLGYRMQRSHUHVWL &YHWRYLWHVHVREUDQLYRJODYLaHVWLVRFYHWLMDVRSUHaQLNRGGR mm, NRLVH ]GUXCHQLYRUD]JUDQHWLNLWNLVORCHQLVRFYHWLMD 1DMaHVWRVHEHOLSRERMD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH Achillea millefolium UDVWH QD OLYDGLWH L SRUHWNR YR ^XPL L NDPH QHVWLSUHGHOL5DVWHQLHWRVDNDVXYDLOLXPHUHQRYODCQDSRaYDVR YDURYQLaND SULURGD =D RUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYR QH WUHED GD VH VRELUD RG SDVL^WDWD L YR EOL]LQD QD ]HPMRGHOVNL REUDERWOLYL SRYU^LQLQLYL
24
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPHQGHORGUDVWHQLHWRVWHEORVROLVWRYLLFYHWRYLKHUED Millefolii herba - FYHWMillefolii flos 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 1DG]HPQLWH GHORYL VH VRELUDDW RG MXQLGRVHSWHPYUL &YHWRWVHEHUHYRVH]RQDWDQDFYH WDZHMXQLMXOLLDYJXVW $ODW]DEHUED 1RCHYLLOLQRCLFLNRQRS 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 3UL VRELUDZH QD KHUEDWD VH RWVH NXYDQDG]HPQLRWGHORGUDVWHQLHWR VR FYHWRYL L OLVWRYL GR cm YR GROCLQD 3ULVRELUDZHQDFYHWRWVHRWVHNX YDDW VDPR VRFYHWLMDWD GR cm YR GROCLQD6REUDQLWHUDVWHQLMDVHYU]XYDDWYRVQRSaLZD RGFYHWRYLWHQDVHNRHUDVWHQLHLRGUDVWHQLMDWDQD HGHQKDELWXVWUHEDGDVHRVWDYDWQHGRSUHQL1HHGR]YROHQR RWNRUQXYDZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR $NRVHYRSUD^DZHPDOLNROLaLQLVREUDQPDWHULMDOPRCHGDVH VX^LQDSULURGHQQDaLQYRVHQNDQD]D^WLWHQLLSURYHYQLPHVWD YHWHU 3RJROHPL NROLaLQL WUHED GD VH VX^DW YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD GR °C. 3RVOH VX^HZHWR VH SDNXYDDW YR KDUWLHQL LOLMXWHQLYUH`LVpGRXSRWUHEDWD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VLURYDPDVDVHGRELYDRNROXkg VXYDELRPDVD 25
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Agropyrum repens L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
3LUHYLQDSRO]HVWSLUSLUHM
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 3LUHYLQDWDSULSD_DQDIDPL OLMDWD QD WUHYLWH Poaceae Gramineae 3UHVWDYXYD WUDM QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVRNR cm1DVWHEORWRVHQDR _DDW GROJL WHQNL WHVQL L JUXELOLVWRYL &YHWRYLWH RELaQR VH VR EUDQLYRWHQNLLJXVWLNODVR YLVRGROCLQDGRcm&YHWD YRWHNRWQDOHWRWR 3LUHYLQDWD LPD SRO]HaNL NRUHQ5L]RPLWHVHGREURUD] YLHQL L VH YR REOLN QD SRO ]HaNL SRG]HPQL VWRORQL RG NRL VH UD]YLYDDW VWHULOQL L IHUWLOQL L]GDQRFL ,PDDW CROWREHOD ERMD VR GHEHOLQD RGmm6WHEOHQFHWRSRPH _X NROHQFDWD LQWHUQRGLLWH H ^XSOLYR 5DVWHQLHWR VH UD]PQRCXYDVRUL]RPLWH .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRQLYLLQDYODCQLOLYDGL=DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVWYRQH VHVRELUDDWUDVWHQLMDWDRGQLYLWH 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - UL]RPGraminis rhizoma
26
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 5L]RPLWHWUHEDGDVHVRELUDDWYRPDUW 1DMGREUR YUHPH ]D VRELUDZH H RNWRP YULNRJDYUHPHWRHVXYR $ODW]DEHUED 0RWLNDORSDWDLUDNDYLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5L]RPLWHVHYDGDWRG]HPMDWDVRPRWLND LOLORSDWD
'R]YROHQRHGDVHVREHUDWVDPRRGUL]RPLWHQDUDVWLWHO QDWDSRSXODFLMDQDHGHQKDELWXV 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR =HPMDWD VH RWVWUDQXYD RG UL]RPLWH VH PLMDW VR ODGQD YRGD VH RWVWUDQXYDDW VLWQLWH CLOLaNL L VH VX^DW QD VRQFH LOL YR VX^QLFD .YDOLWHWQR LVX^HQLRW UL]RP H WHQRN HODVWLaHQ SR ERMDCROWREHOVREHOLQDGROCQLOLQLL,VX^HQLRWPDWHULMDOVH SDNXYDYRKDUWLHQLYUH`LLOLNDUWRQVNLNXWLL
27
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Allium ursinum L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0HaNLQOXN
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Allium ursinum SULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WD Liliaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD WUHYHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR UDVWHQLH VR SRG ]HPQLHOLSVRYLGQLOXNRYLFLRNROX cm GROJLEHOLLOLCROWH QLNDYLQDSUHVHN 1DG]HPQRWR VWHEOR JR VRaLQXYDDW SUL]HPQLWHOLVWRYLNRLL]OHJXYDDW QHSRVUHGQR RG ]HPMDWD RG OXNR YLFLWH LFYHWQRLVSUDYHQRVWHEOR NRH GRVWLJQXYD GROCLQD GR cm &YHWQRWR VWHEOR H WULDJOHVWR LOL RNUXJOR L QRVL ^WLWRYLGQR VRFYH WLH VR EHOL \YH]GHVWL FYHWRYL 6R FYHWLHWR SUHG FYHWDZHWR H REYLW NDQR VR EHOX]ODYD REYLYND L H VR VWDYHQR RG QHNRONX EHOL FYHWRYL NDUDNWHULVWLaQL]DOXNRYLWH 1DMaHVWRVHUD]YLYDDWSRUHWNR LOL OLVWRYLNRLVHUDPQLHOLS WLaQRODQFHWRYLGQL ]D^LOHQL WHQNL VMDMQR ]HOHQL SUL RVQRYDWD SRVWHSHQR VH VWHVQXYDDW SUHPLQXYDM`L YR mm GROJD OLVQD GU^ND/LVWRYLWHVHGRcm GROJLLcm ^LURNL 3ORGRW H aX^ND NRMD VRGUCL QHNRONX VLYRFUQL VHPLZD NRL VH UDVHMXYDDWVRSRPR^QDPUDYNLWHPLUPHNRKRULMD &YHWDYRDSULOLYRPDM 5DVWHQLHWR PLULVD QD OXN L FHORWR PRCH GD VH NRULVWL YR LVKUDQDWDNDNR]DaLQ
28
.DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 1DMGREURVHUD]YLYDQD^XPVNLCLYHDOL^WDYREXNRYLLOLEXNR YRLJOROLVQL ^XPL 1D UDPQL L GROLQVNL PHVWD VR]GDYD JXVWL SRSXODFLL 1DMPQRJX PX RGJRYDUD KXPXVQR UDVWUHVLWR ED]QR QHXWUDOQR GR XPHUHQR NLVHOR ]HPML^WH L PHVWD NDGH SRGROJR VH ]DGUCXYDVQHJRW 0RCH GD VH QDMGH QD SHVRNOLYL NDPHQHVWL LOL VODER JOLQHVWL SRGORJL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRYLAllium ursini folium - OXNRYLFLAllium ursini bulbus 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD YR WHNRW QD YHJHWDFLRQLRW SHULRG RG DSULO GR RNWRPYUL 0ODGLWH OLVWRYL VH VRELUDDW YR DSULO L PDM SUHG VH]RQDWD QD FYHWDZH/XNRYLFLWHVHEHUDWSUHGSUROLVWXYDZHWRDSULO LOL SUL NUDMRW QD YHJHWDFLRQDWD SHULRGD NRJD OLVWRYLWH `H RYHQDW RNWRPYUL QDPHVWDWDQDNRLHXWYUGHQRSULVXVWYRQDSRSXODFL LWHQDPHaNLQLRWOXN $ODW]DEHUED 1RCHYLQRCLFLD^RYLLPRWLNL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVHaDWQDQLYRQDOLVQDWDGU^NDLVHVPHVWXYDDWYR VRRGYHWQDDPEDODCDNR^QLFLYUH`LLVO /XNRYLFLWHVHYDGDW VRD^RYLOLPRWLNDSRWRDVHaLVWDWRG]HPMDLVHVPHVWXYDDWYR VRRGYHWQDDPEDODCD 3UL VRELUDZHWR WUHED GD VH ELGH YQLPDWHOHQ GD QH VH ]DPHQL PHaNLQLRWOXN VRPRPLQDWDVRO]DConvalaria majalis PUD]RYHFRW Colchicum autumnale ]PLLQRWR JUR]MH Arum maculatum aHPHULNDWD Veratrum spp. LOL NXNXUHNRW Helleborus odorus NRL VHRWURYQL0LULVRWQDOXNHVLJXUHQ]QDNNRMQHGR]YROXYDHYHQ WXDOQD]DPHQD
29
3UDYLODWDYHODWGHNDRGOXNRYLFLWHLRGUDVWHQLMD WD QD HGQD SRSXODFLMD WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL LOL GD VH RVWDYDW QDMPDONX RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWH UDVWHQLMD ]D GD VH RVLJXUD QRUPDOQRWR VHPHQR L YHJHWDWLYQR UD]PQRCXYDZH QD SRSXODFLMDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH VH VX^DW QD ]D^WLWHQR ]DVHQHWR L SURYHYQR PHVWR 3RJROHPLNROLaLQLVHVX^DWYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDRG°C. /XNRYLFLWHVHVX^DWLVWRNDNROXNRWQDVRQFHLOLYRVX^QLFL 6SDNXYDMJLLVX^HQLWHUDVWHQLMDYRVRRGYHWQDDPEDODCD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRKDUWLHQLYUH`LVR LOL EH] SHUJDPHQW VR YRHGQDaHQD WHCLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GL UHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYOD JDQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJOR GDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L VLOQR DURPDWLaQL UDVWHQLMD 3ULaXYDZHWRWUHEDGDVHLPD Y SUHGYLG GHND UDVWHQLHWR H VLOQRKLJURVNRSQR 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2G kg VYHCL OLVWRYL VH GRELYDkg VXYDGURJD
30
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Althaea officinalis L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%HOVOH]
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %HOLRWVOH]SULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWD QD VOH]RYLWH Malvaceae 3UHW VWDYXYDSRYH`HJRGL^QRUDVWHQLHVR MDN L PHVHVW UD]JUDQHW NRUHQ VR EHOD ERMD 2G NRUHQRW L]ELYDDW ]HOHQL WUNDOH]QL OLVWRYL D SRWRD L VWHEOR NRH PRCH GD GRVWLJQH YLVLQDRGm/LVWRYLWHVHGHEHOL QDEUDQLLYODNQHVWL 2GSD]XYLWHQDOLVWRYLWHVHUD]YL YDDW EHOL LOL UR]HYNDVWL FYHWRYL VRFYHWQDGU^ND3HULRGRWQDFYH WDZHHRGDSULOGRRNWRPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNL QD REODVWLWH QD VRELUDZH 1DMGREUR UDVWH QD YODCQL CLYH DOL^WDNDNR^WRVHPODNLSRSOD YHQLOLYDGL UHaQLRVWURYLPRaXUOLYLPHVWDLVOLaQR 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQAlthaeae radix - FYHWAlthaeae flos - OLVWAlthaeae folium 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YR SHULRGRW QD FYHWDZH WH RG DSULO GR RNWRPYUL /LVWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YR HVHQ RG SRORYLQDWD QD DYJXVWGRVHSWHPYUL .RUHQRWVHYDGLYRHVHQRNWRPYUL LOLYR SUROHWPDUW NRJDH]DYU^HQSHULRGRWQDFYHWDZH.RUHQRWVH VRELUDRGUDVWHQLMDVWDULJRGLQL 31
$ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLUDNDYLFLLORSDWD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHQDEHOLRWVOH]VHEHUDWGYDGRWULSDWLJRGL^QRVHNR JD^ UDQR QDXWUR NRJD YUHPHWR H VXYR 6REUDQLWH UDVWHQLMD VH VWDYDDW YR MXWHQL YUH`L L VH WUDQVSRUWLUDDW GR PHVWRWR QD VX^HZH RGNRUHQLWHRGFYHWRYLWHLRGOLVWRYLWHPRUD GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL RG SRSXODFLMDWD QD HGQR CLYHDOL^WHPRUDGDRVWDQHFHORVQRQHGRSUHQD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6YHCLWH UDVWLWHOQL PDWHULMDOL VH VX^DW YR WHPQL L VXYL SURV WRULL.RUHQRWHSRWUHEQRGDVHLVaLVWLRGGUYHQHVWDWDJODYDL QHaLVWRWLMDWDLGDVHL]PLHVRODGQDYRGD7RMWUHEDGDVHL]OXSL L QDGROCQR GD VH SUHVHaH QD QHNRONX GHORYL 3RWRD NRUHQRW H SRGJRWYHQ ]D VX^HZH NRH VH YU^L QD WHPSHUDWXUD RG °C .RUHQRW PRUD PQRJX EU]R GD VH LVX^L ]D GD VH VSUHaL SRMDYD QD JDELaNL
32
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Angelica sylvestris (L.)
/RNDOQLLPLZD
$QJHOLND
=DEHOH^ND 8SDWVWYDWD ]D VRELUDZH QD DQJHOLNDWD PRCDW GD VH SULPHQDWLSULVRELUDZHQDAngelica pancici Vand. 2YRMYLGHHQ GHPLWQD%DONDQVNLRW3ROXRVWURYLQHELWUHEDORGDVHVRELUD 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR $QJHOLNDSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WD Apiaceae (Umbeliferae) 3UHW VWDYXYD GYRJRGL^QR GR SRYH `HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VRYUHWHQRYLGQRcm YHU WLNDOHQ LOL NRV WHPQR NDIHDY NRUHQ/LVWRYLWHVHGYRMQRSHU HVWLSRGHOHQLVRJROHPL]DOLV WRFL 2GGHOQLWH OLVQL SORaL VH MDMFHYLGQL L QHUDPQRPHUQR RVWUR QD]DEHQL cm GROJL L cm ^LURNL 6RFYHWLHWR H WRSaHVW VORCHQ ^WLW VR SURVWL ^WLWRYL VHNRMVRSRFYHWRYL&YH WRYLWHVHGR2 mm YRGLMDPHWDU L QD GR mm GROJL GU^NL 9H QHaQLWHOLYaLZDVHEOHGRUR]H YL L NOLQRYLGQR VYUWHQL NRQ QDYQDWUH 3ORGRYLWHVH^LURNRHOLSVRYLGQLVLOQRVSOHVQDWLLJROL.RJD SORGRW `H VH SRGHOL QD GYD GHOD VH GRELYDDW GYH SROXSORGaLZD NRLLPDDWNULOHVWRVWUDQLaQLUHEUD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXOLLDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH SR YODCQL ]DVHQaHQL PHVWD YR ^XPL SRNUDM UHNL L NUDM SRWRFLGRm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 33
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQAngelicae radix) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDNRUHQRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDHVHQWDVHSWHPYUL RNWRPYUL SRVOHVR]UHYDZHQDSORGRYLWHLRYHQXYDZHQDQDG]HP QLWHGHORYLLOLYRWHNRWQDSUROHWWDDSULOPDM NRJDVHUD]YL YDDWSUYLWHOLVWRYL $ODW]DEHUED /RSDWDD^RYLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH .RUHQLWH QD GREUR UD]YLHQL JRGL^QL UDVWHQLMD VH SRWNRSX YDDWVRSUDYDORSDWDLOLD^RYDSRWRDRNROXUDVWHQLHWRGREURVH UDVNRSXYD]DGDPRCHNRUHQLWHFHORVQRGDVHL]YDGDW1DMSRJRGQR YUHPH]DYDGHZHQDNRUHQLWHHSRVOHGRCG6REUDQLWHNRUHQLVH aLVWDW RG ]HPMDWD L RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL D SRWRD VH RWVHNXYD QDG]HPQLRWGHO6HVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFL 6HVRELUDDWVDPRSRVWDULWHNRUHQL3RYDGHZHWRQDNRUHQLWHRG ]HPMDQDSUDYHQDWDGXSNDWUHEDGDVHLVSROQLVR]HPMD =DGROCLWHOQR H SUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VREL UDZHQDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQRSRVOHJRGL QL1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVH VUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWHNRUHQLVHL]PLYDDWSRGPOD]RGYRGD1HWUHEDGDVH RVWDYDWSRGROJRYUHPHSRGYRGD]DGDQH]DSRaQHL]YOHNXYDZHQD ELRDNWLYQLWHPDWHULL2WNRJD`HVHLVFHGDWVHVHaDWQDSDUaLZD GR cm L SUL WRD VH RWVWUDQXYDDW UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 3RGHEH OLWHNRUHQLVHFHSDWQDGROCQRQDLOLGHODYR]DYLVQRVWRG QLYQDWD GHEHOLQD ]D GD VH ]DEU]D QLYQRWR VX^HZH 6X^HZHWR 34
PRCHGD]DSRaQHVRL]ORCXYDZHQDNRUHQLWHQHNRONXaDVRYLQD VRQFHDSRWRDVHSRVWDYXYDDWYRHGHQVORMQDUDPNLLOLVWDODCL YRVLOQRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLQDRWYRUHQR3ULVX^HZHWR QD RWYRUHQR QH VPHH GD JL IDWL GRCG LOL URVD .RUHQLWH VH LVX^HQLNRJDSULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW6XYLWHNRUHQLVHVREL UDDW QD NXSRYL YR VXYL SURVWRULL YR NRL RVWDQXYDDW GHQD ]D YRHGQDaXYDZHQDYODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDWYQLPDWHO QRSDWLVRYLODLSULWRDVHRWVWUDQXYDDWSURPHQHWLWHNRUHQL SUL VX^HZH L WHQNLWH NRUHQaLZD 0RCH GD VH VX^DW L YR VX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRKDUWLHQLYUH`LVR PDVD RG kg. 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L QHDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLNRUHQLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD
35
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Arctostaphylos uva ursi L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0HaNLQRJUR]MHPHaNLQLX^L
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 0HaNLQRWR JUR]MH SULSD_D QD ID PLOLMDWD Ericaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD ]LP]HOHQD SRYH`HJRGL^QD SROHJ QDWDJUPX^NDYLVRNDGRm /LVWRYLWH VH WHPQR ]HOHQL VR RNUXJORHOLSWLaHQORSDWHVW RE OLN 1D RSDaLQDWD QD OLVWRYLWH OLVQDWD QHUYDWXUD H LVSDNQDWD D QDOLFHWRHYGODEQDWD &YHWRYLWHVHEHORUR]HYLLYLVDW QD YUYRW RG JUDQNLWH YR PDOL JUR]GRYL 3ORGRW H LQWHQ]LYQR FUYHQDLVMDMQDERELaHVWDNRVWHO ND VR GLMDPHWDU RNROX mm 9R ERELQNDWDLPDNRVNLNRLVRGU CDWSRHGQRVHPH5DVWHQLHWRFYH WD YR PDM D SORGRYL GDYD YR SHULRGRW RG MXOL GR RNWRPYUL 1HRSKRGQR H GD VH YQLPDYD OLVWRYLWH RG RYD UDVWHQLH GD QH VH ]DPHQDWVROLVWRYLWHQDVOLaQLWHUDVWHQLMDNDNR^WRVH - ERURYLQNDVaccinium myrtillus - FUYHQDERURYLQNDVaccinium vitis idea - NLVHOWUQBerberis vulgaris /LVWRYLWHQDNLVHOLRWWUQ]DUD]OLNDRGOLVWRYLWHQDPHaNLQR WRJUR]MHLPDDWSDUDOHOQDQHUYDWXUD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 2YD UDVWHQLH UDVWH YR LJOROLVQL ^XPL RSNUXCHQR VR GUXJL JUPX^NLQDVRQaHYDLSUHWHCQRYDURYQLaNDSRGORJD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRYLUvae ursi folium 36
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aNL GRNRONXWLHVHVURQDWVNU^DW LOLMDL]JXEDW]HOHQDWDERMD3R VX^HZHWROLVWRYLWHVHSDNXYDDWYRKDUWLHQLYUH`LLOLNXWLL
37
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Berberis vulgaris L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
.LVHOWUQ
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Berberis vulgaris SULSD_DYRIDPLOL MDWD Berberidaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD WUQRYLW JUP YLVRN RNROX m ,]GDQRFLWHVHVYLWNDQLQDSUHVHN VH VR CROWD ERMD L LPDDW PD]QD VLYR]HOHQDNRUD /LVWRYLWH VH VLYR]HOHQL MDMaHVWL SR REOLN FYUVWL L NUXSQL 3R UDERWVHVLWQRQD]DEHQLYODNQHVWL L PUHCHVWL SR SRYU^LQDWD VR GROCLQD RG cm /LVWRYLWH VH SRVWDYHQL SU^OHQHVWR D QHNRL VH SUHWYRUHQL YR WUQRYL &YHWRYLWH VH VLWQL L CROWL SRVWDYHQL YR JUR]GHVWL YLVHaNL VRFYHWLMD VR QHSULMDWHQPLULV 3ORGRYLWH VH L]GROCHQL FUYHQR SRUWRNDORYL ERELFL VR NLVHONDY YNXVGROJLRNROXcmVRGRVHPLZD7LHYLVDWYRJUR]GRYL LVWRNDNRLFYHWRYLWH .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRVRQaHYLVXYLLNDPHQHVWLULGRYLPH_XJUPX^NLLPH_L SRUDERYLWHQD^XPLWHLOLYDGLWH6HVUH`DYDRGQL]LQLWHSDVp GRm QDGPRUVNDYLVLQDQDSODQLQLWH 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUDBerberidis cortex - NRUHQBerberidis radix - ]UHOSORGBerberidis fructus
38
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 3ORGRYLWH VH EHUDW NRJD `H VR]UHDW RG NUDMRW QD OHWRWR GR SUYLWHPUD]HYLVHSWHPYULLRNWRPYUL .RUHQRWLNRUDWDVHVRELUDDWRGQRHPYULGRIHYUXDUL $ODW]DEHUED =DEHUHZHQDSORGRYLWHVHNRULVWDWVRRGYHWQLQRCLFLLUDNDYL FL SRUDGL RVWULWH WUZH =D EHUHZH QD NRUHQRW L NRUDWD VH NRULVWLQRCORSDWDLND]PD .LVHOLRWWUQHPQRJXRWURYQRUDVWHQLH3ULEHUHZHVX^HZHL PDQLSXOLUDZH VR UDVWHQLHWR QH WUHED GD XaHVWYXYDDW EUHPHQL CHQLLGHFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD SR VXYR L VRQaHYR YUHPH 3ORGRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YR REOLN QD FHOL JUR]GRYL NRJD `H VR]UHDW L NRJD `H SRaQDW GD RWSD_DDW7RJD^ERELQNLWHVHSRPDONXNLVHOLLVRGUCDWSRYH`H ^H`HUL6HEHUDWVRUDNDLOLVRQRCLFLLVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFD .RUDWDVHRWVWUDQXYDYROHQWLLVHVWDYDYRNR^QLFDWD.RUHQRW VHaLVWLRG]HPMDLGUXJLQHaLVWRWLLLVHVWDYDYRNR^QLFDWD 3UDYLODWDYHODWGHNDRGSORGRYLWHPRUDGDRVWDQDWQHGR SUHQL]DUHJHQHUDFLMDQDUDVWHQLHWRSULVRELUDZHQDNRUDWD RGSRSXODFLMDWDPRUDGDRVWDQHQHGRSUHQDSULYDGHZHWR QD NRUHQRW RG UDVWHQLMDWD PRUDDW GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL LOLGDVHRVWDYDWQDMPDONXSRORYLQDRGGREURUD]YLHQLWHUDV WHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDSULURGQRWRYHJHWDWLYQRLVHPHQRUD]P QRCXYDZHQDYLGRW 'D QH VH VRELUDDW NRUHZD RG PODGL UDVWHQLMD ]DWRD ^WR VH QDUX^XYD SURFHVRW QD REQRYD 6OHGQRWR VRELUDZH QD LVWRWR QDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMPDONXSRVOHJRGLQLYR]DYLVQRVW RGVWHSHQRWQDREQRYDQDSRSXODFLMDWD1HWUHEDGDVHVRELUDDW NRUHZD RG NLVHO WUQ YR REODVWL NDGH ^WR YLGRW H UHGRN L H SUHWVWDYHQVRSRHGLQHaQLJUPX^NL
39
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 3ORGRYLWH L NRUDWD VH VX^DW QD SURYHYQR PHVWR 6H VNODGLUDDW YR WHPQLLVXYLSURVWRULLYRVRRGYHWQD DPEDODCD NDUWRQVNL NXWLL L MXWHQL YUH`L .RUHQRWVHPLHVRODGQDYRGD VHaLVWLRG]HPMDLCLOLaNLVHVX^L QD VRQFH LOL YR VX^QLFD D SRWRD VH SDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg LOLWRUELVRYRHGQDaHQDWHCLQD9GROCVUHGLQDWD QDDPEDODCDWDVHREHOHCXYDWUDHQFUYHQUDE3 cm YR^LULQDNRM SRNDCXYDGHNDUDVWHQLHWRHRWURYQR6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGQHRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2GRNROXkg VYHCLNRUHZDVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD
40
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Betula pendula Roth.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
2ELaQDEUH]D
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %UH]DWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Betulaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD OLVWRSDGQR GUYR YLVRNR GR m VR QHSUDYLOQR MDMFHVWD L UHWND NUR^QD L WHQNL HODVWLaQL L FUYHQRNDIHDYL JUDQNL .RUDWDRGJUDQNLWHLVWHEORWRHEHOD L VH OXSL YR KRUL]RQWDOQL OHQWL 'ROQLRW GHO RG VWHEORWR H FUQ L QDSXNQDW 'LMDPHWDURW QD VWHEORWR L]QHVXYDcm .RUHQRYLRW VLVWHP LPD GREUR UD]YLHQLVWUDQLaQLNRUHZD 1D SRaHWRNRW RG UD]YLWRNRW OLV WRYLWH VH PDONX OHSOLYL GROJL SRPH_XLcm L^LURNLSRPH_XL cm VR RNUXJORWULDJOHVW REOLN GYRMQRSLOHVWRQD]DEHQLVRGRSDUDOLVQLQHUYLLOLVQDGU^ND GROJDRGGRcm &YHWRYLWH VH HGQRSROQL L JUXSLUDQL YR SRVHEQL VRFYHWLMD 0D^NLWH FYHWRYL VH UHVL VR GROCLQD RG GR cm L YLVDW YR SDURYLQDNUDMRWRGJUDQNLWH6HSRMDYXYDDWYRWHNRWQDHVHQWD #HQVNLWHVRFYHWLMDUHVLVHcm SRNUDWNLRGPD^NLWHLLPDDW YHUWLNDOQL GU^NL 6H SRMDYXYDDW YR SUROHW VOHGQDWD JRGLQD =UHOLWH CHQVNL UHVL SD_DDW RG GUYDWD QD ]HPMDWD 3ORGRW H HGQRVHPHQR RUHYaH VR GYH WHQNL NULOFD VWUDQLaQR SRVWDYHQL L SRJROHPLRGRUHYaHWR .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH %UH]DWDHGUYRQDVWXGHQLWHLXPHUHQLWHNOLPDWVNL]RQLLPRCH GD L]GUCL PQRJX QLVNL WHPSHUDWXUL .DIHDYRNLVHOLWH SRaYL VR]GDYDDW aLVWR EUH]RYL ^XPL QR VH MDYXYD L RGGHOQR LOL YR 41
JUXSLYRVYHWOL^XPL%DUDVXYDLSHVRNOLYDSRGORJDLGRYROQR SURVWRU WDND^WR aHVWR VH VUH`DYD QD VXYL UDPQLFL ULGRYL L SODQLQL 5D]OLNLWH VH GHWHUPLQLUDQL RG CLYHDOL^WHWR QD NRH CLYHDW 2ELaQDWD EUH]D UDVWH YR GDERYL ^XPL D QD NLVHOL L PRaXUOLYLSRaYLPRCHGDVHQDMGHEHODWDLOLYODNQHVWDWDEUH]D Betula pubescens 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRYLBetulae folium - NRUDBetulae cortex - EUH]RYVRNBetulae succus 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR QD OLVWRYLWH VH YU^L YR WHNRW QD SUROHWWD PDM L MXQL 3RVOH RYRM SHULRG NYDOLWHWRW QD OLVWRYLWHRSD_D .RUDWD VH VRELUD YR PDUW LOL YR RNWRPYUL 6RNRWRGEUH]DVHVRELUDYRDSULOL PDM YR ]DYLVQRVW RG QDGPRUVNDWD YLVLQD $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLVDG]DVRELUDZHQDVRNRW 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHWUHEDGDVHEHUDWVRUDNDLWRDGRGHNDVHPODGLLOHS OLYL1HVHGR]YROXYDGDVHVHaDWJUDQNLWH.RUDWDVHOXSLRGVWH EORWRDSRWRDQDGYRUH^QLRWEHOVORMVHRWVWUDQXYDWDNDGDNRUD WDRVWDQHCROWRNDIHDYD6HNRULVWLVDPRPD]QDWDNRUDQDVWH EORWRVRGHEHOLQDRGGRcm 6RNRWRGEUH]DVHVRELUDWDND^WRQDVWHEORWRRGEUH]DWDVRQRC VHSUDYLUH]YRIRUPDQDEXNYDWD7LSRGVWHEORWRVHVWDYDVDG]D VRELUDZHQDVRNRW5H]RWPRUDGDELGH^WRHPRCQRSRPDO]DGD VH RYR]PRCL SREU]R ]DUDVQXYDZH QD RWYRURW 6RNRW WUHED GD VH VRELUDLVNOXaLYRQDSUROHW 42
RG OLVWRYLWH PRUD GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL 6DPR RG NRUDWD PRCH GD VH RWVWUDQL L WRD VDPR RG VWHEORWR QD RQLH GUYD NDM NRL QH SRVWRL UL]LN GD ELGDW R^WHWHQL RG VRQFHWR RVDPHQLGUYD .RUDWDRGLVWRWRVWHEORHGR]YROHQRSRYWRUQR GD VH VRELUD SRVOH WUL JRGLQL RG SRVOHGQRWR VRELUDZH 2G HGQRVWHEORQHWUHEDGDVH]HPDSRYH`HRGOLWDUVRN]DGDQH GRMGHGRVX^HZHQDGUYRWR1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHQD_XEULGUYR WR]DGDGDGHSRJROHPSULQRVQDVRN
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWHOLVWRYLLNRUDWDWUHEDGDVHVX^DWRGGHOQRYRWHQRN VORMQDSRNULHQRLSURYHYQRPHVWRSRGVHQND$NRVORMRWHGHEHO OLVWRYLWH VWDQXYDDW WHPQL L QHPDDW NRPHUFLMDOQD YUHGQRVW 'REUR LVX^HQLWH OLVWRYL LPDDW VMDMQR ]HOHQD ERMD QD SUHGQDWD VWUDQD OLFHWR L QH]QDWQR SRVYHWOD QD RSDaLQDWD ,PDDW VODE NDUDNWHULVWLaHQPLULV 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHULMDO VH SDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRG kg LOL WRUEL VR YRHGQDaHQD WH CLQD ,VX^HQLWH OLVWRYL LOL NRUD WDVHSDNXYDDWRGGHOQRYRMXWHQLLOL KDUWLHQL YUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQ aHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLV WRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L VLOQR DURPDWLaQL UDV WHQLMD6RNRWSRFHGHZHWRVHVWDYDYR VWDNOHQL^L^LZD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCDNRUDVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 43
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Capsella bursa pastoris (L.) Medic.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
2YaDUVNDWRUELaND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 2YaDUVNDWD WRUELaND SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) 3UHWVWDYXYD HGQRJR GL^QR LOL GYH JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVRNRGRcm6WHEODWDVHUD]JUDQHWLJROL LOLPHNRYODNQHVWLSULRVQRYQLWHOLVWRYLVH VREUDQL YR UR]HWD /LVWRYLWH VH REUDWQR ODQFHWRYLGQL LOL GODERNR SHUHVWR ]DVHaHQL &YHWRYLWH VH PQRJXEURMQL EHOL VREUDQL YR JUR]GRYLGQL VRFYHWLMD VR aD^NLQL L YHQHaQLOLYaLZDSRVWDYHQLYRREOLNDQDNUVW 3ORGRWHVSOHVNDQRVUFHYLGQROX^SHQFH 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGDSULOGRVHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 2YaDUVNDWDWRUELaNDUDVWHSRWUHYHVWLPHVWDSRNUDMSDWL^WDL NDNRSOHYHOQL]QLYLWH5DVSURVWUDQHWRHSRQL]LQLWHLSODQL QLWHGR m QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLRWGHOQDUDVWHQLHWRKHUED Bursae pastoris herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDRGSUROHWWDGRHVHQWDDSULOVHSWHPYUL NRJDUDVWHQL HWRFYHWDLNRJDJLREUD]XYDSUYLWH]HOHQLSORGRYL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQHURVDWD6RR^WDU VUSLOLQRCVHRWVHNXYDDWFYHWRQRVQLWHVWHEODYRGROCLQDRGcm RG 44
YUYRWQDUDVWHQLHWR,SUL]HPQLWHOLVWRYLVHVRELUDDWLVHGRGDYDDWQD GURJDWD3REHUHZHWRUDVWHQLMDWDUDVWUHVLWRVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFLWH 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDQDG]HPQLRWGHO]DHGQRVRNRUHQRW ]DWRD^WRQDWRMQDaLQVHQDPDOXYDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD1H HGR]YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQDWDKHUEDVHaLVWLRGSULPHVLRG]HPMDRGSUHFYHWDQLLOLUDV WHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLLRGGUXJLUDVWHQLMD6HVX^LSRGVHQNDYR SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLSRGVWUHL+HUEDWDVHVX^LYRWHQRNVORM cm QDUDPNLLOLSRVWHONL1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULVWXYDZHQDYH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOLQDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWR RGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGUR JDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZHKHUEDWDWUHEDSDWLGDVHSUHYUWLYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQ VNLWHSULOLNLLVWHSHQRWQDQLYQDLVX^HQRVW+HUEDWDHVXYDNRJDQDMGH EHOLWHGHORYLQDVWHEORWRSULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW5DVWHQLMDWDPRCDW GDVHVX^DWVREUDQLYRNLWNL6HYU]XYDDWSRUDVWHQLMDFYHWRYLWHVH SRUDPQXYDDWRGVWUDQDLVHYU]XYDDWYRGROQLRWNUDMLVH]DNDaXYDDWREH VHQLQDGROXQDNOLQHF9RWRMVOXaDMKHUEDWDHVXYDNRJDVWHEODWDYRYQD WUH^QRVWDQDNLWNDWDSULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW 6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL +HUEDWD PRCH GD VH VX^L L YR VX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRGC LGREUDYHQWLODFLMD3RWRD VHVRELUDYQLPDWHOQRQDSRGHEHOSODVWYRVXYDSURVWRULMDWDPXRVWDQX YDGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR QDWURQRYD KDUWLMD L WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQD VRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDUL RGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
45
%RWDQLaNRLPH /RNDOQLLPLZD
Chamomilla recutita Rausch. (Matricaria chamomilla L.) .DPLOLFDYUWLSRSEROLYDa
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR .DPLOLFDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Asteraceae (Compositae) 3UHWVWDYXYD HGQRJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR WHQRNYUHWHQRYLGHQNRUHQ6WHEORWRH YLVRNRGRcmLVSUDYHQRUD]JUD QHWR YR RVQRYDWD JROR L QDEUD]GHQR /LVWRYLWH VH QDL]PHQLaQL VHGHaNL L SDWL SHUHVWR GHOHQL &YHWQLWH JODYLaNLVHcm YRGLMDPHWDUUDV SRORCHQL QD GU^NL GROJL cm 2VQRYDWD QD VRFYHWLHWR H LVSDNQDWR NRQXVRYLGQD -D]LaHVWLWH FYHWRYL VH SR UDERW QD VRFYHWLHWR L VH EHOL D WUXEHVWLWH FYHWRYL YR VUHGLQDWD QD VRFYHWLHWRVHCROWL 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGSRaHWRNRWQDPDMGRNUDMRWQDMXOL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRWUHYHVWLL]DSX^WHQLPHVWDSRNUDMVHODSDWL^WDLQL] SRVHYL 5DVSURVWUDQHWR H QDVHNDGH GR m QDGPRUVND YLVR aLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWRGNDPLOLFDChamomillae flos (anthodium) - QDG]HPHQGHOKHUED RGNDPLOLFDChamomillae herba) 1H VH GR]YROHQL SULPHVL RG ULPVND NDPLOLFD Anthemis nobilis) NRMD^WRVHNDUDNWHUL]LUDVRQHSULMDWDQDPLUL]EDLUDPQDRVQR YDQDVRFYHWLHWRDLVWRWDNDQHVHGR]YROHQLSULPHVLLRGQHPL UL]OLYDWDNDPLOLFDMatricaria inodora)
46
I&YHWRGNDPLOLFDChamomillae flos (anthodium)) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDFYHWRWVHRGYLYDRGVUHGLQDWDQDSUROHWWDGRNUD MRW QD OHWRWR ]D YUHPH QD FYHWDZHWR NRJD EHOLWH FYHWaLZD VHX^WHVHYRKRUL]RQWDOQDSRORCED'RNRONXEHOLWHFYHWRYLVH YLVQDWL QDGROH VRFYHWLHWR SUL VX^HZH VH UDVSD_DDW L GURJDWD JXELRGNYDOLWHW1HGRUD]YLHQLWHFYHWQLJODYLaNLVRGUCDWPDOR NROLaHVWYRQDELROR^NLDNWLYQLPDWHULLLLVWRWDNDLPDDWPDO NYDOLWHW $ODW]DEHUED AH^OLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDVDPRSRVXYRLVRQaHYRYUHPHSRVOHGLJDZH QDURVDWD6RELUDZHWRQDFYHWRYLWHVHRGYLYDVRVSHFLMDOQLaH^ OL GUYHQL VDQGDaLZD NRL QD HGQDWD VWUDQD VH RWYRUHQL L LP H SULNUHSHQ PHWDOHQ aH^HO 6H RWNLQXYDDW FYHWQL JODYLaNL VR GU^NL GR cm 1DEUDQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHULMDO UDVWUHVLWR VH UDVSRUHGXYDYRSOLWNLNR^QLFL3ULYUHPHQRVHUDVSRVWHOXYDYR cm WHQRNVORMQDSODWQRGRGHNDQHVHSUHQHVDWGRPHVWRWRQD VX^HZH7UHEDGDVHLPDYRSUHGYLGGHNDVYHCDWDNDPLOLFDDNRVH aXYDYRSULYUHPHQDWDDPEDODCDLOLQDJROHPNXSRVREHQRDNRH QDVRQFH SRYH`HRGaDVDOHVQRVHVSDUXYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWH VH aLVWDW RG SULPHVL RG GUXJL UDVWHQLMD OLVWRYL L GHORYLRGVWHEORQHGRUD]YLHQLFYHWQLJODYLaNLGU^NLSRGROJL RG cm L GHORYL QDSDGQDWL RG EROHVWL 3RWRD UDVWLWHOQLRW PDWHULMDOVHSURVHMXYDQL]VLWRVRGLMDPHWDUQDRWYRULWHmm SRVOH ^WR VH SURGXYXYD QD YHMDOND 1D NUDM PDWHULMDORW VH SUR aLVWXYDVRUDND6X^HZHWRVHL]YU^XYDQDVHQNDYRVORMRGcm, SRVWHOHQLYU]UDPNLLOLQDSODWQRYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZH QDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD 47
DNRJDHYODCQRYUHPHWRGXULLGRUDVLSXYDZH9RRELaDHQRHQD m2 GD VH VWDYL kg VXURYLQD 3UL QHGRVWDWRN QD SURVWRU ]D VX^HZH VORMRW SRVWHSHQR VH ]JXVQXYD L ]JROHPXYD ]DGHEHOXYD &YHWQLWHJODYLaNLVHVXYLNRJDSULEODJRSULWLVNDZHRVWDQXYDDW HODVWLaQL D SUL SRVLOQR RWSD_DDW FYHWaLZDWD 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWLX^WHHGQD^RGSULPHVLWHLFYHWRYLWHNRLVHSURPHQLOHSR VX^HZHWR UDVLSDQL 3RWRD FYHWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YQLPDWHOQR QDSRGHEHOSODVWYRVXYDSURVWRULMDL WDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]D GDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHSDNXYD3ULVX^HZH YRVX^LOQLFLWHPSHUDWXUDWDQHVPHHGDELGHSRJROHPDRG°C L WUHEDGDVH]DSD]DWVOHGQLYHXVORYL VWULNWQRVSD]XYDZHQDWHPSHUDWXUQLRWUHCLPSRG°C; RVLJXUXYDZHQDGREUDYHQWLODFLMD LVIUODZHQDWRSOLRWYR]GXK]DGDQHVHVSDULVXURYLQDWD 3RYDGHZHWRRGVX^QLFDFYHWQLWHJODYLaNLLPDDWPDODYODCQRVW RNROX L GR SRVWLJQXYDZH QD VWDQGDUGQDWD YODCQRVW WUHEDGDRWVWRMDWQDUDPNLWHRGGRaDVDDSRWRDVHVRELUDDWQD NXS YR VXYL SURVWRULL 3UL VX^HZH QD FYHWRYLWH YR VX^QLFL WUHED GD VH YQLPDYD GD QH GRMGH GR SUHVX^XYDZH QD VLURYLQDWD ]DWRD^WRWDNDWH^NR`HVHSRVWLJQHVWDQGDUGQDWDYODJDQDGUR JDWD 3UHVX^HQLWH FYHWQL JODYLaNL VH WUR^OLYL L OHVQR VH URQDW SUL PDQLSXODFLMD L SDNXYDZH 6OHGQRWR XWUR LOL SUL YODCQR YUHPH NRJD JODYLaNLWH VH HODVWLaQL VH SULVWDSXYD NRQ SURaLVWXYDZH QD PDWHULMDORW RG SULPHVL GHORYL SURPHQHWL VR VX^HZHSRYUHGHQLLOLGHORYLQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWL^WHWQLFLL FYHWQLJODYLaNLVRGU^NLQDGcm6XYDWDGURJDQDNUDMVHSURV HMXYD QL] VLWD VR RWYRUL mm YR GLMDPHWDU VH SURGXYXYD QD YHMDONDLVHaLVWLVRUDNDRG]DRVWDQDWLQHSRCHOQLSULPHVL 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHFYHWQLJODYLaNLVHSDNXYDDWYR“ND^RQL” RGYHOSDSHU VORMQL LOLYR`HVLREORCHQLRGYQDWUHVRQDWURQRYDKDUWLMD YRYUH`LVRYRHGQDaHQDPDVDLOLYREDOL6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDUL RGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLUDVWHQLMD
48
3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLVRFYHWLMDVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL II1DG]HPHQGHOKHUED RGNDPLOLFDChamomillae herba) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD RG NUDMRW QD SUROHWWD GR VUHGLQDWD QD OHWRWR MXQL MXOL NRJDUDVWHQLMDWDVHGREURUD]YLHQLLVHYRFYHW $ODW]DEHUED 6USNRVDNRVLONL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH +HUEDWDVHVRELUDSRVXYRLVRQaHYRYUHPHSRGLJDZHQDURVDWD 5D]YLHQLWH FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD VH RWVHNXYDDW VR VUS NRVD LOL NRVLONL YR GROCLQD GR 30 cm RG YUYRW QD UDVWHQLHWR .XOWL YLUDQLWHUDVWHQLMDNRLGREURVHUD]YLYDDWVHVRELUDDWVRSRPR^ QD NRVDaND SUL ^WR UDVWHQLMDWD VH RWVHNXYDDW QD cm RG SRYU^LQDWDQDSRaYDWD1DWRMDQDaLQVHL]EHJQXYDVRELUDZHWR QD QHREOLVWHQL L REH]FYHWHQL VWHEOHQL GHORYL NRL SR VX^HZH GRELYDDWVODPHQRCROWHQLNDYFYHWLPQRJXJRYOR^XYDDWNYDOL WHWRWQDGURJDWD+HUEDWDVHSRUHGXYDYRHGQDQDVRNDLUDVWUHVL WR VH UHGL YR NR^HYL LOL NXWLL EH] GD VH QDELYD ]DWRD ^WR VH VSDUXYDDWLSRFUQXYDDWSULVX^HZH1HVHVRELUDDWSUHFYHWDQLL UDVWHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWH UDVWHQLMD VH SURaLVWXYDDW RG SULPHVL QD GUXJL UDV WHQLMD QHREOLVWHQL JUXEL L REH]FYHWHQL GHORYL RG VWHEODWD SUHFYHWDQL L UDVWHQLMD QDSDGQDWL RG EROHVWL 5DVWLWHOQLRW PDWHULMDOYHGQD^VHSRGYUJQXYDQDVX^HZH6HVX^LQDVHQNDYR SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLSRGVWUHL6HUDVSURVWLUDYRVORM cm QD UDPNL VWDODCL LOL QD SODWQR 3R ]DVX^XYDZH QD JRUQLRWGHORGVORMRWWRMVHSUHYUWXYDLWRDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUH PHQVNLWHXVORYLVHSUDYLSDWLSUL^WRVORMRWSRVWHSHQRVH ]JXVQXYD L ]DGHEHOXYD 1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^ WDaNLPDWHULMDOLQDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUH aXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZH 49
QD NYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH+HUEDWDHVXYDNRJDQDMGHEHOLWHGHORYLQDVWHEORWR SULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DWLJODYLaNLWHSULWULHZHPH_XSUVWLVH URQDW 3RWRD VH VRELUD YQLPDWHOQR QD SRGHEHO SODVW YR VXYD SURVWRULMD WDPX RVWDQXYD GHQD ]D GD VH YRHGQDaL YODJDWD SRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD+HUEDWDPRCHGDVHVX^L LYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C LGREUDYHQWL ODFLMD+HUEDWDLVX^HQDYRVX^LOQLFDSUHVWRMXYDX^WHaDVD ]DL]HGQDaXYDZHQDYODJDWDQD6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WH HGQD^RGUDVLSDQLWHGHORYL 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6XYLRWPDWHULMDOPRCHGD VHVSDNXYDYRaLVWLMXWHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L6HaXYDDWYRVXYL aLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQD VRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDUL RGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
50
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Colchicum autumnale L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0UD]RYHF
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 0UD]RYHFRW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Liliaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWRUDVWHQLHYLVRNRRGGRcm 3RG]HPQLRWGHORGUDVWHQLHWRHOXNRYLFD REYLWNDQD VR WHPQL NDIHDYL OX^SL 6HNRMDJRGLQDYRWHNRWQDOHWRWRVHSRMD YXYD QRYD OXNRYLFD VR SXSND D VWDUDWD XJLQXYDYRWHNRWQD]LPDWD1DSRaHWRNRW RGHVHQWDRGSXSNDWDSRG]HPMDWDVHUD]YL YD FYHWHQ L]GDQRN NDNR RVQRYD QD HGHQ LOL SRYH`H UR]HYRYLROHWRYL FYHWRYL 0UD]RYHFRW FYHWD YHGQD^ SR LVaH]QX YDZHWRQDOLVWRYLWH /LVWRYLWH VH NRSMHVWL L]JOHGDDW NDNR NDM ]XPEXORW 6OHGQDWDJRGLQDYRSUROHWVHSRMDYXYDDWOLVWRYLWHL]PH_X NRLVHQDR_D]HOHQDaX^NDGROJDRNROXcm LNRMDJRQRVLVHPHWR 6HPHWRHWHPQRNDIHDYRLOLFUQRRNUXJORSRSRYU^LQDWDUDSD YR mm YR SUHaQLN L H SRNULHQR VR EUDGDYLFL QD GQRWR 6HPHWRHEH]PLULVVRJRUaOLYROXWYNXV .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWR H UDVSURVWUDQHWR YR NRQWLQHQWDOQLWH REODVWL QD YODCQLSODQLQVNLOLYDGL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWColchici flos - ]UHORVHPHColchici semen 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRWVHVRELUDNRQNUDMRWQDOHWRWRLYRHVHQWD6RELUDZHWR QDVHPHWRVHYU^LYROHWRWRRGMXQLGRDYJXVW #ROWLWHaX^NL SORGRW WUHEDGDELGDW]UHOLL]DWYRUHQLYRWHNRWQDEHUEDWD 51
$ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLQRCHYL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHVHRGVHNXYDDWVRQRCLFL $NR VH VRELUD VHPHWR PRCH GD VH VRELUDDW FHOLWH aX^NL NRL VH VPHVWHQLYRVUHGLQDWDQDUDVWHQLHWRL]PH_XOLVWRYLWH/LVWRYLWHVH SRPHVWXYDDW NRQ RVQRYDWD QD aX^NDWD L VH RWVHNXYDDW VR QRCLFL 7UHEDGDVHYQLPDYDSULVRELUDZHWRaX^NLWHGDELGDW]DWYRUHQLL VRCROWDERMD6HPHWRRG]HOHQLWHaX^NLQHHVRGREDUNYDOLWHW RGSRHGLQHaQLWHUDVWHQLMDUDPQRPHUQRUDVSRUHGHQL YR REODVWDNDGHVHYU^LVRELUDZHWRLRGaX^NLWHWUHEDGD RVWDQDWQHGRSUHQL]DUDGLUHJHQHUDFLMD6OHGQRWRVRELUDZHQD VHPHYRLVWDWDREODVWHGR]YROHQRQDMPDONXSRVOHJRGLQLYR ]DYLVQRVWRGVWHSHQRWQDREQRYDQDSRSXODFLMDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWHWUHEDGDVHVX^DWYR^WRSRWHQRNVORMYRGREURSURYH WUHQLSURVWRULLLYRQGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWORVW 3UL VX^HZHWR aX^NLWH VR VHPHWR WUHED GD ELGDW L]ORCHQL QD VRQaHYDVYHWOLQD3HULRGRWSRWUHEHQ]DRWYDUDZHQDaX^NLWHL ]DLVSD_DZHQDVHPHWRRGaX^NLWHHL]PH_XLGHQD3RLVSD _DZHWRRGaX^NLWHVHPHWRHSRWUHEQRGDVHVX^LX^WHGHQD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHULMDO VH SDNXYD YR GYRMQD DPEDODCD RG SROLSURSLOHQVNL YUH`L VR YRHGQDaHQD WHCLQD 1D VUHGLQDWD RG YUYRW QD DPEDODCDWD VH REHOHCXYD WUDHQ FUYHQ UDE 3 cm YR ^LULQDNRMSRNDCXYDGHNDUDVWHQLHWRHRWURYQR6HPHWRVHaXYD YRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRG GLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLL JORGDULRGGHOHQLRGQHRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD3URVWR ULLWHYRNRLVHaXYDGURJDWDWUHEDGDELGDW]DNOXaHQLLGRQLY SULVWDSGDLPDDWVDPRYR]UDVQLOLFD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLaX^NLVHGRELYDRNROXkg VXYRVHPH 52
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Crataegus monogyna L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%HOJORJ
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Crataegus monogyna SULSD_DQDIDPLO LMDWD QD UXCLWH Rosaceae %HOLRW JORJHUD]JUDQHWDWUQRYLWDLRWSRUQD JUPX^NDLOLQLVNRGUYRYLVRNRGR m/LVWRYLWHSRUDERWVHQHSUDYLOQR QD]DEHQL SRGHOHQL QD UH]QL *RUQDWDVWUDQDQDOLVWRYLWHHWHPQR ]HOHQD D RG GROQDWD VWUDQD ERMDWD H VYHWOR]HOHQDLOLVLQNDVWR]HOHQD &YHWRYLWH VH EHOL UHWNR VYHWOR UR ]HYNDVWL VR VLPHWULaQD JUDGED 6R EUDQL VH YR PLUL]OLYL VORCHQL VRFYHWLMD JURZL 6H]RQDWD QD FYH WDZHHRGPDMGRMXQL 3ORGRYLWHLPDDWMDEROaHVWREOLNLFUYHQDERMDDYRSUHaQLNVH SRPDOLRGcm3ORGRWHMDGOLYDNRVWHONDLHSRPDORGSORGRWQD FUYHQLRWJORJ5DVWHQLHWRPQRJXHVOLaQRVRFUYHQLRWJORJRGNRM VH UD]OLNXYD SR YODNQHVWLWH FYHWQL GU^NL L SR SRGODERNR UD] GYRHQLWHUH]QLQDOLVWRYLWH .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRUDVWHQDRJROHQLVXYLLNDPHQHVWLPHVWDQDULGVNLWH OLYDGLLYRUHWNLWH^XPL3RQHNRJD^PRCHGDVHQDMGHLQD m QDGPRUVNDYLVLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWRYLCrataegi flos - OLVWRYLCrataegi folium - ]UHOLSORGRYLCrataegi fructus
53
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWH VH EHUDW YR DSULO L PDM VDPL LOL VR OLVWRYLWH LVNOXaLYR SR XWULQVNDWDURVD /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWGRMXQL 3ORGRYLWHVHEHUDWYRMXQLLMXOL $ODW]DEHUED &HOLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHVRELUDVRUDND 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 3ORGRYLWHVHVRELUDDWEH]GU^ND3ORGRWNRMMDL]JXELOERMDWDJRQHPD SRWUHEQLRWNYDOLWHWLQHWUHEDGDVHVRELUD1HVHSUHSRUDaXYDGDVH VRELUDDWFYHWRYLNRLSRWHPQDOHOLVWRYLVRJUDQaLZDLOLSORGRYLNRL MD]DJXELOHVYRMDWDERMDYRWDNRYVOXaDMNYDOLWHWRWQHHGREDU RGSORGRYLWHWUHEDGDVHRVWDYDW]DUHJHQHUDFLMDRG FYHWRYLWH L RG OLVWRYLWH QD VHNRH UDVWHQLH PRUD GD VH RVWDYDWQHGRSUHQLDRGUDVWHQLMDWDQDHGQDSRSXODFLMDYR HGQDREODVW PRUDGDRVWDQDWFHORVQRQHGRSUHQL1HWUHEDGDVH NU^DWLRWVHNXYDDWJUDQNLWHLOLFHOLWHJUPX^NLDSRWRDGDVH REHUDWVRFYHWLMDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWH L OLVWRYLWH VH VX^DW RGYRHQR QD WHQRN VORM QD SRNULHQLLSURYHYQLPHVWD 3ORGRWVHVX^LQDVRQFHLOLYR]DWYRUHQLSURVWRULL 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR WHCLQDRGkg REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDUL RGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVROLVWRYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD 54
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Equisetum arvense L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
.RZVNRRSDYaH
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Equisetum arvense SULSD_DQDIDPLOL MDWD Equisetaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD WUH YHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR UDVWHQLH YLVR NRcm,PDPQRJXUD]YLHQLUL ]RPL 6WHEORWR H aOHQNRYLWR ^X SOLYR L]EUD]GHQR RVWUR L JUXER VR VLYR]HOHQDERMD'ROJLWHLJOLaHVWL OLVWRYLVHWDNDSRGUHGHQLGDIRUPL UDDW SRYH`HNDWQL SU^OHQL RNROX VWHEORWR 2YD VH VWHULOQLWH VWHE OHQFDNRLVHNRULVWDWYRPHGLFLQDWD 0QRJX H YDCQR GD VH UD]OLNXYD RYRM YLG RG GUXJL VOLaQL YLGRYL NRL VH RWURYQL ^WHWQL L QH VH NRULVWDW YR PHGLFLQVNL FHOL 7LH VH UD]OLNXYDDW RGNRZVNRWRRSDYaHSROLVWRYLWHNRLLPVHKRUL]RQWDOQLLOLYLVDW 'UXJLVOLaQLYLGRYLVH - RVWUD QDGGDYND ]LPVND QDGGDYND RVWUD QDGGDYND Equisetum hiemale L. - EDUVNDQDGGDYNDEquisetum limosum Roth. - JROHPDQDGGDYNDEquisetum maximum - PRaXUOLYDQDGGDYNDEquisetum palustre L. .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 9RRELaDHQRCLYHDOL^WHQDNRZVNRWRRSDYaHVHPQRJXYODCQLWH SUHVODSL 5DVWH QD SRGYRGQL KXPXVQL ]HPML^WD QD UHODWLYQR NLVHOLSRaYLQDOLYDGLWHQLYLWHLPRaXUL^WDWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW 6H VRELUDDW VDPR VWHULOQLWH ]HOHQL JUDQNL ]DHGQR VR JODYQRWR VWHEOR 55
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDRGPDMGRVHSWHPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLUDNDYLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDYUYQLRWGHORGVWHEORWRQDUDVWH QLHWREH]FYHWQLNODVRYLYRGROCLQDRG cm6HVRELUDSRVRQaHYRYUHPH RGUDVWHQLMDWDWUHEDGDVHRVWDYDWQHGRSUHQL]DUDGLUHJH QHUDFLMD1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMD]DWRD ^WR QD WRM QDaLQ `H VH VREHUDW L NRUHZDWD VR SULRVQRYQLWH GHORYLRGVWHEORWRQDUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHQHSRVDNXYDQLSULPH VLLJRYOR^XYDDWNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6HVX^LSULURGQRYRWHQRNVORMYR]DWYRUHQLLGREURSURYHWUHQL SURVWRULLLOLYRVX^QLFLQDPDNVLPDOQDWHPSHUDWXUDRG°C. 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYL KHUED VH GRELYD kg VXYD KHUED
56
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Erythraea centaurium Pers. = Centaurium umbellatum Gilib
/RNDOQLLPLZD
&UYHQNDQWDULRQ
2YDUDVWHQLHH]D^WLWHQRYRQHNRLHYURSVNL]HPML3RUDGLWRD SRWUHEQRHGDVHRJUDQLaLQHJRYRWRVRELUDZH 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Erythraea centaurium SULSD_D QD IDPL OLMDWDGentianaceae3UHWVWDYXYDNUHY NRQHCQR HGQRJRGL^QRUDVWHQLHNRH QDUDVQXYDGRcm YRYLVLQD 6WHEORWR H JROR aHWLULDJROQR QD QDSUHaHQ SUHVHN L VH UD]JUDQXYD YR JRUQLRWGHO1DYUYRWRGL]GDQRNRWVH QDR_DDW FUYHQL UR]HYRYLROHWRYL FYHWRYL YR REOLN QD \YH]GD SHWRGHO QL NRL VH VREUDQL YR UD]JUDQHWL ^WLWHVWRJUR]GHVWLVRFYHWLMD /LVWRYLWHVHHOLSWLaQRL]GROCHQLGR ODQFHWRYLGQL VPHVWHQL YR UR]HWD YR SUL]HPQLRW GHO D QD VWHEORWR VH VSURWLYQRSRORCQL SRVWDYHQL YR SDU 3RVHGXYDDWGROJLOLVQLQHUYL 5DVWHQLHWR FYHWD RG MXOL GR VHS WHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRUDVWHQDVXYLOLYDGLSODQLQVNLaLVWLQNLLVHNRJD^ YRQ ^XPLWH 5HWNR PRCH GD VH QDMGH YR SRQLVNLWH SUHGHOL 1DM PQRJXPRCHGDVHQDMGHQDQDGPRUVNLYLVLQLSRJROHPLRGm 6HSRMDYXYDSHULRGLaQR 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW 6HEHUHFHORWRUDVWHQLHEH]SUL]HPQLWHGHORYL - OLVWRYLLFYHWRYLCentaurii herba 57
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &UYHQLRWNDQWDULRQVHVRELUDYRWHNRWQDSHULRGRWQDFYHWDZH WH RG PDM GR VHSWHPYUL NRJD UDVWHQLHWR LPD QDMGREUL NDUDNWH ULVWLNL1DMSRYROQRYUHPHQDVRELUDZHHPHVHFDYJXVW $ODW]DEHUED /HVQRVHVRELUDVRUDND]DWRD^WRHOHVQRGDVHVNU^LVWHEORWR QDUDVWHQLHWR$ODWNL]DVRELUDZHVHQRCLFLVRSRGROJLVHaLOD NUDFL LVUS]DCQHHZHGRNRONXVHVRELUDYRJROHPLNROLaLQL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDMJRUDVWHQLHWRVRUDNDELGHM`LOHVQRVHNU^LVWHEOHQFH WR 5DVWHQLHWR UHWNR VH VUH`DYD YR JUXSL RELaQR H SRHGLQHaQR UDVSRUHGHQR1RDNRVHSDNVHQDMGHYRJUXSLWRJD^VHNRULVWLVUS VR OHYDWD UDND JR RSID`DPH VQRSRW RG UDVWHQLMD L VR VUSRW JL RWVHNXYDPHYRSUL]HPQLRWGHOGRcm YRYLVLQDEH]SUL]HPQLWH OLVWRYL 1H WUHED GD VH VRELUDDW URVQLWH UDVWHQLMD SRUDGL WRD ^WRMDPHQXYDDWERMDWDLVWDQXYDDWWHPQLSRVX^HZHWR'UXJLWH UDVWHQLMD NRL VPH JL VREUDOH SUL VRELUDZHWR QD FUYHQLRW NDQ WDULRQSRWUHEQRHGDVHRWVWUDQDW 3UDYLODWDYHODWGHNDEDUHPRGUDVWHQLMDWDRGHGQDSRSX ODFLMDWUHEDGDRVWDQDWFHORVQRQHGRSUHQLLOLGDVHRVWDYLQDM PDONXRGUDVWHQLMDWDVRGREURUD]YLHQLFYHWRQRVQLVWHEOD ]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZHQDYLGRWLREQRYDQD SRSXODFLMDWD1HWUHEDGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLYRNRLUHWNRVH VUH`DYDLOLSDNNRJDVHQDR_DYRSRHGLQHaQLSULPHURFL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 3RVRELUDZHWRFHOLWHUDVWHQLMDVHVX^DWQDODGQRQDSURYHYQR PHVWR L YR WHQRN VORM &UYHQLRW NDQWDULRQ VH VX^L EU]R L FYH WRYLWHQHRWSD_DDWSRVX^HZHWR1HHQHRSKRGQRGDVHSUHSRORYX YDPH_XWRDGRNRONXUDVWHQLHWRHGROJRWRJD^PRCHGDVHSUHVHaH QDGYDGHOD 6HSDNXYDYRMXWHQLYUH`LLOLYRNDUWRQVNLNXWLLVRRWYRULQD VWUDQLWHRGNDUWRQRW 58
3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVD RG kg REYLWNDQL VR QDWURQRYD KDUWLMD L SRUDEHQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLKHUED VHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
59
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Fragaria vesca (L.)
/RNDOQLLPLZD
>XPVNDMDJRGDGLYDMDJRGD
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR >XPVNDWD MDJRGD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Rosaceae 3UHW VWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUH YHVWR UDVWHQLH VR KRUL]RQ WDOHQ NRUHQ 2G SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWHL]OHJXYDDWGROJLL SRO]HaNL L]GDQRFL NRL VH YNRUHQXYDDW /LVWRYLWH VH VORCHQR WURMQL VR GU^NL GROJL GR cm VREUDQL YR SUL]HPQD UR]HWD /LVQLWH SORaL VH cm GROJL L cm ^LURNLMDMFHYLGQLGR REUDWQR MDMFHYLGQL VR NUXSQL ]DSFL SR UDERW QD VHNRMDVWUDQD &YHWRQRVQLWHVWHEODQHPDDW OLVWRYLSRSRYU^LQDWDLPD DW LVSUDYHQL LOL SROHJQDWL YODNQDDYLVRNLVHcm L PDONXSRGROJLRGOLVWRYLWH&YHWRYLWHVHcm YRGLMDPHWDU VREUDQLYR^WLWRYLGQLVRFYHWLMDAD^NDWDHGYRMQDVRSROLY aLZDYRVHNRMNUXJQDGYRUH^QLWHVHSRNUDWNLRGYQDWUH^QLWH D aD^NLQLWH OLYaLZD VH SRNULHQL VR SULOHJQDWL YODNQHQFD YR EOL]LQDWDQDSORGRWVHUD^LUHQLLOLL]YLWNDQLQDQD]DG9HQHa QLWH OLYaLZD VH EHOL MDMFHYLGQL GR RNUXJOL L mm YR GLMDPHWDU 3ORGRYLWH VH PQRJXEURMQL HGQRVHPHQL RUHYaLZD VPHVWHQL QD SRYU^LQDWDQDUD]UDVQDWDNRQXVRYLGQDPHVHVWDLFUYHQDFYHWQD ORCD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDMGRDYJXVW 60
.DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRUHWNL^XPLNUDMJUPX^NL^XPVNLOLYDGLLSRNDUSHVWL VWUPQLQL5DVSURVWUDQHWDHSRQL]LQLWHLSODQLQLWHGRm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRG^XPVNDMDJRGDFragariae vescae folium) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDOLVWRWVHRGYLYD YR WHNRW QD SUROHWWD L OHWRWR PDM DYJXVW NRJD UDVWHQLHWR FYHWD LOL SRVOH VRELUDZH QD SORGRYLWH6HSUHSRUDaXYDVREL UDZHWR QD OLVWRYLWH GD VH YU^L SRVOHVRELUDZHWRQDSORGRYLWH $ODW]DEHUED 1RCNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR VH RGYLYD SR VXYR YUHPH NRJD `H VH NUHQH URVDWD /LVWRYLWH VH RWVHNXYDDW VR OLV QDWD GU^ND YR GROCLQD GR cm VR SRPR^ QD QRC LOL NRVDaND 1DEUDQLWH OLVWRYL UDVWUHVLWR VHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFLQLNDNRYRWRUEL EH]GDVHQDJPHaXYDDWL EU]R VH SUHQHVXYDDW GR PHVWRWR QD VX^HZH 1H VH EHUDW SR CROWHQL]DVX^HQLLOLVWRYLQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLL^WHWQLFL 1HHGR]YROHQRNRUQHZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMD=DGROCLWHO QR H SRVOH JRGLQL HNVSORDWDFLMD QD QDR_DOL^WDWD GD VH RVLJXUDSHULRGQDSDX]DYREHUEDWDYRWUDHZHJRGLQLYR]DY LVQRVWRGREQRYDWDQDSRSXODFLMDWD1HWUHEDGDVHVRELUDYR REODVWLYRNRLUHWNRVHVUH`DYD
61
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH VH aLVWDW RG SULPHVL QD GUXJL UDVWHQLMD FYHWRQRVQL LOLSORGQLVWHEODSURPHQHWLOLVWRYLLOLOLVWRYLQDSDGQDWLRG EROHVWLL^WHWQLFL6HVX^DWQDVHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL LOL SRG VWUHL 1H H GR]YROHQR VX^HZH QD VRQFH ]DWRD ^WR OLV WRYLWHL]EOHGQXYDDWLVHJXELNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD/LVWRYLWH VHUDVSRUHGXYDDWYRWHQRNVORMcm YU]UDPNLVWDODCLLOLQD SRGSRVWHOHQVRKDUWLMD1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULVWXYDZHQDYH^ WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQL QD QLY JR SR SUHaXYDDW EU]RWR RGGHOXYDZH QD YODJDWD 7RD GRYHGXYD GR YOR ^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDDNRJDHYODCQRYUHPHWRGXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZH OLVWRYLWH VH SUHYUWX YDDWSDWLYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQVNLWHSULOLNLLVWHSHQRWQD QLYQD LVX^HQRVW .RJD OLVWRYLWH VH VX^DW QD UDPNL SUHYUWX YDZHWR VH YU^L SUL QLYQR SUHIUODZH RG UDPND QD UDPND /LV WRYLWH VH VXYL NRJD GU^NDWD L VUHGQDWD CLOD QD OLVQDWD SORaD SULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WHHGQD^RG SULPHVL L UDVLSDQL OLVWRYL 3RWRD OLVWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YQL PDWHOQRQDNXSYRVXYDSURVWRULMDLWDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]D GD VH YRHGQDaL YODJDWD SRVOH ^WR PRCH GD VH EDOLUD L SDNXYD /LVWRYLWH PRCH GD VH VX^DW L YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD QH SRYLVRNDRG°C LGREUDYHQWLODFLMD7UHEDGDVHYQLPDYDGDQH VH SUHVX^DW OLVWRYLWH ELGHM`L SUL EDOLUDZHWR VH WUR^DW URQDW 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHOLVWRYLVHSDNXYDDWYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRG kg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
62
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnus frangula L.)
/RNDOQLLPLZD
.UX^LQD
2YDUDVWHQLHH]D^WLWHQRYRQHNRLHYURSVNL]HPML6RELUDZHWR PRCH GD VH VSURYHGH VDPR YR VWURJR GHILQLUDQL REODVWL L YR VWURJRGHILQLUDQLNROLaLQL 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Frangula alnus SULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWD Rhamnaceae5DVWHQLHWRHQLVNRGUYR LOL JUPX^ND YLVRNR GR PHWUL .RUDWDQDVWHEORWRHWHPQDLPD]QD VRPQRJXVLYREHOLOLQLL.RUDWDQD PODGLWH JUDQNL LPD FUYHQNDVWR VPH_DERMD /LVWRYLWH NRL QDL]PHQLaQR VH SRVWDYHQL QDMaHVWR VH L]GROCHQR HOLSWLaQL GROJL cm L ^LURNL cm 1D OLFHWR OLVWRYLWH VH WHPQR]HOHQLLVMDMQLDQDRSDaLQDWD LPDDW CROWR]HOHQD ERMD 3R UDERW VHFHOL 6LWQLWH FYHWRYL VH GYRSRORYL VPHVWHQL YR ^WLWHVWL VRFYHWLMD L SRVWDYHQLSRHGLQHaQRLOLYRJUXSLRGGRFYHWRYLYRSD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH &YHWRYLWH RG QDGYRUH^QDWD VWUDQD VH EHOL D RG YQDWUH^QDWD CROWHQLNDYL 2G QLY VH UD]YLYDDW SORGRYL NRL QD SRaHWRNRWVH]HOHQLSRWRDFUYHQLDNRJD`HVR]UHDWWLHVHVLQR FUQL 3ORGRW H NRVWHOND VR GLMDPHWDU RG mm L SRVHGXYD WUL VHPLZD.DMQDVSORGRYLWHVR]UHYDDWYRDYJXVWLOLVHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWR QDMaHVWR UDVWH YR EOL]LQD QD UHNL L SRWRFL YR YODCQL^XPLQDJOLQHVWD]HPMDYRPRaXUOLYLREODVWLQDLORYL FDQRLQDSHVRNOLYL]HPML^WD 63
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW NRUDFrangulae cortex VRKRUL]RQWDOQLVYHWOREHOLOLQLL 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH .RUDWD RG NUX^LQD VH VRELUD QD NUDMRW RG ]LPDWD LOL QD SRaHWRNRWRGSUROHWWDSUHGUDVWHQLHWRGDUD]OLVWDRGNUDMRWQD IHYUXDULGRSRaHWRNRWQDDSULO $ODW]DEHUED 6RRGYHWQDSLODRVWDUQRCRYR^ WDUVNL QRCLFL D DNR NRUDWD VH VRELUDRGSRYLVRNLGUYDQHRSKRG QR H GD VH SRVHGXYD L VRRGYHWQD VNDOD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH =DGDVHVREHUHNRUDWDQHRSKRGQR HNUXCQRGDVH]DVHaDWSRGHEHOLWH JUDQNLLOLPODGLWHVWHEODQDUDV WRMDQLH RG GR cm PH_X ]DVH FLWHSRWRDGDVHQDSUDYDWQDGRO CQL ]DVHNXYDZD PH_X GYH NUXCQL ]DVHFL L GD VH L]OXSL OHQWDWD RG NRUD 'HEHOLQDWD QD NRUDWD QH VPHHGDELGHSRJROHPDRGmm .RUDWDWUHEDGDELGHPD]QDVMDMQD LWHPQRFUYHQDFUYHQRVPH_D 6RELUDZHWRQDNRUDWDWUHEDGDVHL]YU^LWDNDGDQHVHR^WHWDW CLYLWHGHORYLQDUDVWHQLHWR 'R]YROHQRHGDVHVREHUHPDNVLPXPRGNRUDWDQDHGQRVWH EOR6OHGQRWRVRELUDZHNRUDRGLVWRWRUDVWHQLHHGR]YROHQR SRVOHJRGLQL6RELUDZHQDNRUDWDHGR]YROHQRNDMRQLHUDV WHQLMD NDM NRL QHPD RSDVQRVW RG R^WHWXYDZH QD VWHEORWR RG VRQFHWRSRHGLQHaQLUDVWHQLMD
64
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR .RUDWDQDNUX^LQDWDVHVX^LYHGQD^SRVRELUDZHWROXSHZHWR 3UYLWHQHNRONXaDVRYLSRVRELUDZHWRVHVX^LQDVRQFHDSRWRD YR VHQND QD SURYHYQR PHVWR ,VX^HQDWD NRUD VH aXYD YR MXWHQL YUH`LYRVXYLLSURYHYQLSURVWRULL .RUDWD QD NUX^LQWD PRCH GD VH NRULVWL SRVOH HGQD JRGLQD RG VX^HZHWR L aXYDZHWR YR SRVHEQL SURVWRULL LOL SR WHUPLaND REUDERWNDVRL]ORCXYDZHHGHQaDVQDWHPSHUDWXUDRG°C$NR VHXSRWUHELVYHCRLVX^HQDWDNRUDNRMDQHHWHUPLaNLREUDERWH QDPRCHGDSUHGL]YLNDVWRPDaQLSUREOHPL
65
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Gentiana lutea L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
6LUL^WDUNDOLQFXUDGLYaHPHU
5DVWHQLHWRHYR&UYHQDWDOLVWDQD]DJUR]HQLYLGRYL/LQFXUDWD QH H SRJRGQD ]D RUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYR SUHNX VRELUDZH RG GLYL SRSXODFLL7DDPRCHGDVHVRELUDVDPRGRNRONXSRVWRLVOXCEHQD GR]YROD ]D EHUED L WRD ]D MDVQR RGUHGHQL REODVWL L YR RGUHGHQD GR]YROHQDNROLaLQD 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR /LQFXUDWDSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWDGetianaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWH QLHYLVRNRGRm6WHEORWRHVLOQRFLOLQ GULaQRLLVSUDYHQR /LVWRYLWHVHJROHPLVRMDMFHVWRHOLSWLaHQRE OLNSUL]HPQLWHOLVWRYLVHSRJROHPLRGRVWD QDWLWHVRcm YRGROCLQDLcm YR^LULQD LVRL]UD]HQRODaQRVYLWNDQLQHUYL =HOHQRCROWLWHGYRSROQLFYHWRYLVHVPHVWHQL YRSD]XYLWHQDOLVWRYLWHYRJRUQDWDSRORYLQD QD VWHEORWR 3ORGRW H HOLSWLaQD aX^ND cm GROJDVRPQRJXEURMQLVHPLZD 6HPHWRHVYHWORNDIHDYRSRERMDVLWQRVSOHV NDQRVR^LURNLNULODSRUDERW0DVDWDQD VHPLZDVHGYLCLRGGRg .RUHQRWQDOLQFXUDWDGREURHUD]YLHQLUD]JUDQHWD]DYLVQRRG QHJRYDWDVWDURVWPRCHGDELGHWHCRNLGRQHNRONXNLORJUDPL1D SUHVHNVLURYLRWNRUHQLPDEHODERMDPHNDNRQ]LVWHQFLMDLOHVQR VHVHaHDSRYNXVHJRUaOLY 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGNUDMRWQDMXQLGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 1D%DONDQRWOLQFXUDWDUDVWHSRSODQLQVNLWHSDVL^WDLOLYDGL SRUHWNLWH^XPLLNDPHZDULQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDRGm SD L SRYH`H 1DMPQRJX t RGJRYDUDDW NDUERQDWQL ]HPML^WD VR VODER NLVHOD UHDNFLMD 0RCH GD UDVWH L QD JOLQHVWD SRaYD QR 66
VRELUDZHWR QD NRUHZDWD QD WDNYR ]HPML^WH QH H ]JRGQR SRUDGL WRD ^WR H RWHCQDWR VRELUDZHWR L aLVWHZHWR QD NRUHQLWH 1D OLQFXUDWD t RGJRYDUD SODQLQVNDWD NOLPD VR VUHGQD GQHYQD WHP SHUDWXUDGR°C YRYHJHWDFLRQLRWSHULRGLPDNVLPDOQDGQHYQD WHPSHUDWXUDRG°C. 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQGentianae radix 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR QD NRUHZDWD VH RGYLYD NRQ NUDMRW QD OHWRWR L SRaHWRNRWQDHVHQWDVHSWHPYULRNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED $^RYLORSDWD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDDWVDPRSRVWDULWHNRUHZD3RYDGHZHWRQDNRUHZDWDRG ]HPMDQDSUDYHQDWDGXSNDWUHEDGDVHLVSROQLVR]HPMD 1HRSKRGQR H NRUHZDWD GD VH LVaLVWDW RG ]HPMD RG UDVLSDQL GHORYL VWHEOR L VO 6RELUDaRW QD NRUHZDWD WUHED GD MD RWVHaH JODYDWD QD NRUHQRW VR SXSNLWH GD MD YUDWL YR GXSNDWD L GD MD SRNULHVR]HPMD1DRYRMQDaLQQHPDGDJRXQL^WLPHUDVWHQLHWRL `HPRCHPHSRYWRUQRGDVRELUDPHNRUHZDSRVOHQHNRONXJRGLQL RG SRSXODFLMDWD PRUD GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL 3RYWRUQR VRELUDZHQDLVWLWHPHVWDPRCQRHSRVOHJRGLQLRGSRVOHG QRWRVRELUDZH 1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHL]YDGDWVLWHUDVWHQLMDQD HGQRCLYHDOL^WH 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR .RUHQRW VH VHaH QD SDUaLZD GROJL cm L VH VX^L $NR GHO RG NRUHQRW H SRGHEHO RG cm WRJD^ WRM WUHED GD VH SUHVHaH SR GROCLQD ]D SROHVQR GD VH LVX^L 0RCH GD VH VX^L QD VRQFH YR SRVHEQLSURVWRULLLOLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDRGGR°C. 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VX^L QD WHPSHUDWXUD SRYLVRND RG °C. 67
,VX^HQLRW NRUHQ QD OLQFXUDWD H CROWHQLNDYREHO VH NU^L QD SULWLVRNLLPDJRUaOLYYNXV=DUDGLSUDNWLaQDSURFHQDQDUDV WHQLMDWD]DEHUEDSRWUHEQRHVRELUDaLWHGD]QDDWGHNDPDVDWDQD NRUHQRWHWULSDWLSRJROHPDRGPDVDWDQDQDG]HPQLRWGHORGUDV WHQLHWR 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2GGRkg VYHCNRUHQVHGRELYDkg VXY
68
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Geranium macrorrhizum L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
=GUDYHF
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR =GUDYHFRW SULSD_D QD IDPLO LMDWDGeraniaceae3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDV WHQLHVRPQRJXGREURUD]YLHQ GROJ KRUL]RQWDOHQ SRG]HPHQ LOLQDG]HPHQUL]RP6WHEORWR HLVSUDYHQRLYLVRNRRGGR cm 3UL]HPQLWH OLVWRYL VH GOD ERNR GODQNRYLGQR UD]GHOHQL QD GR REUDWQR MDMFHYLGQL QD]DEHQLGHORYLLLPDDWGR cm GROJL OLVQL GU^NL 6LWH OLVWRYL RG GYHWH VWUDQL VH YODNQHVWL &YHWRYLWH VH VREUDQL YR VRFYHWLMD QD YUYRW RG VWHEORWR &YHWRYLWHLPDDWaD^NLQLOLYaLZDLYLROHWRYLFUYHQLOLY aLZDVRGROJLSUD^QLFLNRLL]OHJXYDDWQDGYRURGYHQaHWR 3ORGRW H VXYD aX^ND NRL VH UDVSD_D QD HGQRVHPHQL GHOD VR GROJLL]YLWNDQLRVLOD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 1D%DONDQRW]GUDYHFRWUDVWHQDYODCQL]DVHQaHQLLNDPHQHVWL PHVWDQL]^XPLWH6HUDVSURVWLUDSRVLWHQD^LSODQLQLLYLVR NLSROLZDQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDRGm 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - UL]RPRG]GUDYHFGeranii macrorrhizi rhizoma - QDG]HPHQGHOKHUED RG]GUDYHFGeranii macrorrhizi herba)
69
I1DG]HPHQGHOKHUED RG]GUDYHFGeranii macrorrhizi herba) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDQDG]HPQRWGHOVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDOHWRWRMXQL DYJXVW ]DYUHPHQDFYHWDZHQDUDVWHQLHWR $ODW]DEHUED 1RCVUSNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQHURVDWD6R R^WDUVUSLOLQRCVHRWVHNXYDDWFYHWRQRVQLWHVWHEODLSUL]HP QLWH OLVWRYL QD UDVWRMDQLH RG cm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`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR cm GROJLWH VWHEOHQFD VR OLVWRYL L FYHWRYL VH VX^DW YR WHQRNVORMQDSURYHYQLPHVWDYRVHQNDSRVWHOHQLYU]UDPNL1HH GR]YROHQRLVNRULVWXYDZHQDYH^WDaNLPDWHULMDOLQDMORQSROL HWLOHQ L VOLaQL QD QLY JR SRSUHaXYDDW EU]RWR RGGHOXYDZH QD YODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDD NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZHKHUEDWDWUHEDaHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUH PHQVNLWHSULOLNLLVWHSHQRWQDQLYQDLVX^HQRVW+HUEDWDHVXYD NRJDQDMGHEHOLWHGHORYLQDVWHEORWRLOLVQLWHGU^NLSULVYLWNX 70
YDZHVHNU^DW+HUEDWDPRCHGDVHVX^LLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSH UDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C LGREUDYHQWLODFLMD6XYDWDGURJDVH aLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 5DVWHQLMDWD VR SRWHP QHWL OLVWRYL LOL EH] OLVWRYL L UDVWHQLMDWD EH] FYHWRYL QHPDDW NRPHUFLMDOQDYUHGQRVW3RWRDVHVRELUDYQLPDWHOQRQDSRGHEHO SODVWYRVXYDSURVWRULMDWDPXRVWDQXYDGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaL YODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR YRHGQDaHQD PDVD RG kg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLL JORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLQHDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED II. 5L]RPRG]GUDYHFGeranii macrorrhizi rhizoma 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDUL]RPRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDSUROHWWDDSULO PDM NRJDSRaQXYDDWGDVHUD]YLYDDWOLVWRYLWHLYRWHNRWQDHVHQ WDVHSWHPYULRNWRPYUL SRVOHVR]UHYDZHQDSORGRYLWH $ODW]DEHUED $^RYORSDWDLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5L]RPLWH VH SRWNRSXYDDW VR SUDYD ORSDWD LOL D^RY D SRWRD VH RWNRUQXYDDWVRUDND1DMSRJRGQRYUHPH]DYDGHZHQDUL]RPLWHH SRVOHGRCG6REUDQLWHUL]RPLVHaLVWDWRG]HPMDWDLRGWUXOLWH GHORYL D SRWRD VH RWVHNXYD QDG]HPQLRW GHO 6H VWDYDDW YR NR^QLFL 6HVRELUDDWVDPRSRVWDULWHUL]RPL3RYDGHZHWRQDUL]RPLWHRG ]HPMDQDSUDYHQDWDGXSNDWUHEDGDVHLVSROQLVR]HPMD
71
=DGROCLWHOQR H SUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 3UL LVNRSXYDZH QDUL]RPLWHRQLHNRL^WRVHSRWHQNLRGcm VHYUD`DDWYR ]HPMD 6OHGQRWR VRELUDZH QD LVWRWR QDR_DOL^WH H GR]YROHQR QDMUDQR SRVOH JRGLQL 1H VH VRELUDDW NRUHQLWH QD PHVWD NDGH^WR SUHWKRGQR H VRELUDQD KHUEDWD 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWH UL]RPL VH L]PLYDDW YR POD] RG YRGD 1H WUHED GD VH RVWDYDWSRGROJRYUHPHSRGYRGD]DGDQH]DSRaQHL]YOHNXYDZHQD ELRDNWLYQLWHPDWHULL2WNRJD`HVHLVFHGDWVHVHaDWQDSDUaLZD RGcm LSULWRDVHRWVWUDQXYDDWJQLOLWHGHORYL5L]RPLWHVH SRVWDYXYDDWYRWHQRNSODVWcm YRUDPNLLOLYRVLOQRSURYH WUHQLSURVWRULLLOLQDRWYRUHQR3ULVX^HZHWRQDRWYRUHQRQH VPHH GD JL IDWL GRCG LOL URVD 5L]RPLWH VH LVX^HQL NRJD SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW 6XYLWH UL]RPL VH VRELUDDW QD NXSRYL YR VXYL SURVWRULL YR NRL RVWDQXYDDW GHQD ]D YRHGQDaXYDZH QD YODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDWYQLPDWHOQRSDWLVRYLOD L SUL WRD VH RWVWUDQXYDDW SURPHQHWLWH UL]RPL SUL VX^HZH L RVWDWRFLWHRGKHUED 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHUL]RPLVHSDNXYDDWYRYUH`LVRYRHGQDaHQDPDVD6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L DURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLUL]RPLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
72
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Hedera helix L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%U^OHQ
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %U^OHQRWSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WDAraliaceae3UHWVWDYXYDGUYHQ HVWD ]LP]HOHQD OLMDQD NRMD SRO]L SR ]HPMD LOL VH NDaXYD SR UDVWHQLMD L NDUSL VR SRPR^ QD DGYHQWLYQL NRUHQL 6WHEORWR PRCH GD GRVWLJQH GROCLQD L GR cm /LVWRYLWH VH WHPQR ]H OHQL NRCHVWL VMDMQL L GRD_DDW YR UD]OLaQL IRUPL QDMaHVWR VH VUFHYLGQL LOL YUHCDQL QD PHVWD &YHWRYLWHVHVREUDQLYR^WLWR YLGQLVRFYHWLMDSRERMDVHCRO WL LOL ]HOHQLNDYL L PQRJX VH PLUL]OLYL 6H UD]YLYDDW YR QR HPYUL 3ORGRW H WHPQR VLQD ERELQND NRMDVR]UHYDYRWHNRWQD]LPDWD &HORWR UDVWHQLH H JRUaOLYR L RWURYQR .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH %U^OHQRW H PQRJX UDVSURVWUDQHWR GLYR UDVWHQLH NRH VH MDYXYD QDVHNDGH SRaQXYDM`L RG QLVNLWH SD Vp GR YLVRNLWH QDGPRUVNL YLVLQL 5DVWHQLHWR UDVWH QD GUYMD SR NDPHQHVWL RJUDGL L QDSX^WHQLXUQDWLQL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - VYHCLVXYOLVWHederae folium - SORGHederae fructus 73
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRWH]HOHQFHODJRGLQDLVHVRELUDYUHPHQVNLQHRJUDQLaHQR YRVYHCDLOLVXYDVRVWRMED6XYLWHOLVWRYLVHVRELUDDWRGMXQLGR RNWRPYUL 3ORGRWVHVRELUDYR]LPDRGGHNHPYULGRIHYUXDUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLNR^QLFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRWVHEHUHVROLVQDWDGU^NDNRJDQHPDURVD6HEHUDWVDPR QHR^WHWHQLWH OLVWRYL L OLVWRYLWH EH] IOHNL 6REUDQLWH OLV WRYLVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFDWDDSRGRFQDYRSURVWRULL]DVX^HZH 3ORGRWVHEHUHVRUDNDVHVWDYDYRNR^QLFDLOLYUH`DDSRWRDVH WUDQVSRUWLUDGRSURVWRULLWH]DVX^HZHVOLNDGHVQR RG OLVWRYLWH QD UDVWHQLHWR WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL RG SORGRYLWH WUHED GD VH RVWDYDW ]D UHJHQHUDFLMD UD]P QRCXYDZH 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH L SORGRYLWH QD EU^OHQRW VH VX^DW YR WHQRN VORM QD GREUR SURYHWUHQL L SURYHYQL PHVWD LOL YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHU DWXUDRG°C. 'REURLVX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDORGYRHQR VHSDNXYDYRKDUWLHQL`HVLLOLNXWLL
74
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Helichrysum plicatum L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
6PLT
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 3ULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWDAsteraceae (Compositae) 6PLTRW H SRYH`H JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR VLYNDVWD ERMD NRMD SRWHNQXYD RG PQRJXEURMQLWHYROQHVWLYODNQHQ FD6WHEORWRHLVSUDYHQRLQHUD] JUDQHWR YLVRNR cm 3RNUL HQR H VR HOLSWLaQL OLVWRYL D QD YUYRW QRVL CROWL JODYLaHVWL VRFYHWLMD 3R IRUPD FYHWQLWH JODYLaNL VH MDMaHVWL GR RNUXJOL 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDYROHWR .DUDNWHULVWLNL QD REODVWLWH QD VRELUDZH 5DVWHQDSHVRNOLYLSRGORJLVLUR PD^QLVRKXPXVQDVRQaHYLSDGL QLQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDGRm 5DVSURVWUDQHW H LVNOXaLYR YR PHGLWHUDQVNLRW SRMDV VR SRJRGQL NOLPDWVNLRVRELQLYRKHUFHJRYVNRGLQDUVNLRWSRMDVNRMVHSUR WHJDGRHGHQGHORG&UQD*RUDL$OEDQLMD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - JODYLaHVWLVRFYHWLMDHelichrysi flos 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH -XQLMXOLDYJXVWLVHSWHPYUL %HUEDWDVHRGYLYDSRVRQaHYRYUHPHNRJDFYHWRYLWH`HSRaQDWGD VHRWYDUDDW
75
$ODW]DEHUED 6USRYLLQRCHYL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 3UL EHUHZHWR VH NRULVWDW VUSRYL L QRCHYL VR YUH`D YR NRMD VH VWDYDDWVRFYHWLMDWD6RRJOHGQDWRDGHNDUDVWHQLHWRHCEXQHVWR QDMSRJRGQRHGDVHEHUHVRVUS]DCQHHZH&YHWQLWHJODYLaNLVH ]DID`DDW VR HGQDWD UDND D VR GUXJDWD JR RWVHNXYDPH YUYRW SRG UDNDWDYRYLVLQDGRcm 1HVPHHGDVHNRUQHRG]HPMDWDRGUDVWLWHOQDWDSRSXODFL MDWUHEDGDRVWDQHQHGRSUHQD1DHGQDREODVWUDVWHQLHWRVPHH GDVHVRELUDVDPRHGQD^JRGL^QR 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLRWPDWHULMDOVHVX^LYRWHQRNVORMYRSRNULHQSURVWRU VRGREUDYHQWLODFLMDQDYR]GXKRWEH]GDVHL]ORCXYDGLUHNWQRQD VRQFH ,VWRWDND VX^HZHWR PRCH GD VH L]YU^L L YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUDGR°C,VX^HQDWDGURJDLPDVYHWOR]ODWQRCROWD ERMD6HSDNXYDLaXYDYRMXWHQLYUH`L
76
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Herniaria glabra L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
*RODNLODYLFDJRODVLWQLFD
=DEHOH^ND8SDWVWYDWD]DVRELUDZHQDJRODWDNLODYLFDPRCDWGD VH SULPHQDW L SUL VRELUDZH QD YODNQHVWDWD NLODYLFD Herniaria hirsuta). 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 3ULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Caryophyllaceae.LODYLFDWDH HGQRJRGL^QR LOL GYRJRGL^ QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH 6WHE ORWR H UD]JUDQHWR VR JROHP EURM SROHJQDWL JROL ]HOHQL L cm GROJL JUDQNL /LY aLZDWDVHSULVHGQDWLLVSUR WLYQRSRORCQLGRmm GRO JLJROLLCROWR]HOHQL&YH WRYLWHVH^LURNLGRmm, SR YR VRFYHWLMD VR aD^ NLQL MDMFHYLGQL OLYaLZD L EHOL MDMFHYLGQL YHQHaQL OLY aLZDNRLVHSRNUDWNLRGaD^ NDWD 3ORGRW H MDMFHYLGQR RUHYaH 5DVWHQLHWR FYHWD RG MXQL GR VHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQDSHVRNOLYLWUHYHVWLLNDPHQHVWLPHVWDGRm QDG PRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLWHGHORYLKHUED Herniariae herba
77
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 3UHNXOHWRWRRGMXQLGRVHSWHPYULYRWHNRWQDFYHWDZHWR $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLOLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6H RWVHNXYD VR R^WDU QRC FHOLRW QDG]HPHQ GHO 6H aLVWL RG SHVRNRWL]HPMDWDLQHHGR]YROHQRVRELUDZHQDSUHFYHWDQLLUDV WHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWL1HVPHHGDVHNRUQH]DWRD^WRYR GURJDWDQHVPHHGDLPDGHORYLRGNRUHQRWVR^WRELVHQDPDOLO NYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDQDG]HPQLRWGHO=DGROCLWHOQRHSUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQLVWHEOD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZHQD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VRELUDZH QDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQRSRVOHJRGLQL1H HGR]YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQDWDKHUEDVHaLVWLRGSULPHVLRG]HPMDRGSUHFYHWDQLLOL UDVWHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLLRGGUXJLUDVWHQLMD6HVX^LSRG VHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLSRGVWUHL+HUEDWDVHVX^LYR WHQRNVORMQDUDPNLVWDODCLLOLQDSRVWHOHQDKDUWLMDQDSRG1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZH QDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZHKHUEDWDWUHEDaHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUH PHQVNLWHSULOLNLLVWHSHQRWQDQLYQDLVX^HQRVW+HUEDWDHVXYD NRJDQDMGHEHOLWHGHORYLQDVWHEORWRLOLVQLWHGU^NLSULVYLWNX YDZHVHNU^DW +HUEDWDPRCHGDVHVX^LLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHU DWXUD QH SRYLVRND RG °C L GREUD YHQWLODFLMD 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 5DVWHQLMDWD VR SRWHP QHWL OLVWRYL LOL EH] OLVWRYL L UDVWHQLMDWD EH] FYHWRYL QHPDDW 78
NRPHUFLMDOQDYUHGQRVW3RWRDVHVRELUDYQLPDWHOQRQDSRGHEHO SODVWYRVXYDSURVWRULMDWDPXRVWDQXYDGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaL YODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
79
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Hypericum perforatum L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD ]DVHNOLYDWUHYD 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR .DQWDULRQRWSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWD Hypericaceae (Guttiferae)3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR LVSUDYHQR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVRNR RG cm 6WHEODWD YR JRUQLRW GHO VH UD] JUDQHWLDJUDQNLWHVHVSURWLYQRSR ORCQR SRVWDYHQL 6WHEORWR QD NDQ WDULRQRW LPD GYH NDUDNWHULVWLaQL QDGROCQLLVSDNQDWLOLQLLSRNRLVH UD]OLNXYDRGGUXJLWHYLGRYL /LVWRYLWH VH HGQRVWDYQL VSURWLY QRSRORCQL WHVQL HOLSWLaQL L RYDOQL EH] OLVQD GU^ND VHGHaNL ,V^DUDQL VH VR PQRJXEURMQL WRa NDVWL COH]GL NRL VH LVSROQHWL VR HVHQFLMDOQRPDVOR 1DYUYRWRGVWHEORWRVHQDR_D^WL WRYLGQRVRFYHWLHNRHHVRVWDYHQRRG ]ODWQRCROWL FYHWRYL 9HQaHWR H VRVWDYHQR RG WHPQR CROWL NRVR MDMFHYLGQL OLYaLZD NRL VH PDONX QD]DEHQLSRUDERWLSRVLSDQLVRWHPQLGDPNL 3ORGRW SUHWVWDYXYD WULGHOQD aX^ND NRMD QRVL FUQR LOL VPH_R VHPHLVHRWYDUDVDPRNRJDYUHPHWRHXEDYR 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDMGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH .DQWDULRQRW H ^LURNR UDVSURVWUDQHWR UDVWHQLH 5DVWH SR QDSX^WHQL OLYDGL SR UDERYLWH QD ^XPLWH SRNUDM JUPX^NL L PRaXUL^WD 80
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWHyperici flos - JRUQLRW GHO RG VWHEORWR VR OLVWRYLWH L FYHWRYLWH Hyperici herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDYRMXQLLMXOLNRJD]DSRaQXYDVH]RQDWDQDFYHWDZH
$ODW]DEHUED 6USQRCLFLLNR^QLFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWR VH EHUH VR SRPR^ QD VUS LOL QRCLFL L VH VWDYD YR NR^QLFL ]D GD VH L]EHJQH R^WHWXYDZHWR QD VYHWOLWH WRaNL COH]GL QDOLVWRYLWHYRNRLVHQDR_DHWHULaQRWRPDVOR
81
RGFYHWRYLWHQDVHNRHUDVWHQLHWUHEDGDVHRVWDYDWQHGR SUHQLRGUDVWLWHOQDWDSRSXODFLMDWUHEDGDRVWDQHQHGR SUHQD 3UDYLODWD YHODW GHND DNR VH VRELUD FHORWR UDVWHQLH SRWUHEQR H RG SRSXODFLMDWD LOL RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD QD HGQR PHVWR GD RVWDQH FHORVQRQHGRSUHQD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZHQD YLGRWLYR]REQRYXYDZHQDQDR_DOL^WHWR1HHGR]YROHQRNXEH ZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR cm GROJLWH VWHEOHQFD VR OLVWRYL L FYHWRYL VH VX^DW YR WHQRNVORMQDSURYHYQLPHVWDYRVHQND5DVWHQLMDWDPRCDWGDVH VX^DWVREUDQLYRNLWNL6HYU]XYDDWSRUDVWHQLMDFYHWRYLWH VH SRUDPQXYDDW RG VWUDQD L VH YU]XYDDW YR GROQLRW NUDM L VH ]DNDaXYDDWREHVHQLQDGROXQDNOLQHF5DVWHQLMDWDVRSRWHPQHWL OLVWRYLLOLEH]OLVWRYLLUDVWHQLMDWDEH]FYHWRYLQHPDDWNRPHU FLMDOQDYUHGQRVW 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD,VX^HQDWDKHUEDPRCHGD VH SDNXYD YR MXWHQL YUH`L D FYHWRYLWH YR KDUWLHQL YUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
82
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Juniperus communis L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
6PUHND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 6PUHNDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Cupressaceae 5DVWH YR SODQLQVNLWH SUHGHOLNDNR]LP]HOHQDJUPX^NDYLVR NDmLOLNDNRPDORGUYRYLVRNRGR m YR SUHGHOLWH VR SRPDOD QDGPRUVND YLVLQD3RVHEQLWHGUYDLPDDWNUR^QD VR SLUDPLGDOHQ REOLN QR DNR QD LVWR PHVWR UDVWDW SRYH`H GUYD QLYQDWD NUR^QDLPDQHSUDYLOHQREOLN /LVWRYLWHVHWHQNLLJOLaHVWLLGROJL RGGRmm &YHWRYLWH VH PDOL VR CROWR]HOHQD ERMDLVHSRVWDYHQLYRSD]XYLWHQDOLV WRYLWH6PUHNDWDHGYRGRPQRUDVWHQLH HGQR UDVWHQLH QRVL VDPR PD^NL D GUXJRQRVLVDPRCHQVNLFYHWRYL 3ORGRWHERELQNDNRMDVR]UHYDYRWHNRWQDQDUHGQDWDJRGLQDYR LVWRYUHPHUDVWHQLHWRSRVHGXYDL]HOHQLL]UHOLSORGRYL7LHQD SRaHWRNRWVH]HOHQLSRERMDSRWRDGRELYDDWERMDQD U_D]DGDQD NUDMNRJD`HVR]UHDWGDGRELMDWSHSHODVWRVLQRFUQDERMD 'UXJLYLGRYLNRLPRCDWELGDWL]YRU]DIDOVLILNXYDZHVH - Juniperus oxycedrus L. FUYHQDVPUHND o ERELQNLWHVHSRJROHPLRGERELQNLWHQDJuniperus communis mm YRGLMDPHWDUVRWHPQRFUYHQDERMD - Juniperus macrocarpa o ERELQNLWHQDJuniperus macrocarpa VHSRJROHPLRGERELQNLWHQD Juniperus communis. 5D]OLNDWD H YR VLQNDVWDWD SUHYODND 2YLH ERELQNLQHPDDWNRPHUFLMDOQDYUHGQRVW - Juniperus sabina L. o VHVUH`DYDYRQD^DWDIORUD%RELQNLWHVHRWURYQLSRERMDVH VLQRFUQLLOLFUQLcm YRGLMDPHWDU 83
- Juniperus phoenicea L. o Juniperus phoenicea PRCHGDVHQDMGHYRSUHGHOLWHYREOL]LQDQD NUDMEUHCMHWR %RELQNLWH VH PQRJX SRJROHPL RG ERELQNLWH QD Juniperus communisSRERMDVHCROWLLOLFUYHQRCROWLLRWURYQL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 6PUHNLQRWRGUYRPRCHGDVHQDMGHNDNRUDVWHYRUHWNLWH^XPLQD ERURW L EUH]DWD QD SODQLQVNLWH aLVWLQNL QD QHREUDERWOLYL QDSX^WHQLVXYLRJROHQLLNDPHQHVWLPHVWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - ]UHOLRWSORGJuniperi fructus 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH .RJD `H VWDQDW VLQRFUQL SR ERMD ERELQNLWH VH ]UHOL L SRG JRWYHQL ]D EHUED .DM QDV WRD VH VOXaXYD RG NUDMRW QD DYJXVW GR RNWRPYUL]DYLVQRRGQDGPRUVNDWDYLVLQD $ODW]DEHUED -XWHQRSODWQR2 x 2 mUDNDYLFLPHWDOQDLOLGUYHQDNXNDLaDGRU 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH %RELFLWHPRCHGDVHEHUDWVRUDNDLOLGDVHLVWUHVDWRGJUPX^ NDWDQDSUHWKRGQRSRGJRWYHQRMXWHQRSODWQRLOLVOLaQDSRGORJD SU YR aDGRU $NR JUPX^NDWD VH WUHVH WRD WUHED GD VH L]YHGH YQLPDWHOQRGDQHVHLVWUHVDWL]HOHQLWHSORGRYL9DCQRHGDVH VREHUDW]UHOLWHSORGRYL RGSORGRYLWHQDHGQRUDVWHQLHWUHEDGDVHRVWDYDW]DUHJH QHUDFLMD UD]PQRCXYDZH 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VHaH VWHEORWR QDVPUHNDWDLOLSDNFHOLJUPX^NL6PUHNDWDEDYQRVHUD]YLYD LQHVHREQRYXYDSRVOHVHaHZH7UHEDGDVHRVWDYDWQHREUDQL RG JUPX^NLWH ]D GD VH RVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRWLREQRYDQDSRSXODFLMDWD6OHGQRWRVRELUDZHQDLVWRWR PHVWRHGR]YROHQRQDMPDONXSRVOHJRGLQL9DCQRHGDVH]QDH GHND ^XPVNLWH SRCDUL SUHWVWDYXYDDW SRVHEQD RSDVQRVW ]D VPUHNDWDELGHM`LWDDQHSRVHGXYDVSRVREQRVW]DUHJHQHUDFLMD 84
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 3ORGRYLWHQDVPUHNDWDWUHEDGDVHVX^DWQDSURYHYQRPHVWRLRG YUHPHQDYUHPHGDVHSUHYUWXYDDW6X^HZHWRYRWHQRNVORMRYR] PRCXYD SROHVQR SUHYUWXYDZH L SRGHGQDNYR VX^HZH 3R VX^H ZHWRERELQNLWHWUHEDGDVHLVaLVWDWRGHYHQWXDOQLQHaLVWRWLL LJOLaNL]HOHQLERELQNLLVO6XYLWHERELQNLVHSDNXYDDWYRNDU WRQVNLNXWLLLOLYRMXWHQLYUH`L 6XYLRWSORGHPHVHVWVRWHPQRYLROHWRYDERMDLmm YRGLMD PHWDU0HVRWRVUCWD HWHPQR]HOHQRPHNRDSRSRGROJRYUHPH VWDQXYD VXQ_HUHVWR 3ORGRW QD VPUHNDWD LPD SULMDWHQ PLULV L VODWNRJRUaOLYYNXV 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWSORGVHSDNXYDYRYUH`LVRYRHGQDaHQDPDVD6XYLWH ERELQNL PRCH GD VH SDNXYDDW YR NDUWRQVNL NXWLL LOL YR MXWHQL YUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD'URJDWDQHWUHEDGROJRGDVHaXYD]DWRD^WR HWHULaQRWR PDVOR VH JXEL D VR WRD VH YOR^XYD QHM]LQLRW NYDOLWHW 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLSORGRYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD
85
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Malva silvestris L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
&UQVOH]
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR &UQLRWVOH]SULSD_DQDIDPLOL MDWD Malvaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD WUH YHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR LOL GYHJR GL^QR UDVWHQLH VR GREUR UD] YLHQNRUHQ 6WHEORWRNRHHYLVRNRGRmH UD]JUDQHWRVRSROHJQDWLJUDQNL /LVWRYLWHVHYRREOLNQDGODQND QDPHVWDSUVWHVWRYUHCDQLL SRVWDYHQLVHQDGROJLGU^NL &YHWRYLWH VH UR]HYRYLROHWRYL SR ERMD SRVWDYHQL YR JUXSD YR SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH QD YUYRW QD L]GDQRNRW 9HQHaQLWH OLY aLZD VH VUFHYLGQL cm GROJL LSDWLSRGROJLRGOLYaLZDWD QDaD^NDWD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRVHS WHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH &UQLRW VOH] H UDVSURVWUDQHWR UDVWHQLH NRH VDND SORGQD SRaYD 5DVWH SR QDVHOELWH YR EOL]LQD QD NX`LWH L SRNUDM RJUDGLWH =D RUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVWYRQHWUHEDGDVHVRELUDDWSULPHURFLWHNRL UDVWDWSRNUDMNX`LWHRJUDGLWHLQDVHOHQLWHPHVWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWMalvae folium - FYHWMalvae flos - VWHEORWRQDG]HPQLRWGHOL]GDQRNRW Malvae herba - NRUHQMalvae radix
86
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWH L FYHWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YR SHULRGRW QD FYHWDZH QD UDVWHQLHWRRGMXQLGRVHSWHPYUL 'RNRONXVHVRELUDVWHEORWRVR FYHWRYL L OLVWRYL KHUEDWD QDMSRJRGQR H GD VH EHUH YR DYJXVW .RUHQRWVHYDGLYRSUROHWLYRHVHQ $ODW]DEHUED 0DODORSDWNDVHNDaQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWEH]GU^NDNRJDVHFHORVQRUDVFYHWDQL6H VRELUDDWSRVRQaHYRLVXYRYUHPH1DG]HPQLRWGHOQDUDVWHQLHWR VR FYHWRYL L OLVWRYL VH VHaH SUL YUYRW RVWDYDM`L cm RG L]GDQRNRW 5DVWHQLHWR VH VRELUD VR aLVWL OLVWRYL EH] EHOL LOL ELORNDNYLGUXJLGDPNLQDQLY.RUHQRWQDMOHVQRVHYDGLVRRVWUD ORSDWDSUL^WRYUYRWVH]DELYDYR]HPMDWDQDcm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aDWQDGHORYLGROJLcm6HVX^DWYRWHQRNVORM
87
3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHULMDO VH SDNXYD RGGHOQR YR VWDQ GDUGQL EDOL VR PDVD RG kg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6XYLRW PDWHULMDOPRCHGDVHSDNXYDYRJXVWLMXWHQLLOLOHQHQLYUH`L=D SDNXYDZHQDNRUHZDWDWUHEDGDVHNRULVWLVLWQRPUHCHVWPDWH ULMDO DPEDODCD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURV WRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L VLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
88
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Ononis spinosa L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
*UPRWUQ]DMDaNLWUQ
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR *UPQRWUQRWSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WD Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 3UHW VWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUQOLYR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR NUDWRN UL ]RP NRM SUHPLQXYD YR GROJ YHU WLNDOHQ L aHVWR XVXNDQ NRUHQ 6WHEODWDVHPQRJXEURMQLYRRVQR YDWD RGUYHQHWL SULGLJQDWL LOL LVSUDYHQLYLVRNLcm /LVWRYLWHVHQDL]PHQLaQLWURMQL VR HOLSWLaQL LOL MDMFHYLGQL YR RVQRYDWD NOLQRYLGQR VWHVQHWL L SR UDERW RVWUR QD]DEHQL OLVQL SORaL 1DMJRUQLWH OLVWRYL VH SURVWL &YHWRYLWH VH UR]HYL LOL UR]HYR YLROHWRYLSRVWDYHQLSRHGLQHaQR YR SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH SR GRO CLQDWD QD VWHEORWR YR UDVWUHVLWL JUR]GRYLGQL VRFYHWLMD &YHWQLWH GU^NL VH JXVWR COH]GHVWR YODNQHVWL GROJL mm AD^NDWD H \YRQHVWD VR OLQHMQR WULDJROQL ]DSFL SRNULHQL VR SURVWL L COH]GHVWL YODNQD 9HQaHWR H GROJR mm L LPD ^LURNRHOLSWLaQRGRMDMFHYLGQREDMUDaH 3ORGRW H MDMFHYLGQD PH^XQND GROJD mm VR VSOHVNDQR EXEUHJRYLGQLNDIHDYLVHPHQNL 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRVHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH *UPRWUQRW UDVWH SR WUHYHVWL PHVWD SR SHVRNWD NUDM UHNLWH QD YODCQLOLYDGLSRUDPQLQLWHLEUGDWD5DVSURVWUDQHWRHQDVHNDGH GRm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 89
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQRGJUPRWUQOnonidis radix 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDNRUHQRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDHVHQWDSR]UHHZH WRQDSORGRYLWHVHSWHPYULRNWRPYUL SUHNX]LPDWDSULSRJRG QL XVORYL ]D EHUHZH L GR UDQD SUROHW PDUW DSULO QR SUHG SRaHWRNRWQDUD]YRMQDUDVWHQLHWR $ODW]DEHUED .RSDaNR^HYL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 1DMSRGRJQR YUHPH ]D YDGHZH QD NRUHQLWH H SRVOH GRCG NRJD SRaYDWD H GREUR QDWRSHQD .RUHQLWH VH LVNRSXYDDW VR NRSDa VH LVWUHVXYDDW RG ]HPMDWD L VH RWVHNXYDDW QDG]HPQLWH GHORYL SRG NRUHQRYLRWYUDWWHQNLWHVWUDQLaQLNRUHQaLZDLWHQNLWHNUDHYL QDJODYQLRWNRUHQ3RYDGHZHWRQDNRUHQLWHRG]HPMDQDSUDYHQD WD GXSND WUHED GD VH LVSROQL VR ]HPMD 6H RWVWUDQXYDDW ^XSOLYLWHVNDSDQLWHLNRUHQLWHSRYUHGHQLRG^WHWQLFL,VNR SDQLWHNRUHQLVHVWDYDDWYRNR^HYLLOLWRUELLVHWUDQVSRUWL UDDWGRPHVWRWRQDVX^HZH 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH YDGDW NRUHQL RG PODGL UDVWHQLMD ]DWRD ^WR VH XQL^WXYDDW L QH VH GRELYD VWDQGDUGQD GURJD ELGHM`L NRUHQLWHVHWHQNL3ULEHUHZHWRWUHEDGDVHRVWDYLQDMPDONX RGUDVWHQLMDWDVRGREURUD]YLHQLFYHWRQRVQLVWHEOD]DGDVH RVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZHQDYLGRWLYR]REQRYXYDZHQD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VRELUDZH QD LVWRWR QDR_DOL^WH H GR]YROHQRQDMPDONXSRVOHJRGLQLYR]DYLVQRVWRGVWHSHQRWQD REQRYD1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNR VHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWHNRUHQLVHL]PLYDDWYRPOD]RGYRGDLVHRVWDYDDWGDVH RWFHGDW 2WNRJD `H VH LVFHGDW SRGROJLWH NRUHQL VH VHaDW QD 90
SDUaLZDVRRSUHGHOHQDGROCLQDVDPRSULQDUDaND.RUHQLWHVH VX^DWQDRWYRUHQRUDVSRVWHOHQLYRRNROXcm GHEHOVORM3UL OR^RYUHPHNRUHQLWHVHVX^DWSRGVWUHLLOLYRSURYHWUHQLSURV WRULL UDVSRVWHOHQL QD SRWHQRN VORM cm YU] UDPNL LOL SRVWHONL 1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD SRVWHONL RG YH^ WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQL QD QLY NRL JR SRSUHaXYDDW EU]RWR RGGHOXYDZH QD YODJDWD 7RD GRYHGXYD GR YOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD.RUHQLWHVHLVX^HQLNRJD SULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW6XYDWDGURJDX^WHHGQD^VHSURaLVWX YD RG SULPHVL L RG NRUHQL R^WHWHQL SUL VX^HZHWR 6XYLWH NR UHQLVHVRELUDDWQDNXSRYLYRVXYLSURVWRULLYRNRLRVWDQXYDDW GHQD]DYRHGQDaXYDZHQDYODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDW YQLPDWHOQRSDWLVRCHOH]QDYLODRGNXSaHQDNXSaH]DGDVH RWVWUDQDW ]HPMDWD WHQNLWH NRUHQL L GUXJLWH SULPHVL 7DND REUDERWHQLWHNRUHQLVHSRGJRWYHQL]DEDOLUDZHLSDNXYDZH3UL VX^HZHQDNRUHQLWHYRVX^QLFLWHPSHUDWXUDWDQHWUHEDGDELGH SRYLVRNDRG°C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHNRUHQLVHSDNXYDDWYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRYRHGQDaHQD PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLNRUHQLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
91
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Origanum vulgare L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
2ULJDQRSODQLQVNLaDM
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 5LJDQRW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD QD XVQRFYHWQL UDVWHQLMD Lamiaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR SROXLV SUDYHQR UDVWHQLH YLVRNR cm .RUHQRWHMDNVRKRUL]RQWDOQLUL]RPL LSRG]HPQLVWRORQL /LVWRYLWH VH MDMFHYLGQL QD NUDWNL OLVQLGU^NLSRUDERWFHOLQHVHQD] DEHQL &YHWRYLWHVHSRHGLQHaQLGROJL mm SRVWDYHQL QD NUDWND GU^ND YR SD]XYLWH QD YUYQLWH OLVWRYL NRL QDMaHVWR LPDDW FUYHQNDYD ERMD 9HQHaQLWH OLYaLZD LPDDW VYHWOR FUYHQD GR WHPQR FUYHQD ERMD ERMD QD PHVR 5DVWHQLHWR FYHWD RG MXQL GR VHS WHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH Origanum vulgare UDVWH QD VXYL L WRSOL CLYHDOL^WD QD ULGVNL SDGLQLLSRNUDMJUPX^NL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLRWGHOQDUDVWHQLHWRYRFYHWOriganii herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDYRMXOLLDYJXVW $ODW]DEHUED 2YR^WDUVNLQRCLFLVUSLaLVWLOHQHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L 92
0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDDWJRUQLWHGHORYLQDUDVWHQLHWRVRFYHWRYLYRGROCLQD RG cm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aXYDDWREH VHQL QDGROX QD NOLQHF 3R JROHPLNROLaLQLULJDQPRCH GD VH VX^DW YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUDRG°C. 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWH ULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQL EDOL VR PDVD RG kg, REYLW NDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6XYLRW 93
PDWHULMDOPRCHGDVHVSDNXYDYRaLVWLMXWHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
94
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Paeonia peregrina Mill.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%RCXU
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %RCXURW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Paeoniaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`H JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR NXV UL]RP L JUXWNRYLGQR ]DGHEHOHQL NRUHQL6WHEODWDVHYLVRNLRG cm, QDGROCQR QDEUD]GHQL VR PQRJX OLVWRYLLQDYUYRWLPDDWVDPRHGHQ FYHW /LVWRYLWH VH SHUHVWR GHOHQL RG JRUQDWD VWUDQD WHPQR ]HOHQL D RG GROQDWD VWUDQD SRVYHWOR ]HOHQL 'ROQLWHOLVWRYLVHQDGROJLGU^NL GODERNRQDVHaHQLLQD]DEHQLDJRU QLWH VH GYRMQR L WURMQR SHUHVWR GHOHQL &YHWRYLWHVHSRHGLQHaQLVRcm YR GLMDPHWDU ,PDDW aD^NLQL OLYaLZD L WHPQRFUYHQL VYHWORFUYHQL LOL UR]HYL YHQHaQL OLYaLZD 9HQHaQLWH OLYaLZD VH GROJL cm. &YHWRYLWH LPDDW PQRJX SUD^QLFL VR FUYHQL GU^NL 3ORGRWH]ELUHQVRVWDYHQRGPH^XQNLGROJLGR10 mm ^LURNL GRmm. 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDMGRMXQL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRNDPHQOLYLLWUHYHVWLPHVWDYRaHVWDFLLVYHWOL^XPL 5HWNRVHVUH`DYDLUDVSURVWUDQHWHGRm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQRGERCXUPaeoniae radix - FYHWRGERCXUPaeoniae flos) 95
I.RUHQRGERCXUPaeoniae radix 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDNRUHQRWVHRGYLYDYRNUDMRWQDPDUWLDSULONRJD UDVWHQLHWR UD]OLVWXYD L QD HVHQ VHSWHPYUL SR VR]UHYDZHWR QD SORGRYLWHLRYHQXYDZHQDUDVWHQLHWR $ODW]DEHUED /RSDWDD^RYLNR^HYLNR^QLFL %RCXURW H PQRJX RWURYQR UDVWHQLH 3UL EHUHZH VX^HZH L PDQLSXOLUDZHVRUDVWHQLHWRQHWUHEDGDXaHVWYXYDDWEUHPHQL CHQLLGHFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 1DG]HPQLWHGHORYLVHVHaDWGRSRYU^LQDWDQDSRaYDWD6RNRSDa VH UDVNRSXYD RNROX UDVWHQLHWR ELGHM`L JUXWNRYLGQR ]DGHEHOH QLWHNRUHQLVHVPHVWHQLSRGODERNRYR]HPMDWD,VNRSDQLWHNRUH QLVHRWVHNXYDDWVRRVWDUQRCRGSRWHQNLWHYUHWHQHVWLNRUHQLL VHaLVWDWRG]HPMD,VNRSDQLWHGXSNLVH]DWUXSXYDDWDDNRRYDVH VOXaXYDYRHVHQSRCHOQRHVHPLZDWDRGUDVWHQLHWRGDVH]DNRSDDW YRGXSNDWD6HVWDYDDWYRNR^RYLLOLNR^QLFL 6HVRELUDDWVDPRSRVWDULWHNRUHQL =DGROCLWHOQR H SUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VREL UDZHQDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQRSRVOHJRGL QL'DQHVHVRELUDDWNRUHQLWHQDPODGLWHUDVWHQLMD1HHGR]Y ROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR .RUHQLWH VH L]PLYDDW SRG POD] RG YRGD 1H WUHED GD VH RVWDYDW SRGROJRYUHPHSRGYRGD]DGDQH]DSRaQHL]YOHNXYDZHQDELRDN WLYQLWHPDWHULL.RUHQLWHVHSRVWDYXYDDWYRVORMGHEHOcm 96
QD UDPNL LOL VWDODCL YR VLOQR SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL LOL QD RWYRUHQR 3UL VX^HZHWR QD RWYRUHQR QH VPHH GD JL IDWL GRCG LOLURVD.RUHQLWHVHVXYLNRJDWH^NRVHVHaDWVRQRCLQDPHVWR WRQD]DVHNRWL]OHJXYDEUD^QHVWSUDY6XYLWHNRUHQLVHVRELUDDW QDNXSRYLYRVXYLSURVWRULLYRNRLRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]DYRHG QDaXYDZHQDYODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDWYQLPDWHOQR SDWLVRYLODLSULWRDVHRWVWUDQXYDDWSURPHQHWLWHNRUHQaLZD 0RCHGDVHVX^DWLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG °C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWNRUHQVHSDNXYDYRYUH`LVRYRHGQDaHQDPDVD1DVUH GLQDWDRGYUYRWQDDPEDODCDWDVHREHOHCXYDWUDHQFUYHQUDE3 cm YR^LULQDNRMSRNDCXYDGHNDUDVWHQLHWRHRWURYQR6HaXYDDW YRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRG GLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLL JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG QHRWURYQL L VLOQR DURPDWLaQL UDVWHQLMD 3URVWRULLWHYRNRLVHaXYDGURJDWDWUHEDGDELGDW]DNOXaHQLL GRQLYSULVWDSGDLPDDWVDPRYR]UDVQLOLFD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLNRUHQLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD II&YHWRGERCXUPaeoniae flos) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDFYHWRWVHRGYLYD]DYUHPHQDSUROHWWDNUDMQDPDM LSRaHWRNQDMXQL ]DYUHPHQDFYHWDZHWR $ODW]DEHUED 1RCNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR VH RGYLYD VDPR SR VXYR L VRQaHYR YUHPH SRVOH NUH YDZH QD URVDWD 2G SROXRWYRUHQLWH FYHWRYL VH RWNLQXYDDW VDPR YHQHaQLWH OLYaLZD 1H VPHH GD VH NLQDW SUD^QLFLWH L aD^NLQLWH OLYaLZD ]DWRD ^WR WH^NR VH RWVWUDQXYDDW L JR 97
QDPDOXYDDW NYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD 1DMGRFQD RG aDVD SR EHUHZHWRWUHEDGD]DSRaQHVX^HZHWR1DEUDQLWHFYHWRYLWHUDV WUHVLWR VH VWDYDDW YR NR^QLFL QH WUHED GD VH SULWLVNDDW L JPHaDW]R^WRWDNDSRWHPQXYDDW =DGROCLWHOQR H SUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 1H VPHH GD VH LVNXEXYDDWLOLVHaDWFHOLVWHEODLOLFHOLFYHWRYL1HHGR] YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 9HQHaQLWHOLYaLZDVHaLVWDWRGSULPHVLLVHVWDYDDWGDVHVX^DW YRHGHQVORMQDSURYHYQLPHVWDYRVHQNDSRVWHOHQLYU]UDPNLLOL VWDODCL9HQHaQLWHOLYaLZDSULVX^HZHWRQHWUHEDGDVHSUHYU WXYDDW 1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRG GHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 'URJDWD H VXYD NRJD VR UDVWULYDZH QD YHQaLZDWD PH_X SUVWL VH URQDW 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG SULPHVLWH L FYH WRYLWH NRL VH SURPHQLOH SR VX^HZHWR UDVLSDQL 3RWRD OLV WRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YQLPDWHOQR QD SRGHEHO SODVW YR VXYD SURV WRULMDLWDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH ^WRPRCHGDVHSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWH YHQHaQL OLYaLZD VH SDNXYDDW YR VDQGDFL LOL "ND^RQL" VR YRHGQDaHQD PDVD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYH WUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
98
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
/RSXK
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR /RSXKRW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Asteraceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`H JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR GYRGRPQR UDV WHQLH VR PHVHVW SRO]HaNL UL]RP RG NRM YR SUROHW VH UD]YLYDDW FYHWRQRVQLWHVWHEOD3RVOHSUH FYHWXYDZHWR RG UL]RPRW VH UD] YLYDDWNUXSQLSUL]HPQLOLVWRYL VR GROJL L ^XSOLYL GU^NL L VUFHYLGQL OLVQL SORaL GR cm YR SUHaQLN /LVQLWH SORaL VH QHUDPQRPHUQL QD]DEHQL RG JRUH VHPD]QLL]HOHQLDRGGROXVHVLYR]HOHQLLJUXERYODNQHVWL &YHWRQRVQLWH VWHEOD QD PD^NLWH HGLQNL LPDDW OX^SHVWL OLYaLZDLFYHWQLJODYLaNLGRGHNDCHQVNLWHHGLQNLLPDDW OX^SHVWL OLYaLZD L FYHWQL JODYLaNL VREUDQL YR YUYQL JUR]GRYLGQL VRFYHWLMD 3RHGLQHaQLWH FYHWaLZD YR FYHW QLWH JODYLaNL VH WUXEHVWL EOHGR YLROHWRYL GR UR]HYL LOL CROWHQLNDYL0D^NLWHJODYLaNLVHmm, DCHQVNLWHRGmm YRSUHaQLN 3ORGRWHFLOLQGULaHQ 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDUWGRPDM .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH SR NDPHQOLYL L YODCQL PHVWD SRNUDM UHNL L SODQLQVNL SRWRFLGRm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - UL]RPVRNRUHQPetasitii rhizoma cum radicibus - OLVWPetasitii folium)
99
I5L]RPVRNRUHQPetasitii rhizoma cum radicibus 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR QD UL]RPRW VH RGYLYD YR NUDMRW QD OHWRWR L YR SRaHWRNRWQDHVHQWDDYJXVWRNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED /RSDWDLD^RY 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5L]RPLWH]DHGQRVRNRUHQLWHVHSRWNRSXYDDWVRSUDYDORSDWDLOL D^RY D SRWRD VH RWNRUQXYDDW VR UDND 1DMSRJRGQR YUHPH ]D YDGHZHQDUL]RPLWHHSRVOHGRCG6REUDQLWHUL]RPLVHa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`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWH UL]RPL VR NRUHQL VH L]PLYDDW SRG POD] RG YRGD 1H WUHED GD VH RVWDYDW SRGROJR YUHPH SRG YRGD ]D GD QH ]DSRaQH L]YOHNXYDZH QD ELRDNWLYQLWH PDWHULL 2WNRJD `H VH LVFHGDW VH VHaDWQDSDUaLZDRGcm LSULWRDVHRWVWUDQXYDDWJQLOLWH GHORYL3RGHEHOLWHUL]RPLVHFHSDWQDGROCQRQDLOLGHODYR ]DYLVQRVWRGQLYQDWDGHEHOLQD]DGDVH]DEU]DQLYQRWRVX^HZH 5L]RPLWHVHSRVWDYXYDDWYRHGHQVORMQDUDPNLLOLVWDODCLYR VLOQRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLQDRWYRUHQR3ULVX^HZHWRQD RWYRUHQRQHVPHHGDJLIDWLGRCGLOLURVD5L]RPLWHVHLVX^HQL 100
NRJD SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW 6XYLWH UL]RPL VH VRELUDDW QD NXSRYL YR VXYL SURVWRULL YR NRL RVWDQXYDDW GHQD ]D YRHGQDaXYDZHQDYODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDWYQLPDWHO QRSDWLVRYLODLSULWRDVHRWVWUDQXYDDWSURPHQHWLWHUL]R PL SUL VX^HZH L WHQNLWH NRUHQaLZD 0RCH GD VH VX^DW L YR VX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUL]RPVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLUL]RPLVRNRUHQLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD II/LVWRGORSXKPetasiti folium) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWR QD OLVWRW VH RGYLYD YR WHNRW QD OHWRWR MXQL DYJXVW NRJDQDMGREURVHUD]YLHQLLQHQDSDGQDWLRGU_D $ODW]DEHUED 1RCVUSNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQHURVDWD6R RVWDU VUS LOL QRC VH RWVHNXYDDW OLVQLWH SORaL EH] OLVQLWH GU^NL3RJROHPLWHOLVWRYLVHVHaDWQDLOLGHOD1DEUDQLWH OLVWRYLUDVWUHVLWRVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFLDQLNDNRYRWRUEL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWHVHVX^DWYRWHQRNVORMVRYODNQHVWDWDVWUDQDQDJRUH QDSURYHYQLPHVWDYRVHQNDSRVWHOHQLYU]UDPNLLQHVHGRSLUDDW VH GRGHND QH VH LVX^DW 1H H GR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQL QD QLY JR 101
SRSUHaXYDDW EU]RWR RGGHOXYDZH QD YODJDWD 7RD GRYHGXYD GR YOR^XYDZH QD NYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZH OLVWRYLWH WUHED aHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQVNLWHSULOLNLLVWH SHQRW QD QLYQD LVX^HQRVW /LVWRYLWH VH VXYL NRJD QDMGHEHOLWH CLOL QD OLVQDWD SORaD SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW /LVWRYLWH PRCH GD VH VX^DW L YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD QH SRYLVRND RG °C L GREUD YHQWLODFLMD 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 3RWHPQHWLWH OLVWRYL QHPDDW NRPHUFLMDOQD YUHGQRVW3RWRDOLVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWYQLPDWHOQRQDNXSYRVXYD SURVWRULMDLWDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWD SRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUL]RPVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
102
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Pinus mugo Turra
/RNDOQLLPLZD
3ODQLQVNLERU[X[HVWERU
Pinus mugoH]DJUR]HQYLG1HHSRJRGHQ]DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVW YRRGGLYLSRSXODFLL6RELUDZHWRRGGLYLUDVWHQLMDPRCHGDVH VSURYHGH VDPR GRNRONX VWHEODWD VH SUHWKRGQR SRUDGL GUXJD SULaLQDNXWQDWLLVHaHQL LOLVHRWVHaHQLJUDQNLWH 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Pinus mugo SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Pinaceae#LYRWQLRWREOLNQDUDV WHQLHWRHSROHJQDWDJUPX^ND .RUHQRYLRW VLVWHP H UD]JUDQHW L GRVWLJQXYD GR m YR GLMDPHWDU 1HSUDYLOQLWH VWHEOD OHCDW QD ]HPMD D JUDQNLWH VH JXVWL L YHU WLNDOQR VDEMHVWR SRVWDYHQL GR m YR GROCLQD .RUDWD H VLYR NDIHDYD FUQD LOL FUYHQRNDIHD YD L PRCH GD VH L]OXSL QD PDOL SDUaLZDGHEHOLmm3XSNLWHVH GROJLRYDOQLLSRNULHQLVRVPROD /LVWRYLWH VH LJOLaHVWL VR WHPQR ]HOHQD ERMD RG GYHWH VWUDQL 'YH LJOLaNL L]UDVQXYDDW RG NUDWNLWH EHOLL]UDVWRFLLRVWDQXYDDWQDJUDQNLWHRNROXJRGLQL 0D^NLWHFYHWRYLVHGROJLLCROWHQLNDYLDCHQVNLWHVHRNUXJOL L VLQNDVWL 1D SRaHWRNRW RG UD]YRMRW ^L^DUNLWH VH VHGHaNL L VLQNDVWLSRGRFQDNDIHDYLLRNUXJOLDVR]UHYDDWYRWUHWDWDJR GLQDQDSUROHW9RQLYVHVPHVWHQLNDIHDYLMDMFHYLGQLVHPLZD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 3ODQLQVNLRWERUUDVWHYR^XPLWHNRLSULSD_DDWQDVXEDOSVNDWD LDOSVNDWD]RQDQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDGRm LQDCLYHDOL^WD L]ORCHQLQDVRQFH 103
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - YUYRYLWHQDPODGLWHJUDQNLPini mugonis 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 9UHPHQVNLRWSHULRGQDVRELUDZHHYRWHNRWQDDNWLYQLRWYHJHWD FLRQHQSHULRGRGMXQLGRDYJXVW $ODW]DEHUED 2VWULVHNDaLLOLQRCLFL]DRWVHNXYDZHQDJUDQNLWH 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVHaDWPODGLWHYUYRYLQDJUDQNLWHVRLJOLaNLYRGROCLQDGR cm6REUDQLRWPDWHULMDOVHJUXSLUDYRVQRSRYLLVHWUDQVSRUWL UDYRSRJRGQDDPEDODCDNR^QLFLOHQHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L 6HNRJD^LPDMWHQDXPGHNDUDVWHQLHWRUDVWHPQRJXEDYQRQDYLVR NLQDGPRUVNLYLVLQLWDND^WRWUHEDGDVHL]EHJQXYDDWELORNDNYL R^WHWXYDZD5DVWLWHOQLRWPDWHULMDOPRCHGDVHVRELUDVDPRRG SDGQDWLWHGUYDLOLRGRWVHaHQLWHJUDQNL 'R]YROHQR H LVNRULVWXYDZH GR RG SRSXODFLMDWD QD HGQR CLYHDOL^WHSRUDGLWRD^WRVHUDERWL]D]DJUR]HQL]D^WLWHQ YLG 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 2GVREUDQLWHGHORYLQDUDVWHQLHWRVRSRPR^QDGHVWLODFLMDVR YRGHQDSDUHDVHGRELYDHWHULaQRWRPDVOR
104
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Plantago lanceolata L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
7HVQROLVWHQWHJDYHF
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 7HVQROLVWQLRW WHJDYHF H SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH NRH SULSD_D QD IDPL OLMDWDPlantaginaceae /LVWRYLWHVHVREUDQLYRSUL]HPQDUR]HWD 3R UDERYLWH VH L]GROCHQL VR LVWDNQDWL QHUYL &YHWQRWRVWHEORHSRGROJRRGOLVWRYLWH LLPDGODERNLEUD]GL9LVRNRHGRcm VR cm GROJR NODVRYLGQR VRFYHWLH QD YUYRW NRH VRGUCL UR]HYL FYHWRYL &YH WRYLWH VH GYD SDWL SRGROJL RG YHQaHWR L LPDDWCROWHQLNDYLSUD^QLFL 'UXJLVOLaQLYLGRYLVH - Plantago major ^LURNROLVWHQWHJDYHF VH UD]OLNXYD RG Plantago lanceolata SR REOLNRWQDOLVWRYLWHNRLVHSR^LURNL - Plantago media VUHGHQWHJDYHF HYODNQHVW/LVWRYLWHVHYRUR]H WDDQDVHNRMOLVWVHLVWDNQDWLODaQRVYLHQLQHUYLNRLVHVSRMX YDDWQDYUYRWRGOLVWRW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 7HVQROLVWQLRW WHJDYHF UDVWH QD OLYDGL L SDVL^WD 6DND KUDQ OLYLSHVRNOLYL]HPML^WD5DVWHYRVYHWOLWH^XPLQDULGRYLWHL QDYLVRNLWHSODQLQLGRm QDGPRUVNDYLVLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRYLPlantaginis folium 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWRGPDMGRRNWRPYULNRJDUDVWHQLHWRFYHWD
105
$ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHWUHEDGDVHEHUDWVRQRCLFLNRJDQHPDURVD6HVREL UDDWPODGLWH]GUDYLLQHR^WHWHQLOLVWRYL]DYUHPHQDFYHWDZH WR QD UDVWHQLHWR 7UHED GD VH YQLPDYD OLVWRYLWH QD WHVQROLVW QLRWWHJDYHFGDQHVH]DPHQDWVROLVWRYLWHQDYROQHVWLRWEXWLQ Digitalis lanata NRMHRWURYHQ 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMDLOLRWVHNXYDZH QD FHODWD UR]HWD YR RVQRYDWD 3UDYLODWD YHODW GHND RG UDVWLWHOQDWDSRSXODFLMDWUHEDGDRVWDQHQHGRSUHQDLOLGDVH RVWDYDW QDMPDONX RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD ]D GD VH RVLJXUD QRUPDOQRWR VHPHQR UD]P QRCXYDZHQDYLGRWLREQRYDQDSRSXODFLMDWD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH QD WHVQROLVWQLRW WHJDYHF VH VX^DW YR WHQRN VORM YR VHQND L QD SURYHYQL PHVWD ]D GD VH ]DGUCL XEDYDWD ]HOHQD ERMD NDUDNWHULVWLaQLRWPLULVLVODERJRUaOLYLRWYNXV 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWH OLVWRYL VH SDNXYDDW YR VWDQ GDUGQL EDOL VR PDVD RG kg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6XYLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHUL MDO PRCH GD VH VSDNXYD L YR KDUWLHQL YUH`LLOLYRNDUWRQVNLNXWLL6HaXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQ aHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLV WRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRW URYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD 106
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Primula veris (L.) Huds.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
-DJOLND
6RELUDZHWR QD MDJOLNDWD PRUD GD ELGH VWURJR RJUDQLaHQR D NROLaLQLWHQDGJOHGXYDQLSRUDGLQDPDOXYDZHQDL]RELOVWYRWRRG RYD UDVWHQLH YR PQRJX GHORYL QD (YURSD NDNR UH]XOWDW QD QHM]LQRWR VRELUDZH ]D PHGLFLQVNL FHOL 1H WUHED GD VH VRELUD NRUHQRWQDMDJOLNDWD 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR -DJOLNDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Primulaceae 7DD H SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUH YHVWR UDVWHQLH NRH UD]YLYD VYHWOR ]HOHQL OLVWRYL SRVWDYHQL YR SUL]HPQD UR]HWD /LVWRYLWH VH QDEUDQL L SRGYLW NDQLQDUDERYLWHSRVWHSHQRNRQRVQRYD WD VWDQXYDDW SRWHVQL L SUHPLQXYDDW YR EHOLaHVWDVRaQDOLVQDGU^ND 2G VUHGLQDWD QD OLVQDWD UR]HWD VH UD] YLYDFYHWQRVWHEORYLVRNRGRcm NRH QD YUYRW QRVL ^WLWRYLGQR VRFYHWLH &YHWRYLWH VH VYHWOR CROWL FHYaHVWL L SRVHGXYDDWYHQHaQLOLYaLZD0LULVRW QDFYHWRYLWHHEODJLSULMDWHQ&YHWQDWD GU^NDHYODNQHVWDNDNRLRSDaLQDWDQD OLVWRYLWH 5L]RPRWHGROJcm LRGQHJRL]OHJXYDDWEURMQLWHQNLPDOLL CROWHQLNDYLNRUHQaLZD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH -DJOLNDWDSUHWHCQRUDVWHQDVRQaHYLLVXYLOLYDGLULGVNLSDGL QLYREOL]LQDWDQDJUPX^NLWHLOLQDVYHWOLPHVWDYROLVWRSDGQL ^XPL0RCHGDVHQDMGHQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDGRm 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWPrimulae flos 107
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRWVHVRELUDYRPDUWLDSULO $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLNR^QLFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWSRVRQaHYRLVXYRYUHPHNRJDQHPDURVD 3RUDGLSUHJROHPDEHUEDMDJOLNDWDQDPQRJXPHVWDHSURUHWaHQDL XQL^WHQDSD]DWRDSRWUHEQRHGDVH]D^WLWL 3ULVRELUDZHWRFYHWRYLRG UDVWHQLMDWDLOLQDMPDONX RGGREURUD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMDQDCLYHDOL^WHWRQDNRHVHVREL UD WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL ]D GD VH RVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD] PQRCXYDZH1DCLYHDOL^WDWDNDGH^WRHSURUHWaHQDQHHGR] YROHQRGDVHVRELUD.RQWUROLUDQRVRELUDZHPRCHGDVHYU^L QDPHVWDNDGHLPDERJDWLSRSXODFLLQRQDVHNRLJRGLQL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWHQDMDJOLNDWDVHVX^DWQDSURYHYQLPHVWDYRVHQND]DGD VH]DaXYDQLYQDWDSULURGQDERMD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWH FYHWRYL VH SDNXYDDW YR VWDQ GDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVR WNDHQLQD 3R VX^HZHWR FYHWRYLWH PRCH GD VH SDNXYDDW L YR KDUWLHQL YUH`L LOL NXWLL 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYH WUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRG GLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJDSRYUH GL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2G kg VYHCL FYHWRYL VH GRELYD kg VXYDGURJD 108
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Rosa canina L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
'LYDUR]D^LSND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 'LYDWD UR]D SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Rosaceae3UHWVWDYXYDUD]JUDQHWDLWUQOL YD JUPX^ND YLVRND GR m *UDQNLWH VH GROJLLWHQNLODaQRVYLHQL/LVWRYLWHVH QHSDUQRSHUHVWRVORCHQLVRVWDYHQLRG HOLSWLaQRL]GROCHQLQDYUYRWRVWULLSR UDERW SUDYLOQR SLOHVWR QD]DEHQL OLY aLZD &YHWRYLWH VH XEDYL L NUXSQL VR UR]HY NDVWL LOL EHOL YHQHaQL OLYaLZD 3ORGRW LPDFUYHQDERMDLGROCLQDRGGRcm L QDVWDQXYDRGFYHWQDWDORCDNRMDSRVWDQXYD PHVHVWD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDYRPDMLMXQLDSORGRYLWH VH]UHOLYRVHSWHPYULLRNWRPYUL %OLVNLVURGQLYLGRYLVH - Rosa dumetorum Thuill SUHWVWDYXYD JUPX^ND YLVRND m 0QRJXHVOLaQDVRRosa canina/LVWRYLWHVHVYHWOR]HOHQLLYODN QHVWLRGGYHWHVWUDQLSORGRWHLVWNDNRSORGRWQDRosa canina6H EHUDW]DHGQR*LQDVHOXYDSRWRSOLWHNUDHYL - Rosa rugosa L. U_HVWDUR]D SUHWVWDYXYDJUPX^NDYLVRNDm VR NXNDVWR VYLHQL WUQRYL NRL VH SUR^LUHQL YR RVQRYDWD 9R VSRUHGEDVRSORGRWQDRosa caninaSORGRWQDRosa rugosa HRYDOHQ DFYHWRYLWHLPDDWPQRJXSRYH`HSUD^QLFL - Rosa acicularis SODQLQVNDUR]D HJUPX^NDYLVRNDRGGRm &YHWRYLWHVHFUYHQLDSORGRWHPQRJXSRGROJRGSORGRWQDRosa canina mm LUDVWHQDQDGPRUVNLYLVLQLGRm .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 'LYDWDUR]DUDVWHQDVHNDGH5DVWHSRNUDM^XPLCLYLRJUDGLYR QL]LQLWH NDNR L YR SODQLQLWH =D RUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYR QH 109
WUHEDGDVHVRELUDRGSULPHURFLWHNRLUDVWDWSRNUDMCLYLRJUD GLLQDVHOEL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - SORGRosae fructus, Cynosbati fructus 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HSWHPYULLRNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLNRCQLUDNDYLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDDW]UHOLWHLFYUVWLSORGRYLEH]GU^ND RG SORGRYLWH PRUD GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL ]DUDGL UHJH QHUDFLMDQDSRSXODFLMDWD1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHNU^DWLVHaDW JUDQNLRGJUPX^NLWH]DGDSRWRDVHVRELUDDWSORGRYLWHRGQLY 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWHSORGRYLVHVX^DWFHOLLOLSUHVHaHQLQDSROD0RCH GD VH VX^DW YR VX^QLFL LOL SULURGQR QD SURYHYQL PHVWD 3ORGRYLWH VX^HQL YR VX^QLFL LPDDW SRYRHGQDaHQ L SRGREDU NYDOLWHW 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHSORGRYLVHSDNXYDDWYRKDU WLHQL LOL SROLSURSLOHQVNL YUH`L VR YRHGQDaHQD PDVD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQL LVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLSORGRYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD 110
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Rubus idaeus L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0DOLQD
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'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWRGPDOLQDRubi idaei folium) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDOLVWRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDOHWRWRMXQLMXOLGR VHSWHPYUL NRJD OLVWRYLWH VH QDMGREUR UD]YLHQL QHSRVUHGQR SR VRELUDZHWRQDSORGRYLWH $ODW]DEHUED 2YR^WDUVNLQRCLFLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQHURVDWD/LV WRYLWHVR]DHGQLaNDWDGU^NDVHRWNLQXYDDWVRUDNDLOLVHRWVHNX YDDW VR RYR^WDUVNL QRCLFL 1DEUDQLWH OLVWRYL UDVWUHVLWR VH VWDYDDW YR NR^QLFL QLNDNR YR WRUEL EH] GD VH QDJPHaXYDDW L EU]R VH SUHQHVXYDDW GR PHVWRWR QD VX^HZH 1H VH EHUDW SRCRO WHQL]DVX^HQLLOLVWRYLQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLL^WHWQLFL 1HHGR]YROHQRVRELUDZHQDSRYH`HRGRGOLVWRYLWHQDHGQR JRGL^QLWH JUDQNL ]D GD VH RYR]PRCL QLYQRWR QRUPDOQR LVKUDQXYDZHLSUH]LPXYDZH 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH VH aLVWDW RG SULPHVL QD GUXJL UDVWHQLMD FYHWRQRVQL LOLSORGQLVWHEODSURPHQHWLOLVWRYLLOLOLVWRYLQDSDGQDWLRG EROHVWLL^WHWQLFL6HVX^DWQDVHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL LOLSRGVWUHL/LVWRYLWHVHUDVSRUHGXYDDWYRWHQRNVORMcm YU]UDPNLVWDODCLLOLQDSRGSRVWHOHQVRKDUWLMD9RSURFHVRW QDVX^HZHOLVWRYLWHQHVHSUHYUWXYDDW1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULV WXYDZHQDYH^WDaNLPDWHULMDOLQDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQD QLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYD GRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDDNRJDHYODCQRYUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 1DMNYDOLWHWQD GURJD VH GRELYD NRJD OLV WRYLWHVHSRVWHODDWSULVX^HZHOLVWSROLVWVRYODNQHVWDWDVWUD QDQDJRUH/LVWRYLWHPRCHGDVHVX^DWLVRNUDWNRL]ORCXYDZH 112
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113
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Rubus sp. diversa
/RNDOQLLPLZD
.DSLQD
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114
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SHQR VH ]JXVQXYD L ]DGHEHOXYD /LVWRYLWH VH VXYL NRJD ]DHG QLaNDWD GU^ND VH NU^L SUL VYLWNXYDZH 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWL X^WHHGQD^RGSULPHVLLUDVLSDQLOLVWRYL3RWRDOLVWRYLWHVH VRELUDDWYQLPDWHOQRQDNXSYRVXYDSURVWRULMDLWDPXRVWDQXYDDW GHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDL SDNXYD7UHEDGDVHLPDSUHGYLGGHNDQHGREURLVX^HQLRWUDVWL WHOHQ PDWHULMDO SUL EDOLUDZHWR L SDNXYDZHWR EU]R VH VSDUXYD SRFUQXYD L PRCH GD VWDQH QHXSRWUHEOLY /LVWRYLWH PRCH GD VH VX^DWLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C LGREUD YHQWLODFLMD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHOLVWRYLVHSDNXYDDWYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRG kg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
116
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Salix alba L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%HODYUED
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %HODWDYUEDSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WD Salicaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD OLVWR SDGQRGUYRYLVRNRmVRVLYD L LVSXNDQD NRUD QD VWHEORWR 'U YRWRLPD^LURNDNUR^QDLGROJL UD]JUDQHWLLHODVWLaQLJUDQNL /LVWRYLWH QD EHODWD YUED VH NRS MHVWL]D^LOHQLQDGYDWDNUDMDVR WHPQR ]HOHQD ERMD QD OLFHWR L VR EHODQDRSDaLQDWDRGSROHJQDWLWH VYLOHQNDVWLYODNQD &YHWRYLWHVHVREUDQLYRVRFYHWL MDUHVLNRLVHUD]YLYDDW]DHGQRVR OLVWRYLWH&YHWRYLWHVHHGQRSRO QLDUDVWHQLHWRHGYRGRPQRPD^ NLWH L CHQVNLWH FYHWRYL VH QDR _DDW QD UD]OLaQL HGLQNL #HQVNLWH FYHWRYL VH SRWHQNL RG PD^NLWHLYLVDW%HODWDYUEDFYHWDYRPDUWLDSULO 3ORGRWHPD]QDaX^NDVRSRYH`HVHPLZD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH %HODWDYUEDUDVWHQDSRSODYHQL]HPML^WDLYRUHaQLWHGROLQL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUDSalicis cortex 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH .RUDWDVHVRELUDUDQRQDSUROHWYRDSULO $ODW]DEHUED 1RCQRCLFLLNR^QLFD 117
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118
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Salvia officinalis L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
#DOILMD
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L RVNXGQL SRaYL LOL QD NDUSHVWL NDPHQOLYL PHVWD 6DND XPHUHQRVXYLLGROJLOHWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLRWGHOKHUEDWD Salviae herba - OLVWRYLSalviae folium 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDYRMXOLNRJDUDVWHQLHWRHFHORVQRUD]YLHQRL]UHORSR VXYR L YHGUR YUHPH L WRD UDQR QDXWUR LOL GRFQD SRSODGQH $NR GR]YROXYDDWYUHPHQVNLWHXVORYLDNRHWRSORLVXYRVRELUDZHWR PRCHGDSURGROCLYRWHNRWQDFHORWROHWRLHVHQWDVpGRSRMDYD WDQDSUYLWHGRCGRYL $ODW]DEHUED 6USRYLLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH +HUEDWD QDMaHVWR VH VRELUD ]D SURL]YRGVWYR QD HWHULaQR PDVOR 6HVHaHYUYQLRWGHOLWRDRGUDVWHQLHWR /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWVRUDNDDNRVHNRULVWLNDNROHNRYLWRUDV WHQLHLOLNDNR]DaLQ SRVRQaHYRLVXYRYUHPHNRJDQHPDURVD 3ULVRELUDZHOLVWRYLRGOLVWRYLWHQDUDVWHQLMDWDWUHED GD VH RVWDYDW QHGRSUHQL 3UL EHUHZHWR OLVWRYL LOL KHUED WUHED FHORVQR GD VH RVWDYDW QHGRSUHQL RG SRSXODFLMDWD ]DUDGLUHJHQHUDFLMD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOWUHEDGDVHLVaLVWLRG]HPMDLGUXJL UDVWHQLMD6HVX^LYRWHQRNVORMQDSRNULHQLLSURYHYQLPHVWDEH] GLUHNWQRL]ORCXYDZHQDVRQFHLOLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDRG °C 3R VX^HZHWR VXYLRW PDWHULMDO QDMGREUR H GD VH VSDNXYD YR MXWHQLYUH`L6NODGLUDZHWRVHYU^LYRSRVHEQLREMHNWLJUDGHQL]D WDDQDPHQDNRLRYR]PRCXYDDWVXYLXVORYLLYHQWLODFLMDQDYR]GXKRW 'RNRONX UDVWHQLHWR VH EHUH ]D GHVWLODFLMD L GRELYDZH QD HWHULaQRWRPDVORVREUDQLRWPDWHULMDOQHHSRWUHEQRGDVHVX^L 120
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Sambucus nigra L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%R]HO
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %R]HORW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Caprifoliaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD YLVRND JUPX^NDLOLPDORGUYRVRYLVLQDGR m/LVWRYLWHVHQHSDUQRSHUHVWR VORCHQLLQD]DEHQLSRUDERW &YHWRYLWH VH PDOL EHORCROWHQL NDYLVREUDQLYRJROHPL^WLWRYLGQL VRFYHWLMDVRJROHPLQDRGGRcm 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDMGRMXOL 3ORGRQRVL YR HVHQ D SORGRYLWH VH PDOLWHPQRYLROHWRYLERELQNLJROH PLmmVRNDIHDYLVHPHQNL 'UYRWRQDER]HORWH^XSOLYRLLVSR OHQWRHVRSRUR]QDVUFHYLQD 3RVWRMDWQHNRLVURGQLPQRJXVOLaQL YLGRYLNRLPRCHGDELGDWSULaLQD]D]DEXQD - Sambucus ebulus L. DSWDEXUMDQ HGQRJRGL^QDJUPX^NDVRYLVL QDGRm3ORGRYLWHVHSULOLaQRVOLaQLVRSORGRYLWHQDER]H ORWQRLPDDWQHSULMDWHQPLULVLVHRWURYQL - Sambucus racemosa L. FUYHQ ER]HO SODQLQVNL ER]HO PQRJX H VOLaHQ VR ER]HORW SR L]JOHGRW QD OLVWRYLWH L VWHEORWR &YHWD YH`HYRDSULOLUDVWHQDQDGPRUVNLYLVLQLGRm .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH Sambucus nigra H PQRJX UDVSURVWUDQHWR UDVWHQLH 5DVWH SRNUDM UHNLL]YRULYRVYHWOL^XPLSRNUDMJUPX^NLLQDGUXJLPHVWD 2GRYLHPHVWDER]HORWPRCHGDVHVRELUD]DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRG VWYR0RCHGDUDVWHQDQDGPRUVNDYLVLQDGRm=DRUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYRQHWUHEDGDVHVRELUDRGSULPHURFLWHNRLUDVWDWYR QDVHOELWHYREOL]LQDQDNX`LWH
121
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%RWDQLaNRLPH
Satureja montana L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
AXEULND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Satureja montana SULSD_DQDIDPLOL MDWD Lamiaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD HGQRJR GL^QRLOLSRYH`HJRGL^QRUD]JUDQH WR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVRNR GR cm /LVWRYLWH VH WHVQL ]HOHQL OL QHDUQRODQFHWRYLGQLGROJLGRcm VHGHaNL LOL QD PQRJX NUDWNL OLVQL GU^NL1DRSDaLQDWDVHVLYNDVWL &YHWRYLWHVHPDOLEHOLUR]HYLLOL VYHWOR UR]HYL VR FYHWQL GU^NL SR VWDYHQL YR SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH L GDYDDW YSHaDWRN QD PDOD PHWOLaND 3RVHEQLRWSULMDWHQPLULVQDUDVWH QLHWR GRD_D RG HWHULaQRWR PDVOR NRH LPD YLVRND VRGUCLQD QD NDU YDNURO 3HULRGRWQDFYHWDZH]DYLVLRGQDG PRUVNDWD YLVLQD L ]DSRaQXYD RG MXOLSDVpGRRNWRPYULSUYRQDSRYLVRNLWHDSRWRDQDSRQLVNLWH PHVWD 6HNRULVWLNDNROHNRYLWRL]DaLQVNLUDVWHQLH 3RVWRMDWQHNRLVURGQLLPQRJXVOLaQLYLGRYLNDNR - Satureja hortensis .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH QD VXYL NDPHQHVWL L WRSOL PHVWD QD VRQaHYLWH SDGLQL 3UHWVWDYXYD PHGLWHUDQVNR UDVWHQLH NRH UDVWH QD EUHJRW QD -DGUDQVNRWRPRUHLYRNRQWLQHQWDOQLWHGHORYL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLRWWUHYHVWGHOKHUEDWD Saturejae herba 123
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6HVRELUDYRWHNRWQDSHULRGRWQDFYHWDZHRGMXQLGRRNWRPYUL 1DMGREURHGDVHVRELUDSRVXYRLVRQaHYRYUHPHUDQRQDXWURL GRFQDSRSODGQH$NRYUHPHWRHVXYRPRCHGDVHVRELUDYRWHNRW QDFHORWROHWRVpGRHVHQWD$NRVHVRELUD]DGHVWLODFLMDQDHWH ULaQRWRPDVORSHULRGRWQDVRELUDZHHQDNUDMRWQDVHSWHPYUL SUL^WRUDVWHQLHWRQHWUHEDGDVHVX^L $ODW]DEHUED 6USRYLLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD cm RG QDG]HPQLRW ]HOMHVW GHO EH] GUYHQHVWLRW GHO QD UDVWHQLHWR NRJD WRD H FHORVQR UDVFYHWDQR 6REUDQLWH UDVWHQLMD VH SDNXYDDW YR SRJRGQD DPEDODCD MXWHQL YUH`L L VH WUDQVSRUWLUDDWGRPHVWRWRQDVX^HZH 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMD6SRUHGSUDYL ODWD PRUD GD VH RVWDYDW RG SRSXODFLMDWD QD HGHQ ORND OLWHW QHGRSUHQL LOL QDMPDONX RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD ]D GD VH RVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD] PQRCXYDZHLYR]REQRYXYDZHQDQDR_DOL^WHWR6OHGQRWRVREL UDZH QD LVWRWR PHVWR QDR_DOL^WH H GR]YROHQR SRVOH QDM PDONXJRGLQLYR]DYLVQRVWRGVWHSHQRWQDREQRYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 3UHG VX^HZHWR UDVWLWHOQLRW PDWHULMDO WUHED GD VH LVaLVWL RG QHaLVWRWLL6HVX^LYRWHQRNVORMQDSRNULHQLLSURYHYQLPHVWD EH]GLUHNWQRL]ORCXYDZHQDVRQFHLOLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWX UDGR°C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 5DVWLWHOQLRW PDWHULMDO PRCH GD VH VSDNXYDLYRMXWHQLYUH`L6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD 124
YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURY QLLQHDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLKHUED VHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
125
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Sideritis scardica Griseb.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
>DUSODQLQVNLaDM
=DEHOH^ND9R5HSXEOLND0DNHGRQLMDSRGLPHWR>DUSODQLQVNL aDMVHVRELUDDWYLGRYLWHSideritis scardica LSideritis raeseri 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR >DUSODQLQVNLRWaDMSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMD WDQDXVQRFYHWQLUDVWHQLMDLamiaceae 7RD H WUHYHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR UDVWHQLH VR SUDYRVWHEORGRcm YLVRNRREUDVQDWRVR EHOLYODNQHQFD /LVWRYLWH VH VSURWLYQRSRORCQL SULVHG QDWLLOLQHMQRHOLSWLaQLVRNXVLGU^NL &YHWRYLWHVHCROWHQLNDYLUDVSRUHGHQLYR SD]XYLWH QD SULFYHWQLWH OLVWRYL VREUDQL YR NODVRYLGQL VRFYHWLMD AD^NDWD H WUX EHVWR\YRQaHVWDSOLWNRGHOQDDYHQaHWRH GYRXVQDWR 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRMXOL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH QD VXYL WRSOL YDURYQLaNL NDPHZD UL5DVSURVWUDQHWRHGRm QDGPRUVND YLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLWH GHORYL VR FYHWRYLWH KHUED Sideriti herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRVHEHUHMXQLLMXOL]DYUHPHQD FYHWDZHWR
126
$ODW]DEHUED 1RCLOLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6H RWVHNXYD VR R^WDU QRC FHOLRW QDG]HPHQ GHO 1H VH VHaDW QHJRYLWHGUYHQHVWLGHORYL6HaLVWLRGSHVRNRWL]HPMDWDLQHH GR]YROHQR VRELUDZH QD SUHFYHWDQL L UDVWHQLMD QDSDGQDWL RG EROHVWL1HVPHHGDVHNRUQH]DWRD^WRYRGURJDWDQHVPHHGDLPD GHORYLRGNRUHQRWVR^WRELVHQDPDOLONYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD Sideritis scardica VHVRELUDSRVRQaHYRYUHPH 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDQDG]HPQLRWGHO=DGROCLWHOQRHSUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL QDMPDONX RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD ]D GD VH RVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD]P QRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWRVRELUDZHQDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQR SRVOH JRGLQL 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VRELUD YR REODVWL NDGH ^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQDWDKHUEDVHaLVWLRGSULPHVLRG]HPMDRGSUHFYHWDQLLOL UDVWHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLLRGGUXJLUDVWHQLMD6HVX^LSRG VHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL+HUEDWDVHVX^LYRWHQRNVORMQD UDPNLVWDODCLLOLQDSRVWHOHQDKDUWLMDQDSRG1HHGR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RD GRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDDNRJDHYODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZH KHUEDWD WUHEDaHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQVNLWHSULOL NLLVWHSHQRWQDQLYQDLVX^HQRVW +HUEDWDHVXYDNRJDQDMGHEH OLWH GHORYL QD VWHEORWR L OLVQLWH GU^NL SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW +HUEDWDPRCHGDVHVX^LLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQH SRYLVRND RG °C L GREUD YHQWLODFLMD 5DVWHQLMDWD PRCDW GD VH VX^DWVREUDQLYRNLWNL6HYU]XYDDWSRUDVWHQLMDFYHWRYLWH VH SRUDPQXYDDW RG VWUDQD L VH YU]XYDDW YR GROQLRW NUDM L VH ]DNDaXYDDWREHVHQLQDGROXQDNOLQHF6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WH 127
HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 5DVWHQLMDWD VR SRWHPQHWL OLVWRYL LOLEH]OLVWRYLLUDVWHQLMDWDEH]FYHWRYLQHPDDWNRPHUFLMDOQD YUHGQRVW3RWRDVHVRELUDYQLPDWHOQRQDSRGHEHOSODVWYRVXYD SURVWRULMD WDPX RVWDQXYD GHQD ]D GD VH YRHGQDaL YODJDWD SRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH 6XYLRWPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRaLVWLMXWHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDUR PDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
128
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Stachys officinalis L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
5DQLOLVW
=DEHOH^ND 8SDWVWYDWD ]D VRELUDZH QD UDQLOLVWRW PRCDW GD VH SULPHQDW L SUL VRELUDZH QD PDJDUH^NL aDM UDVWHQLMD NRL SULSD_DDWQDURGRYLWHStachys germanica L Stachys alpina. 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 5DQLOLVWRWSULSD_DQDIDPLOL MDWD Lamiaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR LVSUDYHQR WUH YHVWR UDVWHQLH YLVRNR RG cm VR KRUL]RQWDOHQ UL]RP 6WHEODWD VH aHWYRURDJOHVWL YODNQHVWL L YR JRUQLRW GHO UHWNRVHUD]JUDQHWL /LVWRYLWH VH FHOL L]GROCHQR MDMFHYLGQLVRVUFHYLGQDRVQRYD D SR UDERW VH WDSR QD]DEHQL 'ROJL VH cm D ^LURNL cm /LVWRYLWH VH VSURWLYQRSR ORCQL QD GROQLRW GHO VH QD OLVQL GU^NL D YR JRUQLRW GHO VH SULVHGQDWL &YHWRYLWH VH VREUDQL QD YUYRW RG VWHEORWR YR SU^OHQL AD^NDWD H mm GROJDLSDWLSRNXVDRGYHQaHWRNRHHMDUNRFUYHQRGRUR]HYRNDM PDJDUH^NLRWaDMYHQaHWRHEHOR LGYRXVQDWR3ORGRWHVXYLVH UDVSD_DQDNDIHDYLWULDJOHVWLRUHYaLZD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRVHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DQLOLVWRW UDVWH SR OLYDGL WUHYHVWL PHVWD SRPH_X JUPX^NL L UHWNL^XPL5DVSURVWUDQHWRHSRQL]LQLWHLSODQLQLWHGR1.400 m QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD
129
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLRWGHOQDUDVWHQLHWRKHUED Stachycae herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD SUHNX OHWRWR RG MXQL GR VHSWHPYUL NRJD UDVWHQLHWR FYHWD $ODW]DEHUED 6USQRCLFLLNR^QLFD 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQHURVDWD6R R^WDU VUS LOL QRC VH RWVHNXYDDW FYHWRQRVQLWH VWHEOD YR GROCLQDRGcm RGYUYRWQDUDVWHQLHWR,SUL]HPQLWHOLVWRYL VH VRELUDDW L VH GRGDYDDW QD GURJDWD 3R EHUHZHWR UDVWHQLMDWD UDVWUHVLWRVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFLWH 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDQDG]HPQLRWGHO]DHGQRVRNRUHQRWL UL]RPRW=DGROCLWHOQRHSULEHUHZHWRGDVHRVWDYLRGUDV WHQLMDWDVRGREURUD]YLHQLFYHWRQRVQLVWHEOD]DGDVHRVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VRELUD YR REODVWL NDGH ^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQDWDKHUEDVHaLVWLRGSULPHVLRG]HPMDRGSUHFYHWDQLLOL UDVWHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLLRGGUXJLUDVWHQLMD6HVX^LSRG VHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLSRGVWUHL+HUEDWDVHVX^LYR WHQRNVORMQDUDPNLLVWDODCL1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULVWXYDZHQD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQL QD QLY JR SRSUHaXYDDW EU]RWR RGGHOXYDZH QD YODJDWD 7RD GRYHGXYD GR YOR^XYDZH QD NYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZH KHUEDWD WUHED aHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQVNLWHSULOLNLLVWH SHQRW QD QLYQD LVX^HQRVW +HUEDWD H VXYD NRJD QDMGHEHOLWH GHORYL QD VWHEORWR L OLVQLWH GU^NL SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW 130
5DVWHQLMDWDPRCDWGDVHVX^DWVREUDQLYRNLWNL6HYU]XYDDWSR UDVWHQLMDFYHWRYLWHVHSRUDPQXYDDWRGVWUDQDLVHYU]XYDDWYR GROQLRWNUDMLVH]DNDaXYDDWREHVHQLQDGROXQDNOLQHF +HUEDWD PRCH GD VH VX^L L YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD QH SRYLVRND RG °C L GREUD YHQWLODFLMD 6XYDWD GURJD VH aLVWL X^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 5DVWHQLMDWD VR SRWHPQHWL OLVWRYL LOL EH] OLVWRYLLUDVWHQLMDWDEH]FYHWRYLQHPDDWNRPHUFLMDOQDYUHGQRVW 3RWRDVHVRELUDYQLPDWHOQRQDSRGHEHOSODVWYRVXYDSURVWRUL MD WDPX RVWDQXYD GHQD ]D GD VH YRHGQDaL YODJDWD SRVOH ^WR PRCH GD VH EDOLUD L SDNXYD 7UHED GD VH ]QDH GHND VXYDWD GURJD SUHGL]YLNXYD NLYDZH L SRUDGL WRD WUHED GD VH YQLPDYD SUL PDQLSXODFLMDWD VR QHD L GD VH UDERWL VR PDVND GRNRONX SUL SRVWDSNDWDPXVPHWDQDVRELUDaRW 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
131
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Taraxacum officinale Web.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
*OXYDUaH
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR *OXYDUaHWRSULSD_DQDIDPLOL MDWD Asteraceae Compositae 7RD H SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDV WHQLH 5D]YLYD GODERN L GHEHO JODYHQ NRUHQ RG NRM L]ELYD UR]HWD QD GROJL WHVQL GODERNR SHUHVWR YUHCDQL L SR UDERW FHOL LOL QD]DEHQL VMDMQL WHPQR ]HOHQL LOLVPH_DVWLOLVWRYL >XSOLYLWH FYHWQL VWHEOD NRL VH YLVRNL RNROX cm UDVWDW GLUHNWQRRGNRUHQRWLVHNRHRG QLY VR]GDYD SR HGQR ]ODWQR CROWRJODYLaHVWRVRFYHWLH cm 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGDSULOGRRNWRPYUL 3RFYHWDZHWRNRJDVHPHWR`HVR]UHHVHUD]YLYDDWVQHCQREHOL WRSaLZD NRL VH VRVWDYHQL RG PQRJX FUQL DKHQLL VR EHOL ^WLWRYLGQLSDSXVL NRLVHUD]QHVXYDDWVRSRPR^QDYHWURW1D RYRMQDaLQUDVWHQLHWRVHUD]PQRCXYD .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH *OXYDUaHWR H ^LURNR UDVSURVWUDQHWR UDVWHQLH 5DVWH QDVHNDGH GR NDM ^WR GRVSHYDDW VHPLZDWD =D RUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYR QH H GR]YROHQR GD VH VRELUD YR EOL]LQD QD QDVHOHQL PHVWD SDWL^WD RYR^WDUQLFLLVO=DWDDFHOPRCHGDVHVRELUDVDPRRG"GLYL" CLYHDOL^WD ,VWRWDNDUDVWHLQDYLVRNLWHSODQLQLQRYRWRMVOXaDMUR]HWDWD PX H SRPDOD 5DVWHQLHWR VDND SORGQD KXPXVQD L YODCQD SRaYD 1HJRYLRW L]JOHG YDULUD YR ]DYLVQRVW RG CLYHDOL^WHWR L HNROR^NLWHXVORYL 132
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQTaraxaci radix - QDG]HPQLRW GHO KHUED Taraxaci herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRWVHEHUHYRDSULOLPDM /LVWRYLWHLFHORWRUDVWHQLHVHEHUDW YRDSULOPDMLMXQL .RUHQRW VH YDGL YR VHSWHPYUL L RNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 0DOLORSDWLVUSRYLLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWH L KHUEDWD VH RWVHNXYDDW YR EOL]LQDWD QD NRUHQRW %HUDaLWHPRUDGDYQLPDYDDWSULVRELUDZHWRQDOLVWRYLWHGDQH JL QDJPHaDW ]DWRD ^WR FHORWR UDVWHQLH VRGUCL POHaHQ VRN .RUHZDWDVHVRELUDDWVRSRPR^QDORSDWLLVUSRYL 3ULVRELUDZHOLVWRYLRGOLVWRYLWHQDUDVWHQLMDWDWUHED GD VH RVWDYDW QHGRSUHQL 3UL EHUHZHWR OLVWRYL LOL KHUED WUHED FHORVQR GD VH RVWDYDW QHGRSUHQL RG SRSXODFLMDWD ]DUDGLUHJHQHUDFLMD$NRVHVRELUDDWNRUHZDRGUDVWHQL MDWDWUHEDGDRVWDQDWQHGRSUHQL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR .RUHQRWGREURVHaLVWLVHPLHLVHVX^LQDVRQFH3RGHEHOLWH NRUHZDWUHEDGDVHUDVHaDWSUHGVX^HZHWR /LVWRYLWHVHVX^DWYRWHQRNVORMQDSRNULHQLLSURYHYQLPHVWD ,VX^HQLRWPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRMXWHQLLOLKDUWLHQLYUH`L 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD,VX^HQLWHNRUHQLVHSDNXYDDWYRYUH`L 133
VRYRHGQDaHQDPDVD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQLSURV WRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG RWURYQL L DURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLNRUHZDVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD 2Gkg VYHCLL]GDQRFLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
134
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Teucrium montanum L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
7UHYDLYD
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Teucrium montanum SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWDQDXVQRFYHWQLUDVWHQL MDLamiaceae 7RDHWUHYHVWRSRYH `HJRGL^QR JUPX^HVWR UDVWHQLH RNROXcm YLVRNR6WHEODWDVH SRO]HaNLDQLYQLRWYUYHLVSUDYHQ QDJRUH 7LH GHOXPQR VH GUYHQHVWL RVREHQR YR SRGRFQHCQLWH ID]L RG UD]YLWRNRW 0ODGLWH VWHEOD VH SRNULHQL VR NUDWNL L PHNL YODNQD VRVLYDERMD /LVWRYLWHVHOLQHDUQRODQFHWRYLG QL QD]DEHQL D QD RSDaLQDWD VH SRNULHQLVREHOLYODNQHQFD'ROJL VH cm L LPDDW PQRJX NUDWND OLVQDGU^ND &YHWRYLWH VH VREUDQL YR SROX WRSaHVWR VRFYHWLH VPHVWHQR QD YUYRW RG JUDQaLZDWD 9HQHaQLWH OLYaLZDVHVYHWORCROWLSRERMDAD^NDWDRELaQRQHHYODNQHV WDLVRVWDYHQDHRGODQFHWRYLGQL]DSFL 5DVWHQLHWR FYHWD RG MXQL GR VHSWHPYUL 3RVHGXYD VSHFLILaHQ PLULVLJRUaOLYYNXV .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQDVXYLLWRSOL]HPML^WD1DMPQRJXPRCHGDVHQDMGHQDQDG PRUVNDYLVLQDRGm QDYDURYQLaNDSRaYDVRMXCQDHNVSR]LFLMD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - ]HOHQLWHGHORYLVRFYHWRYLWHTeucrii montani herba
135
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRVHEHUHRGMXQLGRSRaHWRNRWQDVHSWHPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLOLQRCLFL 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDUDVWHQLMDWDRG]HPMD]DWRD^WRQD WRMQDaLQ`HVHVREHUDWLNRUHZDWDVRSULRVQRYQLWHGHORYLRG VWHEORWR QD UDVWHQLHWR NRL VH QHSRVDNXYDQL SULPHVL L JR YOR^XYDDWNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDRGFYHWRYLWHWUHEDGD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL $NR VH VRELUD FHORWR UDVWHQLH RG UDVWLWHOQDWDSRSXODFLMDLOLQDMPDONXRGGREURUD]YLHQLWH UDVWHQLMDWUHEDGDRVWDQDWFHORVQRQHGRSUHQL]DGDVHRVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYLYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VRELUDZH QD LVWRWR PHVWR H GR]Y ROHQR SRVOH QDMPDONX JRGLQL YR ]DYLVQRVW RG VWHSHQRW QD REQRYD
0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWR VH RWVHNXYD VR RVWDU QRC LOL QRCLFL 1H VH VHaDW QHJRYLWH GUYHQHVWL GHORYL 9HG QD^WUHEDGDVHLVaLVWLRGQHaL VWRWLL 5DVWHQLHWR VH VRELUD QD SRaHWRNRW RG SHULRGRW QD FYH WDZH Teucrium montanum VH VRELUD SR VRQaHYRYUHPH 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDO VHVX^LYRWHQRNVORMQDSURYHYQL PHVWD SRG VHQND LOL YR VX^QLFL QDWHPSHUDWXUDRG°C.
136
3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6XYLRW PDWHULMDO PRCH GD VH VSDNXYD L aXYD L YR MXWHQL YUH`L 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD
137
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Teucrium polium L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%HOGXEHFSRGXEHFSRGDELaH
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR Teucrium polium SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD QD XVQR FYHWQL UDVWHQLMD Lamiaceae 7RD H WUHYHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR SROXJU PX^HVWRUDVWHQLHVRVL OHQ NRUHQ RNROX cm YLVRNR 6WHEODWD VH QHMDVQR aHWYRURDJOHVWL VNRURFLOLQGULaQLLJXV WR QDSODVWHQL VR YODN QHQFD /LVWRYLWHVHHOLSWLaQRODQFHWRYLGQLWDSRQD]DEHQLSULRVQR YDWDVWHVQHWL'ROJLVHcm LVHVHGHaNL &YHWRYLWHVHEHOLLOLCROWHQLNDYLVREUDQLYRYUYQLJODYLaNL QDJUDQNLWHAD^NDWDH\YRQaHVWDDYHQaHWRMDQHPDGROQDWDXVQD NDNRNDMGUXJLWHXVQRFYHWQLUDVWHQLMD3ORGRWHVXYLVHUDVSD_D QDHOLSVRYLGQLWHPQLRUHYaLZD 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH QD VXYL WRSOL YDURYQLaNL L VLOLNDWQL NDPHZDUL L QD SHVRNOLYL ]HPML^WD 5DVSURVWUDQHWR H QD VHNDGH QD QDGPRUVND YLVRaLQDGRm 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - QDG]HPQLWHGHORYLVRFYHWRYLWHKHUED Teucrii polii herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRVHEHUHRGMXQLGRDYJXVW
138
$ODW]DEHUED 1RCLOLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6H RWVHNXYD VR RVWDU QRC FHOLRW QDG]HPHQ GHO 1H VH VHaDW QHJRYLWHGUYHQHVWLGHORYL6HaLVWLRGSHVRNRWL]HPMDWDLQHH GR]YROHQR VRELUDZH QD SUHFYHWDQL L UDVWHQLMD QDSDGQDWL RG EROHVWL1HVPHHGDVHNRUQH]DWRD^WRYRGURJDWDQHVPHHGDLPD GHORYLRGNRUHQRWVR^WRELVHQDPDOLONYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWD Teucrium polium VHVRELUDSRVRQaHYRYUHPH 1HHGR]YROHQRNXEHZHQDQDG]HPQLRWGHO=DGROCLWHOQRHSUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL QDMPDONX RG UDVWHQLMDWD VR GREUR UD]YLHQL FYHWRQRVQL VWHEOD ]D GD VH RVLJXUD VHPHQRWR UD]P QRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWRVRELUDZHQDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQR SRVOH JRGLQL 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH VRELUD YR REODVWL NDGH ^WRUHWNRVHVUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQDWDKHUEDVHaLVWLRGSULPHVLRG]HPMDRGSUHFYHWDQLLOL UDVWHQLMDQDSDGQDWLRGEROHVWLLRGGUXJLUDVWHQLMD6HVX^LSRG VHQNDYRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULL+HUEDWDVHVX^LYRWHQRNVORMQD UDPNLVWDODCLLOLQDSRVWHOHQDKDUWLMDQDSRG1HHGR]YROHQR LVNRULVWXYDZH QD YH^WDaNL PDWHULMDOL QDMORQ SROLHWLOHQ L VOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RD GRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDDNRJDHYODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH 9R SURFHVRW QD VX^HZH KHUEDWD WUHEDaHVWRGDVHSUHYUWXYDYR]DYLVQRVWRGYUHPHQVNLWHSULOL NLLVWHSHQRWQDQLYQDLVX^HQRVW=DSREU]RVX^HZHUDVWHQLMDWD PRCDWGDVHL]ORCDWaDVDQDVRQFHDSRWRDVHGRVX^XYDDWQD VHQND+HUEDWDHVXYDNRJDQDMGHEHOLWHGHORYLQDVWHEORWRLOLV QLWHGU^NLSULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW +HUEDWDPRCHGDVHVX^LL YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD QH SRYLVRND RG C L GREUD YHQWL ODFLMD6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WHHGQD^RGUDVLSDQLWHGHORYL 5DVWHQLMDWDVRSRWHPQHWLOLVWRYLLOLEH]OLVWRYLLUDVWHQLMDWD 139
EH]FYHWRYLQHPDDWNRPHUFLMDOQDYUHGQRVW3RWRDVHVRELUDYQL PDWHOQR QD SRGHEHO SODVW YR VXYD SURVWRULMD WDPX RVWDQXYD GHQD ]D GD VH YRHGQDaL YODJDWD SRVOH ^WR PRCH GD VH EDOLUD L SDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
140
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Thymus spp. L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0DMaLQDGX^LaNDPDWHUND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 0DMaLQDWD GX^LFD H PDOR SR YH`HJRGL^QR SROXJUPX^HVWR UDVWHQLH RG IDPLOLMDWD LamiceaeYLVRNRRNROXcm,PD VLOQR UD]YLHQ NRUHQRY VLVWHP NRMPXRYR]PRCXYDGDCLYHHQD VLURPD^QL]HPML^WD 6WHEORWR YR RVQRYDWD H RGU YHQHWR L GHOXPQR SRO]L SR SRGORJDWD9RGROQLRWGHOQD VWHEORWR VH UD]YLYDDW DGYHQ WLYQL NRUHQL D YR JRUQLRW GHO JUDQNLWH VH aHWYRURDJRO QLFUYHQNDVWLLYODNQHVWLVR UR]HWDRGOLVWRYLQDNUDMRW /LVWRYLWH VH GROJL cm L mm ^LURNL FYUVWL NUXWL L HOLSWLaQL VR COH]GHVWL WRaNL NRL VRGUCDW EURMQL COH]GL LVSROQHWL VR HWHULaQR PDVOR 6PHVWHQLVHQDOLVQLGU^NLGROJLmm &YHWRYLWHVHSRVWDYHQLQDNUDWNLFYHWQLGU^NLGROJLGRmm L]OHJXYDDW RG SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH L IRUPLUDDW WRSaHVWR LOL PDONXL]GROCHQRVRFYHWLHQDYUYRWRGJUDQNLWH&YHWDYRWHNRW QDOHWRWR&HORWRUDVWHQLHLPDSULMDWHQLDURPDWLaHQPLULV 6OLaHQYLGHLThymus vulgaris NRMLPDEHOLFYHWRYL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWR UDVWH QD YDURYQLaNL SRGORJL SORGQL VLURPD^QL QHXWUDOQLLOLXPHUHQRDONDOQLSRaYL.LVHOLWHLYODCQLSRaYL QHtJRGDWQDPDMaLQDWDGX^LFD6DNDVYHWOLQDLWRSOLQDRVREHQR YRSHULRGRWQDFYHWDZH3RUDGLWRDCLYHDOL^WDWDQDThymus spp. VHL]ORCHQLQDVRQFHL]D^WLWHQLRGYHWDU'RNRONXYRSHULRGRW 141
QD FYHWDZH SUHRYODGXYDDW REODaQR YUHPH L YUQHCL VREUDQLRW PDWHULMDOLPDVODENYDOLWHW 2ELaQRUDVWHQDJROHPLSRYU^LQLJROLQLSDVL^WDOLYDGLLQD GUXJL YRJODYQR VRQaHYL PHVWD =D RUJDQVNR SURL]YRGVWYR QH H GR]YROHQRVRELUDZHRGQLYLWHLYRQDVHOHQLWHPHVWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - PODGLL]HOHQLGHORYLQDVWHEORWRVROLVWRYLLFYHWRYLThymi serpylli herba 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6H VRELUD RG PDM GR RNWRPYUL 6RELUDZHWR VH YU^L SR XEDYR L VRQaHYRYUHPHNRJDQHPDURVD $ODW]DEHUED 2VWDUQRCPDOVUSQRQDMGREURHXSRWUHEDQDVRRGYHWQLRVWUL QRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 9RWHNRWQDEHUEDWDPRUDYQLPDWHOQRGDVHSRVWDSXYD]DWRD^WR PDMaLQDWD GX^LFD H PQRJX QHCQR UDVWHQLH VR WHQNL JUDQaLZD NRL OHVQR VH NU^DW WDND ^WR L SUL QDMPDO GRSLU COH]GHVWLWH GHORYLRWSD_DDWLOLSUVNDDWSUL^WRHWHULaQRWRPDVORL]OHJXYD RGQLYLVHJXEL0RUDGDVHRWVHaDWVRRVWDUQRCPDOVUSLOLQDM GREURVRRVWULQRCLFL6HRWVHNXYDDWVDPRJRUQLWHSRORYLQLQD JUDQaLZDWDVRFYHWRYLL OLVWRYL 6REUDQLRW PDWHULMDO QH VPHH GDVHQDELYDYRYUH`LWXNXYQLPDWHOQRGDVHUHGLYRNR^QLFD 5DVWHQLMDWDQHVPHDWGDVHRWNRUQXYDDWRG]HPMDWD5DVWHQLMDWD NRLUDVWDWYRHGQDREODVWQDNRMDVHYU^LVRELUDZHQHVPHDWGD VH VRELUDDW SRYH`H RG HGQD^ JRGL^QR 9R REODVWLWH QD VREL UDZH RG ELROR^ND JOHGQD WRaND QHRSKRGQR H GD VH RVWDYDW EDUHPRGUDVWHQLMDWDVRGREURUD]YLHQLFYHWRQRVQLVWHEOD LRGOLVWRYLWHQDVHNRHUDVWHQLH]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQR WRUD]PQRCXYDZHQDYLGRWLREQRYDQDSRSXODFLMDWD
142
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 3RVOH EHUEDWD VREUDQLWH UDVWHQLMD PRCH GD VH VX^DW QDGYRU PDOL NROLaLQL QD ]D^WLWHQL PHVWD YR VHQND L]ORCHQL QD YR]GX^QRVWUXHZH3RJROHPL NROLaLQL VH VX^DW YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUDGR°C. 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQDWDKHUEDVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWUR YQLLQHDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2GRNROXkg VYHCLQDG]HPQLGHORYLVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
143
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Tilia cordata Mill.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
6LWQROLVQDOLSD
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 6LWQROLVQDWD OLSD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Tiliaceae 3UHWVWD YXYD OLVWRSDGQR GHNRUDWLYQR ^XPVNRGUYRYLVRNRGRmVR HGQRVWDYQL DVLPHWULaQL L NUXSQL OLVWRYL VR GROJD OLVQD GU^ND &YHWRYLWHREUD]XYDDWVRFYHWLH L LPDDW FYHWQD GU^ND NRMD GR SRORYLQDHVUDVQDWDVREUDNWHD WD 9HQaHWR H VRVWDYHQR GR EHORCROWL OLYaLZD VR VUFHY LGQDIRUPDQDYUYRW]D^LOHQL LSLOHVWRQD]DEHQLSRUDERW &YHWDYRMXQL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQDMaHVWRQDVRQaHYLWHVWUDQLRGSODQLQVNLWH^XPLQDQDG PRUVND YLVLQD GR m AHVWR VH VDGL L UDVWH SR SDUNRYLWH L GUYRUHGLWH/LSDWDCLYHHPQRJXGROJR =DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVWYRQHVHVRELUDRGQDVHOHQLWHPHVWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - VRFYHWLHWRVREUDNWHDWDTiliae flos cum bracteis 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RFYHWLMDWD VH VRELUDDW YR PDM MXQL L MXOL %HUEDWD ]DSRaQXYD NRJDYUHPHQVNLWHXVORYLVHSRYROQL]DQHDXEDYRLVRQaHYRYUHPH LNRJDUDVWHQLHWRSRaQXYDGDFYHWDWHNRJDVHUDVFYHWDQLRG FYHWRYLWH 144
$ODW]DEHUED =DVRELUDZHWRQHRSKRGQRHGDVHLPDVNDOL6RFYHWLMDWDVHVREL UDDWVRUDNDLOLVRSRVHEQLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHVHRWNLQXYDDWRGJUDQNLWHVRUDND*UDQNLWHQHVPHDW GDVHVHaDWLVWUJQXYDDWLOLXGLUDDWVRVWDSRYL 1HHGR]YROHQRVHaHZHQDJUDQNLWHLGUYMDWDNDNRYR^XPLWH WDNDLNUDMSDWL^WDWDYRQDVHOHQLWHPHVWDSDUNRYLWHJUDGL QLWH L VO RG FYHWRYLWH WUHED GD RVWDQDW QD GUYRWR ]D UHJHQHUDFLMDQDVHPHWRL]DSaHOLWH]DVRELUDZHQHNWDU 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLRW PDWHULMDO VH VX^L YR WHQRN VORM QD SRNULHQL L SURYHYQLPHVWDEH]GLUHNWQRL]ORCXYDZHQDVRQFH0RCHGDVH VX^LLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDGR°C, ]DGDVHGRELHGURJD VRVYHWORCROWR]HOHQDERMD6HSDNXYDLaXYDYRMXWHQLYUH`L 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLQHDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
145
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Tussilago farfara L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
3RGEHO
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 3RGEHORWSULSD_DQDIDPLOLMDWDQD JODYRFYHWQLWH UDVWHQLMD Asteraceae Compositae 3UHWVWDYXYD SRYH`H JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR GR EURUD]YLHQRSRG]HPQLKRUL]RQWDO QL UL]RPL 5DQR QDSUROHW L]ELYDDW YODNQHVWL OX^SHVWL EHORVLYL VWH EOHQFDVRCROWRVRFYHWLHQDYUYRWL VR SULMDWHQ PLULV 6WHEOHQFDWD VH YLVRNL cm 6YHWOR CROWLWH FYHWRYL QD UDERW RG VRFYHWLHWR VH MD]LaHVWLGRGHNDRQLHYRVUHGLQDWD VHFHYaHVWLLLPDDWYHQHFRGYODNQD 3UYLWH OLVWRYL VH SRMDYXYDDW SR FYHWDZHWRQDVWHEORWRNRHUDVWHRG NRUHQRW /LVWRYLWH VH JROHPL NRONXGODQNDVRVUFHYLGHQREOLNLSRUDERWVHQD]DEHQL/LFHWR QD OLVWRW H VR WHPQR ]HOHQD ERMD D RSDaLQDWD H VUHEUHQREHOD SRNULHQDVRNUDWNLLJXVWLYODNQD 9RSHULRGRWQDNRPSOHWHQUD]YRMQDOLVWRYLWHQDUDVWHQLHWRWRD HGYDSDWLSRJROHPRRWNRONXYRID]DWDQDFYHWDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVODERJRUaOLYLLVOX]DYLSRYNXVEH]PLULV .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 3RGEHORWUDVWHYREOL]LQDQDL]YRULSRWRFLQDVLSLNDQDOLLQD YODCQLOLYDGLVRJOLQHVWDSRaYD5DVWHQLHWRQHWUHEDGDVHVREL UDYREOL]LQDQDSDWL^WDLREUDERWOLYLSRYU^LQL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWRGSRGEHOFarfarae flos - OLVWRGSRGEHOFarfarae folium 146
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRWVHEHUHEH]VWHEORWRYRPDUWLDSULO /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWRGDSULOGRRNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLLNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHLOLVWRYLWHVHEHUDWEH]GU^NLVRSRPR^QDQRCLFL NRJDQHPDURVDSROLVWRYLWH3RUDGLWRD^WRLQVHNWLWHLJDELWH aHVWRJLQDSD_DDWOLVWRYLWHVHEHUDWVDPRRQLHOLVWRYLNRLSR VHEHQHPDDWWRaNLLOLELORNDNYLGUXJLR^WHWXYDZD 3RVRELUDZHWRUDVWLWHOQLRWPDWHULMDOVHVWDYDYRNR^QLFLWH]D GDVH]D^WLWLRGLQVHNWLLJDEL RG FYHWRYLWH L RG OLVWRYLWH WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGR SUHQL D RG FHODWD SRSXODFLMD WUHED GD RVWDQH FHORVQR QHGRSUHQD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWH L OLVWRYLWH QD SRGEHORW VH VX^DW YR WHQRN VORM YR GREURSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLYRVHQND'REURLVX^HQLRWPDWHUL MDOVHSDNXYDYRKDUWLHQLYUH`LLOLYRNDUWRQVNLNXWLL /LVWRWPRCHGDVHSDNXYDLYRMXWHQLYUH`L 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYD YR VWDQGDUGQL EDOL VR PDVD RG kg, RE YLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLV WLLSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^ WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQDYODJD SRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRG GHOHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 147
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Urtica dioica L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
.RSULYD
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR .RSULYDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Urticaceae 7DD H GREUR SR]QDWR WUH YHVWR SRYH`HJRGL^QR UDVWHQLH NRMD CDULLRVWDYDFUYHQLORSRNRCDWDSUL GRSLU ,PDJXVWRLVSUHSOHWHQLSRG]HPQLVWH EODL]DWRDVHNRJD^VHMDYXYDQDLVWL PHVWD /LVWRYLWHVHWHPQR]HOHQLSRIRUPD WULDJOHVWRVUFHYLGQL QD]DEHQL SR UDERWLQDMaHVWRSRJROHPLRGcm &YHWRYLWHVHQHXJOHGQL]HOHQL]GUX CHQL QD NUDWND GU^ND YR UHVHVWL VRFYHWLMD6RFYHWLMDWDL]UDVQXYDDWRG SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH 5DVWHQLHWR H GYRGRPQR &YHWDRGPDMGRVHSWHPYUL .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 6H QDR_D QD CLYHDOL^WD NRL VH QD_XEUHQL L ERJDWL VR D]RW 1DMaHVWR UDVWH YR JUDGLQL OR]MD SRNUDM CLYL RJUDGL SR UDERYLWHQD^XPLWHLVO=DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVWYRVPHDWGDVH VRELUDDWVDPRUDVWHQLMDWDNRLUDVWDWQDGLYLCLYHDOL^WD1HH GR]YROHQR GD VH EHUH RG NXOWLYLUDQLWH SRYU^LQL RJUDGLWH LOL YREOL]LQDQDQDVHOHQLWHPHVWD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - NRUHQUrticae radix - OLVWUrticae folium - YUYRWQDUDVWHQLHWRcm YRGROCLQDUrticae herba
148
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWH L KHUEDWD VH VRELUDDW YR WHNRW QD SHULRGRW QD FYH WDZHRGMXQLGRVHSWHPYUL .RUHZDWD VH LVNRSXYDDW QDHVHQ LOL UDQR QDSUROHW DSULO LOL RNWRPYUL $ODW]DEHUED 1RCLFLUDNDYLFLPDOD^RYVUS 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHQLHWRPRCHGDVHQDMGHYRJUXSLLWRJD^VHVRELUDVRVUS6H RWVHNXYDDWOLVWRYLWHLOLQDG]HPQLRWGHOYUYRWQDUDVWHQLHWR cm YRGROCLQD.RUHQRWVHYDGLVRD^RYL]HPMDWDYHGQD^VH LVWUHVXYDLRWVWUDQXYDRGQHJR 1LNRJD^ QH VH VRELUDDW YODCQLWH QDG]HPQL GHORYL RG UDVWHQL HWRRVREHQRYREOL]LQDQDRYR^WDUQLFLLOR]MDNRLVHSUVNDDW 1H VH EHUDW VLWH UDVWHQLMD RG HGQR PHVWR 6SRUHG SUDYLODWD RG SRSXODFLMDWD LOL QDMPDONX ôRG GREUR UD]YLHQLWH UDVWHQLMDWUHEDGDRVWDQDWQHGRSUHQL]DGDVHRVLJXUDSULURG QRWRYHJHWDWLYQRLVHPHQRUD]PQRCXYDZHQDYLGRW6OHGQRWR VRELUDZHQDLVWRWRPHVWRHGR]YROHQRSRVOHQDMPDONXJRGLQL YR ]DYLVQRVW RG VWHSHQRW QD REQRYD $NR VH VRELUD NRUHQRW WRJD^ QDMPDONX RG UDVWHQLMDWD WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGR SUHQL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHVX^LQDSRNULHQLLSURYHYQL PHVWDEH]GLUHNWQRL]ORCXYDZHQDVRQaHYDVYHWOLQD3RCHOQRH VREUDQLRWPDWHULMDOGDVHLVHaHQDcm GROJLSDUaLZD6XYLWH UDVWHQLMDVHSDNXYDDWYRMXWHQLYUH`L 2GNRUHZDWDWUHEDGDVHRWVWUDQLQHaLVWRWLMDWDLGDVHL]PLMDW VR YRGD 6H VX^DW L]ORCHQL QD GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD 'ROJLWHNRUHZDSRCHOQRHGDVHLVHaDWQDcm GROJLSDUaLZD DGHEHOLWHGDVHSUHVHaDWSRGROCLQD
149
3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLNRUHZDVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL 2Gkg VYHCDKHUEDVHGRELYDkg VXYDKHUED
150
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Vaccinium myrtillus L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
%RURYLQND
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR %RURYLQNDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOL MDWD Ericaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD PDOD LVSUDYHQD JUPX^ND YLVRND RG GRcm 1DL]PHQLaQR SRVWDYHQLWH OLV WRYL VH WHQNL GROJL cm SR IRUPD RNUXJORHOLSWLaQL VR NUDWND GU^ND PD]QL RG GYHWH VWUDQLLVRSHUHVWDQHUYDWXUD 2G SD]XYLWH QD OLVWRYLWH UDVWDW EHOL LOL VODER UR]HYL \YRQaHVWL SRHGLQHaQLFYHWRYLNRLYLVDW 3ORGRWHVLQRFUQDVRaQDERELQND VR QHNRONX VLWQL VHPHQNL 1D YUYRWSORGRWLPDNUXQHVWSUVWHQ %RELFLWH LPDDW SULMDWHQ NLVHOR VODGRN L VODER RSRU YNXV ,VX ^HQDWDERELQNDH]EUaNDQDVRJROHPLQDQDSORGRGELEHU &YHWDYRPDM .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH %RURYLQNDWDUDVWHYRLJOROLVQLLOLVWRSDGQL^XPLSRSODQLQ VNLWH PH_L L SDVL^WD YR SODQLQVNLWH UHJLRQL 1D RYLH CLYHDOL^WD UDVWH YR L]RELOVWYR JUDGHM`L MD SUL]HPQDWD IORUD QLVNL JUPX^NL QD PQRJX QD^L YODCQL L VWXGHQL SODQLQVNL ^XPLLaLVWLQNL 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - OLVWMyrtilli folium - SORGMyrtilli fructus
151
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWYRWHNRWQDSHULRGRWQDFYHWDZHYRPDML MXQL 3ORGRYLWHVHVRELUDDWYRMXOLLDYJXVW $ODW]DEHUED 3ORGRYLWHVHEHUDWVRUDNDDOLVWRYLWHVRSRVHEQLQRCLFLVR HGQRVHaLOR 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWSRXEDYRLVRQaHYRYUHPH6REUDQLWHOLV WRYLVHVWDYDDWYRaLVWLNR^QLFL 3ORGRYLWHWUHEDGDVHVRELUDDWVRUDNDQRLVWRWDNDGR]YROHQRH GDVHNRULVWDWLSRVHEQLaH^OLSRGXVORYGDQHVHR^WHWXYDUDV WHQLHWRSULEHUEDWD 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH RWVHaH FHORWR UDVWHQLH QLWX SDN GD VH RWNRUQHRG]HPMD]DGDSRWRDVHVREHUDWQHJRYLWHSORGRYL RG OLVWRYLWH WUHED GD RVWDQDW QHGRSUHQL $NR VH NRULVWDW aH^OLPDOLJUHEOD RGJUPX^NLWHWUHEDGDRVWDQDWQHGR SUHQL$NRSORGRWVHVRELUDVRUDNDRGSORGRYLWHWUHED GDVHRVWDYDW]DUHJHQHUDFLMDQDUDVWHQLHWR
7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR ,VWLRWGHQSRVRELUDZHWROLVWRYLWHVHWUDQVSRUWLUDDWGRVRRG YHWQLWH VX^QLFL NDGH VH VX^DW YR WHQRN VORM $NR VH VX^L SR SULURGHQ SDW WRJD^ VREUDQLRW PDWHULMDO WUHED GD VH VX^L QD SURYHYQLPHVWDEH]GLUHNWQRL]ORCXYDZHQDVRQFH1DMVRRGYHWHQ L]YRU QD WRSOLQD YR VX^QLFLWH H JDVRW 7HPSHUDWXUDWD SUL VX^HZHWR QH WUHED GD ELGH SRJROHPD RG °C. 9ODCQRVWD QD VXYLRWPDWHULMDOWUHEDGDELGHRNROX 3ORGRYLWH VH VX^DW YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD RG GR °C. 6XYLWH SORGRYL L OLVWRYL VH aXYDDW RGYRHQR YR VXYL L WHPQL SURVWRULLVSDNXYDQLYRVRRGYHWQDDPEDODCD
152
3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWHOLVWRYLVHSDNXYDDWYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVRPDVDRG kg, REYLWNDQL VR WNDHQLQD ,VX^HQLWH SORGRYL VH SDNXYDDW YR YUH`LVRYRHGQDaHQDPDVD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLLSURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJDSRYUHGLQHaLVWRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRGRWURY QLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3UL aXYDZHWR SORGRW WUHED aHVWR GD VH QDGJOHGXYD ]DWRD ^WR PRCH EU]R GD ELGH QDSDGQDW RG JORGDUL L GD VWDQH QHSRJRGHQ ]D XSRWUHED AXYDZHWR VH RGYLYD YR VXYL SURVWRULL L]ROLUDQL RG QDGYRUH^QDWD YODJD ]DWRD ^WR UDVWLWHOQLRW PDWHULMDO H VLOQR KLJURVNRSHQLPQRJXEU]RSULPDYODJDRGYR]GXKRW 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLL]GDQRFLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYLOLVWRYL 2Gkg VYHCLSORGRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
153
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. (V. album var. lobelianum Koch.)
/RNDOQLLPLZD
AHPHULNDaHPHU
2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR AHPHULNDWD SULSD_D QD IDPLOL MDWDLiliaceae3UHWVWDYXYDPQRJX JRGL^QR WUHYHVWR UDVWHQLH VR PHVHVW YHUWLNDOHQ cm GROJ UL]RP L PQRJXEURMQL XVXNDQL NRUHQL 6WHEORWR H SUDYR SRNUL HQRVRPHNLYODNQHQFDYLVRNR cm, QDYUYRWHUD]JUDQHWRDYR GROQLRW GHO REYLWNDQR VR OLVQL UDNDYFL 'ROQLWH OLVWRYL VH SRNUXSQLcm GROJLDcm ^LURNLVRSDUDOHOQDQHUYDWXUD D RGGROX QDJRUH OLVWRYLWH VH Vp SRPDOLLSRPDOL &YHWRYLWH VH CROWR]HOHQL VR RNROXFYHWQL OLYaLZD L SUD^ QLFL &YHWRYLWH VH VREUDQL YR PHWOLaHVWR VRFYHWLH 3ORGRW H MDMFHYLGQD WULJQH]GHQD PQRJXVH PHQDaX^ND 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXOLGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWH QD YODCQL SODQLQVNL OLYDGL L YLVRNRSODQLQVNL SDVL^WD SRNUDM SODQLQVNL SRWRFL L SR YODCQL PRaXUOLYL PHVWD QD ^XPVNLWH SROMDQL 5DVSURVWUDQHWR H QD VLWH SRYLVRNL SODQLQL SRPH_XLm QDGPRUVNDYLVRaLQD 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - UL]RPVRNRUHQLRGaHPHULNDVeratri rhizoma cum radicibus
154
9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDUL]RPRWVRNRUHQLWHVHRGYLYDYRDSULOPDMSUHG GD UD]OLVWD UDVWHQLHWR L VHSWHPYULRNWRPYUL NRJD `H X]UHDW SORGRYLWHLRYHQDWOLVWRYLWH $ODW]DEHUED $^RYNRSDaLORSDWD AHPHULNDWD H PQRJX RWURYQR UDVWHQLH 3UL EHUHZH VX^HZH L PDQLSXOLUDZH VR UDVWHQLHWR QH WUHED GD XaHVWYXYDDW EUHPHQL CHQL L GHFD GRGHND SUL UDERWD VR VXYD GURJD WUHED GD VH QRVL JXVWDLYODCQDPDVNDQDXVWDWDLQRVRW 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 5L]RPRWQDGREURUD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMDVHLVNRSXYDDWVRORSDWD LOLNRSDa7UHED^LURNRGDVHUDVNRSDRNROXUDVWHQLHWR]DWRD ^WR NRUHQLWH VH GODERNL L LVSUHSOHWHQL 6REUDQLWH UL]RPL VH aLVWDWRG]HPMDWDLRGWUXOLWHGHORYLDSRWRDVHRWVHNXYDQDG]HP QLRWGHO6HVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFL 6HVRELUDDWVDPRSRVWDULWHUL]RPL3RYDGHZHWRQDUL]RPLWHRG ]HPMDQDSUDYHQDWDGXSNDWUHEDGDVHLVSROQLVR]HPMD =DGROCLWHOQR H SUL EHUHZHWR GD VH RVWDYL RG GREUR UD]YLHQLWHUDVWHQLMD]DGDVHRVLJXUDVHPHQRWRUD]PQRCXYDZH QD YLGRW L YR]REQRYXYDZH QD QDR_DOL^WHWR 6OHGQRWR VREL UDZHQDLVWRWRQDR_DOL^WHHGR]YROHQRQDMUDQRSRVOHJRGL QL1HHGR]YROHQRGDVHVRELUDYRREODVWLNDGH^WRUHWNRVH VUH`DYD 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6REUDQLWH UL]RPL VR NRUHQL VH L]PLYDDW SRG POD] RG YRGD L VH RVWDYDDW GD VH LVFHGDW 1H H GR]YROHQR GD VH SHUDW YR UHNL LOL SRWRFL]DWRD^WRUDVWHQLHWRHPQRJXRWURYQR2WNRJD`HVHLVFH GDW VH VHaDW QD SDUaLZD L SUL WRD VH RWVWUDQXYDDW JQLOLWH GHORYL3RGHEHOLWHUL]RPLVHFHSDWQDGROCQRQDLOLGHODYR ]DYLVQRVWRGQLYQDWDGHEHOLQD]DGDVH]DEU]DQLYQRWRVX^HZH 155
5L]RPLWHVHSRVWDYXYDDWYRHGHQVORMQDUDPNLLOLVWDODCLYR VLOQRSURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLLOLQDRWYRUHQR3ULVX^HZHWRQD RWYRUHQR QH VPHH GD JL IDWL GRCG LOL URVD 7UHED GD VH LPD YR SUHGYLGGHNDSULVX^HZHYRVORMSRGHEHORGcm L SRVODEDYHQ WLODFLMD UL]RPLWH PRCDW SREU]R GD L]JQLMDW L PXYORVDDW 5L]RPLWHVHLVX^HQLNRJDSULVYLWNXYDZHVHNU^DW6XYLWHUL]R PLVHVRELUDDWQDNXSRYLYRVXYLSURVWRULLYRNRLRVWDQXYDDW GHQD]DYRHGQDaXYDZHQDYODJDWD=DWRDYUHPHVHSUHYUWXYDDW YQLPDWHOQR SDWL VR YLOD L SUL WRD VH RWVWUDQXYDDW SURPHQHWLWHUL]RPLSULVX^HZHLWHQNLWHNRUHQaLZD0RCHGD VHVX^DWLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSHUDWXUDQHSRYLVRNDRG°C 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD1DVUHGLQDWDRGYUYRWQD DPEDODCDWD VH REHOHCXYD WUDHQ FUYHQ UDE 3 cm YR ^LULQD NRM SRNDCXYDGHNDUDVWHQLHWRHRWURYQR6XYLRWUL]RPVRNRUHQLWH VH aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGHOHQL RG QHRWURYQL L VLOQR DURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD3URVWRULLWHYRNRLVHaXYDGURJDWDWUHED GDELGDW]DNOXaHQLLGRQLYSULVWDSGDLPDDWVDPRYR]UDVQLOLFD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLUL]RPLVRNRUHQLVHGRELYDkg VXYDGURJD
156
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. (V. thapsiforme Schrad)
/RNDOQLLPLZD
/RSHQ
=DEHOH^ND8SDWVWYDWD]DVRELUDZHQDORSHQRWPRCDWGDVHSULPH QDWLSULVRELUDZHQDYODNQHVWLRWORSHQ Verbascum phlomoides L.). 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR /RSHQRW SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWD Scrophulariaceae 3UHWVWDYXYD GYHJRGL^QR WUH YHVWRUDVWHQLH3UYDWDJRGLQDVHUD]YLYD OLVQD UR]HWD D YWRUDWD VH UD]YLYD LVSUDYHQR L REOLVWHQR FYHWRQRVQR VWH EORYLVRNRGRcm. &HORWRUDVWHQLHH JXVWR SRNULHQR VR PHNL VLYL YODNQHQFD /LVQLWHSORaLSURGROCXYDDWLJRREYLW NXYDDW VWHEORWR L SRG PHVWRWR NDGH ^WR VH SULNUHSHQL L L]JOHGD NDNR GD VH VUDV QDWLVRVWHEORWRSD]DWRDFHORWRVWHEOR L]JOHGD NULOHVWR &YHWRYLWH VH CROWL VREUDQLYRYUYQLL]GROCHQLNODVRYLGQR JUR]GRYLGQL VRFYHWLMD VR JROHP EURM FYH WRYL 3ULFYHWQLWH OLVWRYL VH GROJL GR cm &YHWRYLWH LPDDW MDMFHYLGQL ]DR VWUHQL aD^NLQL OLYaLZD L YHQHaQL OLYaLZD 3ORGRW H PQRJXVHPHQD aX^ND ^WRSXNDQDGYDUDED 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGMXQLGRDYJXVW .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH 5DVWHSRUHWNLGDERYL^XPL^XPVNLSROMDQLLPHVWDREUDVQDWL VRSOHYHONUDMVHODWD5DVSURVWUDQHWRHQDVHNDGHGRm QDG PRUVNDYLVRaLQD
157
'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWRGORSHQVerbasci flos - OLVWRGORSHQVerbasci folium) 9RQD^DWD]HPMDLPDQDGYLGRYLORSHQRGNRLGURJDPRCHGDVH VRELUDLRGYODNQHVWLRWORSHQVerbascum phlomoides L. I/LVWRGORSHQVerbasci folium) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDOLVWRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDOHWRWRMXQLDYJXVW RG YWRUDWD JRGLQD NRJD OLVWRYLWH VH QDMGREUR UD]YLHQL 1H VH SUHSRUDaXYD VRELUDZH QD OLVWRYL RG UR]HWDWD QD UDVWHQLMD YR SUYDWDJRGLQD $ODW]DEHUED 1RCNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDSRVXYRLVRQaHYRYUHPHNRJD`HVHNUHQH URVDWD6RQRCVHRWVHNXYDDWOLVWRYLWHLOLVHNLQDWVRUDND1H WUHEDGDVHEHUDWOLVWRYLNRL^WRVHVRGDPNLNRLVHSRFUQHWL LOL QHaLVWL 1DEUDQLWH OLVWRYL UDVWUHVLWR VH VWDYDDW YR NR^QLFLDQLNDNRYRQDMORQVNL`HVL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR /LVWRYLWH VH VX^DW YR WHQRN VORM QD SURYHYQL PHVWD YR VHQND SRVWHOHQLYU]UDPNLLQHVHGRSLUDDWQLWXYUWDWVpGRGHNDQHVH LVX^DW1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULVWXYDZHQDYH^WDaNLPDWHULMDOL QDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQDQLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRG GHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYDGRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRW QD GURJDWD D NRJD H YODCQR YUHPHWR GXUL L GR UDVLSXYDZH /LVWRYLWHVHVXYLNRJDVRUDVWULYDZHPH_XSUVWLVHURQDWLQDMGH EHOLWH CLOL QD OLVQDWD SORaD SUL VYLWNXYDZH VH NU^DW /LVWRYLWH PRCH GD VH VX^DW L YR VX^QLFL QD WHPSHUDWXUD QH SRYLVRNDRG°C LGREUDYHQWLODFLMD6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WH HGQD^ RG UDVLSDQLWH GHORYL 3RWRD OLVWRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YQL 158
PDWHOQRQDNXSYRVXYDSURVWRULMDLWDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]D GDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH^WRPRCHGDVHEDOLUDLSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHSDNXYDYRVWDQGDUGQLEDOLVR PDVDRGkg, REYLWNDQLVRWNDHQLQD6HaXYDDWYRVXYLaLVWLL SURYHWUHQLSURVWRULLEH]PLULV]D^WLWHQLRGGLUHNWQDVRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLOLVWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL II&YHWRGORSHQVerbasci flos) 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRQDFYHWRWVHRGYLYDYRWHNRWQDOHWRWRMXQLDYJXVW ]DYUHPHQDFYHWDZHWR $ODW]DEHUED 1RCNR^QLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6RELUDZHWRVHRGYLYDVDPRSRVXYRLVRQaHYRYUHPHSRPH_XL aDVRW QDXWUR &YHWRYLWH YR VRFYHWLHWR VH UD]YLYDDW SRVWHSHQR RG GROXQDJRUHL]DWRDEHUHZHWRVHSUDYLYRHWDSL]DYUHPHQDFYHWDZH WRQDUDVWHQLHWR6HNRMFYHWFYHWDVDPRHGHQGHQ1DXWURVHRWYDUD DQDYHaHURYHQXYD6RUDNDVHRWNLQXYDVDPRYHQaHWRLVUDVQDWLWHVR QHJR SUD^QLFL 1H WUHED GD VH EHUDW SUHFYHWDQL LOL RYHQDWL YHQaLZD]DWRD^WRSULVX^HZHSRFUQXYDDWVR^WRRSD_DNYDOLWHWRW QDGURJDWD1DEUDQLWHFYHWRYLUDVWUHVLWRVHVWDYDDWYRNR^QLFLQH WUHEDGDVHSULWLVNDDWLJPHaDW]R^WRWDNDSRWHPQXYDDW1HWUHED GDVHNRULVWDWGODERNLNR^QLFLLQLNDNRQDMORQVNL`HVL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR &YHWRYLWHVHaLVWDWRGSULPHVLLVHVWDYDDWGDVHVX^DWYRWHQRN VORM QD SURYHYQL PHVWD YR VHQND SRVWHOHQL YU] UDPNL VWDODCL 159
LOLQDKDUWLMDSRVWHOHQDQDSRG6RRWVWUDQXYDZHQDGHORGYOD JDWDFYHWRYLWHVHGRVX^XYDDWQDVRQFHLOLYRVX^QLFLQDWHPSH UDWXUD QH SRYLVRND RG °C &YHWRYLWH VH VLOQR KLJURVNRSQL L ]DWRDVHSUHSRUDaXYDVX^HZHQDVRQFH1HHGR]YROHQRLVNRULV WXYDZHQDYH^WDaNLPDWHULMDOLQDMORQSROLHWLOHQLVOLaQLQD QLY JRSRSUHaXYDDWEU]RWRRGGHOXYDZHQDYODJDWD7RDGRYHGXYD GRYOR^XYDZHQDNYDOLWHWRWQDGURJDWDDNRJDHYODCQRYUHPHWR GXULLGRUDVLSXYDZH&YHWRYLWHVHVXYLNRJDVRUDVWULYDZHPH_X SUVWLVHURQDW6XYDWDGURJDVHaLVWLX^WHHGQD^RGSULPHVLWHL FYHWRYLWHNRLVHSURPHQLOHSRVX^HZHWRUDVLSDQL 3RWRDFYH WRYLWH VH VRELUDDW YQLPDWHOQR QD SRGHEHO SODVW YR VXYD SURV WRULMDL WDPXRVWDQXYDDWGHQD]DGDVHYRHGQDaLYODJDWDSRVOH ^WRPRCHGDVHSDNXYD 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLWH YHQHaQL OLYaLZD VH SDNXYDDW YR VDQGDFL LOL "ND^RQL" VR YRHGQDaHQD PDVD 6H aXYDDW YR VXYL aLVWL L SURYH WUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQaHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLVWRWLL LQVHNWL L JORGDUL RGGH OHQLRGRWURYQLLDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
160
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Viola odorata L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
0LUL]OLYDVLQROLaNDWHPMDQX^ND
9LG RG &UYHQDWD OLVWD QD ]DJUR]HQL YLGRYL 2YD UDVWHQLH QH H SRJRGQR]DRUJDQVNRSURL]YRGVWYRRGGLYLWHSRSXODFLL0RCHGD VH VRELUD VDPR YR RGUHGHQL REODVWL L WRD YR RJUDQLaHQL NROLaLQL 2SLVQDUDVWHQLHWR 0LUL]OLYDWD VLQROLaND SUHW VWDYXYD SRYH`HJRGL^QR WUH YHVWR UDVWHQLH NRH SULSD_D QD IDPLOLMDWDViolaceae,PDNUD WRNUL]RPLSRO]HaNLVWRORQL /LVWRYLWH NRL VH VREUDQL YR SUL]HPQD UR]HWD LPDDW OLVQL GU^NLGROJLGRcm &YHWRYLWH VRGUCDW YLROH WRYL YHQHaQL OLYaLZD VR JR OHPLQD RG GR cm D VH SRVWDYHQLQDcm GROJDFYHWQD GU^ND 5DVWHQLHWRFYHWDRGPDUWGRPDM .DUDNWHULVWLNLQDREODVWLWHQDVRELUDZH Viola odorata HGLYRVDPRQLNQDWR UDVWHQLHNRHUDVWHQDOLYDGLWH YRVYHWOLWHOLVWRSDGQL^XPLSRNUDMCLYLWHRJUDGLJUPX^NLWH LPH_LWH 'HORYLRGUDVWHQLHWRNRLVHVRELUDDW - FYHWRWEH]FYHWQDWDGU^NDViolae odoratae flos 9UHPHQVNLSHULRGQDVRELUDZH &YHWRYLWHVHVRELUDDWYRPDUWLDSULO
161
$ODW]DEHUED 6HEHUHVRUDFHLQRCLFL 0HWRGQDVRELUDZH 6HEHUDWVDPRUDVFYHWDQLWHVLQRYLROHWRYLFYHWRYLEH]GU^ND 6RFHOGDQHVHXQL^WLSRSXODFLMDWDQDHGQRCLYHDOL^WHQH WUHED GD VH RWNRUQXYDDW UDVWHQLMDWD ]D GD SRWRD VH VRELUDDW QLYQLWH FYHWRYL RG UDVWHQLMDWD QD HGQR CLYHDOL^WH PRUDGDVHRVWDYDWFHORVQRQHGRSUHQL 7UHWPDQSRVRELUDZHWR 6YHCRVREUDQLRWUDVWLWHOHQPDWHULMDOVHVX^LQDVXYLWHPQLL SURYHYQL PHVWD 3RVHEQR WUHED GD VH YQLPDYD QD GHEHOLQDWD QD QHJRYLRW VORM 6H VX^L QD ^WR SRWHQRN VORM ]D GD QH GRMGH GR UDVLSXYDZHQDGURJDWD3RVX^HZHWRUDVWLWHOQLRWPDWHULMDOVH SDNXYD YR KDUWLHQL YUH`L 9R WDNYD VRVWRMED WRM H SRGJRWYHQ ]D WUDQVSRUW 3DNXYDZHLaXYDZH ,VX^HQLRW UDVWLWHOHQ PDWHULMDO VH SDNXYD YR KDUWLHQL YUH`L VR YRHG QDaHQDPDVD6HaXYDDWYRWHPQLVXYL aLVWL L SURYHWUHQL SURVWRULL EH] PLULV ]D^WLWHQL RG GLUHNWQD VRQ aHYD VYHWOLQD YODJD SRYUHGL QHaLV WRWLLLQVHNWLLJORGDULRGGHOHQLRG RWURYQLLVLOQRDURPDWLaQLUDVWHQLMD 3ULQRVSRVOHVX^HZH 2Gkg VYHCLFYHWRYLVHGRELYDDWkg VXYL
162
%RWDQLaNRLPH
Viscum album L.
/RNDOQLLPLZD
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